241:
with King John and participate in the
Parliamentary Councils in Aragon. It was also expected, and common to see the Queen active in her role of politics and to perform her duties within the household. Queenship was a little different in Iberia than the rest of Europe, since the queen had so many political, as well as domestic duties. Many philosophers and writers have likened the role of queenship in Iberia to that of the Queen piece in chess, since both run around all over the place, performing many tasks, using advantages and minimizing weaknesses.
1013:
341:
302:. Juan offered to have Violant of Aragon marry the youngest son of the duke of Anjou. As this was an identical marriage offer as with Joanna, there was a counteroffer made that Violant of Aragon marry the eldest son of the duke of Anjou. Neither Juan or Violant were willing to capitulate to the other, so neither wedding happened. Then in 1388, Juan wanted to marry Joan's sister to his brother Fadrique, duke of Benavente, to which Violant agreed.
237:
women could only dream of. Scholars from the Middle Ages have put many women in a bad view, claiming that women are vain, lustful, weak, irrational, instable, immoral, frivolous, deceitful, and capricious, although women were often entrusted with important duties such as managing the estate and raising the children. If women had their intelligence acknowledged, it would be spun to make them out to be cunning and devious.
214:, wasted no time in declaring herself queen-lieutenant while her husband was defending Sicily. Maria put Violant under constant watch to make sure that there were no subsequent pregnancies. Maria proceeded to then arrest all of Violant's closest allies, and eventually expelling her from the royal castle. Maria immediately sent out some propaganda disparaging Violant and painted herself as something of a savior of Aragon.
274:. She also had no real alternative to the proposal, as it was a guaranteed way to be protected and provided for, and she would still have contact with her family even if she had a low probability to ever see them again. Marrying John was also an opportunity for her to gain power as the wife of a duke (and later a king) and as a mother to children who would also have to be used in the game of matrimonial politics.
380:, which recurred about every twenty years, since many Christians thought that the plague had swept through Europe as a form of divine retribution. Archeological evidence suggests that the instigators of this pogrom were wealthy, which raises another possible cause. Some historians argue that the pogroms were due to an anti-royalist mood among the population, citing the archeological evidence.
278:
suitable to all parties, as she knew that if the marriages were suitable, then the political relationship would be strengthened through appreciation as well as marriage. She used her influence on treasurers dragging their feet on paying dowries, noble cousins to bless marriages, and even parties of the marriage on finalizing the marriage by threatening to withdraw from the union.
298:. Knowing that the youngest son would never inherit the title of King, Violant told her husband that the marriages would not be reasonable, and the families honor would be at stake. Violant made a countersuggestion that Joanna be married to Juan's eldest son, Enrique III. At the same time Joanna's future was being negotiated, Juan and Violant were negotiating about her daughter,
353:
population almost a month before the violence started. Violant's brother-in-law was stationed in
Valencia during this time, so he was chosen to calm the rioters. Later, when Duke MartĂ requested King Joan's assistance, he was denied. He then tried to appeal to Violant to change his mind, but she refused due to constitutional reasons, not personal reasons.
277:
Despite having no choice of who she married, Violant played a big role in the marriage of her children, servants, and vassals. Monarchs had a hand in the marriages of their subordinates since anyone they were married to would be an ally in any potential conflict. Violant made sure the marriages were
368:
converted to
Christianity, either willingly or by force, many other Jewish people were left questioning why their friends, families, teachers, and rabbis were seemingly abandoning their faith. Joshua ha-Lorki, a young Sephardic Jew from Aragon, felt betrayed that Solomon ha-Levi, a rabbi, scholar,
286:
Violant took special care when arranging the marriages of her family members. In 1382, she wrote to her parents to allow her to input her and her husband's thoughts before arranging the marriage of her sister. Since this was two years after
Violant's controversial marriage, she wanted her to marry
244:
Although women commonly endured criticism, they were a pivotal figure in the family structure, as women would serve as a guardian of a child, inherit assets and had the freedom to donate assets to other family members. It was not uncommon that women would interact with money as both creditors and
240:
Since royal women were more known about, they endured more criticism, but at the same time they had more important, often political, duties such as attending political conferences and advising decisions in matrimonial politics. As Queen of Aragon, Violant of Bar would have been expected to travel
236:
During the fourteenth century, part of a woman's identity was what man she was attached to, whether that was her father, husband, or even father-in-law or brother. Royal women had more opportunities to use these connections to have their own access to politics, power, and autonomy that most other
352:
broke out against the Jewish population in July 1391. Both
Violant and her husband have been criticized about their lack of involvement in ending the violence, since the extent of their involvement was when Violant wrote a letter to the officials in Valencia to increase the defense of the Jewish
305:
In early 1389, the viscount of
Rocaberti wrote to Violant with information that the duke of Turaine had become divorced. Violant responded to the viscount to start arranging the marriage of the duke and Joanna. This marriage would fortify the already strong relationship between John and King
369:
and leader in the Jewish community, converted to
Christianity. Ha-Lorki wrote an open letter to ha-Levi to find out why, in which he laid out multiple options: moral corruption, the philosophical comfort of Christianity, the thought that the Jews had been exiled by God because of the
202:
in 1387. He was often ill, and
Violant wielded considerable administrative power on his behalf: in 1388, she was queen-lieutenant and governed Aragon as such for seven years. She transformed the Aragonese court into a center of French culture. She especially cultivated the talents of
313:
There was an offer from King of
England to marry one of their daughters, but it was never arranged because of Violant's loyalty to her cousin, Charles IV, who told her to not arrange the marriage because they were enemies.
