1028:
1336:
the land. The expulsion was broadly welcome within the
Valencian citizenry, especially for its more popular segments. The expulsion meant the loss of a cheap labor force for the nobility, and consequently a massive socio-economic destabilisation. The nobles together with the upper class bourgeoisie felt threatened by an increasingly self-confident general populace, and sought the king's protection of their privileges. As a concession to the monarchy, they had to gradually relinquish their check and balance role on its power, which had been one of the distinguishing traits of the Kingdom's autonomy before the Crown. In line with similar processes in other parts of feudal Europe, the
1320:
1182:
620:
359:
345:
751:
1099:
66:
168:
25:
859:, but he had to surrender soon after. During the second revolt, king James I was almost killed in battle, but Al-Azraq also was finally subjugated, his life spared only because of a longtime relationship with the Christian monarch. During the third rebellion, Al-Azraq himself was killed but his son would continue to promote Muslim unrest and local rebellions remained always at sight.
647:
958:. Finally the Aragonese nobles were granted several domains, but they managed to obtain only the interior lands, mostly mountainous and sparsely populated parts of the Kingdom of Valencia. The king reserved the fertile and more densely populated lands in the coastal plains for free citizens and the incipient
1335:
in 1609 was the final blow for the economy of the
Kingdom of Valencia, as tens of thousands of people—mostly peasants serving the nobility—were forced to leave; in the process, entire villages were deserted and the countryside lost its main labor force. Some 125,000 people are supposed to have left
904:
At the end of the process, four taifas had been wiped out: Balansiya, Alpuente, Denia and Murcia. Taking into account the standards of the day, it can be considered as a rather rapid conquest, since most of the territory was gained in less than fifty years and the maximum expansion was completed in
1054:
market; altogether it boosted trading. The local industry, especially textile manufactures, achieved great development and the city of
Valencia turned into a Mediterranean trading emporium where traders from all Europe worked. Perhaps the feature which best symbolises this flamboyant period is the
1327:
Because of the exhausted forces left after clashes between the nobles and their allies in the high bourgeoisie versus the general populace and the lesser bourgeoisie, the king was able to use the power vacuum to enlarge his share of power and gradually diminish that of the local authorities. This
816:
between the Crown of
Castile and the Crown of Aragon, which coordinated their Reconquista efforts to drive the Moors southward by establishing their respectively desired areas of influence. The Treaty of Almizra established the south line of Aragonese expansion in the line formed by the villes of
877:
whose local Muslim rulers were bound by pacts with
Castile and governing by proxy on behalf of this kingdom; Castilian troops often raided the area to assert a sovereignty which, in any case, was not stable but was characterized by the typical skirmishes and ever changing alliances of a frontier
1328:
meant that his requests for money in order to enlarge or consolidate the disputed possessions in Europe were progressively more frequent, more imperative and, conversely, less reciprocated for the
Kingdom of Valencia, just as they were elsewhere for the rest of the Spanish Kingdom territories.
905:
less than one century. The toll in terms of social and politic unrest which was to be paid for this fast process was the existence of a large Muslim population within the
Kingdom which neither desired to become a part of it nor, as long as they remained Muslim, was given the chance to.
