Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

705: 3081: 760: 3274: 3661:, initially intended to prevent the demonstrators from storming the hotel where Johnson was speaking, was to a certain extent based on exaggerated reports from undercover agents which had infiltrated the organizations sponsoring the protest. "Unresisting demonstrators were beaten – some in front of literally thousands of witnesses – without even the pretext of and attempt to make an arrest." A crowd the Los Angeles Times reports at 10,000 clashed with 500 riot police outside President Johnson's fundraiser at the Century City Plaza Hotel. Expecting only 1,000 or 2,000 protesters, the LAPD field commander later told reporters he had been 'astounded' by the size of the demonstration. "Where did all those people come from? I asked myself." Scores were injured, including many peaceful middle-class protesters. Some sources put the crowd as high as 15,000 and noted that the police attacked the marchers with 1736: 2166: 897: 2053:' Gatling-gun snare shots. ... he says 'evil man make me kill you ... make you kill me although we're only families apart.'" This song was often accompanied with pleas from Hendrix to bring the soldiers back home and cease the bloodshed. While Hendrix's views may not have been analogous to the protesters, his songs became anthems to the antiwar movement. Songs such as "Star Spangled Banner" showed individuals that "you can love your country, but hate the government." Hendrix's anti-violence efforts are summed up in his words: "when the power of love overcomes the love of power ... the world will know peace." Thus, Hendrix's personal views did not coincide perfectly with those of the antiwar protesters; however, his anti-violence outlook was a driving force during the years of the Vietnam War even after his death (1970). 3396: 2109:" alludes to a new method of governing that is necessary and warns those who currently participate in government that the change is imminent. Dylan tells the "senators and congressmen please heed the call." Dylan's songs were designed to awaken the public and to cause a reaction. The protesters of the Vietnam War identified their cause so closely with the artistic compositions of Dylan that Joan Baez and Judy Collins performed "The Times they are A-Changin'" at a march protesting the Vietnam War (1965) and also for President Johnson. While Dylan renounced the idea of subscribing to the ideals of one individual, his feelings of protest towards Vietnam were appropriated by the general movement and they "awaited his gnomic yet oracular pronouncements", which provided a guiding aspect to the movement as a whole. 4968: 4289: 1231: 3427: 4956: 2996:

have absolutely no intention to report for that exam, or for induction, or to aid in any way the American war effort against the people of Vietnam ..." The opposition to the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects, which led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States. This refusal letter soon led to an overflow of refusals ultimately leading to the event provided by Zinn stating, "In May 1969 the Oakland induction center, where draftees reported from all of Northern California, reported that of 4,400 men ordered to report for induction, 2,400 did not show up. In the first quarter of 1970 the Selective Service System, for the first time, could not meet its quota."

2275:

positively and tangibly to the group's goals, or believed that women could not truly understand and join the antiwar movement because they were unaffected by the draft. Women involved in opposition groups disliked the romanticism of the violence of both the war and the antiwar movement that was common amongst male war protesters. Despite the inequalities, participation in various antiwar groups allowed women to gain experience with organizing protests and crafting effective antiwar rhetoric. These newfound skills combined with their dislike of sexism within the opposition movement caused many women to break away from the mainstream antiwar movement and create or join women's antiwar groups, such as

587: 4940: 4928: 2984: 4878: 1674:, and William 'Charlie' Chin, performed across the nation as traveling troubadours who set the antiracist politics of the Asian American movement to music." This band was so against the imperialistic actions of the United States, that they supported the Vietnamese people vocally through their song 'War of the Flea'. Asian American poets and playwrights also joined in unity with the movement's antiwar sentiments. Melvyn Escueta created the play 'Honey Bucket' and was an Asian American war veteran. Through this play, "Escueta establishes equivalencies between his protagonist, a Filipino American soldier named Andy, and the Vietnamese people." 4838: 2260: 4995: 4277: 2303:(NWRO). The NWRO, set up in 1967, critiqued the government spending budget for the Vietnam War instead of providing families domestically, decried the sending of poor men and their sons to fight in the Vietnam War, linked capitalism and the prioritization of corporations and military spending over human needs, invoked the image of the mother, and highlighted the impact of poverty and military participation on women, particularly black mothers. As well as this, they critiqued the conflict for harming impoverished women, forcing them to supply labour and troops while raising children without proper pay. 2119:. Given his immense fame due to the success of the Beatles, he was a very prominent movement figure with the constant media and press attention. Still being proactive on their honeymoon, the newlyweds controversially held a sit-in, where they sat in bed for a week answering press questions. They held numerous sit-ins, one where they first introduced their song "Give Peace a Chance". Lennon and Ono's song overshadowed many previous held anthems, as it became known as the ultimate anthem of peace in the 1970s, with their words "all we are saying ... is give peace a chance" being sung globally. 734:, a theory that believed if one country fell to communism, then the bordering countries would be sure to fall as well, like falling dominoes. This theory was largely held due to the fall of Eastern Europe to communism and the Soviet sphere of influence following World War II. However, military critics of the war pointed out that the Vietnam War was political and that the military mission lacked any clear idea of how to achieve its objectives. Civilian critics of the war argued that the government of South Vietnam lacked political legitimacy or that support for the war was completely immoral. 4906: 2924: 1329: 4266: 4850: 4983: 2012:

limited to their music. Often protesters were being arrested and participating in peace marches and popular musicians were among their ranks. This concept of intimate involvement reached new heights in May 1968 when the "Composers and Musicians for Peace" concert was staged in New York. As the war continued, and with the new media coverage, the movement snowballed, and popular music reflected this. As early as the summer of 1965, music-based protest against the American involvement in Southeast Asia began with works like

1677:"The Asian American antiwar movement emerged from a belief that the mainstream peace movement was racist in its disregard to Asians ... Steve Louie remembers that while the white antiwar movement had 'this moral thing about no killing,' Asian Americans sought to bring attention to 'a bigger issue ... genocide.' ... the broader movement had a hard time with the Asian movement ... because it broadened the issues out beyond where they wanted to go ... the whole question of U.S. imperialism as a system, at home and abroad." 1928: 3009: 4890: 4078: 885: 7287: 7261: 2229:

promoted free speech, student input in the curriculum, and an end to archaic social restrictions. Students joined the antiwar movement because they did not want to fight in a foreign civil war that they believed did not concern them or because they were morally opposed to all war. Others disliked the war because it diverted funds and attention away from problems in the U.S. Intellectual growth and gaining a liberal perspective at college caused many students to become active in the antiwar movement.

2361: 3025:

plea for peace." Additionally, "At Boston College, a Catholic institution, six thousand people gathered that evening in the gymnasium to denounce the war." At Kent State University, "on May 4, when students gathered to demonstrate against the war, National Guardsmen fired into the crowd. Four students were killed." Four days later, on May 8, ten (some sources say eleven) people present at a demonstration that was a response to both the war in Vietnam and the Kent State massacre were

11568: 1446:" at the Riverside Church in New York, attacking President Johnson for "deadly Western arrogance," declaring that "we are on the side of the wealthy, and the secure, while we create a hell for the poor". King's speech attracted much controversy at the time, with many feeling that it was ungrateful for him to attack the president who done the most for civil rights for African Americans since Abraham Lincoln had abolished slavery a century before. Liberal newspapers such as the 7313: 1464:

defense was that the arms race and the Vietnam War were taking much needed resources away from the civil rights movement and the War on Poverty. To combat these issues, King selected a strategy of rallying the poor working-class in hopes that the Federal Government would redirect resources toward fighting the War on Poverty. King used the statistic that the U.S. government underestimated the cost of the 1967 war budget by $ 10 billion, which was five times the poverty budget.

1476:

for Black America and Vietnam," while whites marched under banners that said, "Support Our GIs, Bring Them Home Now!". Within these groups, however, many African American women were seen as subordinate members by black male leaders. Many African American women viewed the war in Vietnam as racially motivated and sympathized strongly with Vietnamese women. Such concerns often propelled their participation in the antiwar movement and their creation of new opposition groups.

742:

question the U.S.'s intentions in intervening in Vietnam, nor did they question the morality or legality of the U.S. intervention. Instead, they made pragmatic claims that the war was a mistake. Contrarily, the Hawks argued that the war was legitimate, winnable, and part of benign U.S. foreign policy. The Hawks claimed that the one-sided criticism of the media contributed to the decline of public support for the war and ultimately helped the U.S. lose the war.

12532: 12522: 2138: 1650:, that during his tour of duty in Vietnam of 1969-70 that there was an atmosphere of systematic racism towards all Vietnamese people, who were seen as less than human, being merely "gooks". Because most white Americans did not make much effort to distinguish between Chinese-Americans, Japanese-Americans, Korean-Americans, and Filipino-Americans, the anti-Asian racism generated by the war led to the emergence of a pan-Asian American identity. 2245:, radicalizing more and more students. Although the media often portrayed the student antiwar movement as aggressive and widespread, only 10% of the 2500 colleges in the United States had violent protests throughout the Vietnam War years. By the early 1970s, most student protest movements died down due to President Nixon's de-escalation of the war, the economic downturn, and disillusionment with the powerlessness of the antiwar movement. 3415: 1145: 1032:, despite being in front of journalists. South Vietnamese reports provided as justification after the fact claimed that Lém was captured near the site of a ditch holding as many as thirty-four bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives, some of whom were the families of General Loan's deputy and close friend. The execution provided an iconic image that helped sway public opinion in the United States against the war. 3039: 4862: 12542: 2217:

As a result of the present factors in terms of affluence, biographical availability (defined in the sociological areas of activism as the lack of restrictions on social relationships of which most likely increases the consequences of participating in a social movement), and increasing political atmosphere across the county, political activity increased drastically on college campuses. In one instance,

123: 4624: 3927: 2041:(1942–1970). Hendrix had a huge following among the youth culture exploring itself through drugs and experiencing itself through rock music. He was not an official protester of the war; one of Hendrix's biographers contends that Hendrix, being a former soldier, sympathized with the anticommunist view. He did, however, protest the violence that took place in the Vietnam War. With the song " 3790: 43: 3377: 4147:. Even though the demonstration was quickly put together, protesters were still able to bring out thousands to march in the Capital. It was an almost spontaneous response to the events of the previous week. Police ringed the White House with buses to block the demonstrators from getting too close to the executive mansion. Early in the morning before the march, 952:

African American men to serve at rates that were disproportionately higher than the general population. Although in 1967 there was a smaller field of draft-eligible black men, 29 percent, versus 63 percent of white men, 64 percent of eligible black men were chosen to serve in the war through conscription, compared to only 31 percent of eligible white men.

2750:", areas as large as 80 square miles (210 km) in which soldiers were free to shoot any Vietnamese they encountered after curfew without first making sure they were hostile. Allegations of exaggeration of body count, torture, murder and general abuse of civilians and the psychology and motivations of soldiers and officers were discussed at length. 2932:

Harris poll asked the American public how the war affected their family, job or financial life. The majority of respondents, 55%, said that it had had no effect on their lives. Of the 45% who indicated the war had affected their lives, 32% listed inflation as the most important factor, while 25% listed casualties inflicted.

3021:

such as, Brown University, Kent State University, and the University of Massachusetts. Even at The College of William and Mary unrest occurred with protests by the students and even some faculty members that resulted in "multiple informants" hired to report to the CIA on the activities of students and faculty members.