266:, to reunite the two polities. John refused to marry his half-niece, and in retaliation King Pere III and his wife failed to show up to the marriage ceremony and reception. Violant was chosen by John because he was a
293:
and
Violant often wrote back and forth about the marriage. First in 1384 when the bishop of Osuna appeared in Aragon, sent by Juan to suggest the marriage of Juan's youngest son to Violant's stepdaughter,
287:
someone in the Aragonese royalty so her family would get more prestige in the court. This marriage would also make the connections stronger between the families and between Aragon and France.
328:
Only one son of Violant and John, Jaime (James), was able to have marriage plans. Born in 1384, he was their only heir and named Dauphin at the age of four. The marriage agreement was with
29:
332:. Violant requested to have the Navarrian princess sent to her, which was refused. Violant then threatened to block the marriage. Unfortunately, the Dauphin died in 1388.
635:
Bratsch-Prince, Dawn (2002). "Pawn or player? Violant of Bar and the game of matrimonial politics in the Crown of Aragon (1380-1396)". In Lacarra Lanz, Eukene (ed.).
668:
Gampel, Benjamin R (2014). "Royal Priorities: Duke MartĂ, the Riots Against the Jews of the Crown of Aragon and the "Blessed Passage to Sicily" (1391-1392)".
933:
270:, and he used her as a political pawn as a way to strengthen ties between Aragon and France, and also as a way for the Aragonese crown to support the
997:
982:
712:
Gampel, Benjamin (2002). "A Letter to a Wayward Teacher: The Transformations of Sephardic Culture in Christian Iberia". In Biale, David (ed.).
310:, who would then become inseparable. Unfortunately, Violant was unable to successfully arrange the marriage despite her best efforts.
245:
debtors, and some women managed several investments that included their property, as well as their husbands and children's property.
1206:
560:
Bratsch-Prince, Dawn (1998). "A Queen's Task: Violant de Bar and the Experience of Royal Motherhood in Fourteenth Century Aragon".
579:
Rohr, Zita Eva (2014). "The Practice of Political Motherhood in Late Medieval France: Yolande Of Aragon, Bonne-Mere of France".
1002:
926:
866:
644:
1084:
1054:
1049:
847:"Playing the Catalan: The Rise of the Chess Queen; Queenship and Political Motherhood in Late Medieval Aragon and France"
1211:
1074:
1064:
1029:
295:
1196:
967:
919:
321:, further strengthening the connection between Aragon and France. In the same year, Violant married her daughter to
1201:
942:
520:
Bratsch-Prince, Dawn (2006). "The Politics of Self-Representation in the Letters of Violant de Bar (1365–1431)".
1039:
721:
325:, who was the King of Naples. This put her in a position of political and strategic power as Queen of Naples.
210:(poet-musicians). After John died in 1396, Violant announced that she was pregnant, but her sister-in-law,
180:
148:
893:
48:
851:
Virtuous or Villainess? The Image of the Royal Mother from the Early Medieval to the Early Modern Era
376:
This pogrom and others within the lands of Aragon have been thought to be an effort to reduce the
1127:
160:
36:
217:
After John's death in 1395, she dedicated herself to the education of her only surviving child,
128:
329:
318:
263:
1119:
821:
1186:
1142:
176:
52:
1191:
1165:
1069:
1034:
962:
307:
183:. Violante was the eighth of eleven children. She was married in 1380 at the age of 15 to
8:
138:
40:
1094:
1109:
1044:
1021:
972:
771:
404:
259:
44:
954:
163:
by marriage to John I of Aragon. She was active in matrimonial politics and served as
1157:
1089:
946:
862:
775:
763:
717:
650:
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846:
858:
533:
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606:
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903:
767:
654:
599:
Crises and Community: Catalan Jewish women and conversas in Girona, 1391–1420
541:
365:
340:
211:
742:"From Purification to Protection: Plague Response in Late Medieval Valencia"
258:
Violant of Bar's marriage to Duke John was not well received by his father,
911:
377:
361:
267:
221:. Yolande and her sons claimed the Kingdom of Aragon after John's death.