1308:(Muslims) were seen as allies of the aristocracy, as they worked in the nobility's large farms and undercut the Valencians on wages making them competitors for scarce jobs. During the revolt, the agermanats killed many Muslims and forcibly baptized the rest. Even after the
1038:
The
Kingdom of Valencia achieved its height during the early 15th century. The economy was prosperous and centered around trading through the Mediterranean, which had become increasingly controlled by the Crown of Aragon, mostly from the ports of Valencia and
650:
Christian conquest of the
Emirates of Valencia and Dénia (brown shades); 19th century additions to the present day Valencian Community (green) do not belong to the historic kingdom; the Biar-Busot line formed the southern border of the kingdom until
838:
in 1609. Up to that moment, they represented a complicated issue for the newly established
Kingdom, as they were essential to keep the economy working due to their numbers, which inspired frequent pacts with local Muslim populations, such as
1253:, attacked shipping in the western Mediterranean, which included destructive raids in Christian ports along the coast. This decline in trade greatly inhibited the economy in Valencia, which had already been economically affected by the
1208:
During the 16th century, Valencia lost its status as a preeminent commercial center of Europe to the rapidly developing cities of Northern and Central Europe. Within Spain, the Atlantic trade favored the cities of Andalusia such as
949:
The process by which the monarchy strove to free itself from any noble guardianship was not an easy one, as the nobility still held a large share of power and was determined to retain as much of it as possible. This fact marked the
925:
subject to the nobility. The new territories would then be accountable only to the king, thus enlarging and consolidating his power versus that of the nobility. This development was part of a growing trend evident in
850:
There were indeed frequent rebellions from the Moor population against Christian rule, the most threatening being those headed by the Moor chieftain Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, also known as
843:, allowing their culture various degrees of tolerance but, on the other side, they were deemed as a menace to the Kingdom due to their lack of allegiance and their real or perceived conspiracies to bring the
1174:(January 23, 1516 – November 1, 1700) maintained the privileges and liberties of the territories and cities which formed the kingdom and its legal structure and factuality remained intact. A new position,
1301:
in Castile. Aside from economic resentment of the aristocracy, the revolt also featured a strong anti-Muslim aspect, as the superstitious populace blamed Muslims for a plague that struck the city. The
881:
The campaign under James II was successful to the point of extending the limits of the Kingdom of Valencia well south of the previously agreed border with Castile. His troops took
869:
or the Just, a grandson of James I, initiated in 1296 a final push of his army further southwards than the Biar-Busot pacts. His campaign aimed at the fertile countryside around
595:
581:
1359:, near the borders of the Kingdom of Valencia, meant its legal and political termination, along with other autonomous parliaments in the Crown of Aragon, as the
1609:
1459:
938:. It is by this historiographical approach that the repopulation of the Kingdom is assessed today. The Kingdom was initially overwhelmingly populated by
1604:
962:, whose cities were given the Furs, or royal charters, regulating civil law and administration locally, but holding them always accountable to the king.
1564:
834:(Muslim) population, left behind from the progressively more southern combat front, lingered from the very beginning until they finally were expelled
855:. He led important rebellions in 1244, 1248 and 1276. During the first of these, he briefly regained Muslim independence for the lands South of the
801:
A second and more relevant wave of expansion took place in 1238, when James I defeated the Moors from the Balansiya taifa. He entered the city of
1282:
1274:
were artisan guilds who also, at first with the government's permission, served as civilian militias to fight raiding pirates. However, the
901:) to the Kingdom of Valencia, while Murcia went to the Crown of Castile, so drawing the final Southern border of the Kingdom of Valencia.
1554:
840:
885:
and Murcia. What was to become the definite dividing line between Castile and the Crown of Aragon was finally agreed by virtue of the
808:
A third phase started in 1243 and ended in 1245, when it met the limits agreed between James I and the heir to the throne of Castile,
1278:
also had an economic agenda favoring the commoner-dominated guilds that clashed with the aristocracy. After the recently appointed
1614:
1213:. This was largely due to diminishing profits from the Mediterranean trade. The Spanish Empire was in frequent conflict with the
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236:
130:
1534:
178:
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and often subject to popular revolts and the serious threat of subjugation by any Muslim army assembled for this purpose in the
208:
102:
1579:
934:
and the expulsion of the Jews as well as Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas for Spain) and well into the era of
974:
The interior would have been mostly repopulated by people coming from the kingdom of Aragon, speakers of some variety of the
1599:
1202:
1013:
A few authors have promoted an alternative view, in which the languages of the conquerors were mixed with a local Romance (
215:
109:
83:
38:
1584:
1217:
which controlled most of the eastern Mediterranean. They prevented each other from reaching certain ports while Ottoman
1027:
1569:
1484:
1005:. In this traditional view, the language of these settlers replaced entirely the previous languages and became modern
1141:
731:; these charters granted it wide self-government under the Crown of Aragon and, later on, under the Spanish Kingdom.
262:
222:
149:
116:
52:
1162:, the modern Kingdom of Spain was born. Valencia began a slow process of integration with the rest of Spain. When
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204:
98:
1348:
193:
87:
1063:
and a major trade market in the Mediterranean by the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century.
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344:
1574:
1222:
1500:
1385:
1290:
1002:
462:
1594:
1344:
1343:
The Kingdom of Valencia as a legal and political entity was finally ended in 1707 as a result of the
1332:
1319:
998:
758:
The conquest of what would later become the Kingdom of Valencia started in 1232 when the king of the
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1589:
1559:
927:
724:
During its existence, the Kingdom of Valencia was ruled by the laws and institutions stated in the
44:
1298:
1181:
229:
123:
76:
1390:
1340:
left by rapid socio-economic change was readily filled by an increasingly emboldened monarchy.