3676:(R-KY) stated before congress: "Let us now, while we are yet strong, bring our men home, every man jack of them. The Viet Cong fight fiercely and tenaciously because it is their land and we are foreigners intervening in their civil war. If we must fight, let us fight in defense of our homeland and our own hemisphere." 652:

the general public to accuse the United States of having imperialistic goals in Vietnam and to criticize the war as "immoral." Civilian deaths, which were downplayed or omitted entirely by the Western media, became a subject of protest when photographic evidence of casualties emerged. An infamous photo of General

4326:

Beginning December 26, 1971, 15 anti-war veterans occupied the Statue of Liberty, flying a US flag upside down from her crown. They left on December 28, following issuance of a Federal Court order. Also on December 28, 80 young veterans clashed with police and were arrested while trying to occupy the

3779:

In November 1967 a non-binding referendum was voted on in San Francisco, California which posed the question of whether there should be an immediate withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. The vote was 67% against the referendum, which was taken by a Johnson administration official as support for

3442:

The protest on June 23 in Los Angeles is singularly significant. It was one of the first massive war protests in the United States and the first in Los Angeles. Ending in a clash with riot police, it set a pattern for the massive protests which followed and due to the size and violence of this event,

3029:

at the University of New Mexico. 131 were arrested. Finally, "At the Brown University commencement in 1969, two-thirds of the graduating class turned their backs when Henry Kissinger stood up to address them." Basically, from all of the evidence here provided by the historians, Zinn and McCarthy, the

2216:

The Anti-war movement became part of a larger protest movement against the traditional American Values and attitudes. Meyers (2007) builds off this claim in his argument that the "relatively privileged enjoy the education and affirmation that afford them the belief that they might make a difference."

1574:

Of these organizations, the Bay Area Coalition Against the War was the biggest and most significant. BAACAW was "highly organized, holding biweekly ninety-minute meetings of the Coordinating Committee at which each regional would submit detailed reports and action plans." The driving force behind its

1562:

Many Asian-Americans were strongly opposed to the Vietnam War. They saw the war as being a significant action of U.S. imperialism and "connected the oppression of the Asians in the United States to the prosecution of the war in Vietnam." Unlike many Americans in the anti-war movement, they viewed the

1547:

used theater as a vehicle for portraying their thoughts about the Vietnam War, often satirizing the role of America in the world and juxtaposing the horrific effects of war with normal scenes of life. Regardless of medium, antiwar artists ranged from pacifists to violent radicals and caused Americans

1475:

African Americans involved in the antiwar movement often formed their own groups, such as Black Women Enraged, National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union, and National Black Draft Counselors. Some differences in these groups included how Black Americans rallied behind the banner of "Self-determination

814:

in each locality had broad discretion on whom to draft and whom to exempt where there was no clear guideline for exemption. In late July 1965, Johnson doubled the number of young men to be drafted per month from 17,000 to 35,000, and on August 31, 1965, he signed the Draft Card Mutilation Act, making

4030:

On November 15, crowds of up to half a million people participated in an anti-war demonstration in Washington, D.C. and a similar demonstration was held in San Francisco. These protests were organized by the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (New Mobe) and the Student Mobilization

3360:, said that Ali "should be held in utter contempt by every patriotic American." In 1967 Ali was sentenced to 5 years in prison for draft evasion, but his conviction was later overturned on appeal. In addition, he was stripped of his title and banned from professional boxing for more than three years. 3020:

A further effect of the opposition was that many college campuses were completely shut down due to protests. These protests led to wear on the government who tried to mitigate the tumultuous behavior and return the colleges back to normal. The colleges involved in the anti-war movement included ones

2822:

A 1965 Gallup Poll asked the question, "Have you ever felt the urge to organize or join a public demonstration about something?" Positive responses were quite low; not many people wanted to protest anything, and those who did want to show a public demonstration often wanted to demonstrate in support

2228:

College enrollment reached 9 million by the end of the 1960s. Colleges and universities in America had more students than ever before, and these institutions often tried to restrict student behavior to maintain order on the campuses. To combat this, many college students became active in causes that

2100:

during the Vietnam War both were genres that Dylan would dabble in. His success in writing protest songs came from his pre-existing popularity, as he did not initially intend on doing so. Todd Gitlin, a leader of a student movement at the time, was quoted in saying "Whether he liked it or not, Dylan

1706:

explains the story of the entire spectrum of the clergy and their involvement. Michael Freidland is able to tell the story completely in his chapter entitled, "A Voice of Moderation: Clergy and the Anti-War Movement: 1966–1967". In basic summary, each specific clergy from each religion had their own

1698:

and political opinions, and during the Vietnam War, the same relationship occurred between feelings about the war and theology. This article was a social experiment finding results on how the pastors and clergy members reacted to the war. Based on the results found, the clergy did not believe in the

1129:

from school. About 15 million Americans took part in the demonstration of October 15, making it the largest protest in a single day up to that point. A second round of "Moratorium" demonstrations was held on November 15 and attracted more people than the first. Over half a million people rallied in

1035:

The events of Tet in early 1968 as a whole also remarkably shifted public opinion regarding the war. U.S. military officials had previously reported that counterinsurgency in South Vietnam was being prosecuted successfully. While the Tet Offensive provided the U.S. and allied militaries with a great

985:

The charges of unfairness led to the institution of a draft lottery for the year 1970 in which a young man's birthday determined his relative risk of being drafted (September 14 was the birthday at the top of the draft list for 1970; the following year July 9 held this distinction). However, popular

7812:

On June 23, 1967 President Johnson came to Century City, Los Angeles to speak. The Mobe got permission to march past his hotel without stopping. PLP, SDS, the War Resisters' League and other left forces determined to stop in front of the hotel. Leadership of the march of 20,000 was wrested from the

3859:

March 17 – Major rally outside the U.S. Embassy in London's Grosvenor Square turned to a riot with 86 people injured and over 200 arrested. Over 10,000 had rallied peacefully in Trafalgar Square but met a police barricade outside the embassy. A UK Foreign Office report claimed that the rioting

3050:

Another effect the opposition to the war had was that the American soldiers in Vietnam began to side with the opposition and feel remorse for what they were doing. Zinn argues this with an example in which the soldiers in a POW camp formed a peace committee as they wondered who the enemy of the war

2995:

The first effect the opposition had that led to the end of the war was that fewer soldiers were available for the army. The draft was protested and even ROTC programs too. Howard Zinn first provides a note written by a student of Boston University on May 1, 1968, which stated to his draft board, "I

2818:

News Service began asking the American public whether it was a "mistake to send troops to Vietnam" in August 1965. At the time less than a quarter of Americans polled, 24%, believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 60% of Americans polled believed the opposite. Three years later, in

2329:

Faced with the sexism sometimes found in the antiwar movement, New Left, and Civil Rights Movement, some women created their own organizations to establish true equality of the sexes. Some of frustrations of younger women became apparent during the antiwar movement: they desired more radical change

2196:

in terms of "Biographical Availability", where individuals must have a certain degree of social, economic, and psychological freedom to be able to participate in large scale social movements. This explanation can also be applied to the Anti-War Movement because it occurred around the same time and

2156:

Within the United States military various servicemembers would organize to avoid military duties and individual actors would also carry out their own acts of resistance. The movement consisted of the self-organizing of active duty members and veterans in collaboration with civilian peace activists.

1803:

as a way of avoiding Vietnam. All of these issues raised concerns about the fairness of who got selected for involuntary service, since it was often the poor or those without connections who were drafted. Ironically, in light of modern political issues, a certain exemption was a convincing claim of

1693:

The involvement of the clergy did not stop at King. The analysis entitled "Social Movement Participation: Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement" expands upon the anti-war movement by taking King, a single religious figurehead, and explaining the movement from the entire clergy's perspective. The

1645:

Many Asian-Americans spoke against the war because of the way that the Vietnamese were referred within the U.S. military by the disparaging term "gook", and more generally because they encountered bigotry because they looked like "the enemy". One Japanese-American veteran, Norman Nakamura, wrote in

1467:

Black antiwar groups opposed the war for similar reasons as white groups, but often protested in separate events and sometimes did not cooperate with the ideas of white antiwar leadership. They harshly criticized the draft because poor and minority men were usually most affected by conscription. In

651:

to protest what seemed to be the tendency of the USA to step into Indo-China as France stepped out. We expressed our fear that in so doing, America would back into a war." The moral imperative argument against the war was especially popular among American college students, who were more likely than

3024:

At the University of Massachusetts, "The 100th Commencement of the University of Massachusetts yesterday was a protest, a call for peace", "Red fists of protest, white peace symbols, and blue doves were stenciled on black academic gowns, and nearly every other senior wore an armband representing a

2318:

Both the NWRO and TWWA actively connected opposition to the Vietnam War to broader critiques of economic injustice and militarism, emphasizing their profound impact on women and families. These groups pioneered expansive and inclusive anti-war activism, focusing on the specific challenges faced by

2201:

affects mass movement mobilization. For example, according to Meyers' thesis, consider that American wealth increased drastically after World War II. At this time, America was a superpower and enjoyed great affluence after thirty years of depression, war, and sacrifice. Benjamin T. Harrison (2000)

1834:

Most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote or drink in most states, and the image of young people being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of enfranchisement or the ability to drink alcohol legally also successfully pressured legislators to lower the

1823:

Even many of those who never received a deferment or exemption never served, simply because the pool of eligible men was so huge compared to the number required for service, that the draft boards never got around to drafting them when a new crop of men became available (until 1969) or because they

1755:

in the United States was held on December 1, 1969, and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays. This issue was treated at length in a January 4, 1970

951:

In 1967, the continued operation of a seemingly unfair draft system, then calling as many as 40,000 men for induction each month, fueled a burgeoning draft resistance movement. The draft favored white, middle-class men, which allowed an economically and racially discriminating draft to force young

750:

repeatedly wrote about his approval of the war and suggested, "he United States has been timid, if not cowardly, in refusing to seek 'victory' in Vietnam." The Hawks claimed that the liberal media was responsible for the growing popular disenchantment with the war and blamed the Western media for

741:

The media established a sphere of public discourse surrounding the Hawk versus Dove debate. The Dove was a liberal and a critic of the war. Doves claimed that the war was well-intentioned but a disastrous mistake in an otherwise benign foreign policy. It is important to note that the Doves did not

4505:

The Student Libertarian Movement – Libertarian organization that was formed in 1972. The guiding principles of this organization were opposition to the war in Vietnam and opposition to the draft. The organization did not take a strong stand on racial issues. For example, "In virtually hundreds of

2999:

The fewer numbers of soldiers as an effect of the opposition to the war also can be traced to the protests against the ROTC programs in colleges. Zinn argues this by stating, "Student protests against the ROTC resulted in the canceling of those programs in over forty colleges and universities. In

2274:

Women were a large part of the antiwar movement, even though they were sometimes relegated to second-class status within the organizations or faced sexism within opposition groups. Some leaders of anti-war groups viewed women as sex objects or secretaries, not actual thinkers who could contribute

2011:

To date, over 5,000 Vietnam War-related songs have been recorded to date, and many took a patriotic, pro-government, or pro-soldier perspective. The two most notable genres involved in this protest were Rock and Roll and Folk music. While composers created pieces affronting the war, they were not

1689:

In his speech "Beyond Vietnam," King stated, "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today: my own government. For the sake of those boys, for the sake of this government, for the sake of the hundreds of thousands trembling under our violence, I cannot be silent." King was not looking for

1598:

that they faced in the United States. As historian Daryl Maeda notes, "the antiwar movement articulated Asian Americans' racial commonality with Vietnamese people in two distinctly gendered ways: identification based on the experiences of male soldiers and identification by women." Asian American

1590:

and demonstrations. During marches, Asian American activists carried banners that read "Stop the Bombing of Asian People and Stop Killing Our Asian Brothers and Sisters." Its newsletter stated, "our goal is to build a solid, broad-based anti-imperialist movement of Asian people against the war in

681:

also shook the faith of citizens at home as new television brought images of wartime conflict to viewers at home. Newsmen like NBC's Frank McGee stated that the war was all but lost as a "conclusion to be drawn inescapably from the facts." For the first time in American history, the media had the

2935:

As the war continued, the public became much more opposed to the war, seeing that it was not ending. In a poll from December 1967, 71% of the public believed the war would not be settled in 1968. A year later the same question was asked and 55% of people did not think the war would be settled in

2931:

A major factor in the American public's disapproval of the Vietnam War came from the casualties being inflicted on US forces. In a Harris poll from 1967 asking what aspect most troubled people most about the Vietnam war the plurality answer of 31% was "the loss of our young men." A separate 1967

2314:

to the exploitation of poor communities of colour domestically, highlighted how the draft disproportionately impacted minoritized families by taking sons and leaving women behind, supported oppressed peoples rising up against their oppressors, and took inspiration from Vietnamese women fighters.