837:
813:
The Image and Perception of Monarchy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
581:
The Image and Perception of Monarchy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
596:
207:
583:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 23–47.
422:
225:
86:
415:
16:
Queen consort of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, and Sardinia and Corsica
822:"A Reappraisal of the Correspondence of Violant de Bar (1365-1431)"
758:
741:
690:
Nirenberg, David (2013). "Massacre and Miracle in Valencia, 1391".
396:
204:
123:
795:
The King's Other Body: Maria of Castile and the Crown of Aragon
474:
472:
408:
400:
344:
Many Sephardic Jews suffered at the hands of Christians in 1391
164:
28:
469:
187:, the heir apparent to the throne of Aragon, thus becoming
804:
Marriage and Sexuality in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia
637:
Marriage and Sexuality in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia
447:
445:
167:
of Aragon in the name of her spouse from 1388 until 1395.
597:
Alexandra Guerson; Dana Wessell Lightfoot (2019-12-09).
442:
431:
Peter (1394–1394), Duke of Girona and Count of Cervera
389:
James (1382–1388), Duke of Girona and Count of Cervera
853:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 173–197.
601:. TAMID. Revista Catalana Anual d’Estudis Hebraics.
501:
457:
317:
In 1392 Violant brokered a marriage for Joanna with
491:
489:
487:
418:October 1389), Duke of Girona and Count of Cervera
403:14 November 1442), married on 2 December 1400 at
1178:
484:
810:
478:
634:
559:
519:
373:, or the perceived imminence of Christianity.
319:Mateu, count of Foix and viscount of Castellbo
262:, who wanted John to marry his granddaughter,
927:
811:McGlynn, Sean; Woodacre, Elena, eds. (2014).
941:
832:(1–2). Liverpool University Press: 295-312.
934:
920:
792:
451:
364:and was not an isolated incident. As many
27:
757:
689:
716:. New York: Schocken. pp. 398–440.
339:
228:on 3 July 1431 at the age of sixty-six.
739:
253:
1179:
819:
711:
667:
639:. Taylor and Francis. pp. 59–89.
507:
407:. She played a role in the history of
915:
735:
733:
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705:
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683:
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622:
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844:
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590:
578:
555:
553:
551:
495:
463:
281:
797:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
714:Cultures of the Jews: A New History
13:
802:Lanz, Eukene Lacarra, ed. (2002).
730:
702:
680:
613:
335:
14:
1223:
587:
548:
1011:
815:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1207:Burials at the Poblet Monastery
1003:Ramon Berengeur IV of Barcelona
740:Agresta, Abigail (2020-04-01).
661:
572:
513:
1:
435:
53:Countess consort of Barcelona
793:Earenfight, Theresa (2010).
428:Antonia (born and died 1392)
175:Violant was the daughter of
159:(c. 1365 – 3 July 1431) was
7:
859:10.1057/978-1-137-51315-1_9
479:McGlynn & Woodacre 2014
248:
10:
1228:
786:
534:10.1163/157006706777502505
231:
109:
1212:14th-century women rulers
1156:
1118:
1020:
1009:
953:
900:
891:
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878:
360:was in the middle of the
198:Violant's husband became
144:
134:
122:
102:
92:
80:
70:
66:
58:
35:
26:
21:
1197:Queens consort of Aragon
820:Prince, Dawn E. (1994).
383:
117:Yolande, Queen of Naples
1202:Majorcan queens consort
1128:Eleanor of Alburquerque
894:Queen consort of Aragon
170:
37:Queen consort of Aragon
345:
264:Maria, Queen of Sicily
1143:Isabella I of Castile
343:
330:Carlos III of Navarre
177:Robert I, Duke of Bar
1166:Isabella of Portugal
1070:Elisenda of Montcada
1035:Maria of Montpellier
963:Ermesinda of Bigorre
308:Charles IV of France
254:Matrimonial politics
185:John, Duke of Girona
129:House of Montbéliard
49:Sardinia and Corsica
1120:House of Trastámara
1085:Eleanor of Portugal
1055:Isabella of Castile
1050:Constance of Sicily
845:Rohr, Zita (2016).