1112:
1270:(literally "brotherhoods") permission to arm themselves to fight off the Muslim raiders. The
775:
1400:
1159:
921:, i.e., as a fight led by the king in order to gain new territories as free as possible of a
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771:
1360:
874:
809:
735:
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544:
1312:
were suppressed it was ruled that these baptisms were valid, sparking a new revolt of the
1123:
646:
8:
1279:
1175:
1060:
739:
521:
1019:) which was already similar to Catalan. No solid evidence for this view has been found.
812:, who would succeed to the throne as Alfonso X in 1252. These limits were traced in the
1074:
1015:
1006:
983:
931:
862:
660:
397:
393:
293:
1480:
1395:
1364:
1356:
1347:. The local population mostly took the side of and provided troops and resources for
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1163:
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These facts had linguistic consequences, which are traditionally sketched this way:
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930:(said to end in 1492 with the final acts of the Reconquista in the capitulation of
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1524:
The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia: Reconstruction on a Thirteenth-Century Frontier
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1297:). It lasted well into 1522, and shared many traits with the contemporaneous
1166:'s grandson Charles came to the throne, the crowns were permanently joined in
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on 9 October 1238, which is regarded as the dawn of the Kingdom of Valencia.
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913:
Modern historiography sees the conquest of Valencia in the light of similar
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The coastal lands would have been mostly repopulated by speakers of the
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951:
1304:
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conformed the canon of classic Valencian literature to the Valencian.
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1218:
1040:
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1457:
1205:
and its possessions in Europe, rather than its Iberian territories.
167:
65:
954:
colonization of the newly acquired territories, governed under the
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1313:
1250:
1242:
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16:
Monarchal state on the coast of the Iberian Peninsula (1238–1707)
1246:
1230:
939:
870:
754:
The King James I entered the city of Valencia on 9 October 1238
694:
The Kingdom of Valencia was formally created in 1238 when the
1234:
898:
821:. Everything south of that line, including what would be the
795:
698:
638:
438:
1178:, was created to manage the officially independent Kingdom.
1066:
Valencia was one of the first cities in Europe to install a
1461:
La memoria del reino. 600 años de la Generalitat Valenciana
1050:
was created, functioning partly as a bank and partly as a
705:. It was dissolved, along the other components of the old
1323:
Modern boundaries within Spain of the Valencian Community
986:
and of the Old Castilian language, from which the modern
742:
are essentially those of the former Kingdom of Valencia.
774:, mostly with Aragonese troops. Shortly after, in 1233,
1351:, the pretender who was arguably to maintain the legal
1088:
1193:
had left behind its former status as a Kingdom of the
982:
language. Their language was a close relative of the
1503:[The expulsion of the Moors, 400 years on].
825:, was reserved by means of this treaty for Castile.
363:
Kingdom of Valencia and its administrative structure
734:The boundaries and identity of the present Spanish
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1285:refused to seat elected officials who favored the
1546:
1501:"La expulsión de los moriscos, 400 años después"
1479:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 3.
1059:, one of the finest European examples of civil
285:
1424:
1289:in 1520, a full-fledged revolt broke out, the
1610:States and territories disestablished in 1707
1154:In 1479, Ferdinand ascended to the throne as
300:
1185:Coat of arms of Valencia in the 14th century
1009:, generally considered a variant of Catalan.
194:introducing citations to additional sources
841:Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir
701:of Valencia was taken in the course of the
315:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1605:States and territories established in 1238
1458:Presidència de la Generalitat Valenciana,
1122:. Please do not remove this message until
817:Biar and Busot, today in the north of the
357:
1565:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
1142:Learn how and when to remove this message
687:, was one of the component realms of the
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1318:
1180:
1118:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1026:
749:
645:
184:Relevant discussion may be found on the
683:), located in the eastern shore of the
1547:
1474:
1201:. The Empire shifted its focus to the
893:(1305), which assigned Orihuela (also
1433:
1257:which had expelled the Jews in 1492.
965:
1203:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1092:
1089:Modern Era, the Germanies, and decay
828:The matter of the large majority of
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
13:
1555:History of the Valencian Community
1515:
1022:
14:
1626:
34:This article has multiple issues.
1158:. With his earlier marriage to
1097:
782:were also taken from the بلنسية
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593:
579:
343:
177:relies largely or entirely on a
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64:
23:
1615:1707 disestablishments in Spain
1528:Harvard University Press, 1967.
1507:(in Spanish). 26 February 2009.