2295:

often held free draft counseling centers to give young men legal and illegal methods to oppose the draft. Members of Women For Peace showed up at the White House every Sunday for 8 years from 11 to 1 for a peace vigil. Such female antiwar groups often relied on maternalism, the image of women as

1657:

in 1971 that he was wounded in Vietnam. He was initially refused medical treatment because he was seen as a "gook" with the doctors thinking that he was a South Vietnamese soldier (who were clothed in American uniforms). Only when he established that he spoke English as his first language was he

1459:

who argued that it was folly to associate the civil rights movement with the anti-Vietnam war movement, maintaining that this would set back civil rights for African Americans. This speech also showed how bold King could be when he condemned U.S. "aggression" in Vietnam; and this is considered a

1120:

magazine published in a single issue photographs of the faces of the roughly 250 or so American servicemen who had been killed in Vietnam during a "routine week" of war in the spring of 1969. Contrary to expectations, the issue sold out, with many being haunted by the photographs of the ordinary

737:

The media also played a substantial role in the polarization of American opinion regarding the Vietnam War. For example, in 1965, a majority of the media attention focused on military tactics, with very little discussion about the necessity for a full-scale intervention in Southeast Asia. After

3060:

Howard Zinn provides that piece of evidence to reiterate how all of this destruction and fighting against an enemy that seems to be unknown has been taking a toll on the soldiers and that they began to sense a feeling of opposition as one effect of the opposition occurring in the United States.

2290:

Mothers and older generations of women joined the opposition movement, as advocates for peace and people opposed to the effects of the war and the draft on the generation of young men. These women saw the draft as one of the most disliked parts of the war machine and sought to undermine the war

1402:

vehemently opposed U.S. involvement in Vietnam. At the beginning of the war, some African Americans did not want to join the war opposition movement because of loyalty to President Johnson for pushing Civil Rights legislation, but soon the escalating violence of the war and the perceived social

942:

that the United States had gone into Vietnam for "honorable and sensible purposes", but the war had turned out to be "harder, longer, more complicated" than expected. Donovan ended his editorial by writing that the war was "not worth winning", as South Vietnam was "not absolutely imperative" to

2076:

music festival (1969). "Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag" was a song that used sarcasm to communicate the problems with not only the war but also the public's naïve attitudes towards it. It was said that "the happy beat and insouciance of the vocalist are in odd juxtaposition to the lyrics that

1463:

King, during the year of 1966, spoke out that it was hypocritical for Black Americans to be fighting in Vietnam, since they were being treated as second-class citizens back home. One of his arguments was that many white middle-class men avoided the draft by college deferments, but his greatest

1044:

in Saigon as an indicator of U.S. military weakness. The military victories on the battlefields of Tet were obscured by shocking images of violence on television screens, long casualty lists, and a new perception among the American people that the military had been untruthful to them about the

3260:, and Dr. Benjamin Spock, among others, spoke at an anti-war rally of about 30,000 in Washington, D.C., in the largest demonstration to date. Parallel protests occurred elsewhere around the nation. On that same day, President Johnson announced a significant escalation of U.S. involvement in 1246:

Despite the increasingly depressing news of the war, many Americans continued to support President Johnson's endeavors. Aside from the domino theory mentioned above, there was a feeling that the goal of preventing a communist takeover of a pro-Western government in South Vietnam was a noble

8088: 1213:

for best documentary amid considerable controversy. The South Vietnamese government also antagonized many of its citizens with its suppression of political opposition through such measures as holding large numbers of political prisoners, torturing political opponents, and holding a

2296:

peaceful caretakers of the world, to express and accomplish their goals. The government often saw middle-aged women involved in such organizations as the most dangerous members of the opposition movement because they were ordinary citizens who quickly and efficiently mobilized.

3745:

on the steps of the Pentagon. These actions were interrupted by clashes with soldiers and police. In all, 647 arrests were made. When a plot to airdrop 10,000 flowers on the Pentagon was foiled by undercover agents, some of these flowers ended up being placed in the barrels of

2578: 4341:

On April 19, 1972, in response to renewed escalation of bombing, students at many colleges and universities around the country broke into campus buildings and threatened strikes. The following weekend, protests were held in Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, and

1694:

clergy were often forgotten though throughout this opposition. The analysis refers to that fact by saying, "The research concerning clergy anti-war participation is even more barren than the literature on student activism." There is a relationship and correlation between

3055:

Until we got to the first camp, we didn't see a village intact; they were all destroyed. I sat down and put myself in the middle and asked myself: Is this right or wrong? Is it right to destroy villages? Is it right to kill people en masse? After a while it just got to

1434:

of the era had already associated their actions with opposition to the Vietnam War, and SNCC first disrupted an Atlanta draft board in August 1966. According to historians Joshua Bloom and Waldo Martin, SDS's first Stop the Draft Week of October 1967 was "inspired by

682:

means to broadcast battlefield images. Graphic footage of casualties on the nightly news eliminated any myth of the glory of war. With no clear sign of victory in Vietnam, American military casualties helped stimulate opposition to the war by Americans. In their book

3383: 3381: 3378: 3656:

was read and 51 protesters arrested. This was one of the first massive war protests in the United States and the first in Los Angeles, Ending in a clash with riot police, it set a pattern for the massive protests which followed. The vigor of the response from the

2077:

reinforce the sad fact that the American public was being forced into realizing that Vietnam was no longer a remote place on the other side of the world, and the damage it was doing to the country could no longer be considered collateral, involving someone else."

537:

protests. Violence that did occur was typically incited by police against peaceful demonstrators. By 1967, an increasing majority of Americans considered military involvement in Vietnam to be a mistake. This was echoed decades later by former Secretary of Defense

2737:

The transcripts describe alleged details of U.S. military's conduct in Vietnam. Some tactics were described as "gruesome", such as the severing of ears from corpses to verify body count. Others involved the killing of civilians. Soldiers claimed to have ordered

2654:

set up a Vietnam war crimes exhibit in an annex to his Congressional office. The exhibit featured four large posters depicting atrocities committed by American soldiers embellished with red paint. This was followed shortly thereafter by four days of hearings on

3505:

bearing the signatures of 6,766 teachers and professors. The advertisement spanned two and a quarter pages in Section 4, The Week in Review. The advertisement itself cost around $ 16,500 and was sponsored by the Inter-University Committee for Debate on Foreign

3382: 3679:

On September 20, over one thousand members of WSP rallied at the White House. The police used brutal tactics to try to limit it to 100 people (as per the law) or stop the demonstration, and the event tarnished the wholesome and nonviolent reputation of the

633:, who were most at risk, but it grew to include a varied cross-section of Americans. The growing opposition to the Vietnam War was partly attributed to greater access to uncensored information through extensive television coverage on the ground in Vietnam. 3384: 2975:. Citing public polling data on protests during the war he claimed that: "The American public turned against the Vietnam War not because it was persuaded by the radical and liberal left that it was unjust, but out of sensitivity to its rising costs." 1269:

However, anti-war feelings also began to rise. Many Americans opposed the war on moral grounds, appalled by the devastation and violence of the war. Others claimed the conflict was a war against Vietnamese independence or an intervention in a foreign

986:

anti-war speculation that most American soldiers, as well as most of the American soldiers killed during the Vietnam War, were draftees was discredited in later years, as the large majority of these soldiers were, in fact, confirmed to be volunteers.

4161:: more than 450 university, college and high school campuses across the country were shut by student strikes and both violent and non-violent protests that involved more than 4 million students, in the only nationwide student strike in U.S. history. 1520:, "significant examples of this politically engaged production...encompassed painting, sculpture, performance, installation, posters, short films, and comics—and...ranged from the most 'representational' to the most 'abstract' forms of expression." 8050: 7813:

hands of the Mobe's marshals by the PL-led militants. A four-hour bloody battle ensued after the police attacked the march, with injuries on both sides and -a partial victory for the anti-war movement because LBJ never dared speak in public again.

7029: 8078: 3212:

By mid-October, the anti-war movement had significantly expanded to become a national and even global phenomenon, as anti-war protests drawing 100,000 were held simultaneously in as many as 80 major cities around the US, London, Paris, and

4012:

demonstrations took place. Millions of Americans took the day off from work and school to participate in local demonstrations against the war. These were the first major demonstrations against the Nixon administration's handling of the

6971: 2823:

of the Vietnam War. However, when the American Public was asked in 1990, "Looking back, do you wish that you had made a stronger effort to protest or demonstrate against the Vietnam War, or not", 25 percent said they wished they had.

4401:(SANE) – liberal international organization that was founded in 1957 by a group of nuclear pacifists. They attempted to increase public opinion in favor of their cause in an attempt to influence policy makers to halt atmospheric 3380: 2241:, protesting universities furnishing grades to draft boards, and protesting military and Dow Chemical job fairs on campus. From 1969 to 1970, student protesters attacked 197 ROTC buildings on college campuses. Protests grew after the 2287:(WSP), also known as Women For Peace. Female soldiers serving in Vietnam joined the movement to battle the war and sexism, racism, and the established military bureaucracy by writing articles for antiwar and antimilitary newspapers. 4606:† Various committees and campaigns for peace in Vietnam came about, including Campaign for Disarmament, Campaign to End the Air War, Campaign to Stop Funding the War, Campaign to Stop the Air War, Catholic Peace Fellowship, and 1190:

of the Vietnamese people, however, often was at odds with other aspects of the war, which sometimes served to antagonize many Vietnamese civilians and provided ammunition to the anti-war movement. These included the emphasis on

2310:(TWWA) expanded the NWRO's reach by including black, Puerto Rican, Chicana, Asian, and Indigenous women. The TWWA, organized against the Vietnam War from an internationalist and anti-imperialist perspective, inked the cost of 4352:

On July 6, 1972, four Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur on a White House Tour stopped and began praying to protest the war. In the next six weeks, such kneel-ins became a popular form of protest and led to over 158 protesters'

2225:, sat down in front of Westover Air Force Base near Chicopee, Massachusetts, along with 1000 students, some faculty, and his wife Barbara to protest against Richard Nixon's escalation of offensive bombing in Southeast Asia. 1302:. By this time, it had also become commonplace for the most radical anti-war demonstrators to prominently display the flag of the Viet Cong "enemy," an act which alienated many who were otherwise morally opposed to the war. 2641:

In October 1967 the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings on resolutions urging President Johnson to request an emergency session of the United Nations security council to consider proposals for ending the war.