838:10.3828/CATR.8.1.17
522:Medieval Encounters
193:Countess of Cervera
139:Robert, Duke of Bar
1110:Margaret of Prades
1075:Eleanor of Castile
1045:Violant of Hungary
1040:Eleanor of Castile
1022:House of Barcelona
998:Agnes of Aquitaine
983:Agnes of Aquitaine
973:Isabella of Urgell
414:Ferdinand (1389 -
405:Louis II of Naples
346:
1174:
1173:
1158:House of Habsburg
1090:Eleanor of Sicily
1065:Marie of Lusignan
1030:Sancha of Castile
910:
909:
901:Succeeded by
868:978-1-137-51314-4
646:978-1-135-34844-1
323:Louis II of Anjou
300:Violant of Aragon
291:Juan I of Castile
282:Within the family
189:Duchess of Girona
154:
153:
1219:
1148:Germaine of Foix
1133:Maria of Castile
1095:Sibila de FortiĂ
1080:Maria of Navarre
1060:Blanche of Anjou
1015:
978:Felicia of Roucy
955:House of Jiménez
936:
929:
922:
913:
912:
887:Sibila of Fortia
884:Preceded by
876:
875:
872:
841:
816:
807:
798:
780:
779:
761:
737:
728:
727:
709:
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687:
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670:Hispania Judaica
665:
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632:
611:
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584:
576:
570:
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557:
546:
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517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
482:
476:
467:
466:, p. 59-60.
461:
455:
449:
371:Passion of Jesus
224:Violant died in
113:
97:John I of Aragon
31:
19:
18:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:
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462:
458:
452:Earenfight 2010
450:
443:
438:
421:Joanna (1392 -
386:
348:In Valencia, a
338:
336:Valencia Pogrom
284:
256:
251:
234:
181:Marie of Valois
173:
161:Queen of Aragon
149:Marie of Valois
107:
106:
85:
76:Northern France
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1225:
1215:
1214:
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1138:Juana EnrĂquez
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1100:Violant of Bar
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993:Urraca of LeĂłn
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943:Royal consorts
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826:Catalan Review
817:
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781:
759:10.1086/707682
752:(2): 371–395.
729:
722:
701:
679:
660:
645:
612:
586:
571:
547:
512:
510:, p. 300.
500:
483:
468:
456:
440:
439:
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429:
426:
425:4 August 1396)
419:
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366:Sephardic Jews
337:
334:
283:
280:
272:Avignon Papacy
255:
252:
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233:
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200:King of Aragon
172:
169:
157:Violant of Bar
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24:
23:
22:Violant of Bar
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9:
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4:
3:
2:
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1105:Maria de Luna
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904:Maria de Luna
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879:Royal titles
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582:
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531:
527:
523:
516:
509:
504:
497:
492:
490:
488:
481:, p. 28.
480:
475:
473:
465:
460:
454:, p. 50.
453:
448:
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260:King Pere III
246:
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229:
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215:
213:
212:Maria de Luna
209:
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73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1187:1360s births
1099:
892:
850:
829:
825:
812:
806:. Routledge.
803:
794:
749:
745:
713:
695:
691:
673:
669:
663:
636:
598:
580:
574:
565:
561:
525:
521:
515:
503:
498:, p. ?.
459:
375:
355:
347:
327:
316:
312:
304:
289:
285:
276:
257:
243:
239:
235:
223:
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197:
174:
156:
155:
108:
1192:1431 deaths
562:La Coronica
528:(1): 2–25.
508:Prince 1994
378:Black Death
362:Reconquista
268:Francophile
208:troubadours
84:3 July 1431
1181:Categories
898:1387–1395
723:0805241310
698:: 517–526.
607:1140783344
436:References
776:216179591
768:0038-7134
692:La Corona
655:950465939
542:1380-7854
496:Rohr 2016
464:Lanz 2002
423:Barcelona
226:Barcelona
205:Provençal
87:Barcelona
62:1380–1395
746:Speculum
676:: 35–53.
568:: 21–34.
397:Zaragoza
249:Politics
41:Valencia
787:Sources
399:1384 -
393:Yolande
232:Context
219:Yolande
45:Majorca
988:Bertha
947:Aragon
865:
774:
766:
720:
653:
643:
605:
540:
416:MonzĂłn
409:France
401:Saumur
358:pogrom
296:Joanna
165:regent
145:Mother
135:Father
110:Detail
93:Spouse
74:c.1365
59:Tenure
47:, and
968:Agnes
772:S2CID
384:Issue
356:This
124:House
104:Issue
863:ISBN
764:ISSN
718:ISBN
651:OCLC
641:ISBN
603:OCLC
538:ISSN
350:riot
191:and
179:and
171:Life
81:Died
71:Born
945:of
855:doi
834:doi
754:doi
530:doi
1183::
861:.
849:.
828:.
824:.
770:.
762:.
750:95
748:.
744:.
732:^
704:^
696:71
694:.
682:^
674:10
672:.
649:.
615:^
589:^
566:27
564:.
550:^
536:.
526:12
524:.
486:^
471:^
444:^
195:.
51:;
43:,
39:,
935:e
928:t
921:v
871:.
857::
840:.
836::
830:8
778:.
756::
726:.
657:.
609:.
544:.
532::
411:.
395:(
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