1464:, Presidència de la Generalitat
887:Sentencia Arbitral de Torrellas
664:
286:
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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1468:
1451:
1413:
1381:Conquest of Valencia by El Cid
1:
1580:Early modern history of Spain
1444:
1371:created a centralized Spain.
1363:were passed and the new King
745:
1225:preyed on trade ships. The
1077:. Valencian authors such as
1046:In the city of Valencia the
7:
1600:Former monarchies of Europe
1435:[ˈrejnoðeβaˈlenθja]
1426:[ˈreŋneðevaˈlensia]
1374:
1160:Queen Isabella I of Castile
1124:conditions to do so are met
10:
1631:
1585:Former countries in Europe
1386:List of Valencian monarchs
1355:. His utter defeat at the
1291:Revolt of the Brotherhoods
1003:Occitano-Romance languages
908:
1570:Medieval history of Spain
1345:Spanish War of Succession
1333:expulsion of the Moriscos
999:Principality of Catalonia
719:Spanish War of Succession
713:in 1707, by means of the
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1295:Revolta de les Germanies
1283:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
1535:Vicente Coscollá Sanz,
1521:Robert Ignatius Burns.
1475:Hughes, Robert (2011).
1299:Revolt of the Comuneros
889:(1304), amended by the
1419:Modern pronunciation:
1391:Generalitat Valenciana
1324:
1189:Meanwhile, the rising
1186:
1164:Ferdinand and Isabella
1073:as per the designs of
1035:
1001:. This was one of the
976:old Aragonese language
770:(the Conqueror), took
768:Jaume I el Conqueridor
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729:(charters) of Valencia
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1537:La Valencia musulmana
1401:Palace of the Borgias
1322:
1316:(Muslim "converts").
1197:and had emerged as a
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1031:The Contract Hall in
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956:Lleis de Repartiments
753:
717:, as a result of the
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390:Common languages
205:"Kingdom of Valencia"
99:"Kingdom of Valencia"
1396:Valencian Parliament
1361:Nueva Planta Decrees
1033:La Llotja de la Seda
875:Vega Baja del Segura
736:autonomous community
715:Nueva Planta decrees
545:Nueva Planta decrees
190:improve this article
84:improve this article
1575:Spanish Renaissance
1280:Viceroy of Valencia
1260:In 1519, the young
1233:, operating out of
1176:Viceroy of Valencia
1111:of this section is
1061:Gothic architecture
740:Valencian Community
657:Kingdom of Valencia
533:• Established
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279:Kingdom of Valencia
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1075:Johannes Gutenberg
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984:Mozarabic language
966:Linguistic outcome
932:Kingdom of Granada
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422:Majority religion:
1365:Philip V of Spain
1357:Battle of Almansa
1195:Iberian Peninsula
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847:to their rescue.
823:Kingdom of Murcia
819:Alicante province
814:Treaty of Almizra
711:Philip V of Spain
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665:Regne de València
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1349:Archduke Charles
1170:. The kings of
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681:Regnum Valentiae
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246:February 2023
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179:single source
175:This article
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140:February 2009
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1338:power vacuum
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1199:Great power
1132:August 2023
960:bourgeoisie
915:Reconquista
878:territory.
703:Reconquista
564:Preceded by
504:Legislature
1549:Categories
1445:References
1422:Valencian:
1353:status quo
1223:Barbarossa
1219:privateers
1109:neutrality
784:Balansiyya
746:Reconquest
452:Government
216:newspapers
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1477:Barcelona
1310:Germanies
1287:Germanies
1276:Germanies
1272:Germanies
1267:Germanies
1120:talk page
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416:Religion
402:Castilian
398:Aragonese
394:Valencian
336:1238–1707
294:Valencian
186:talk page
45:talk page
1431:Spanish:
1375:See also
1314:Moriscos
1305:mudéjars
1229:such as
1221:such as
1113:disputed
895:Alicante
883:Orihuela
873:and the
863:James II
853:Al-Azraq
836:en masse
803:Valencia
788:Valencia
776:Borriana
518:Medieval
456:Monarchy
430:official
384:Valencia
1505:El Pais
1367:of the
1251:Morocco
1243:Algiers
1239:Tripoli
944:Maghreb
940:Muslims
923:serfdom
909:Forging
865:called
831:Mudéjar
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772:Morella
764:James I
738:of the
696:Moorish
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857:Júcar
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709:, by
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677:Latin
639:Spain
439:Islam
410:Latin
324:Latin
237:JSTOR
223:books
131:JSTOR
117:books
1481:ISBN
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1247:Salé
1106:The
978:, a
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537:1238
463:King
408:and
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