1665:

There were also Asian American musicians who traveled around the United States to oppose the imperialist actions of the American government, specifically their involvement in Vietnam. "The folk trio 'A Grain of Sand' ...

671:) was not legally justifiable. Some Americans believed that the communist threat was used as a scapegoat to hide imperialistic intentions. Others argued that the American intervention in South Vietnam interfered with the 2232:

Another attractive feature of the opposition movement was the fact that it was a popular social event. Most student antiwar organizations were locally or campus-based, including chapters of the very loosely coordinated

4112:

a U.S.-flagged merchant vessel under contract with the U.S. government, carrying 10,000 tons of napalm bombs for use by the U.S. Air Force in the Vietnam War. The hijackers forced its master to divert to then-neutral

3000:

1966, 191,749 college students enrolled in ROTC. By 1973, the number was 72,459." The number of ROTC students in college drastically dropped and the program lost any momentum it once had before the anti-war movement.

1963:

Protest to American participation in the Vietnam War was a movement that many popular musicians shared in, which was a stark contrast to the pro-war compositions of artists during World War II. The musicians included

1183:; conducting medical programs for civilians who had no access to medical facilities; facilitating cooperation among local civilian leaders; conducting hygiene and other training for civilians; and similar activities. 4967: 1548:

to think more critically about the war. Art as war opposition was quite popular in the early years of the war, but soon faded as political activism became the more common and most visible way of opposing the war.

1072: 1058: 196: 3668:

July 30 – Gallup poll reported 52% of Americans disapproved of Johnson's handling of the war, 41% thought the U.S. made a mistake in sending troops, and over 56% thought the U.S. was losing the war or at an

2237:, because they were easier to organize and participate in than national groups. Common antiwar demonstrations for college students featured attempts to sever ties between the war machine and universities through 8889: 3710:, from holding a job fair on campus. The police eventually forced the demonstration to end, but Dow was banned from the campus. Three police officers and 65 students were injured in the event, dubbed "Dow Day". 1869:, became a more mainstream protest tactic. As of 1972, an estimated 200,000–500,000 people were refusing to pay the excise taxes on their telephone bills, and another 20,000 were resisting part or all of their 1527:, Jerry Abrams, Peter Gessner, and David Ringo created documentary-style movies featuring footage from the antiwar marches to raise awareness about the war and the diverse opposition movement. Playwrights like 3971:

On May 22, the Canadian government announced that immigration officials would not and could not ask about immigration applicants' military status if they showed up at the border seeking permanent residence in

5271:

Schuman, Howard. 2000. 'Two Sources of Antiwar Sentiment in America,' in Hixson, Walter L. (ed) The United States and the Vietnam War: Significant Scholarly Articles. New York: Garland Publishing, pp. 127–150

3804:

On January 15, 1968, over five thousand women rallied in D.C. in the Jeannette Rankin Brigade protest. This was the first all-female antiwar protest intended to get Congress to withdrawal troops from Vietnam.

636:

Beyond opposition to the draft, anti-war protesters also made moral arguments against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. In May 1954, preceding the later Quaker protests but "just after the defeat of the French at

1454:

condemned King for his "Beyond Vietnam" speech, while the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People disallowed him. The "Beyond Vietnam" speech involved King in a debate with the diplomat

3833:

February – Gallup poll showed 35% approved of Johnson's handling of the war; 50% disapproved; the rest, no opinion. In another poll that month, 23% of Americans defined themselves as "doves" and 61%

1790:

To gain an exemption or deferment, many men attended college, though they had to remain in college until their 26th birthday to be certain of avoiding the draft. Some men were rejected by the military as

3866:

April 17 – National media films the anti-war riot that breaks out at Columbia University. The over-reaction by the police at Columbia is shown in Berlin and Paris, sparking reactions in those cities.

2967:

that, "in the course of the war, there developed in the United States the greatest antiwar movement the nation had ever experienced, a movement that played a critical role in bringing the war to an end."

7021: 2745:

Witnesses described that legal, by-the-book instruction was augmented by more questionable training by non-commissioned officers as to how soldiers should conduct themselves. One witness testified about

11108: 2322:

Many women in America sympathized with the Vietnamese civilians affected by the war and joined the opposition movement. They protested the use of napalm, a highly flammable jelly weapon created by the

922:, a leading intellectual opponent of the war. In the essay, Chomsky argued that much responsibility for the war lay with liberal intellectuals and technical experts who were providing, what he saw as, 61: 4164:

A Gallup poll in May shows that 56% of the public believed that sending troops to Vietnam was a mistake, 61% of those over 50 expressed that belief compared to 49% of those between the ages of 21–29.

1685:

The clergy, often a forgotten group during the opposition to the Vietnam War, played a large role as well. The clergy covered any of the religious leaders and members, including individuals such as

1363:, leading his people to freedom." These figures were driven from public life by McCarthyism, however, and black leaders were more cautious about criticizing U.S. foreign policy as the 1960s began. 3856:

joined the race for the US presidency as an anti-war candidate. He was shot and killed on June 5, the morning after he won a decisive victory over McCarthy in the Democratic primary in California.

8981:

Aaron Fountain "The War in the Schools: San Francisco Bay Area High Schools and the Anti–Vietnam War Movement, 1965–1973" pp. 22–41 from California History, Volume 92, Issue 2, Summer 2015

7939:

Echols, Alice (1992). "'Women Power' and Women's Liberation: Exploring the Relationship between the Antiwar Movement and the Women's Liberation Movement". In Melvin Small, William Hoover (ed.).

5182:, a 1998 book by Vietnam veteran and sociology professor Jerry Lembcke which argues against the widely believed narrative that American soldiers were spat upon and insulted by antiwar protesters 2791:, he argued for the immediate, unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. During nearly two hours of discussions with committee members, Kerry related in some detail the findings of the 1642:. Both Boggs and Kochiyama were inspired by the civil rights movement of the 1960s and "a growing number of Asian Americans began to push forward a new era in radical Asian American politics." 696:

reject the mainstream view of how the media influenced the war and propose that the media instead censored the more brutal images of the fighting and the death of millions of innocent people.

1484:

Many artists during the 1960s and 1970s opposed the war and used their creativity and careers to oppose the war visibly. Writers and poets who were opposed to involvement in the war included

2742:

strikes on villages which did not appear to have any military presence. Soldiers were claimed to use racist terms such as "gooks", "dinks" and "slant eyes" when referring to the Vietnamese.

1622:, they also had to address sexism as well. This, in turn, led to women's leadership in the Asian American antiwar movement. Patsy Chan, a "Third World" activist, said at an antiwar rally in 11917: 7771: 2939:

When the American public was asked about the Vietnam-era Anti-War movement in the 1990s, 39% of the public said they approved, while 39% said they disapproved. The last 22% were unsure.

704: 12566: 4456:

Corps of Kazoos (FUCK) – created to make fun of the military and campus ROTC program at Furman University in South Carolina. Such anti-campus ROTC groups were common throughout the U.S.

3379: 236: 4180:

was broadcast. "It showed GIs close to mutiny, balking at orders that seemed to them unreasonable. This was something never seen on television before." The documentary was produced by

2072:, one of the most successful protest bands. Although this song was not on music charts probably because it was too radical, it was performed at many public events including the famous 1468:

1965 and 1966, African Americans accounted for 25 percent of combat deaths, more than twice their proportion of the population. As a result, black enlisted men protested and began the

1410:

when he told a journalist that "millions of dollars can be spent every day to hold troops in South Vietnam and our country cannot protect the rights of Negroes in Selma". In 1965, the

8223: 8198: 4528:(TWLF) – Some Asian American student organizations under this were: Filipino American Collegiate (PACE), Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA), and Chinese for Social Action (ICSA) 3641:, a 2005 biography, during the tour, several college students protested the astronaut, and shouted such phrases as "Murderers get out of Vietnam!" and other anti-Vietnam War messages. 3296:

A Gallup poll shows that 59% believe that sending troops to Vietnam was not a mistake. Among the age group of 21–29, 71% believe it was not a mistake compared to 48% of those over 50.

4506:

issues of libertarian newspapers, bulletins, and journals, the civil rights movement, Black nationalism, or race in general composed no more than 1 percent of all articles surveyed."

3080: 8704:

Debenedette, Charles. (2000). On the Significance of Citizen Peace Activism: America, 1961–1975,' in Hixson, Walter (ed) the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. New York: Garland Publishing

2566: 1500:. Artists often incorporated imagery based on the tragic events of the war as well as the disparity between life in Vietnam and life in the United States. Visual artists such as 1472:. After taking measures to reduce the fatalities, apparently in response to widespread protest, the military brought the proportion of blacks down to 12.6 percent of casualties. 2057: 1907:, which warned of the harmful effects of pesticide use on the earth. For demonstrators, Carson's warnings paralleled with the United States' use of chemicals in Vietnam such as 5476: 4128:

in New York City. Huang viewed his actions as part of an anti-imperialist opposition to the war in Vietnam, as he deemed the Taiwan government as an "accomplice of Washington."

12601: 4939: 2617: 4905: 2202:

argues that the post World War II affluence set the stage for the protest generation in the 1960s. His central thesis is that the World Wars and Great Depression spawned a '

1662:

ran on its cover a cartoon of a female Viet Cong guerrilla being faced with an Asian-American soldier who is commanded by his white officer to "Kill that gook, you gook!".

4345:

On May 13, 1972, protests again spread across the country in response to President Nixon's decision to mine harbors in North Vietnam and renewed bombing of North Vietnam (

132: 9029:

Tygart, Clarence. "Social Movement Participation: Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement." Sociological Analysis Vol. 34. No. 3 (Autumn, 1973): pp. 202–211. Print.

3316:

organized over 3,000 people across the nation in an antiwar tax protest. Participants refused to pay their taxes or did not pay the amount designated for funding the war.

978:, in Boston in 1968. By the late 1960s, one-quarter of all court cases dealt with the draft, including men accused of draft-dodging and men petitioning for the status of 8881: 3196:

in May showed 48% of U.S. respondents felt the government was handling the war effectively, 28% felt the situation was being handled badly, and the rest had no opinion.

1156:

The U.S. realized that the South Vietnamese government needed a solid base of popular support if it were to survive the insurgency. To pursue this goal of winning the "

1071:, but he did surprisingly well against an incumbent. The resulting blow to the Johnson campaign, combined with other factors, led the President to announce that he was 11336: 9508: 4955: 1583:." The organization supported the Japanese Community Youth Center, members of the Asian Community Center, student leaders of Asian American student unions and others. 1130:

Washington, D.C., while about 250,000 rallied that day in San Francisco. The Washington demonstration was preceded by the "March against Death" on November 13 and 14.

759: 3644:

June 23, 1967 President Johnson was met in Los Angeles by a massive anti-war protest on the street outside the hotel where he was speaking at a Democratic fundraiser.

3476:(WSP) marched to the Pentagon. This was a peaceful protest that became rowdier when the demonstrators were denied a meeting with Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. 3030:

second effect was very prevalent and it was the uproar at many colleges and universities as an effect of the opposition to the United States' involvement in Vietnam.

2959:

The opposition to the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects, which arguably led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States.

10037: 9695: 9421: 6220:, Keiji Hirano, Kyodo News, The Japan Times, February 16, 2002. (Web edition hosted by lbo-talk under the title "What Japanese Anti-Vietnam War activists are up to") 4973: 4323:

conducted a raid on the Camden, New Jersey draft board offices. The 28 included five or more members of the clergy, as well as a number of local blue-collar workers.

3726: 3718: 3542: 1395: 819: 738:

1965, the media covered the dissent and domestic controversy that existed within the United States, but mostly excluded the actual view of dissidents and resisters.

3990:

published the results of a Gallup poll showing that 53% of the respondents approved of Nixon's handling of the war, 30% disapproved, and the balance had no opinion.

10961: 5142: 4713:" was a popular slogan used by socially conscious and minority antiwar groups, protesting that the war diverted funds that struggling Americans desperately needed. 406: 201: 2330:

and decreased acceptance of societal gender roles than older women activists. Female activists' disillusion with the antiwar movement led to the formation of the

1893:

Momentum from the protest organizations and the war's impact on the environment became focal point of issues to an overwhelmingly main force for the growth of an

12616: 3954: 3947: 1125:

anti-war demonstrations across the United States; the demonstrations prompted many workers to call in sick from their jobs and adolescents nationwide engaged in

229: 31: 4098:

was shot and killed by a policeman while watching and commenting on the anti-Vietnam War and education reform student protests at the University of Puerto Rico.

3758: 3822:

was launched and resulted in much higher casualties and changed perceptions. The optimistic assessments made prior to the offensive by the administration and

3367:

formed the Stop It Committee. The group was prominent in every major London anti-war demonstration. It remained active until the end of the war in April 1975.

1036:

victory in that the Viet Cong was finally brought into open battle and destroyed as a fighting force, the American media, including respected figures such as

12307: 11115: 10971: 10364: 7893: 4576: 4187:

On August 24, 1970, near 3:40 a.m., a van filled with ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixture was detonated on the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the

4027:, and several others bombed several corporate offices and military installations (including the Whitehall Army Induction Center) in and around New York City. 2280: 1251:

later put it, "achieving Peace with Honor." In addition, instances of Viet Cong atrocities were widely reported, most notably in an article that appeared in

561:. Nixon began the drawdown of U.S. troops in April 1969. Protests spiked after the announcement of the expansion of the war into Cambodia in April 1970. The 522:, and sectors of organized labor. Additional involvement came from many other groups, including educators, clergy, academics, journalists, lawyers, military 9192: 876:. They intended to introduce legislation making these activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupted the meeting, with 50 individuals being arrested. 11952: 10946: 6737: 4308:

Two weeks later, on May 5, 1971, 1146 people were arrested on the Capitol grounds trying to shut down Congress. This brought the total arrested during the

3687:

military induction center, and saw more than a thousand registrants return their draft cards in events across the country. The cards were delivered to the

1054: 290: 3983:, toured and performed on behalf of her husband, throughout the remainder of 1969, attempting to raise consciousness around the issue of ending the draft. 10800: 8327: 7799: 1846:

Student opposition groups on many college and university campuses seized campus administration offices, and in several instances forced the expulsion of

9206:

This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s.

8938: 3979:

was arrested for refusing the draft and would ultimately serve a fifteen-month prison sentence; Harris' wife, prominent musician, pacifist and activist

1310:

As the Vietnam War continued to escalate, public disenchantment grew, and a variety of different groups were formed or became involved in the movement.

12535: 10886: 6650:

Harrison, Benjamin T. (2000)'Roots of the Anti-Vietnam War Movement,' in Hixson, Walter (ed) the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. New York: Garland Publishing

3306:

June – The Gallup poll respondents supporting the U.S. handling of the war slipped to 41%, 37% expressed disapproval, and the rest had no opinion.

2631: 2610: 2377: 373: 222: 9039:

McCarthy, David. "'The Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA': Project Resistance at William and Mary". Routledge Publishing: September 4, 2012.

3891:

brought to bear 23,000 police and National Guardsman upon 10,000 protesters. Tensions between police and protesters quickly escalated, resulting in a

3309:

A crowd of 4,000 demonstrated against the U.S. war in London on July 3 and scuffled with police outside the U.S. embassy. 33 protesters were arrested.

12098: 3216:

On October 15, 1965, the first large scale act of civil disobedience in opposition to the Vietnam War occurred when approximately 40 people staged a

4148: 3026: 8744:

Schoenwald Jonathan (2001). "No War, No Welfare, and No Damm Taxation: The Student Libertarian Movement, 1968–1972", in Gilbert, Marc Jason (ed).

6963: 2667:

and only informational in nature. As a condition of room use, press and camera presence were not permitted, but the proceedings were transcribed.

3849:' rapidly becoming fashionable among war opponents for a more clean-cut style to in order not to scare voters. These were known as "Clean Genes." 3665:

to disperse the crowd. Due to the size and violence of this event, Johnson attempted no further public speeches in venues outside military bases.

3553:

to protest the war, where they were addressed by critics of the war such as Benjamin Spock, Martin Luther King Jr., event initiator and director

3273: 9178: 7632: 11937: 8128: 7768: 7235: 2407: 2049:, describes the song as "scary funk ... his sound over the drone shifts from a woman's scream, to a siren, to a fighter plane diving, all amid 12144: 10815: 6194: 4927: 4607: 2663:, had called for formal investigations into the allegations, but Congress chose not to endorse these proceedings. As such, the hearings were 2603: 1735: 1430:

challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement. Some participants in

8509: 8220: 8195: 4242:; two people were killed. Immediately after the marchers were dispersed, sheriff's deputies raided a nearby bar, where they shot and killed 1215: 12439: 11731: 11582: 11019: 10993: 10018: 9467: 873: 784:

in the 1950s, and by November 1960, 1,100 Quakers undertook a silent protest vigil. The group "ringed the Pentagon for parts of two days".

581: 399: 6964:""There has always been a Black women's peace movement': Women of Colour and Anti-War Activism in the U.S., 1968-1972 – Frankie Chappell"" 5287:

Guttmann, Allen. 1969. Protest against the War in Vietnam. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 382. pp. 56–63,

4143:

demonstrators converged on Washington, D.C. to protest the shooting of the students in Ohio and the Nixon administration's incursion into

2165: 1195:" as a way of measuring military success on the battlefield, civilian casualties during the bombing of villages (symbolized by journalist 567:

were published in June 1971. The last draftees reported in late 1972 and the last U.S. combat troops withdrew from Vietnam in March 1973.

9665: 8502:

STATUE OF LIBERTY – Celebrating the Immigrant: An Administrative History of the Statue of Liberty National Monument 1952 – 1982

8287: 8248: 7666: 5097: 2586: 1586:

The BAACAW members consisted of many Asian-Americans, and they were involved in antiwar efforts like marches, study groups, fundraisers,

1041: 6213: 4095: 3876:

and others ended with police beating many of the marchers, a precursor to the police riots later that year at the Democratic Convention.

3299:

On May 15, another large demonstration, with 10,000 picketers calling for an end to the war, took place outside the White House and the

1274:; others opposed it because they felt it lacked clear objectives and appeared to be unwinnable. Many anti-war activists themselves were 610:

played an active role despite their small numbers. The prevailing sentiment that the draft was unfairly administered fueled student and

10951: 6268: 5311:

Herman, Edward S. & Chomsky, Noam. (2002) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books.

5032: 4305:). The next day, antiwar organizers claimed that 500,000 marched, making this the largest demonstration since the November 1969 march. 4168: 896: 663:

Another element of the American opposition to the war was the perception that U.S. justification for intervention in Vietnam (i.e. the

11636: 7926:

Voters in San Francisco Reject Immediate Vietnam Cease-Fire; San Franciscans Reject Proposal for a Cease-Fire and Withdrawal of Troops

4837: 3319:

Protests, strikes and sit-ins continued at Berkeley and across other campuses throughout the year. Three army privates, known as the "

2819:

September 1968, 54% of Americans polled believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 37% believed it was not a mistake.

1414:(SNCC) became the first major civil rights group to issue a formal statement against the war. When SNCC-backed Georgia Representative 12475: 11606: 11512: 10956: 10768: 10122: 5092: 4061:

poster is published – "easily the most successful poster to vent the outrage that so many felt about the war in Southeast Asia."

3159: 3070: 2157:

By 1971 the United States military would become so demoralized that the military would have severe difficulties properly waging war.

1411: 4642: 2197:

the same biographical factors applied to the college-aged anti-war protesters. David Meyers (2007) also explains how the concept of

12432: 11691: 11445: 11313: 11289: 10917: 10882: 9301: 4877: 4483: 4368: 3637: 3395: 2777: 2311: 1391: 995: 955:

On October 16, 1967, draft card turn-ins were held across the country, yielding more than 1,000 draft cards, later returned to the

7471: 4379: 2811:

The American public's support of the Vietnam War decreased as the war continued on. As public support decreased, opposition grew.

1568: 12596: 12586: 12363: 11422: 11059: 10988: 9804: 9410: 5072: 3645: 2106: 1443: 1222:

attempted, with the help of anthropologists, to isolate rural South Vietnamese villages and affect the loyalty of the residents.

392: 12112: 7022:"At the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class: Honoring the Revolutionary Feminist Legacy of the Third World Women's Alliance" 5510:

Fountain, Aaron "The War in the Schools: San Francisco Bay Area High Schools and the Anti–Vietnam War Movement, 1965–1973" p. 33

2180:

There was a great deal of civic unrest on college campuses throughout the 1960s as students became increasingly involved in the

1630:

women our militant solidarity with our brothers and sisters from Indochina. We, as Third World people know of the struggle the

1422:

SNCC had special significance as a nexus between the student movement and the black movement. At an SDS-organized conference at

11844: 11527: 11034: 10586: 10500: 10092: 9284: 5167: 4889: 4302: 1766: 1619: 1595: 1418:

acknowledged his agreement with the anti-war statement, he was refused his seat by the State of Georgia, an injustice which he

869: 17: 4994: 1199:'s famous quote, "it became necessary to destroy the town to save it"), and the killing of civilians in such incidents as the 11877: 10687: 10254: 9550: 9136: 9021: 9007: 8993: 8972: 8719: 8602: 7616: 7119: 7056: 6887: 6868: 5916: 5858: 5794: 5769: 5597: 5445: 3943:

to take over responsibility for the war from the U.S., 19% favored the current policy, and 33% wanted total military victory.

3914: 3618: 1439:

emboldened by the ghetto rebellions." SNCC appears to have originated the popular anti-draft slogan: "Hell no! We won't go!"

964: 549:

against communist Chinese forces. Military involvement and opposition escalated after the Congressional authorization of the

315: 128: 5823: 3599:, which ruled that the U.S. and its allies had committed war crimes in Vietnam. The proceedings were criticized as being a " 3209:

A Gallup poll in late August showed that 24% of Americans view sending troops to Vietnam as a mistake versus 60% who do not.

1827:

Of those soldiers who served during the war, there was increasing opposition to the conflict amongst GIs, which resulted in

1780:, had free draft counseling centers, where they gave young American men advice for legally and illegally evading the draft. 11962: 11646: 11101: 11039: 10892: 10844: 9534: 9481: 8163: 4171:. The commission was directed to study the dissent, disorder, and violence breaking out on college and university campuses. 4009: 2300: 1783:

Over 30,000 people left the country and went to Canada, Sweden, and Mexico to avoid the draft. The Japanese anti-war group

1634:

are waging against imperialism, because we share that common enemy in the United States." Some other notable figures were

1122: 1111: 310: 285: 3860:

had been organized by 100 members of the German SDS who were "acknowledged experts in methods of riot against the police."

3293:

On March 26, anti-war demonstrations were held around the country and the world, with 20,000 taking part in New York City.

2670:

In addition to Ron Dellums (Dem-CA), an additional 19 Congressional representatives took part in the hearings, including:

1247:

objective. Many Americans were also concerned about saving face in the event of disengaging from the war or, as President

1045:

success of earlier military operations, and ultimately, the ability to achieve a meaningful military solution in Vietnam.

675:

of the country, expressing that the war in Vietnam was a civil war that ought to have determined the fate of the country.

12490: 12457: 12406: 12135: 8505: 5195: 5112: 4398: 4220: 4205:

from August 28 to September 3, attracting 100,000 participants. The festival, arranged by the People's Army Jamboree (an

3880: 3823: 3699: 3688: 3489: 3089: 2264: 2085: 915: 678: 3807:

On January 18, 1968, while in the White House for a conference about juvenile delinquency, black singer and entertainer

12502: 12346: 12121: 12073: 11069: 11049: 10635: 10531: 10177: 9725: 9690: 9451: 9377: 8922: 8178: 8033: 7558: 7531: 7170: 6993:

Sherwin, Wilson; Fox Piven, Frances (2019). "The Radical Feminist Legacy of the National Welfare Rights Organization".

6130: 5744: 5719: 5352: 5185: 5107: 4849: 4588: 4477: 3235: 3174: 2765: 1003: 642: 5322:"UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests – San Francisco Bay Area" 4288: 1290:

In April 1971, thousands of these veterans converged on the White House in Washington, D.C., and hundreds threw their

12068: 11671: 10897: 10561: 10219: 9710: 8382: 7360: 6832: 5833: 5650: 5571: 5544: 4373: 4102: 3649: 3155: 2234: 1853:

Some Americans who were not subject to the draft protested the conscription of their tax dollars for the war effort.

1564: 807: 788: 743: 558: 79: 6904:

Kornbluh, Felicia (1998). "The Goals of the National Welfare Rights Movement: Why We Need Them Thirty Years Later".

6301: 4462:– coffeehouses created by antiwar activists as a method of supporting antiwar and anti-military sentiment among GIs. 2554: 12422: 12063: 12028: 11942: 11128: 10976: 10966: 10581: 9917: 9730: 9328: 9221:

Records of Statement on the War in Vietnam are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books

6574: 6554: 5200: 4531: 4045: 3625: 2927:

Attitudes of U.S. citizens towards the Vietnam War between May 1966 and May 1971, according to public opinion polls

2788: 2142: 2089: 1716: 1469: 1279: 1175:

Civil Affairs units, while remaining armed and under direct military control, engaged in what came to be known as "

488: 363: 152: 7890: 7472:"Eleven Bayonetted and 131 Arrested at Student Union Building :: UNM Timeline | The University of New Mexico" 4579:(WILPF) – founded in 1919 after World War I and provided women with an early entry into the antiwar movement. 1230: 12606: 11931: 11829: 10349: 10344: 9209: 9187: 6729: 6531: 4515: 4408: 4363: 3635:

and various other NASA officials began a tour of South America to raise awareness for space travel. According to

2446: 2307: 2042: 1730: 1726: 829:

in November 1965 demonstrated how strongly some people felt that the war was immoral. On November 2, 32-year-old

9220: 6403: 6353: 6329: 2776:) on proposals relating to ending the war. On the third day of the hearings, April 22, 1971, future Senator and 11972: 11967: 11557: 11301: 11199: 10924: 10264: 10214: 10060: 9524: 9486: 9107: 8374: 6462:

Henderson, David. 'Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky: Jimi Hendrix, Voodoo Child. New York: Atria, 2009. 339. Print

5640: 5561: 5534: 5087: 4982: 4492: 3509:

March 17 – a group of antiwar citizens marched to the Pentagon to protest American involvement in Vietnam.

3426: 2660: 2331: 2254: 1187: 1139: 1067:

ran against him for the nomination on an anti-war platform. McCarthy did not win the first primary election in

472: 300: 9036:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. December 15, 2013. 8324: 7993: 7793: 7312:

Berhe, Solomon; Doran, Derek; De la Rosa Algaran, Alberto; Hart, Darlene; Maynard, Marc; Stout, Meena (2008).

7286:

Berhe, Solomon; Doran, Derek; De la Rosa Algaran, Alberto; Hart, Darlene; Maynard, Marc; Stout, Meena (2008).

7260:

Berhe, Solomon; Doran, Derek; De la Rosa Algaran, Alberto; Hart, Darlene; Maynard, Marc; Stout, Meena (2008).

6641:

Meyer, David S. 2007. The Politics of Protest: Social Movements in America. New York: Oxford University Press.

4301:

On April 23, 1971, Vietnam veterans threw away over 700 medals on the West Steps of the Capitol building (see

3624:

On May Jan 30 Crumb and ten like-minded men attended a peace demonstration in Washington, D.C., and on June 1

2593: 799:

in the United States. Another 19 cards were burned on May 22, 1965, at a demonstration following the Berkeley

586: 12295: 11787: 11616: 11064: 10939: 10526: 9771: 9356: 9262: 9164:

Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond

8302: 8263: 5190: 5127: 5067: 4489:

National Black Draft Counselors (NBDC) – led by and created to help young black men avoid being drafted.

3658: 3167: 2954: 2218: 2045:", dedicated to those fighting in Vietnam, this protest of violence is manifest. David Henderson, author of ' 730:

The U.S. became polarized over the war. Many supporters of U.S. involvement argued for what was known as the

265: 7769:

http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2009/05/crowd-battles-lapd-as-war-protest-turns-violent-.html

3869:

On April 26, 1968, a million college and high school students boycotted class to show opposition to the war.

3845:, leading to more expressions of opposition against the war. McCarthy urged his supporters to exchange the ' 3206:, and in August, attempts were made by activists at Berkeley to stop the movement of trains carrying troops. 3140:

protest was attended by 2,500 participants. This model was to be repeated at 35 campuses across the country.

2473: 803:. Draft card protests were primarily aimed at the immoral conduct of the war, rather than the draft itself. 214: 12545: 12379: 12312: 12058: 11596: 11552: 11477: 10670: 10591: 10571: 10354: 10274: 10259: 10224: 9596: 9416: 7419:

David McCarthy, "'The Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA': Project Resistance at William and Mary"

5210: 5037: 4584: 4525: 4474: – founded in 1920, was one of the first groups to call for an end to military involvement in Vietnam. 4176: 3484: 3323:", refused to deploy in Vietnam, calling the war "illegal and immoral", and were sentenced to prison terms. 3246: 2943: 2792: 2419: 2105:" embodied Dylan's anti-war, pro-civil rights sentiment. To complement "Blowin' in the Wind" Dylan's song " 1796: 1599:

soldiers in the U.S. military were many times classified as being like the enemy. They were referred to as

1098:

entered the race on March 16 and ran for the nomination on an anti-war platform. Johnson's vice president,

910: 857: 830: 606:

that mainly drew from minorities and lower- and middle-class whites, drove much of the protest after 1965.

192: 9210:

As Obama Visits Afghanistan, Tavis Smiley on Rev. Martin Luther King and His Opposition to the Vietnam War

8800:""Hell no, we won't go!" The infamous chant is shouted by draft opponents in the streets of New York City" 4674:" was heard in mass marches in Washington D.C., Seattle, San Francisco, Berkeley, New York, and San Diego. 12302: 11947: 11913: 11802: 11767: 11588: 11415: 11124: 11014: 10838: 10556: 10239: 10032: 10024: 9797: 9756: 9655: 9473: 7198: 5077: 5027: 4946: 4432: 3896: 3550: 2461: 2211: 2097: 1947: 1607:

of Vietnamese women, which in turn affected how Asian American women in the military were treated. "In a

1407: 849: 507: 418: 106: 53: 12235: 9086:

Rads: The 1970 Bombing of the Army Math Research Center at the University of Wisconsin and Its Aftermath

6624: 12611: 12591: 12581: 12576: 12480: 12285: 12149: 11895: 11082: 10929: 10907: 10606: 10566: 10284: 10204: 10140: 10083: 9700: 9440: 9277: 8298: 5122: 5017: 4471: 4144: 4106: 3364: 2723: 2532: 2150: 1911:, a chemical compound which was used to clear forestry being used as cover, initially conducted by the 1707:

view of the war and how they dealt with it, but as a whole, the clergy was completely against the war.

1157: 975: 2983: 1611:

article, , Evelyn Yoshimura noted that the U.S. military systematically portrayed Vietnamese women as

12485: 12452: 12351: 12324: 12154: 12130: 11870: 11696: 11681: 11462: 11389: 11249: 11174: 10981: 10934: 10902: 10596: 10541: 10013: 9740: 9431: 9351: 9175: 9034:

Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet: White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements, 1954–1973

7636: 6375: 6181:

Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet: White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements, 1954–1973

4600: 3752: 3112: 3085: 2485: 2021: 1704:

Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet: White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements, 1954–1973

1016:

officer suspected of participating in the murder of South Vietnamese government officials during the

550: 495:

which shaped the polarizing debates of the late 1960s and early 1970s on American involvement in the

260: 8125: 7831: 7224: 6425: 4117:(which promptly was taken over by anti-Communists, who eventually returned to the ship to the U.S.). 2326:

and used as a weapon during the war, by boycotting Saran Wrap, another product made by the company.

12507: 12384: 12093: 12000: 11957: 11661: 11621: 11517: 11239: 10857: 10790: 10660: 10640: 10623: 10279: 9172:, multimedia collection of photographs, video, oral histories and essays on Vietnam War resistance. 9146: 9043: 5132: 4728: 4331: 3976: 3447: 3435: 3013: 2385: 2276: 2069: 1985: 1812:

involved. Also, conviction for certain crimes earned an exclusion, the topic of the anti-war song "

1025: 943:

maintain American interests in Asia, which made it impossible "to ask young Americans to die for".

841: 811: 792: 791:

on May 5, 1965. Student activists at the University of California Berkeley marched on the Berkeley

768: 653: 8345: 6191: 4276: 4234:

participated in the largest anti-war demonstration in Los Angeles. Police attacked the crowd with

4048:(through "for their future security"), it suggests that the right and duty of revolting against a 3939:

March polls indicated that 19% of Americans wanted the war to end as soon as possible, 26% wanted

3695:, a longtime critic of the war in Vietnam, was among those arrested in the Oakland demonstrations. 2259: 12358: 12217: 12126: 12047: 11822: 10850: 10536: 10339: 10269: 9675: 9318: 8497: 5851:

From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice

5787:

From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice

5762:

From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice

5737:

From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice

5712:

From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice

5682: 5614: 5205: 5082: 5052: 4465: 3772: 3662: 3577: 3407: 3104: 2988: 1912: 1576: 1557: 1336: 1204: 1102:, also ran for the nomination, promising to continue to support the South Vietnamese government. 1009: 956: 638: 557:

was elected President of the United States in 1968 on the platform of ending the Vietnam War and

353: 4486:(NBAWADU) – led by Gwen Patton and formed from black members of SNCC and socialist parties. 4468:– an organization of antiwar and anti-military GIs formed within the U.S. Navy in San Diego, CA. 3863:

In March, Gallup poll reported that 49% of respondents felt involvement in the war was an error.

3051:

was, because it certainly was not known among them. The statement of one of the soldiers reads:

1795:

unfit for service failing to meet physical, mental, or moral standards. Still others joined the

1603:

and had a racialized identity in comparison to their non-Asian counterparts. There was also the

1366:

By the middle of the decade, open condemnation of the war became more common, with figures like

1209:

sought to portray the devastation the war was causing to the South Vietnamese people and won an

12389: 12341: 12053: 11721: 11631: 11601: 11487: 11457: 11408: 10827: 10821: 10650: 10551: 10234: 10170: 9790: 9570: 9099: 7737: 7658: 5321: 4896: 4750: 4739: 4158: 3900: 3789: 3513: 3473: 3335: 3133: 3108: 2345: 2292: 2284: 2102: 1894: 1777: 1686: 1667: 1580: 1379: 1332: 979: 722: 607: 330: 8586: 8307: 8284: 8245: 8110: 6671:"The Disobedience of John William Ward: Myth, Symbol, and Political Praxis in the Vietnam Era" 6106: 6016: 4423:

pacifism." The organization used civil disobedience in direct action against military action.

4316:

was arrested on charges of interstate travel to incite a riot and assaulting a police officer.

3199:

May – First anti-Vietnam War demonstration in London was staged outside the U.S. embassy.

1028:, the South Vietnamese National Police Chief. Loan shot Lém in the head on a public street in 384: 30:"Opposition to the Vietnam War" redirects here. For opposition to Australian involvement, see 12244: 12203: 11817: 11472: 11467: 11259: 11244: 11158: 10795: 10645: 10410: 9607: 9601: 9580: 9426: 9270: 9124: 8912: 8420: 8182: 7604: 7353:

Vietnam, The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict

6210: 5368: 5230: 5162: 5102: 4592: 4309: 4270: 4197:: To avert potential violence arising from planned anti-war protests, a government-sponsored 4188: 3965: 3842: 3714: 3517: 3178: 2497: 2181: 1813: 1739:

A demonstration against Vietnam War conscription at Martin Place & Garden Island Dock in

1516:, among many others, created antiwar works. According to art historian Matthew Israel's book 1319: 1299: 684: 626: 511: 445: 430: 345: 340: 280: 166: 4518:(SDS) – founded in 1960 and was seen as one of the most active college campus groups of the 4215:, was set up when the FBI told the governor that President Nixon's planned appearance at an 3331: 1328: 12525: 11863: 11812: 11752: 11686: 11522: 11482: 11296: 11274: 11269: 11254: 10665: 10576: 9977: 9560: 9203: 8617:"Peaceful Antiwar Protests Held Here And in Other Cities Across the Nation", John Darnton, 8257: 5252: 5062: 4767:" was especially chanted by students and other marchers and demonstrators in opposition to 4690: 4596: 4495: – popularized the use of kneel-ins and prayer to end the war and stop its escalation. 4346: 4265: 4136: 3703: 3479:

February 8 – Christian groups opposed to the war staged a nationwide "Fast for Peace."

3283: 3151:, set herself on fire in the first known act of self-immolation to protest the Vietnam War. 2769: 2323: 2268: 2242: 2185: 2132: 1916: 1748: 1493: 1436: 1371: 1360: 1348: 1323: 999: 868:

The growing anti-war movement alarmed many in the U.S. government. On August 16, 1966, the

822:

in New York staged the first draft card burning, resulting in an arrest under the new law.

622: 515: 450: 435: 325: 3766:

documented the events surrounding the march, and the march on the Pentagon itself, in his

1121:

young Americans killed. On October 15, 1969, hundreds of thousands of people took part in

8: 12447: 12396: 12316: 12226: 12039: 11995: 11736: 11651: 11641: 11497: 11374: 11143: 11093: 11024: 10998: 10738: 10723: 10718: 10708: 10675: 10465: 10460: 10398: 10067: 9735: 9705: 9373: 9323: 6302:"1962 – Operation Ranch Hand > Air Force Historical Support Division > Fact Sheets" 5148: 4536: 4509: 3684: 3596: 3580:, causing chaos by throwing fistfuls of both real and fake dollars down from the gallery. 3300: 3221: 2509: 1935: 1858: 1399: 1295: 1076: 982:. Over 210,000 men were accused of draft-related offenses, 25,000 of whom were indicted. 845: 358: 8799: 7738:"Gale – Free Resources – Black History – Biographies – Muhammad Ali" 4861: 4091: 3527:

April 4 – Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech in New York City. "America rejected

934:

maintained a very pro-war editorial stance until October 1967, when the editor-in-chief

12265: 12190: 12176: 11656: 11537: 10784: 10758: 10713: 10546: 10505: 10425: 9992: 9650: 9333: 8591: 8582: 7819: 7548: 7152: 6939: 6682: 6230: 5258: 5178: 5022: 4815: 4760:" was a common anti-war chant during anti-war marches and rallies in the later sixties. 4227: 4132: 3892: 3742: 3562: 3501: 3388: 3340: 3253: 3097: 2727: 2238: 2206:' refusing to conform to mainstream American values which lead to the emergence of the 1931: 1897:

in the United States. Many of the environment-oriented demonstrations were inspired by

1722: 1604: 1427: 1383: 1253: 1161: 960: 796: 747: 672: 647: 320: 11029: 9204:

University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Vietnam War Era Ephemera

5159:, a 2005 documentary about the anti-war movement in the ranks of the U.S. Armed Forces 2115:, former member of the Beatles, did most of his activism in his solo career with wife 2101:

sang for us. ... We followed his career as if he were singing our songs." The anthem "

1690:

racial equality through this speech but tried to voice for an end to the war instead.

12571: 12270: 12180: 12163: 11990: 11807: 11726: 11542: 11331: 11308: 11216: 11153: 11044: 10430: 10209: 10186: 10163: 10111: 10102: 9884: 9761: 9680: 9236: – Organization of Vietnam War peace activists, including veterans and scholars. 9132: 9103: 9017: 9003: 8989: 8968: 8961: 8918: 8598: 8378: 8029: 7612: 7579: 7554: 7527: 7356: 7115: 6931: 6926: 6828: 6605: 6276: 6099: 6009: 5912: 5854: 5829: 5790: 5765: 5740: 5715: 5646: 5567: 5540: 5348: 4768: 4453: 4447: 4252: 4035: 3853: 3812: 3767: 3186: 2923: 2773: 2759: 2517: 2189: 1608: 1095: 1021: 460: 295: 8398: 7700: 3910:

August – Gallup poll shows 53% said it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam.

1763: 1394:

became prominent opponents of the Vietnam War, and Bevel became the director of the

717:

If America's soul becomes totally poisoned, part of the autopsy must read "Vietnam."

708:

U.S. Marshals dragging away an anti-Vietnam War protester during a demonstration in

12280: 12212: 12033: 12023: 12005: 11834: 11492: 11431: 11369: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11054: 10778: 10733: 10611: 10405: 10388: 10324: 10304: 10299: 10244: 10042: 9937: 9878: 9766: 9660: 9365: 8320: 8280: 8172: 7144: 7002: 6921: 6913: 6821: 5299:

magazine: Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. 40 Years Later. Time Inc, 2008. p. 139

5042: 4818: 4703: 4335: 4231: 4202: 4152: 4125: 4040: 4002: 3888: 3722: 3610: 3588: 3584: 3458: 3349: 2815: 2675: 2539: 2431: 2392: 1989: 1831:

and many other activities which hampered the US's ability to wage war effectively.

1344: 1248: 709: 689: 618: 546: 519: 440: 9239: 7135:

Lunch, William (March 1979). "American Public Opinion and the War in VietnamWar".

4914:

GI Underground Newspaper May 1970 – 1000 GIs march against the war.

4243: 3953:

On March 5, Senator J. William Fulbright was prevented from speaking at the first

3887:, anti-war protesters marched and demonstrated throughout the city. Chicago mayor 3008: 2796: 1927: 12496: 12401: 12320: 12107: 11757: 11706: 11611: 11507: 11148: 10314: 9832: 9670: 9622: 9491: 9404: 9382: 9369: 9182: 9114:

Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era

8349: 8331: 8291: 8252: 8227: 8202: 8167: 8152: 8132: 8118: 7897: 7775: 7701:"Commentaries for 2011 – Pew Research Center for the People & the Press" 6578: 6558: 6535: 6407: 6357: 6333: 6217: 6198: 6170:

Tygart, "Social Movement Participation: Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement"

5906: 5137: 5057: 5047: 4459: 4402: 4281: 4216: 4016:

In October, 58% of Gallup respondents said U.S. entry into the war was a mistake.

3838: 3827: 3747: 3561:, and Jan Barry Crumb, a veteran of the war. On the same date 100,000, including 3558: 3320: 3238: 3231: 3043: 2784: 2683: 2524: 2222: 2203: 2001: 1828: 1770: 1635: 1544: 1528: 1501: 1489: 1275: 1219: 1200: 1176: 1149: 1099: 1080: 1064: 1059:

Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election

1037: 833: 826: 595: 563: 539: 492: 275: 11626: 9163: 8160: 7792:

Dann, Jim; Dillon, Hari. "2: The Retreat From the Anti-War Movement 1967-1968".

4334:

for encircling the Federal Courthouse with a chain, to protest the trial of the

4077: 3430:

Placards reading "USA out of Vietnam" and "USA murder" during demonstrations in

1179:": constructing (or reconstructing) schools, public buildings, roads, and other 884: 12275: 12249: 12199: 11502: 11384: 11279: 11209: 10863: 10682: 10445: 10415: 10319: 10309: 10294: 10249: 10190: 9942: 9889: 9715: 9565: 9214: 9120: 8336: 8232: 8207: 7968: 6572:

Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan: Midwestern Isolationist

6552:

Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan: Midwestern Isolationist

4566: 4562: 3741:, attempted to "exorcise" and "levitate" the building, while others engaged in 3738: 3673: 3632: 3462: 3443:

Johnson attempted no further public speeches in venues outside military bases.

3399: 2747: 2731: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2193: 2005: 1854: 1758: 1639: 1485: 1210: 1180: 971: 935: 926:

justification for the policies of the U.S. Government. The Time Inc. magazines

751:

losing the war in Southeast Asia as communism was no longer a threat for them.

527: 503: 465: 10155: 9292: 9230: – Documentary on draft resistance and its impact during the Vietnam War. 6581:." Journal of American Studies 26.3 (1992): 352. JSTOR. Web. January 26, 2011. 6561:." Journal of American Studies 26.3 (1992): 351. JSTOR. Web. January 26, 2011. 4742:

in antinuclear demonstrations and became incorporated into the antiwar events.

3234:, a 31-year-old pacifist, set himself on fire below the third-floor window of 2192:. Doug McAdam explains the success of the mass mobilization of volunteers for 1563:

war "not just as imperialist but specifically as anti-Asian." Groups like the

553:

in August 1964, with U.S. ground troops arriving in Vietnam on March 8, 1965.

12560: 12172: 12043: 11927: 11909: 11716: 11701: 11666: 11450: 11354: 10810: 10748: 10728: 10655: 10630: 10435: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9847: 9813: 9685: 9645: 9575: 9519: 9197: 8482:"Protesters Fail to Stop Congress, Police Seize 1,146", James M. McNaughton, 8156: 6935: 6280: 5853:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 328. 5789:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 319. 5764:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 310. 5739:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University Of Pennsylvania Press. p. 309. 5714:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 309. 4570: 4439: 4313: 4235: 4198: 3940: 3904: 3819: 3763: 3730: 3569: 3403: 2360: 2198: 2128: 2061: 2027: 1965: 1903: 1898: 1809: 1805: 1787:

helped some American soldiers to desert and hide from the military in Japan.

1623: 1536: 1419: 1239: 1165: 1088: 1068: 1017: 923: 853: 731: 664: 657: 554: 368: 335: 244: 8239: 7225:"Casualties, Public Opinion, and Presidential Policy during the Vietnam War" 5428:

The Brothers' Vietnam War: Black Power, Manhood, and the Military Experience

12290: 11772: 11711: 11547: 10763: 10601: 10455: 10393: 10359: 10329: 9932: 9927: 9837: 9827: 9720: 9529: 9448: 8353: 8301:, Volume 76, Number 137, pp.1-2, photocopy at retrieved March 1, 2018 from 8083: 7887:

Day of Protest, Night of Violence: The Century City Peace March, a Report

7724:

Antiwarriors: The Vietnam War and the Battle for America's Hearts and Minds

7565:

1964: May 12—Twelve students at a New York rally burn their draft cards ...

5155: 4698: 4636: 4554: 4546: 4427: 4020: 3961: 3917:, founded in 1968 by graduate students and junior faculty in Asian studies. 3903:

and prosecuted in 1969 for conspiracy to riot; the 1970 convictions of the

3873: 3546: 3493: 3419: 3357: 3327: 3257: 3242: 3203: 3163: 2972: 2787:

to testify before Congress in opposition to the war. Speaking on behalf of

2687: 2169: 2146: 2038: 1977: 1908: 1882: 1874: 1840: 1817: 1752: 1671: 1524: 1456: 1378:

risked his career and a prison sentence to resist the draft in 1966. Soon,

1375: 1352: 1235: 1196: 1169: 1075:

on March 31 in a televised speech. He also announced the initiation of the

967: 919: 837: 693: 630: 603: 305: 8214: 7795:

The Five Retreats: A History of the Failure of the Progressive Labor Party

7232:

Casualties, Public Opinion, and Presidential Policy During the Vietnam War

7006: 4330:

On March 29, 1972, 166 people, many of them seminarians, were arrested in

4219:

convention in Portland could lead to violence worse than that seen at the

1079:

with Vietnam in that speech. Then, on August 4, 1969, U.S. representative

872:(HUAC) began investigations of Americans who were suspected of aiding the 11886: 11839: 11762: 11359: 11204: 11179: 10773: 10510: 10475: 10440: 10420: 10334: 10047: 9982: 9922: 9857: 9852: 9388: 8371:

Island X: Taiwanese Student Migrants, Campus Spies, and Cold War Activism

5667:

Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party

5117: 4558: 4550: 4121: 4024: 3808: 3734: 3554: 3528: 3454: 3313: 3287: 3224: 3193: 2960: 2719: 2707: 2703: 2671: 2651: 2454: 2439: 2400: 2370: 2173: 2112: 2050: 2013: 1993: 1955: 1800: 1631: 1627: 1612: 1540: 1532: 1513: 1431: 1423: 1415: 1387: 1356: 1218:

in 1971. Covert counter-terror programs and semi-covert ones such as the

611: 591: 496: 270: 110: 9169: 7114:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 203–207. 6686: 6670: 6571: 6551: 6498: 5669:(University of California Press, 2013), pp. 29, 41–42, 102–103, 128–130. 3177:

at student demonstrations in May organized by a new anti-war group, the

1087:

began secret peace negotiations at the apartment of French intermediary

11792: 11264: 10805: 10617: 10495: 10480: 10470: 10289: 9997: 9947: 9862: 9842: 9361: 9091: 8939:"A LONG FRIENDSHIP - Why Vietnam made the president of India nostalgic" 8188: 6943: 4443: 4212: 4057: 3998: 3793: 3600: 3573: 3144: 2800: 2780: 2679: 2656: 2034: 1997: 1981: 1870: 1836: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1192: 545:

U.S. military involvement in Vietnam began in 1950 with the support of

534: 11567: 9253:

Waging Peace in Vietnam – US Soldiers and Veterans Who Opposed the War

9014:

Apocalypse Then: American Intellectuals and the Vietnam War, 1954–1975

8399:"Pew Research Center: Generations Divide Over Military Action in Iraq" 8273: 7156: 6625:"Vietnam and the Soldiers' Revolt The Politics of a Forgotten History" 6528: 6400: 6350: 6326: 3683:

In October 1967, Stop the Draft Week resulted in major clashes at the

3122:

leads six hundred people in an antiwar demonstration in San Francisco.

2795:, in which veterans had described personally committing or witnessing 2137: 2084:, who attended and organized anti-war events and wrote such songs as " 491:. Over the next several years, these demonstrations grew into a broad 11921: 11777: 11221: 10743: 10229: 9987: 9897: 8469:"Reports of Its Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated", James Buckley, 8146: 6823:

The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America

4667:" was heard in antidraft and antiwar protests throughout the country. 4416: 4320: 4293: 3994: 3980: 3797: 3692: 3592: 3431: 3282:

In February, a group of about 100 veterans attempted to return their

3261: 3119: 2739: 2334:

to establish true equality for American women in all facets of life.

2093: 2081: 2073: 2017: 1973: 1969: 1939: 1878: 1862: 1792: 1776:

Various antiwar groups, such as Another Mother for Peace, WILPF, and

1367: 1271: 1084: 1063:

In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson began his re-election campaign.

901: 668: 487:

began in 1965 with demonstrations against the escalating role of the

9252: 9166:

Includes chronology, texts, online audio and video (via UC Berkeley)

6917: 3957:

by members of the Veterans and Reservists to End the War in Vietnam.

3621:

that the fire was caused by Belgian Maoists against the Vietnam War.

3414: 3363:

In June 1966 American students and others in England meeting at the

3181:. Events included a teach-in attended by 30,000, and the burning in 2299:

Many black mothers also joined and headed organisations such as the

806:

At that time, only a fraction of all men of draft age were actually

11797: 11400: 11379: 10832: 10485: 9614: 9555: 9247: 7989: 7148: 5172: 5145:, book about soldier & sailor resistance during the Vietnam War 4868: 4519: 4420: 4412: 4239: 4194: 4140: 4114: 4082: 4065: 3653: 3614: 3345: 3148: 3137: 2699: 2547: 2291:

itself through undermining the draft. Another Mother for Peace and

2116: 1784: 1695: 1587: 1152:, cited as an example of a war crime by anti-Vietnam War protesters 1013: 889: 856:. Both protests were conscious imitations of earlier (and ongoing) 800: 114: 9026:

King, Martin Luther Jr. "Beyond Vietnam". New York. April 4, 1967.

7943:. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 171–181. 7913:. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 159–170. 6131:"Looking Like the Enemy: Political Identity & the Vietnam War" 4720:" was an antidraft slogan used by the SDS and other organizations. 3038: 1460:

milestone in King's critiques against imperialism and militarism.

1144: 9257: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8314: 7550:

Hell no, we won't go!: resisting the draft during the Vietnam War

3884: 3521: 2991:, holding a sign saying "bring all the troops home now!", in 1971 2715: 2207: 2056:

The song known to many as the anthem of the protest movement was

2030:

as one of the earliest musical protests against the Vietnam War.

1938:, and Gösta Cervin at a protest march against the Vietnam War in 1866: 1126: 781: 523: 9782: 9225: 7958:. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. pp. 177–195. 7311: 7285: 7259: 6201:, Norton Starr, Journal of Statistics Education v. 5, n. 2, 1997 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 4005:. Peace was a primary theme in this pivotal popular music event. 1403:

injustice of the draft propelled involvement in antiwar groups.

11782: 11676: 11364: 10753: 10703: 10450: 10380: 9514: 9233: 7526:. Modern war studies. University Press of Kansas. p. 175. 6702: 5347:. Modern war studies. University Press of Kansas. p. 175. 5012: 4694: 4480:– an antiwar and GI rights organization during the Vietnam War. 4389: 4207: 4049: 3846: 3750:'s rifles, as seen in famous photographs of the event (such as 3707: 3531:'s revolutionary government seeking self-determination. ... " ( 3466: 3217: 3182: 1740: 1442:

On April 4, 1967, King gave a much-publicized speech entitled "

1029: 764: 414: 11855: 9147:

Norman's Triumph: the Transcendent Language of Self-Immolation

9044:

Norman's Triumph: the Transcendent Language of Self-Immolation

8760:

The War That Never Ends: Student Opposition to the Vietnam War

8663: 8196:"Two Who Say They Support S.D.S. Tell How They Hijacked Ship," 7924:

Davies, Lawrence E. (November 8, 1967). "The New York Times".

6776:

The War That Never Ends: Student Opposition to the Vietnam War

5642:

Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War

5563:

Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War

5536:

Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War

4435:– an organization of officers formed within the U.S. military. 4426:

Concerned Americans Abroad, London-based group established by

1653:

Another Japanese-American veteran, Mike Nakayama, reported to

1264: 10490: 9248:

A Matter of Conscience – GI Resistance During the Vietnam War

8700: 8698: 8498:"Statue of Liberty NM: An Administrative History (Chapter 1)" 5825:

American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity

5677: 5675: 5399: 4814:): Slogans chanted by leftists of Calcutta, including future 4155:

but nothing was resolved, and the protest went on as planned.

4101:

On March 14, two merchant seamen, claiming allegiance to the

4064:

By end of the year, 69% of students identified themselves as

3353: 2659:" in Vietnam, which began April 25. Dellums, assisted by the 2650:

In January 1971, just weeks into his first term, Congressman

2092:", another key historical figure of the antiwar movement was 1291: 122: 8967:. contributor Charles Chatfield. Syracuse University Press. 6538:." Social Text 23 (1989): 132. JSTOR. Web. January 27, 2011. 6211:

Antiwar campaigners to donate documents to Vietnamese museum

3926: 3132:

On March 24, organized by professors against the war at the

1594:

The anti-war sentiment of Asian Americans was fueled by the

8963:

An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era

8746:

The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums

7941:

Give Peace A Chance: Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement

7911:

Give Peace A Chance: Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement

7909:

Swerdlow, Amy (1992). Melvin Small; William Hoover (eds.).

7581:

An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era

5430:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. pp. 16–17. 5231:"Robert S. McNamara, Architect of a Futile War, Dies at 93" 4686: 4499: 4247: 4191:. One researcher was killed, and three others were injured. 3931: 1847: 1600: 1567:, the Bay Area Coalition Against the War (BAACAW), and the 938:

came out against the war. Donovan wrote in an editorial in

617:

Opposition to the war arose during a time of unprecedented

12567:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

11533:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

11285:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

11123: 9509:

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

9294:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

8986:

Northern passage: American Vietnam War resisters in Canada

8758:

Anderson, Terry (2007). David Anderson, John Ernst (ed.).

8695: 6518:

Andresen, Lee. Battle Notes. Superior: Savage Press, 2000.

6401:

War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era

6351:

War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era

6327:

War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era

5672: 3872:

April 27 – an anti-war march in Chicago organized by

3729:

for another rally and an all-night vigil. Some, including

815:

it a crime to knowingly destroy or mutilate a draft card.

485:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

10038: