3223:
541:
3113:
3618:
3372:
2621:. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. Many states that have abolished conscription still, therefore, reserve the power to resume conscription during wartime or times of crisis. States involved in wars or interstate rivalries are most likely to implement conscription, and democracies are less likely than autocracies to implement conscription. With a few exceptions, such as Singapore and Egypt, former British colonies are less likely to have conscription, as they are influenced by British anti-conscription norms that can be traced back to the
3265:
8326:
6824:
4900:
2892:
4698:
3466:, conscription during peacetime is not worthwhile. Months or years of service performed by the most fit and capable subtract from the productivity of the economy; add to this the cost of training them, and in some countries paying them. Compared to these extensive costs, some would argue there is very little benefit; if there ever was a war then conscription and basic training could be completed quickly, and in any case there is little threat of a war in most countries with conscription. In the United States, every male resident is required by law to register with the
2823:
4635:
3482:
forced to fight as amateur soldiers. Not only is the work effort of the conscripts wasted and productivity lost, but professionally skilled conscripts are also difficult to replace in the civilian workforce. Every soldier conscripted in the army is taken away from his civilian work, and away from contributing to the economy which funds the military. This may be less a problem in an agrarian or pre-industrialized state where the level of education is generally low, and where a worker is easily replaced by another. However, this is potentially more costly in a
4100:
7226:
4765:
8368:
has been greatly reduced aiming at full professionalization. Nevertheless, mandatory military service at the army was once again raised to 12 months in March 2021, unless served in units in Evros or the North Aegean islands where duration was kept at 9 months. Although full professionalization is under consideration, severe financial difficulties and mismanagement, including delays and reduced rates in the hiring of professional soldiers, as well as widespread abuse of the deferment process, has resulted in the postponement of such a plan.
7570:
8377:
90:
42:
4972:
4386:
7272:
4584:
7992:
4786:
7435:
4281:
4032:
8289:
4879:
5065:
6596:
7595:
6659:
6512:
6372:
7625:
7393:
5443:
16242:
8829:
8145:
7503:
7041:
6934:
6845:
4500:
3515:
7092:
6491:
6407:
5044:
4744:
4172:
3948:
7062:
7672:
7372:
7300:
6913:
6236:
6149:
5830:
5767:
4614:
4214:
4151:
6278:
6019:
5998:
5273:
3171:. The Prussians were used to relying on superior organization and tactical factors such as order of battle to focus superior troops against inferior ones. Given approximately equivalent forces, as was generally the case with professional armies, these factors showed considerable importance. However, they became considerably less important when the Prussian armies faced Napoleon's forces that outnumbered their own in some cases by more than ten to one.
7134:
6428:
5977:
7693:
6955:
5569:
5401:
4053:
4239:
7777:
6999:
6617:
6215:
6061:
5506:
5153:
4951:
4542:
4479:
4407:
7342:
7321:
7180:
6978:
6706:
6575:
6086:
5132:
4723:
4563:
5195:
7545:
7456:
6470:
6304:
6191:
5935:
5704:
5636:
5527:
5086:
4993:
4807:
4521:
4365:
4260:
4193:
4079:
7714:
7651:
7020:
6866:
6752:
6330:
6257:
5914:
5893:
5294:
5107:
4921:
4126:
3990:
3969:
8543:
8415:, continuing their education at university, finding a job, going abroad, opening a bank account, etc. Iranian men have so far opposed mandatory military service and demanded that military service in Iran become a job like in other countries, but the Islamic Republic is opposed to this demand. Some Iranian military commanders consider the elimination of conscription or improving the condition of soldiers as a security issue and one of
7477:
6887:
5872:
5809:
5746:
5657:
5464:
4849:
4458:
4302:
7756:
7524:
6803:
6533:
6170:
6040:
5422:
5371:
4344:
4011:
7155:
5485:
5252:
7735:
7414:
7251:
6731:
6449:
6351:
6128:
5956:
5788:
5350:
5014:
4677:
4323:
5320:
8642:
1996. The suspension means that citizens are no longer forced to serve in the armed forces, as long as it is not required for the safety of the country. Since then, the Dutch army has become an all-professional force. However, to this day, every male and – from
January 2020 onward – female citizen aged 17 gets a letter in which they are told that they have been registered but do not have to present themselves for service.
6554:
2674:, the hiring of substitutes appears to have been practiced both before and after the creation of the code. Later records show that Ilkum commitments could become regularly traded. In other places, people simply left their towns to avoid their Ilkum service. Another option was to sell Ilkum lands and the commitments along with them. With the exception of a few exempted classes, this was forbidden by the Code of Hammurabi.
5174:
4828:
6638:
6107:
5851:
5615:
5594:
4656:
7201:
6685:
4428:
6773:
5225:
14131:όλοι οι Κύπριοι πολίτες, περιλαμβανομένων και των προσώπων που έχουν οποιοδήποτε από τους δύο γονείς κυπριακής καταγωγής, αλλά δεν έχουν καταστεί πολίτες της Δημοκρατίας, ηλικίας 16 μέχρι και 26 ετών, για να τους επιτραπεί η έξοδος από τη χώρα, απαιτείται όπως επιδεικνύουν στα λιμάνια και αεροδρόμια, άδεια εξόδου η οποία εκδίδεται από το Υπουργείο Άμυνας και τα κατά τόπους Στρατολογικά Γραφεία της Εθνικής Φρουράς.
7897:
5683:
7113:
5725:
5548:
16256:
3336:. In September 2021, the House of Representatives passed the annual Defense Authorization Act, which included an amendment that states that "all Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 must register for selective service." This amendment omitted the word "male", which would have extended a potential draft to women; however, the amendment was removed before the National Defense Authorization Act was passed.
3825:, the three justices agreed that the male-only draft was likely unconstitutional given the changes in the military's stance on the roles, but because Congress had been reviewing and evaluating legislation to eliminate its male-only draft requirement via the National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service (NCMNPS) since 2016, it would have been inappropriate for the Court to act at that time.
3191:
3261:("People's Storm") and included boys as young as 16 and men as old as 60. During the Second World War, both Britain and the Soviet Union conscripted women. The United States was on the verge of drafting women into the Nurse Corps because it anticipated it would need the extra personnel for its planned invasion of Japan. However, the Japanese surrendered and the idea was abandoned.
15047:
8030:
introduced to the Danish military and their health will be tested. Physically unfit persons are not required to do military service. It is only compulsory for men, while women are free to choose to join the Danish army. Almost all of the men have been volunteers in recent years, 96.9% of the total number of recruits having been volunteers in the 2015 draft.
7861:. Also the National Assembly has repeatedly rejected to reintroduce it due to popular resentment. However, in November 2006, it was reintroduced. Although mandatory for all males between the ages of 18 and 30 (with some sources stating up to age 35), less than 20% of those in the age group are recruited amidst a downsizing of the armed forces.
3363:, or pay extra taxes, whereas women do not have these obligations. In the US, men who do not register with the Selective Service cannot apply for citizenship, receive federal financial aid, grants or loans, be employed by the federal government, be admitted to public colleges or universities, or, in some states, obtain a driver's license.
8638:
twentieth century. Since the Cold War was over, so was the direct threat of a war. Instead, the Dutch army was employed in more and more peacekeeping operations. The complexity and danger of these missions made the use of conscripts controversial. Furthermore, the conscription system was thought to be unfair as only men were drafted.
2663:. Under that system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. During times of peace they were instead required to provide labour for other activities of the state. In return for this service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. It is possible that this right was not to hold land
3206:, the military service time "owed" by serfs was 25 years at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1834 it was decreased to 20 years. The recruits were to be not younger than 17 and not older than 35. In 1874 Russia introduced universal conscription in the modern pattern, an innovation only made possible by the abolition of
13146:
personal, military or civil service." Section 4 Article XVI of the
Philippine constitution reads, "The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve as may be provided by law. It shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State."
8913:
Germans. From early 1942 unmarried women age 20–30 were conscripted (unmarried women who had dependent children aged 14 or younger, including those who had illegitimate children or were widows with children were excluded). Most women who were conscripted were sent to the factories, but they could volunteer for the
8847:) for men between 1901 and 2010. During the last few decades it was selective. Since 1980, women have been allowed to sign up by choice, and, if passing the tests, do military training together with male conscripts. Since 1989 women have been allowed to serve in all military positions and units, including combat.
8641:
In the
European part of Netherlands, compulsory attendance has been officially suspended since 1 May 1997. Between 1991 and 1996, the Dutch armed forces phased out their conscript personnel and converted to an all-professional force. The last conscript troops were inducted in 1995, and demobilized in
3453:
and to raise and support armies. The Court also relied on the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens. "It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government in its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case
3006:
to supply their
Jannissaries corps. Their attacks on ships off the coast of Africa or in the Mediterranean, and subsequent capture of able-bodied men for ransom or sale provided some captives for the Sultan's system. Starting in the 17th century, Christian families living under the Ottoman rule began
12274:
All male citizens must register at the local PLA office in the year they reach the age of 18. Local governments get annual recruitment quotas, and local PLA offices select recruits according to medical and political criteria and military requirements. Call-up for military service then takes place at
9914:
In contradistinction to profeminism, however, the men's rights perspective addresses specific legal and cultural factors that put men at a disadvantage. The movement is made up of a variety of formal and informal groups that differ in their approaches and issues; Men's rights advocates, for example,
7879:
was mobilized for longer periods during wartime. Compulsory service in the sedentary militia continued until the early 1880s when Canada's sedentary
Reserve Militia system fell into disuse. The legislative provision that formally made every male inhabitant aged 16 to 60 member of the Reserve Militia
8912:
In all, eight million men were conscripted during both World Wars, as well as several hundred thousand younger single women. The introduction of conscription in May 1939, before the war began, was partly due to pressure from the French, who emphasized the need for a large
British army to oppose the
8637:
Later on, conscription was used for all men over the age of 18. Postponement was possible, due to study, for example. Conscientious objectors could perform an alternative civilian service instead of military service. For various reasons, this forced military service was criticized at the end of the
8201:
are exempt from military service. By the
Conscription Act of 1951, they are, however, required to serve a time at a local institution, like the coast guard. However, until such service has been arranged, they are freed from service obligation. The non-military service of Åland has not been arranged
3343:; second, that the military is a sexist institution and that conscripts are therefore indoctrinated into sexism; and third, that conscription of men normalizes violence by men as socially acceptable. Feminists have been organizers and participants in resistance to conscription in several countries.
2703:
aged 15 to 60 living in the countryside or in urban centers, were summoned for military duty when required by either the king or the local lord, bringing along the weapons and armor according to their wealth. These levies fought as footmen, sergeants, and men at arms under local superiors appointed
9012:
issued a declaratory judgment that the male-only registration requirement is unconstitutional, though did not specify what action the government should take. That ruling was reversed by the Fifth
Circuit. In June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals.
8367:
enforces conscription for all male citizens aged between 19 and 45. In August 2009, duration of the mandatory service was reduced from 12 months as it was before to 9 months for the army, but remained at 12 months for the navy and the air force. The number of conscripts allocated to the latter two
8183:
Conscription can take the form of military or of civilian service. According to 2021 data, 65% of
Finnish males entered and finished the military service. The number of female volunteers to annually enter armed service had stabilised at approximately 300. The service period is 165, 255 or 347 days
8102:
In the formative years, conscripts had to serve an 18-month term. An amendment passed in 1994 shortened this to 12 months. Further revisions in 2003 established an eleven-month term for draftees trained as NCOs and drivers, and an eight-month term for rank & file. Under the current system, the
13157:
8360:
The duration of military service has historically ranged between 9 and 36 months depending on various factors either particular to the conscript or the political situation in the
Eastern Mediterranean. Although women are employed by the Greek army as officers and soldiers, they are not obliged to
8077:
in October 1995. However, the period of enlistment may be extended during times of national crisis, and in practice, the typical period of national service is considerably longer than the minimum. Since the 1990s, conscription has been effectively open-ended; this draft policy has been likened to
3213:
In the decades prior to World War I universal conscription along broadly Prussian lines became the norm for European armies, and those modeled on them. By 1914 the only substantial armies still completely dependent on voluntary enlistment were those of Britain and the United States. Some colonial
8664:
currently employs a weak form of mandatory military service for men and women. In practice recruits are not forced to serve, instead only those who are motivated are selected. About 60,000 Norwegians are available for conscription every year, but only 8,000 to 10,000 are conscripted. Since 1985,
8352:
Universal conscription was introduced in Greece during the military reforms of 1909, although various forms of selective conscription had been in place earlier. In more recent years, conscription was associated with the state of general mobilisation declared on 20 July 1974, due to the crisis in
13145:
Section 4 Article II of the Philippine constitution reads, "The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render
8850:
In 2010, conscription was made gender-neutral, meaning both women and men would be conscripted on equal terms. The conscription system was simultaneously deactivated in peacetime. Seven years later, referencing increased military threat, the Swedish Government reactivated military conscription.
8029:
The legislation about compulsory military service is articulated in the Danish Law of Conscription. National service takes 4–12 months. It is possible to postpone the duty when one is still in full-time education. Every male turning 18 will be drafted to the 'Day of Defence', where they will be
3527:
argued vehemently against professional armies since he believed that it was the right and privilege of every citizen to participate to the defense of the whole society and that it was a mark of moral decline to leave the business to professionals. He based his belief upon the development of the
3481:
in anti-draft arguments. The cost of the work, military service, does not disappear even if no salary is paid. The work effort of the conscripts is effectively wasted, as an unwilling workforce is extremely inefficient. The impact is especially severe in wartime, when civilian professionals are
2713:
were military and political administrators installed by the King to steward and govern a specific area of a province following the king's commands and orders. The men summoned in this way were then summoned by the lieutenant who was the King's representative and military governor over an entire
8033:
After lottery, one can become a conscientious objector. Total objection (refusal from alternative civilian service) results in up to 4 months jailtime according to the law. However, in 2014 a Danish man, who signed up for the service and objected later, got only 14 days of home arrest. In many
13946:
8925:
telephonist, were told to continue working as before. None was assigned to combat roles unless she volunteered. By 1943 women were liable to some form of directed labour up to age 51. During the Second World War, 1.4 million British men volunteered for service and 3.2 million were
3486:
where educational levels are high and where the workforce is sophisticated and a replacement for a conscripted specialist is difficult to find. Even more dire economic consequences result if the professional conscripted as an amateur soldier is killed or maimed for life; his work effort and
3598:
that in a professional military, a company deployed for active duty in peacekeeping corresponds to three inactive companies at home. Salaries for each are paid from the military budget. In contrast, volunteers from a trained reserve are in their civilian jobs when they are not deployed.
8633:
from 1806 to 1810, had tried to introduce conscription a few years earlier, unsuccessfully. Every man aged 20 years or older had to enlist. By means of drawing lots it was decided who had to undertake service in the French army. It was possible to arrange a substitute against payment.
7887:
was practiced in the last year of the First World War in 1918. During the Second World War, conscription for home defence was introduced in 1940 and for overseas service in 1944. Conscription has not been practiced in Canada since the end of the Second World War in 1945.
7288:
According to the Defence Minister, from 2018 there will be no compulsory enlistment for military service; however, all men born after 1995 will be subject to four months of compulsory military training, increasing to one full year after 2024 (for men born after 2005).
3792:
eventually upheld the Act, stating that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity.'" In 2013, Judge
3415:
opposed conscription, opining that "of all the statist violations of individual rights in a mixed economy, the military draft is the worst. It is an abrogation of rights. It negates man's fundamental right—the right to life—and establishes the fundamental principle of
8103:
yearly draft is divided into three "waves" - separate batches of eleven-month conscripts start their service in January and July while those selected for an eight-month term are brought in on October. An estimated 3200 people go through conscript service every year.
8673:
member and first European country to make national service compulsory for both sexes. In earlier times, up until at least the early 2000s, all men aged 19–44 were subject to mandatory service, with good reasons required to avoid becoming drafted. There is a right of
14063:
8217:. All services of the Finnish Defence Forces train conscripts. However, the Border Guard trains conscripts only in land-based units, not in coast guard detachments or in the Border Guard Air Wing. Civilian service may take place in the Civilian Service Center in
7849:, saw a compromise in 2018, where instead of conscription, Bulgaria could have possibly introduced a voluntary military service by 2019 where young citizens can volunteer for a period of 6 to 9 months, receiving a basic wage. However, this has not gone forward.
2708:
in France. Arrière-ban denoted a general levy, where all able-bodied males age 15 to 60 living in the Kingdom of France were summoned to go to war by the King (or the constable and the marshals). Men were summoned by the bailiff (or the sénéchal in the south).
13813:
3089:
On the western coast of Africa, Berber Muslims captured non-Muslims to put to work as laborers. They generally converted the younger people to Islam and many became quite assimilated. In Morocco, the Berber looked south rather than north. The Moroccan Sultan
8982:
five years later. Consequently, Selective Service registration is still required of almost all young men. There have been no prosecutions for violations of the draft registration law since 1986. Males between the ages of 17 and 45, and female members of the
8693:.) Former service in the military does not exclude anyone from later being drafted to the Civil defence, but an upper limit of total 19 months of service applies. Neglecting mobilisation orders to training exercises and actual incidents, may impose fines.
3895:, or, more often, with any role in the armed forces. In some countries, conscientious objectors have special legal status, which augments their conscription duties. For example, Sweden allows conscientious objectors to choose a service in the weapons-free
3836:
of the Republic of China in its Interpretation 490 considered that the physical differences between males and females and the derived role differentiation in their respective social functions and lives would not make drafting only males a violation of the
8505:
Lithuania abolished its conscription in 2008. In May 2015, the Lithuanian parliament voted to reintroduce conscription and the conscripts started their training in August 2015. From 2015 to 2017 there were enough volunteers to avoid drafting civilians.
2850:
was arbitrary and unpredictable for commoners. While the money lenders were not poor, several overlords tapped them for income. Levies became necessary for the survival of the overlord, allowing the lord to impose taxes at will. These levies included
3721:, beginning in 1941, women were brought into the scope of conscription but, as all women with dependent children were exempt and many women were informally left in occupations such as nursing or teaching, the number conscripted was relatively few.
3159:
called "the nation in arms", which overwhelmed European professional armies that often numbered only into the low tens of thousands. More than 2.6 million men were inducted into the French military in this way between the years 1800 and 1813.
2559:, in that historically men have been subject to the draft in the most cases; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. Those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country, and seeking
8348:
service, currently lasting 12 months (but historically up to 36 months) for all adult men. Citizens discharged from active service are normally placed in the reserve and are subject to periodic recalls of 1–10 days at irregular intervals.
3026:
were usually captive non-Muslim Iranian and Turkic children who had been kidnapped or bought as slaves from the Barbary coasts. The Egyptians assimilated and trained the boys and young men to become Islamic soldiers who served the Muslim
8419:'s powers as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, so they treat it with caution. In Iran, usually wealthy people are exempted from conscription. Some other men can be exempted from conscription due to their fathers serving in the
7828:
abolished the conscription in 1994. The last conscripts left active service in February 1995. To this day (2019), a small minority of the Belgian citizens supports the idea of reintroducing military conscription, for both men and women.
7360:
course in high school are still permitted to continue coursework for two more years at a university. Otherwise, they face training or must draw a conscription lottery "black card". The government intends to abolish these rules in 2027.
3625:
Throughout history, women have only been conscripted to join armed forces in a few countries, in contrast to the universal practice of conscription from among the male population. The traditional view has been that military service is a
8898:, then part of the United Kingdom, was exempted from the original 1916 military service legislation, and although further legislation in 1918 gave power for an extension of conscription to Ireland, the power was never put into effect.
3602:
It was more financially beneficial for less-educated young Portuguese men born in 1967 to participate in conscription than to participate in the highly competitive job market with men of the same age who continued to higher education.
8794:
in 1994. Under South African defense law, young white men had to undergo two years' continuous military training after they leave school, after which they had to serve 720 days in occasional military duty over the next 12 years. The
13119:
17–23 years of age (officers 20–24) for voluntary military service; no conscription; applicants must be single male or female Philippine citizens with either 72 college credit hours (enlisted) or a baccalaureate degree (officers)
7840:
had conscription for males above 18 until it was ended in 2008. Due to a shortfall in the army of some 5,500 soldiers, parts of the former ruling coalition have expressed their support for the return of conscription, most notably
8483:
Israeli citizens are liable for conscription, in accordance with agreement set by their community leaders (their community leaders however signed a clause in which all female Druze and female Circassian are exempt from service).
7968:
descent, lasting from the 1 January of the year in which they turn 18 years of age to 31 December, of the year in which they turn 50. All male residents of Cyprus who are of military age (16 and over) are required to obtain an
3864:
in France and Day of National Defence in Portugal – to women in 1997 and 2008, respectively; at the same time, the military registry of both countries and obligation of military service in case of war was extended to women.
14024:
3346:
Conscription has also been criticized on the ground that, historically, only men have been subjected to conscription. Men who opt out or are deemed unfit for military service must often perform alternative service, such as
8526:
8188:
or reserve officers. The length of civilian service is always twelve months. Those electing to serve unarmed in duties where unarmed service is possible serve either nine or twelve months, depending on their training.
3007:
to submit their sons into the Kapikulu system willingly, as they saw this as a potentially invaluable career opportunity for their children. Eventually the Sultan turned to foreign volunteers from the warrior clans of
8868:, officially the Republic of China (ROC), maintains an active conscription system. All qualified male citizens of military age are now obligated to receive 4-month of military training. In December 2022, President
3689:
introduced female conscription in 2010, but it was not activated until 2017. This made Sweden the second nation in Europe to draft women, and the second in the world to draft women on the same formal terms as men.
3571:
not because he seriously expected it to be adopted but to stress how the socioeconomic restratification meant that very few children of upper-class Americans served in the all-volunteer American armed forces.
2940:, establishing a pattern throughout the Islamic world of a ruling military class, often separated by ethnicity, culture and even religion by the mass of the population, a paradigm that found its apogee in the
6480:
No. However, under Nigeria's National Youths Service Corps Act, graduates from tertiary institutions are required to undertake national service for a year. The service begins with a 3-week military training.
2805:
were the land-holding aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour and weapons for a certain number of days each year. The historian David Sturdy has cautioned about regarding the
8192:
Any Finnish male citizen who refuses to perform both military and civilian service faces a penalty of 173 days in prison, minus any served days. Such sentences are usually served fully in prison, with no
2718:, seneschalties and castellanies. All men from the richest noble to the poorest commoner were summoned under the arrière-ban and they were supposed to present themselves to the King or his officials.
14767:
10708:
8099:, "Estonian citizens have a duty to participate in national defence on the bases and pursuant to a procedure provided by a law", which in practice means that men aged 18–27 are subject to the draft.
12828:
11279:
8998:
In February 2019, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas ruled that male-only conscription registration breached the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. In
3740:". Medical doctors of both sexes could and would be conscripted (as officers). Also, the Soviet university education system required Department of Chemistry students of both sexes to complete an
15298:
8269:
drastically reduced the size of its armed forces. The low demand for conscripts led to the suspension of compulsory conscription in 2011. Since then, only volunteer professionals serve in the
7916:, which eventually became the Qin Empire of 221 BC. Following unification, historical records show that a total of 300,000 conscript soldiers and 500,000 conscript labourers constructed the
13414:
7805:
from the age of 17 up to 50, specialists up to 65 years is liable to military service. However, besides mobilization, conscription calls to a six-month long basic military training in the
3470:
within 30 days following his 18th birthday and be available for a draft; this is often accomplished automatically by a motor vehicle department during licensing or by voter registration.
2587:(compulsory community service) in Austria and Switzerland. Several countries conscript male soldiers not only for armed forces, but also for paramilitary agencies, which are dedicated to
9170:
8404:, women could serve in the military. However, after the establishment of the Islamic Republic, some Ayatollahs considered women's military service to be disrespectful to women by the
7875:
Compulsory service in a sedentary militia was practiced in Canada as early as 1669. In peacetime, compulsory service was typically limited to attending an annual muster, although the
6075:
was suspended from January 2015 due to government budget cuts. It resumed in 2016, then was abolished in 2018. However, in 2023 the government announced its revival pending approval.
3563:, support a draft in order to reinforce social equality, create social consciousness, break down class divisions and allow young adults to immerse themselves in public enterprise.
6543:
Yes by law, but in practice people are not forced to serve against their will. Conscientious objectors have not been prosecuted since 2011; they are simply exempted from service.
3147:
gave its name to the 5 September 1798 Act, whose first article stated: "Any Frenchman is a soldier and owes himself to the defense of the nation." It enabled the creation of the
14693:
11469:
3798:
15660:
13203:
10187:
8465:
Female religious Jews, as long as they declare they are unable to serve due to religious grounds. Most of whom opt for the alternative of volunteering in the national service
8202:
since the introduction of the act, and there are no plans to institute it. The inhabitants of Åland can also volunteer for military service on the mainland. As of 1995, women
7974:
8408:
and banned women's military service in Iran. Therefore, Iranian women and girls were completely exempted from military service, which caused Iranian men and boys to oppose.
2979:
over several years. Those who showed special promise in fighting skills were trained in advanced warrior skills, put into the sultan's personal service, and turned into the
15558:
15453:
13846:
12215:
9928:
15500:
3805:
was decided, women were banned from serving in combat, the situation had since changed with the 2013 and 2015 restriction removals. Miller's opinion was reversed by the
3914:, while not strictly pacifists, refuse to participate in the armed forces on the ground that they believe that Christians should be neutral in international conflicts.
3902:
The reasons for refusing to serve in the military are varied. Some people are conscientious objectors for religious reasons. In particular, the members of the historic
8921:: initially volunteers but later conscription was introduced. However, women who were already working in a skilled job considered helpful to the war effort, such as a
14545:
12474:
11685:
13225:
3246:
of forces where service includes homefront defense, ages of conscripts may range much higher, with the oldest conscripts serving in roles requiring lesser mobility.
15199:
15072:
14215:
14388:
11976:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland, 1997. Data collected from the nations concerned, or as otherwise indicated.
10987:
4603:
member was removed in 1904. Conscription into a full-time military service took place in both world wars, with 1945 being the last year conscription was practice.
15841:
10683:
3242:
drafted men for World War I initially in an age range from 21 to 30 but expanded its eligibility in 1918 to an age range of 18 to 45. In the case of a widespread
10035:
8389:
14598:
2528:
and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the
15418:
12098:
9000:
8022:
Every male person able to carry arms shall be liable with his person to contribute to the defence of his country under such rules as are laid down by Statute.
3428:
3332:
in 2019, leading to it being declared unconstitutional by a US Federal Judge. The federal district judge's opinion was unanimously overturned on appeal to the
3325:
258:
14302:
14273:
10247:
14244:
14760:
12582:
3683:
member to have a legally compulsory national service for both men and women. In practice only motivated volunteers are selected to join the army in Norway.
14983:
13364:
13102:
12832:
12732:
11847:
11271:
3806:
3333:
254:
12431:
11713:
11445:
6716:
No. Peacetime conscription abolished in 2004, but there remains a symbolic military obligation for all 18-year-olds, of both sexes: National Defense Day (
2987:. A number of distinguished military commanders of the Ottomans, and most of the imperial administrators and upper-level officials of the Empire, such as
14570:
13476:
7883:
Conscription into a full-time military service had only been instituted twice by the government of Canada, during both world wars. Conscription into the
3702:
introduced voluntary female conscription in 1995, giving women between the ages of 18 and 29 an option to complete their military service alongside men.
3210:
in 1861. New military law decreed that all male Russian subjects, when they reached the age of 20, were eligible to serve in the military for six years.
3011:
in southern Russia to fill his Janissary armies. As a whole the system began to break down, the loyalty of the Jannissaries became increasingly suspect.
2965:. The new force was built by taking Christian children from newly conquered lands, especially from the far areas of his empire, in a system known as the
15898:
13720:"Venezuela: Military service, including length of service, existence of alternative forms of service and penalties imposed on those who refuse to serve"
10549:
12929:
11835:
8114:
which only relies on paid professionals due to its highly technical nature and security concerns. Historically, draftees could also be assigned to the
3696:
has universal female conscription, although it is possible to avoid service by claiming a religious exemption and over a third of Israeli women do so.
2555:
to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war;
15302:
3544:
argued strongly for conscription and saw the professional armies, made up of mercenary units, as the cause of the failure of societal unity in Italy.
15354:
13775:
11856:
8361:
enlist. Soldiers receive no health insurance, but they are provided with medical support during their army service, including hospitalization costs.
3781:
13687:
13600:
11768:
8491:
Israeli citizens choose to enlist to the Israeli military in every draft (despite their Muslim-Arab background that exempt them from conscription).
9850:
15691:
13894:
13409:
12959:
11824:
11098:
9561:
14571:""They Are Making Us into Slaves, Not Educating Us": How Indefinite Conscription Restricts Young People's Rights, Access to Education in Eritrea"
13831:
11627:
Kalisch, PA; Kalisch PA; Kalisch BJ (1973). "The women's draft. An analysis of the controversy over the nurses' Selective Service Bill of 1945".
9196:
11952:
2818:
is a strange delusion dreamt up by antiquarians in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries to justify universal military conscription.
15270:
13917:
12159:
10472:
13296:
14080:
13637:
11741:
11598:
9658:
15325:
12141:
12035:
15238:
10348:"No to Equality in Militarism! (Statement of the feminist collective TO MOV co-signed by the Association of Greek Conscientious Objectors)"
3882:
273:
14997:
14912:
13003:
11811:
12756:
11538:
9711:
3249:
Expanded-age conscription was common during the Second World War: in Britain, it was commonly known as "call-up" and extended to age 51.
359:
4068:
No. Voluntary; conscription may be required for specified reasons per Article 19 of Public Law No.24.429 promulgated on 5 January 1995.
3860:, where conscription was abolished, extended their symbolic, mandatory day of information on the armed forces for young people - called
15632:
11480:
11071:
9807:
9776:
8441:
who are fit and 18 years old. Men must serve 32 months while women serve 24 months, with the vast majority of conscripts being Jewish.
14811:
14690:
13194:
12291:
15668:
9603:
8685:
In addition to the military service, the Norwegian government draft a total of 8,000 men and women between 18 and 55 to non-military
13619:
11988:
8525:
has a 12-month conscription for all males between 18 and 27 years. However, a citizen who completed a military training course at a
14519:
13085:
12348:
9693:
7927:, and reinforced by law. However, due to the large population of China and large pool of candidates available for recruitment, the
3078:. The Mamluks' excellent fighting abilities, massed Islamic armies, and overwhelming numbers succeeded in overcoming the Christian
1464:
434:
16020:
15612:
14792:
14742:
14712:
3813:. The Supreme Court considered but declined to review the Fifth Circuit's ruling in June 2021. In an opinion authored by Justice
3214:
powers such as France reserved their conscript armies for home service while maintaining professional units for overseas duties.
1891:
15566:
14493:
13428:
12707:
15474:
13506:
10167:
8061:
and the rest of their time is spent working on national reconstruction projects. This program allegedly aims to compensate for
3222:
2914:
499:
14678:"Koko ikäluokalle yhteiset kutsunnat ja uusi kevyempi palvelusluokka – tällaisia muutoksia komitea esittää asevelvollisuuteen"
14641:
13335:
11415:
10866:
3339:
Feminists have argued, first, that military conscription is sexist because wars serve the interests of what they view as the
15990:
15508:
14467:
13999:
13183:
13000:
Conscription still exists, but compulsory attendance was held in abeyance in 1 January 1997 (effective from 22 August 1996),
11582:
11528:
11050:
11019:
10501:
10449:
10421:
10389:
10078:
9907:
9876:
9747:
3838:
3112:
17:
14359:
13761:
13186:, Bogdan Klich, said the country will move towards a professional army and that from January, only volunteers will join the
9633:
9535:
14825:
14110:
12377:
8669:
voted to extend conscription to women, resulting in universal conscription in effect from 2015. This made Norway the first
8203:
3861:
15647:
13460:
13233:
3852:
started including women in its draft registration system, although conscription is not currently enforced for either sex.
339:
15203:
15076:
14223:
10948:
8872:
led the government to announce the reinstatement of the mandatory 1-year active duty military service from January 2024.
3187:
was the beginning of short-term compulsory service in Prussia, as opposed to the long-term conscription previously used.
2247:
540:
16216:
Canada's Greatest Wartime Muddle: National Selective Service and the Mobilization of Human Resources during World War II
15252:
14396:
3316:, and opponents of discrimination against men have criticized military conscription, or compulsory military service, as
15394:
12417:"Lov om værnepligtens opfyldelse ved civilt arbejde (Law allows fulfillment of conscription duties with civilian work)"
12381:
11348:
10025:
9102:
9097:
8881:
8724:
8057:
requires every able bodied man and woman to serve, ostensibly, for 18 months. In this time, they receive six months of
7603:
4600:
3789:
3432:
2442:
2220:
835:
439:
194:
189:
14937:
10822:
10188:"House passes defense bill with commission to investigate Afghanistan failures, mandate that women register for draft"
9915:
target sex-specific military conscription and judicial practices that discriminate against men in child custody cases.
8119:
16223:
16150:
16124:
15934:
15529:
15443:
14896:
13006:. Tweede Kamer (Dutch House of Representatives) and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Royal Dutch Library). Archived from
11927:
10931:
10770:
10008:
9518:
9480:
9365:
9334:
9276:
Asal, Victor; Conrad, Justin; Toronto, Nathan (2017-08-01). "I Want You! The Determinants of Military Conscription".
8954:
8590:
8397:
7633:
3763:
3442:
3404:
1896:
444:
89:
15422:
13372:
12879:
12106:
9588:
8572:
2810:
as a precursor to a modern national army composed of all ranks of society, describing it as a "ridiculous fantasy":
15148:
15123:
14962:
14312:
14281:
13982:
Efthymiou, Stratis Andreas (2019). "Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity After the Construction of the Border".
13641:
12802:
12516:
11257:
11202:
11174:
11146:
10381:
8761:
no longer practises mandatory military service. Prior to this, mandatory military service lasted 6 months for men.
8197:. Jehovah's Witnesses are no longer exempted from service as of 27 February 2019. The inhabitants of demilitarized
7964:
is mandatory for all male citizens of the Republic of Cyprus, as well as any male non-citizens born of a parent of
4905:
3725:
3420:: that a man's life belongs to the state, and the state may claim it by compelling him to sacrifice it in battle."
2781:), was a levy of free farmers conscripted into coastal fleets for seasonal excursions and in defence of the realm.
1974:
199:
14252:
8890:
introduced conscription to full-time military service for the first time in January 1916 (the eighteenth month of
8472:
All of the exempt above are eligible to volunteer to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), as long as they declare so.
4312:
No. Laws allow for conscription only if volunteers are insufficient, but conscription has never been implemented.
13582:
12814:
12682:
12268:
11902:
11499:
10135:
10102:
8604:
8258:
8206:
to serve on a voluntary basis and pursue careers in the military after their initial voluntary military service.
6667:
6381:
5583:, or Universal People's Defense and Security). In the event of war, the government will draft all men and women.
3371:
2319:
1957:
1744:
589:
384:
354:
8411:
In Iran, men who refuse to go to military service are deprived of their citizenship rights, such as employment,
4712:
recruiting offices (registration exempted for residents of Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions).
15224:
13106:
12010:
10786:
Dolman, Everett Carl (1995). "Obligation and the Citizen-Soldier: Machiavellian Virtú Versus Hobbesian Order".
10748:
10744:
9975:
9165:
8968:
8568:
3718:
3617:
2785:
2083:
13484:
12609:
7880:
was removed in 1904, replaced with provisions that made them theoretically "liable to serve in the militia".
4291:
No (suspended in 1992; service not required of draftees inducted for 1994 military classes or any thereafter)
3167:
in particular shocked the Prussian establishment, which had believed it was invincible after the victories of
2617:
As of 2023, many states no longer conscript their citizens, relying instead upon professional militaries with
449:
344:
16260:
16143:
Reluctant Soldier... Proud Veteran: How a cynical Vietnam vet learned to take pride in his service to the USA
16062:
Littlewood, David. "Conscription in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada during the Second World War",
15946:"Citizenship and Compulsory Military Service: The Revolutionary Origins of Conscription in the United States"
14546:"Issue 23: Open-Ended Conscription in Eritrea's National Military Service: Here is How to Improve the Policy"
11662:
9772:
9160:
8914:
8800:
8564:
8393:
8011:
changed the law in 1710 to every 4th man. The men were chosen by the landowner and it was seen as a penalty.
6965:
3773:
2500:
1947:
399:
13790:
13457:
The situation of conscientious objectors in Switzerland – compared with the guidelines of the European Union
12937:
12628:
12196:
11857:"Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection"
6829:
5987:
Yes About 3,000–4,000 conscripts each year must be selected, of whom up to 10% serve involuntarily.)
3634:
from boyhood into manhood. In recent years, this position has been challenged on the basis that it violates
3264:
2801:
Some modern writers claim military service in Europe was restricted to the landowning minor nobility. These
12564:
8785:
8740:
8728:
8690:
7920:. In the following dynasties, universal conscription was abolished and reintroduced on numerous occasions.
7884:
6159:
No (there is a compulsory two-year military service law, but the law has never been enforced in practice.)
3737:
3478:
3272:
2883:
and in 1422 the shogun threatened to repossess the land of those commoners who failed to pay their levies.
2437:
1141:
901:
404:
111:
15350:
12456:
11860:
11372:
9253:
8218:
3540:
linked the division of armed service among the populace intimately with the political order of the state.
16281:
15997:
Looks at citizens' responses to military conscription in several democracies since the French Revolution.
13694:
13098:
12790:
12658:
11776:
11495:
11251:
11196:
11168:
11140:
10524:
9082:
9077:
9062:
9057:
8812:
8720:
8074:
7996:
7928:
7353:
7070:
4709:
3745:
2447:
1634:
1436:
1307:
845:
419:
334:
329:
16168:
Pfaffenzeller, Stephan (2010). "Conscription and Democracy: The Mythology of Civil-Military Relations".
9431:
2794:, was composed of part-time English soldiers drawn from the freemen of each county. In the 690s laws of
13902:
13393:
11105:
10413:
9569:
9117:
9005:
8992:
8790:
There was mandatory military conscription for all white men in South Africa from 1968 until the end of
6287:
6072:
5336:
5237:
2988:
2540:
nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1 to 8 years on
1911:
492:
379:
229:
35:
31:
15741:
Jeremy A. Crang, "'Come into the Army, Maud': Women, Military Conscription, and the Markham Inquiry",
15588:
15376:
9766:
8325:
3074:
served in the army and formed an elite corps of troops. They eventually revolted in Egypt to form the
16206:
16170:
16079:
15950:
12904:
12263:
12074:
10949:"Can Compulsory Military Service Raise Civilian Wages? Evidence from the Peacetime Draft in Portugal"
9258:
9191:
9072:
9037:
9022:
8796:
8716:
8500:
4108:
4062:
3376:
2021:
1529:
878:
752:
606:
409:
224:
219:
15274:
13925:
13743:
12312:
10347:
9837:
Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study
4708:
No, however Male citizens 18 years of age and over are required to register for military service in
61: Active conscription system, but not all the people who are fit for the service are conscripted
15873:
15048:"مشمولان غایب سربازی از دریافت چه خدماتی محروم میشوند؟- اخبار پلیس - اخبار اجتماعی تسنیم | Tasnim"
14599:"Open-ended Conscription in Eritrea's National Military Service: Here is How to Improve the Policy"
11272:
Facing setbacks against resistance forces, Myanmar’s military government activates conscription law
10172:
9681:
Preussische Heeresreformen 1807–1870: Militärische Innovation und der Mythos der "Roonschen Reform"
9666:
9042:
8964:
8776:
voted to suspend mandatory military service. The decision fully came into force on 1 January 2011.
8736:
8553:
8185:
8014:
Since 12 February 1849, every physically fit man must do military service. According to §81 in the
4640:
3785:
3467:
3388:
3329:
3321:
3309:
3239:
2976:
2472:
2339:
1886:
1579:
1397:
1245:
15728:
Daniel Hucker, "Franco-British Relations and the Question of Conscription in Britain, 1938–1939",
14088:
11973:
11606:
11219:
13873:
12933:
12242:
12039:
11797:
9135:
9112:
9107:
9092:
9052:
8675:
8557:
8230:
8177:
8139:
8107:
8096:
8070:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8015:
8008:
7986:
7813:
can be done up to the age of 35. For men refusing to undergo this training, a nine-month lasting
6312:
5328:
5302:
5203:
4929:
3874:
3699:
3612:
3483:
3304:
3195:
3172:
3071:
2891:
2798:, three levels of fines are imposed on different social classes for neglecting military service.
2556:
2425:
2407:
2163:
1722:
1644:
1589:
1187:
850:
472:
454:
349:
309:
304:
294:
289:
279:
15915:
Flynn, George Q. (1998 33(1): 5–20). "Conscription and Equity in Western Democracies, 1940–75",
14659:
14333:
9739:
Colonial Cinema and Imperial France, 1919–1939: White Blind Spots, Male Fantasies, Settler Myths
8388:, all men who reach the age of 18 must do about two years of compulsory military service in the
3121:
2691:
laws on the European continent, landowners in the medieval period enforced a system whereby all
14143:
13007:
12540:
11881:
11851:
11241:
10732:
10550:"For a million U.S. men, failing to register for the draft has serious, long-term consequences"
10437:
Multicultural Citizens, Monocultural Men: Indigineity, Masculinity, and Conscription in Ecuador
9087:
9067:
9047:
9032:
8860:
8823:
8762:
8752:
8712:
8702:
8651:
8432:
8320:
8210:
7961:
7951:
7870:
7814:
7485:
7030:
No (conscription of men aged 18-40 and women aged 18-30 is authorized, but not currently used)
6895:
6781:
5665:
5379:
4857:
4593:
4436:
4391:
3911:
3888:
3829:
3693:
3686:
3463:
3446:
3437:
3018:
Similar to the Janissaries in origin and means of development were the Mamluks of Egypt in the
2552:
2545:
2292:
2267:
1989:
1901:
1774:
1649:
1250:
1227:
673:
572:
429:
424:
414:
394:
389:
374:
369:
364:
319:
314:
299:
269:
244:
239:
121:
14913:"مباحثه خواندنی آیتالله صافیگلپایگانی و آیتالله خزعلی در مجلس خبرگان بر سرآموزش نظامی زنان"
14886:
12127:
11546:
11520:
11186:
11042:
10525:"RS 661.1 Ordonnance du 30 août 1995 sur la taxe d'exemption de l'obligation de servir (OTEO)"
10487:
10435:
10402:
10373:
9737:
9715:
9357:
9351:
9326:
9320:
9235:
8941:
The abolition of conscription in Britain was announced on 4 April 1957, by new prime minister
8665:
women have been able to enlist for voluntary service as regular recruits. On 14 June 2013 the
3541:
3094:, called "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727), employed a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his
2992:
2814:
The persistent old belief that peasants and small farmers gathered to form a national army or
16276:
16118:
13918:"Military Service Law of the People's Republic of China (2011 Amendment) [Effective]"
13031:. Based on the Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress
11742:"Supreme Court won't hear case arguing military draft registration discriminates against men"
11574:
11011:
10884:
10248:"Lawmakers kill measure that would have required women to register for the Selective Service"
9899:
9893:
9866:
9155:
9027:
8979:
8462:
and the deferment tends to become an exemption, although some do opt to serve in the military
8127:
8115:
7909:
7842:
7808:
5022:
4770:
3524:
3396:
3144:
3140:
1881:
1814:
1767:
1421:
1384:
1347:
1265:
1217:
1101:
911:
719:
628:
485:
284:
249:
14623:
11079:
10669:
9817:
9470:
3732:, but the severe disruption of normal life and the high proportion of civilians affected by
3234:
The range of eligible ages for conscripting was expanded to meet national demand during the
16286:
15664:
15271:"LEGE Nr. 1245 din 18-07-2002 cu privire la pregătirea cetăţenilor pentru apărarea Patriei"
13272:
12829:"Baigiamas 2019 metų šaukimas į nuolatinę privalomąją pradinę karo tarnybą | Karys.lt"
12780:
12295:
11718:
11130:
10848:
10070:
9789:
9180:
8918:
8773:
8708:
8666:
8214:
7940:
7575:
3595:
3518:
3384:
3280:
3156:
2272:
2174:
2031:
2026:
1844:
1809:
1544:
1364:
1222:
1158:
1012:
982:
579:
324:
264:
234:
16246:
14441:
14164:
12416:
12402:
12292:"解放軍地位高 農夫搶當兵(The soldiers of PLA are respected, peasants are scrambling to join the army"
11158:
10597:
9611:
9402:
Nicolle, D. (2000). French Armies of the Hundred Years' War (Vol. 337). Osprey Publishing.
7857:
Since the signing of the Peace Accord in 1993, there has been no official conscription in
5241:, with the option of military or civil service for men and women) was instituted in 2021.
8:
13187:
12060:
10441:
9217:
9145:
8922:
8895:
7931:
has always had sufficient volunteers, so conscription has not been required in practice.
7917:
7581:
7556:
7440:
7283:
7237:
7212:
7078:
6789:
5641:
5387:
5211:
5118:
5030:
4937:
4865:
4444:
4137:
4037:
3801:
ruled that the Service's men-only requirement was unconstitutional, as while at the time
3768:
3729:
3168:
2971:(translated "gathering" or "converting"). The captive children were forced to convert to
2564:
2123:
2108:
1984:
1871:
1849:
1824:
1784:
1694:
1504:
1409:
1359:
1126:
1116:
1081:
873:
863:
633:
557:
166:
131:
126:
15842:"With women in combat roles, a federal court rules the male-only draft unconstitutional"
15755:
14523:
13872:
Granatstein, J. I.; Jones, Richard; de Bruin, Tabitha; McIntosh, Andrew (29 June 2022).
13028:
12241:
Granatstein, J. I.; Jones, Richard; de Bruin, Tabitha; McIntosh, Andrew (29 June 2022).
11686:"With women in combat roles, a federal court rules the male-only draft unconstitutional"
10222:"New legislation would require women, like men, to sign up for potential military draft"
9697:
8302:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3427:, challenged the new draft law in federal court, arguing that it was a violation of the
16202:
Conscription in Scandinavia During the Last Quarter Century: Developments and Arguments
16200:
16187:
16101:
16074:
16048:
16040:
15967:
15894:
15781:
14861:
14575:
14055:
14005:
13964:
13809:
12785:
12313:"Taiwan Is Extending Conscription. Here's How Its Military Compares to Other Countries"
11246:
11191:
11163:
11135:
10979:
10803:
10493:
10466:
9583:
9568:. Brooklyn College. sec. In the Service of the State and Military Class. Archived from
9566:
The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern
9411:
Nicolle, D. (2004). Poitiers 1356: The capture of a king (Vol. 138). Osprey Publishing.
9301:
9185:
9175:
9130:
8401:
8266:
8111:
8038:(objection after signing up) is punished harder than objecting the compulsory service.
7610:
No. Required from 1916 until 1920 and from 1939 until 31 December 1960 (except for the
4977:
3809:, stating that only the Supreme Court could overturn the Supreme Court precedence from
3777:
3756:
3581:
3509:
2937:
2738:
2730:
2618:
2457:
2312:
2232:
2153:
2098:
2073:
1994:
1940:
1906:
1837:
1754:
1664:
1569:
1514:
1404:
1369:
1322:
1197:
1168:
1121:
1059:
1034:
868:
682:
601:
136:
116:
14785:
14735:
14709:
13254:
12853:
12757:"Frequently asked questions about the State Defence Service | Aizsardzības ministrija"
12498:
12183:
9891:
8987:
may be conscripted for federal militia service pursuant to 10 U.S. Code § 246 and the
8803:
government announced plans to extend conscription to white immigrants in the country.
3082:
fortresses in the Holy Land. The Mamluks were the most successful defence against the
2670:
Various forms of avoiding military service are recorded. While it was outlawed by the
16219:
16191:
16156:
16146:
16106:
16044:
16002:
15986:
15971:
15945:
15930:
15927:
Conscription and Democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States
15904:
14977:
14892:
14497:
14059:
14047:
14009:
13995:
13825:
13436:
11644:
11640:
11578:
11524:
11389:
11327:
11046:
11015:
10927:
10795:
10766:
10497:
10445:
10417:
10385:
10195:
10143:
10110:
10074:
10004:
9997:
9971:
9964:
9959:
9903:
9872:
9844:
9743:
9514:
9476:
9451:
9361:
9330:
9293:
8984:
8420:
8248:
8235:
Between 1956 and 2011 conscription was mandatory for all male citizens in the German
5299:
5070:
3505:
3207:
3136:
2856:
2671:
2656:
2622:
2529:
2493:
2402:
2349:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2207:
2190:
2185:
2158:
2103:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1659:
1629:
1519:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1374:
1327:
1297:
1136:
929:
906:
840:
16013:
War Volunteering in Modern Times: From the French Revolution to the Second World War
13776:"Старото се уволнява, зайците реват... И ето идва... Каракачанова казарма – Dnes.bg"
13514:
10983:
9381:
8221:
or in an accepted non-profit organization of educational, social or medical nature.
3130:
2822:
2563:
in another country. Some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing
2462:
151:
16179:
16096:
16088:
16032:
15959:
14417:
14039:
13987:
13343:
11636:
11317:
10971:
10963:
10880:
9833:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование
9443:
9305:
9285:
8942:
8906:
8840:
8412:
8333:
8169:
8161:
8157:
7876:
7611:
6601:
4225:
3923:
3552:
2941:
2864:
2778:
2754:
2521:
2517:
2467:
2432:
2364:
2257:
2195:
2088:
2016:
2009:
1866:
1799:
1749:
1739:
1614:
1534:
1494:
1479:
1446:
1431:
1302:
1287:
1240:
1148:
1106:
1049:
1044:
1002:
825:
802:
709:
638:
567:
550:
161:
156:
14043:
11322:
11306:"Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018"
11305:
9992:
9754:
Conscripts guarded the home front, while European professionals were sent overseas
8963:
ended in 1973, but males aged between 18 and 25 are required to register with the
8376:
15980:
15822:
15411:
14796:
14771:
14746:
14716:
14697:
14367:
13464:
13132:
12038:. Parliamentary library; Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Group. Archived from
11859:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from
11568:
11514:
11283:
11036:
11005:
10704:
10064:
9637:
9539:
8927:
8630:
8626:
8405:
8240:
8123:
7991:
7901:
6517:
3822:
3814:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3501:
3474:
3003:
2945:
2746:
2596:
2574:
2560:
2525:
2277:
2262:
2180:
2136:
2078:
1734:
1729:
1619:
1609:
1524:
1499:
1441:
1282:
1212:
1202:
1054:
1039:
962:
934:
734:
714:
562:
15796:
14832:
14118:
13991:
13719:
13557:
13537:
12373:
12036:"Current Issues Brief 7 1999–2000 – Military Conscription: Issues for Australia"
9712:"Conscription and Resistance: The Historical Context archived from the original"
9420:
Curry, A. (2002). Essential Histories–The Hundred Years' War. Nova York, Osprey.
3411:, when it really represents slavery and involuntary servitude". The philosopher
3150:
41:
16036:
15963:
15398:
14191:
13456:
12980:
12432:"Denmark wants to conscript more people for military service - including women"
11446:"Denmark wants to conscript more people for military service – including women"
11423:
11390:"Naisten vapaaehtoinen asepalvelus – Puolustusvoimat – Intti edessä – Intti.fi"
10631:
10302:"Letters from draft-age women about why they wouldn't register for the draft".
9009:
8988:
8887:
8610:
7965:
7957:
7600:
7169:
law allows for conscription of women, but this is not implemented in practice.
4884:
3903:
3878:
3818:
3794:
3714:
law allows for conscription of women, but this is not implemented in practice.
3564:
3556:
3529:
3203:
3067:
2949:
2933:
2930:
2911:
2762:
2626:
2452:
2200:
1624:
1584:
1562:
1549:
1539:
1509:
1426:
1379:
1182:
1173:
1064:
1017:
997:
987:
957:
924:
812:
769:
724:
596:
529:
14998:"اخطار سازمان وظیفه عمومی: داوطلبان کنکور امسال وضعیت سربازی خود را روشن کنند"
13158:"Polská armáda svolává k odvodovým komisím čtvrt milionu mužů a žen - Novinky"
7584:
available). Implemented in 2014, compulsory for all male citizens aged 18–30.
3407:
presidential nominee, has said that conscription "is wrongly associated with
2705:
16270:
16183:
16160:
16092:
14051:
12880:"Budget Revision: National Service 2015 suspended – Nation – The Star Online"
12374:"Official site of Ministry of defense and armed forces of the Czech Republic"
11714:"Supreme Court asked to declare the all-male military draft unconstitutional"
11331:
10898:
10799:
10199:
10147:
10114:
10060:
9455:
9297:
9289:
9150:
8960:
8766:
8732:
8686:
8679:
8149:
7640:
No. Ended in 1973, but registration is still required of all men aged 18–25.
7630:
6902:
No. Abolished on January 1, 2011 but will be reintroduced on 1 January 2025.
5448:
3896:
3833:
3548:
3295:
This section focuses primarily on the United States and not a worldwide view.
3164:
3091:
3075:
3063:
2795:
2652:
2611:
2299:
2287:
2143:
2063:
1979:
1962:
1819:
1674:
1654:
1337:
1332:
1312:
1292:
1207:
1178:
1153:
1029:
1007:
992:
967:
807:
729:
692:
687:
584:
141:
15174:
12475:"Georgia: New Defense Code Establishes System of Mandatory Military Service"
11798:"Attachment of the standard of the class of physical condition of a draftee"
10684:"Automatic Registration in the United States: The Selective Service Example"
9447:
8380:
Assembling and disassembling gun parts by Iranian soldiers with closed eyes.
4817:
No. Abolished by law in 2008 but it will be reintroduced on 1 January 2025.
4375:
Yes (whenever annual number of volunteers falls short of government's goal)
3748:, and such female reservist officers could be conscripted in times of war.
16110:
14941:
14307:
14025:"Militarism in post-war Cyprus: the development of the ideology of defence"
10030:
8975:
8935:
8902:
8869:
8466:
8416:
8092:
8091:(literally "time service") in late 1991, having inherited the concept from
7508:
7046:
6939:
6850:
4505:
3892:
3733:
3645:
Nations that in present-day actively draft women into military service are
3424:
3269:
3250:
3243:
3107:
2959:
developed personal troops to be loyal to him, with a slave army called the
2839:
2831:
2600:
2486:
2412:
2392:
2387:
2282:
2227:
1861:
1679:
1594:
1342:
1076:
977:
774:
678:
171:
13688:"Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Promulgation date)"
11648:
10826:
10618:
8828:
8144:
7923:
As of 2011, universal military conscription is theoretically mandatory in
3127:
Modern conscription, the massed military enlistment of national citizens (
15537:
13297:"Srbija uvodi vojni rok od 75 dana: Aleksandar Vučić potpisao saglasnost"
12330:
10406:
10272:
Michalowski, Helen (May 1982). "Five feminist principles and the draft".
9892:
Stephen Blake Boyd; W. Merle Longwood; Mark William Muesse, eds. (1996).
8971:
8891:
8618:
8480:
8066:
7970:
7913:
7231:
7097:
7067:
6664:
6496:
6412:
6377:
5049:
4791:
4177:
3953:
3849:
3842:
3752:
3662:
3560:
3555:
as ways of instilling maturity in young adults. Some proponents, such as
3514:
3450:
3435:
unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the case of
3392:
3360:
3348:
3227:
3095:
3036:
3019:
3008:
2907:
2896:
2846:
weakened the shogun and levies were imposed again on money lenders. This
2722:
2696:
2582:
2541:
2397:
2148:
2113:
1952:
1639:
1604:
1317:
1260:
1163:
947:
668:
663:
146:
16241:
15745:, November 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 3, pp. 381,–95; statistics from pp. 392–93
10975:
10807:
10573:
8909:
was exempted from conscription legislation throughout the whole period.
8184:
for the rank and file conscripts and 347 days for conscripts trained as
7956:
Military service in Cyprus has a deep rooted history entangled with the
6459:
Yes (selective compulsory military service for unmarried men and women)
2967:
2961:
2843:
16075:"The Privileges of Rank: The Peacetime Draft and Later-life Attainment"
15908:
15692:"Taiwan to extend conscription to one year, citing rising China threat"
15097:
13807:
13717:
13513:. Taipei, Taiwan: Central News Agency. 12 December 2016. Archived from
11953:"Conscientious Objection to Military Service | Information Packet"
10967:
8931:
8236:
8004:
7677:
7377:
7305:
6918:
6283:
6241:
6154:
6024:
6003:
5835:
5772:
5278:
5235:
No (suspended during peacetime in 2001). A voluntary national service (
4619:
4219:
4156:
3654:
3589:
3533:
3431:'s prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude. However, the
3408:
3340:
3256:
2354:
2324:
2046:
1415:
95:
11882:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; See Article 18"
11516:
Conscription in Britain, 1939–1964: the militarisation of a generation
9432:"The Dating of the Norwegian leiðangr System: A Philological Approach"
6389:
5756:
Yes (ended in 1992, reinstated in September 2020 for unemployed men)
16067:
15846:
15717:
Conscription in Britain 1939–1964: The Militarization of a Generation
13693:. analitica.com. December 20, 1999. Articles 134, 135. Archived from
13255:"Now, military service must for Qatari males between 18 & 35 yrs"
11690:
11038:
Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures
10403:"Methods for studying silence: The 'silence' of Swedish conscription"
10378:
Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures
10136:"Drafting Only Men for the Military Is Unconstitutional, Judge Rules"
10103:"Drafting Only Men for the Military Is Unconstitutional, Judge Rules"
8799:
began in 1983 in opposition to the requirement. In the same year the
8791:
8656:
Conscription was constitutionally established the 12 April 1907 with
8126:(disbanded in 1997) or three militarized rescue companies within the
8035:
7698:
7139:
6960:
6433:
5982:
5574:
5406:
4105:
4058:
3585:
3537:
3235:
3083:
3012:
2980:
2715:
2688:
2648:
2532:
in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful
2344:
2168:
2118:
2068:
2058:
2053:
1918:
1709:
1704:
1669:
1111:
797:
764:
653:
15377:"Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov - F. Alminnelige bestemmelser - Lovdata"
15023:
13067:
12815:"Baltic Times – Lithuania welcomes first 495 volunteers to its army"
11007:
A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century
10221:
9140:
8542:
7977:. Currently, military conscription in Cyprus lasts up to 14 months.
4443:
Yes, but almost all recruits have been volunteers in recent years. (
3051:. On more than one occasion, they seized power, for example, ruling
15919:
15617:
10615:
9812:
8622:
8345:
8262:
7858:
7837:
7782:
7347:
7326:
7185:
7004:
6983:
6711:
6622:
6580:
6220:
6091:
6066:
5511:
5158:
5137:
4956:
4728:
4568:
4547:
4484:
4447:
is cited in Brazilian law, but a system has not been implemented.)
4412:
4244:
3907:
3857:
3568:
3412:
3400:
3313:
3284:
3079:
2847:
2842:
from religious or military levies, in return for a yearly tax. The
2700:
2692:
2533:
2359:
2334:
1967:
1599:
1574:
1192:
747:
621:
15501:"Sivilforsvaret 75 år – klar for nye oppgaver – Sivilforsvaret.no"
15239:"Värnplikten är tillbaka i Litauen - hård konkurrens om platserna"
13049:
12093:
12091:
11812:"Girls to be included in military service register from next year"
9538:. Chapter readings for class at Fordham University. Archived from
9171:
List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
8974:
had suspended mandatory draft registration in 1975, but President
8198:
15448:
13481:
Department of Compulsory Military Service, Taipei City Government
12636:
11884:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
11275:
8522:
8514:
Luxembourg practiced military conscription from 1948 until 1967.
8488:
8459:
8329:
8062:
7825:
7802:
7719:
7656:
7550:
7461:
7356:
training are completed. Students who start but do not complete a
7025:
6871:
6757:
6695:
No. Ended in 2009, but selective registration is still required.
6475:
6335:
6309:
6262:
6196:
5940:
5919:
5898:
5709:
5532:
5325:
5200:
5112:
5091:
4998:
4926:
4812:
4749:
4526:
4370:
4286:
4265:
4198:
4131:
4084:
3995:
3974:
3705:
3666:
3646:
3417:
3356:
3352:
3143:
to defend itself from the attacks of European monarchies. Deputy
3044:
3040:
3032:
3023:
2956:
2710:
2369:
2329:
2093:
1927:
1923:
1270:
1255:
1131:
792:
787:
757:
696:
658:
15900:
Conscription and America: A Study of Conscription in a Democracy
15444:"Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military"
15124:"بازگشت فروش خدمت سربازی در ایران؛ این بار تنها برای افراد مرفه"
13871:
13310:
13226:"Portal da Juventude – Dia da Defesa Nacional – Época 2011–2012"
12240:
10287:
Neudel, Marian Henriquez (July 1983). "Feminism and the Draft".
7896:
7845:. Opposition towards this idea from the main coalition partner,
2551:
Conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including
16255:
15633:
Military service becomes compulsory for White South African men
15559:"Fritak fra tjenesteplikt i Sivilforsvaret – Sivilforsvaret.no"
13984:
Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus
13068:"Norway: end of substitute service for conscientious objectors"
12142:"NATO and the Defence Reform Commission: partners for progress"
12088:
11481:
Ligestilling og længere tid i trøjen: Forstå den nye værnepligt
9004:, a case brought by a non-profit men's rights organization the
8865:
8836:
8758:
8661:
8438:
8437:
There is a mandatory military service for all men and women in
8364:
8354:
8341:
8194:
7761:
7529:
7482:
7277:
7206:
6892:
6808:
6778:
6690:
6538:
6175:
6045:
5877:
5814:
5751:
5662:
5469:
5427:
5376:
5230:
4854:
4589:
4463:
4433:
4349:
4307:
4016:
3853:
3799:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas
3676:
3670:
3658:
3650:
3639:
3317:
3028:
2925:
2919:
2903:
2835:
2607:
2588:
2568:
2537:
1876:
1277:
1094:
830:
30:"Conscript" and "the draft" redirect here. For other uses, see
16131:
15788:
14677:
13638:"Committee Publishes Report on Overseas Territories (item 26)"
13601:"BBC News – Ukraine reinstates conscription as crisis deepens"
9584:"Janissary corps, or Janizary, or Yeniçeri (Turkish military)"
8945:, with the last conscripts being recruited three years later.
8682:
in conscription with only 33% of all conscripted being women.
7081:
available). The military service law was established in 1948.
3891:
is an individual whose personal beliefs are incompatible with
3190:
14938:"جام نیوز :: JamNews - دختران ایرانی به سربازی می روند؟"
13311:"570/2005 Z. z. Zákon o brannej povinnosti | Aktuálne znenie"
12583:"Konsep Pertahanan Rakyat Semesta yang Diperjuangkan Prabowo"
11099:"The Economic Costs and the Political Allure of Conscription"
10374:"War and Gender: Men's War Roles – Boyhood and Coming of Age"
8476:
8458:
Male Ultra-Orthodox Jews can apply for deferment to study in
8452:
7924:
7740:
7419:
7256:
7166:
7160:
7118:
6736:
6454:
6393:
6356:
6133:
5961:
5793:
5730:
5688:
5553:
5490:
5355:
5257:
5019:
4703:
4682:
4328:
3711:
3536:
changed from a conscript to a professional force. Similarly,
3059:
3052:
3048:
2972:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2802:
2770:
1352:
888:
883:
16021:"Drafting Community: Understanding the Fate of Conscription"
15475:"A Look at Norway's Approach to Gender-Neutral Conscription"
15098:"یک قرن با پوتین و کلاه سربازی، از 'قبله عالم' تا 'ولی امر'"
13788:
13718:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (18 December 2003).
13223:
11800:(in Chinese). Conscription Agency, Ministry of the Interior.
9353:
Early Mesopotamia Society and Economy at the Dawn of History
9322:
Early Mesopotamia Society and Economy at the Dawn of History
8156:
Conscription in Finland is part of a general compulsion for
3679:
introduced female conscription in 2015, making it the first
15872:
Burk, James (April 1989). "Debating the Draft in America",
14624:"The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia–Riigi Teataja"
14563:
13922:
Ministry of National Defense The People's Republic of China
11746:
11626:
8917:(ATS) and other women's services. Some women served in the
8670:
8385:
8357:(the mobilisation was formally ended on 18 December 2002).
7846:
7398:
7331:
Yes (selective conscription for 2 years of public service)
6643:
6559:
6112:
5856:
5620:
5599:
5179:
4833:
4661:
4599:
No. Legislative provision making all men of military age a
3741:
3680:
2952:, institutions that survived until the early 19th century.
2790:
648:
643:
14812:"Jehovah's Witnesses lose exemption from military service"
13664:"Selective Service System - It's Your Country. Protect it"
13558:""บิ๊กทิน" ชี้ปรับเกณฑ์ทหารแบบสมัครใจเม.ย.67-ลดนายพลปี 70"
10168:"Federal appeals court: Male-only draft is constitutional"
16136:. Amsterdam: JAI Press/Elsevier Science Ltd. p. 424.
16134:
The Comparative Study of Conscription in the Armed Forces
13103:"The World Factbook: Military Service Age and Obligation"
13029:"North Korea, Military Conscription and Terms of Service"
12981:"Myanmar's military government enforces conscription law"
12349:"Croatia to abolish conscription military service sooner"
12160:"Publicidade sobre isenção no serviço militar é proibida"
12102:
12099:"The World Factbook: Military service age and obligation"
8967:
to enable a reintroduction of conscription if necessary.
8901:
Conscription was reintroduced in 1939, in the lead up to
8621:, was first employed in 1810 by French occupying forces.
8444:
Some Israeli citizens are exempt from mandatory service:
5882:
Yes (abolished in 2007, reintroduced on January 1, 2024)
5163:
No, but the military can conduct callups when necessary.
3736:
after the German invasion attracted many volunteers for "
521:
12854:"BBC News – Asia-Pacific – Malaysian youth face call-up"
10899:"Rangel: It's Time for a War Tax and a Reinstated Draft"
8118:(before it switched to an all-volunteer model in 2000),
5096:
Yes (18 months by law, but often extended indefinitely)
3751:
The United States came close to drafting women into the
3423:
In 1917, a number of radicals and anarchists, including
2571:-operations roles or even outside the military, such as
15823:"10 U.S. Code § 246 – Militia: composition and classes"
15395:"Norway's military conscription becomes gender neutral"
13663:
13097:
12186:– Military Service Law at government's official website
11349:"Norway's military conscription becomes gender neutral"
9767:"Records of the Selective Service System (World War I)"
8851:
Beginning in 2018, both men and women are conscripted.
8007:, where one man out of every 10 had to serve the king.
27:
Compulsory enlistment into national or military service
14965:. 2020-02-10. Archived from the original on 2020-02-10
13133:"1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines"
11496:"World Resisters International: Sudan, Country Report"
10066:
The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys
9001:
National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System
7555:
Yes (abolished in 2013, reinstated in 2014 due to the
3387:
oppose conscription and call for the abolition of the
3194:
Conscription of Poles to the Russian Army in 1863 (by
3098:. He used them to coerce the country into submission.
12197:"Country report and updates: Bulgaria22 October 2008"
6388:
No. Active conscription suspended in 1997 (except in
3567:
called for the reinstatement of the draft during the
2936:
in the 820s and 830s. The Turkic troops soon came to
16145:. Leipzig: Amazon Distribution GmbH. pp. 1–12.
15326:"Kaderwet dienstplicht wordt aangepast voor vrouwen"
14826:"ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΕΩΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑΣ"
13507:"Military conscription to stop completely from 2018"
12930:"Reintroduction of military conscription in Morocco"
11848:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
9993:"A Speech: For Antidraft Rally, D.C. March 22, 1980"
9564:. In A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly; T. Halasi-Kun (eds.).
8711:
draw personnel from various sources. In addition to
8078:"slavery" and has earned international condemnation.
2995:, were recruited in this way. By 1609, the Sultan's
15888:
To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America
15436:
12395:
11968:
11966:
11566:
10761:Harris, Phil; Lock, Andrew; Rees, Patricia (2002).
10657:
To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America
9966:
Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence
3642:, have extended conscription obligations to women.
3575:
15881:The French theory of the nation in arms, 1866–1939
15293:
15291:
14468:"René vil ikke i militæret: Nu skal han i fængsel"
13408:
13193:
12289:
10410:Feminist Methodologies for International Relations
9996:
9963:
9790:"The German Volkssturm from Intelligence Bulletin"
2955:In the middle of the 14th century, Ottoman Sultan
15782:"Military Conscription, Recruiting and the Draft"
15530:"The Norwegian Civil Defence – Sivilforsvaret.no"
13336:"Changing the Way Slovenia Sees the Armed Forces"
12294:. （臺灣）中央社(Central Agent (Taiwan)). Archived from
9436:NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution
9275:
9008:against the U.S. Selective Service System, judge
7211:Yes. Abolished in 2010 but reintroduced in 2017 (
5675:Male and female Jews, male Druze and Circassians
3290:
16268:
16218:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 235.
15613:Vojska Srbije od sutra i zvanično profesionalna.
14982:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
12733:"Compulsory military service to be reintroduced"
12708:"Kuwait lawmakers approve military conscription"
11963:
11846:On July 30, 1993, explicit clarification of the
11303:
9885:
3728:, there was never conscription of women for the
3395:of individuals into the armed forces amounts to
3181:, the military conscription used by France. The
3015:forcibly disbanded the Janissary corps in 1826.
2516:is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a
16141:Nau, Terry L. (2013). "Chapter 1: Draft Bait".
16132:Mjoset, Lars; Van Holde, Stephen, eds. (2002).
15288:
14862:"سربازی اجباری؛ نیروی کار ارزان در دست نظامیان"
14642:"Have you recently become an Estonian citizen?"
12479:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
12307:
12305:
10947:Card, David; Cardoso, Ana Rute (October 2012).
8609:Conscription, which was called "Service Duty" (
8451:Permanent residents (non-civilian) such as the
8065:'s lack of capital and to reduce dependence on
3532:, which came to an end at the same time as the
3477:the cost of conscription can be related to the
2826:Painting depicting a battle during the Ōnin War
15797:"Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters"
15172:
14117:. National Guard General Staff. Archived from
13125:
12689:, Central lo 99Intelligence Agency, 2023-05-26
12075:"Al 25 Jaar Geen Verplichte Legerdienst Meer!"
11490:
11488:
10760:
5537:No (peacetime conscription abolished in 2004)
4796:Yes (conscription is reportedly not enforced)
3841:. Though women are not conscripted in Taiwan,
3495:
3226:Young men registering for conscription during
2910:, beginning with the creation of the corps of
16167:
16007:. Mainz: Institute of European History (IEG).
13273:"LEGE (A) 395 16/12/2005 - Portal Legislativ"
11416:"FINLEX –Säädösmuutosten hakemisto: 194/1995"
11267:
11265:
10788:Journal of Political & Military Sociology
9374:
8926:conscripted. Conscripts comprised 50% of the
5339:by the federal legislature from 1 July 2011)
3784:by requiring that only men register with the
3708:will extend conscription to women from 2027.
3490:
2572:
2494:
493:
13789:UN and Amnesty International (August 1998).
13620:"Mandatory national service in UAE approved"
13410:"Conscription ends in Spain after 230 years"
12607:
12302:
12285:
12283:
11304:Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (2019-03-22).
10956:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
9871:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 41–48.
9849:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9468:
9197:Timeline of women's participation in warfare
8270:
8252:
7806:
4943:Male until 2026; Male and female from 2026.
4624:Yes (selective compulsory military service)
3883:Conscientious objection throughout the world
3254:
3182:
3176:
3148:
3128:
3047:. Over time they became a powerful military
2580:
16011:Krueger, Christine, and Sonja Levsen, eds.
15893:
15732:, November 2008, Vol. 17 Issue 4, pp 437–56
13830:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
11567:Cassin-Scott, Jack; McBride, Angus (1980).
11485:
11093:
11091:
11089:
10946:
10271:
9868:Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements
9513:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 111.
8571:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
8073:, as well as Proclamation 82 issued by the
8003:Conscription is known in Denmark since the
7352:Yes, but can be exempted if three years of
2579:(alternative civil service) in Finland and
15299:"Bestaat er een dienstplicht in Nederland"
15175:"شرایط دریافت معافیت جانبازی برای مشمولان"
15021:
14081:"ΕΘΝΙΚΗΣ ΦΡΟΥΡΑΣ ΝΟΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ 1964 ΕΩΣ 2008"
13986:. Springer International. pp. 23–53.
13939:
12153:
12151:
12128:"South America > Bolivia > Military"
11928:"Så gör du om du inte vill göra värnplikt"
11850:Article 18 was made in the United Nations
11262:
11066:
11064:
11062:
11034:
10670:The Role of Economists in Ending the Draft
10489:The Changing Face of European Conscription
10471:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9808:"CBC News Indepth: International military"
9777:Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
9262:. Toronto: Historica Canada. 15 July 2015.
8332:of the Presidential Guard in front of the
7123:No (abolished by law on 31 December 2001)
5579:No. But has a similar system called PKRS (
3868:
3441:on 7 January 1918, on the ground that the
2863:tax was raised on all land to rebuild the
2704:by the king or the local lord such as the
2501:
2487:
500:
486:
16213:
16100:
15943:
15648:SOUTH AFRICA MOVING TO WIDEN CONSCRIPTION
15643:
15641:
14023:Efthymiou, Stratis Andreas (2016-10-01).
14022:
13981:
13762:"Първа стъпка към връщането на казармата"
13593:
13406:
13084:Nationmaster : Conscription, citing
13001:
12629:"Military Conscription Policy by Country"
12280:
11989:"Albania to abolish conscription by 2010"
11321:
10485:
10317:"Gestation: Women and Draft Resistance".
10023:
9895:Redeeming men: religion and masculinities
9636:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
8731:as sources of manpower. This adds to the
8678:. As of 2020 Norway did not reach gender
8591:Learn how and when to remove this message
8152:at the end of their basic training period
7904:soldier with his horse, China, 210–209 BC
3334:U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit
2667:but specific land supplied by the state.
16198:
15985:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
13844:
13317:(in Slovak). S.-EPI s r o, AION CS s.r.o
13086:Friends World Committee for Consultation
13078:
12962:. Mozambique government official website
12403:"Værnepligtsloven (Law on conscription)"
12213:
11086:
11076:CBC News Indepth: International military
11003:
10921:
10703:
10433:
10245:
9990:
9429:
9349:
9318:
8827:
8375:
8324:
8143:
8106:Conscripts serve in all branches of the
7990:
7895:
6319:Yes, enforced as of February 2024.
5693:No (suspended during peacetime in 2005)
4489:No (abolished by law on 1 January 2008)
3766:, several men filed lawsuit in the case
3616:
3513:
3375:Rioters attacking a building during the
3370:
3366:
3263:
3221:
3189:
3111:
3086:of Persia and Iraq from entering Egypt.
2890:
2821:
1465:List of military strategies and concepts
40:
16072:
16018:
15253:"Savanorių gali užtekti visam šaukimui"
14963:"مرکز پژوهشها - قانون خدمت وظیفه عمومی"
14491:
13583:"Yeni Askerlik sistemi yürürlüğe girdi"
13155:
12773:
12148:
11739:
11343:
11341:
11072:"Women in the military – international"
11059:
11035:Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin (2003).
10879:
10405:. In Ackerly, Brooke A.; Stern, Maria;
10059:
9957:
9926:
9864:
9604:"The Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (Timeline)"
9559:
9511:The Moneylenders of Late Medieval Kyoto
8095:legislature. According to §124 of the
3551:, consider both mandatory military and
14:
16269:
15638:
14856:
14854:
14852:
14465:
14364:Forsvarsministeriets Personalestyrelse
14186:
14184:
13915:
13791:"Country report and updates: Cambodia"
13617:
13499:
13407:Wilkinson, Isambard (April 18, 2014).
12184:Lei No 4.375, de 17 de Agosto de 1964.
11222:. Norwegian Armed Forces. 11 June 2015
10785:
10352:Countering the Militarisation of Youth
10306:. No. 2. 1 March 1980. p. 6.
10286:
10246:Behrmann, Savannah (8 December 2021).
10219:
9735:
8980:Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan
3002:In later years, Sultans turned to the
2637:
16000:
15924:
15839:
15794:
15626:
15467:
15073:"سازمان سربازی ناجا - فرمايشات رهبری"
14891:. Dishon. October 1973. p. 477.
12927:
12705:
12626:
12565:"Country report and updates: Hungary"
12033:
11711:
11683:
11512:
11299:
11297:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11214:
11212:
11210:
10820:
10763:Machiavelli, Marketing and Management
10681:
10332:"Women and the resistance movement".
10133:
10100:
10055:
10053:
9865:Messner, Michael A. (20 March 1997).
9830:
9634:"Race and Slavery in the Middle East"
9631:
9562:"Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"
9536:"Race and Slavery in the Middle East"
8978:reinstated that requirement when the
8905:, and continued in force until 1963.
4224:No (but can volunteer for service in
4115:No (abolished by parliament in 1972)
3839:Constitution of the Republic of China
2659:used a system of conscription called
15978:
15779:
15650:The New York Times. 28 December 1983
15323:
15225:"Litauen återinför allmän värnplikt"
15121:
14442:"Bekendtgørelse af værnepligtsloven"
14165:"Bekendtgørelse af værnepligtsloven"
13217:
12457:"Country report and updates: France"
11986:
11539:"Conscription into military service"
11373:"Abuse of IDF Exemptions Questioned"
11338:
11010:. Harvard University Press. p.
10779:
10376:. In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin
10038:from the original on January 5, 2015
9343:
9312:
9271:
9269:
8569:adding citations to reliable sources
8536:
8282:
8209:The military service takes place in
3638:, and some countries, especially in
3606:
3320:. The National Coalition for Men, a
16140:
15357:from the original on 6 January 2021
14849:
14181:
13947:"Country report and updates: China"
13909:
13342:. November 18, 2003. Archived from
13191:
13050:"Macedonia: Conscription abolished"
12960:"Military census and incorporation"
12264:"Country report and updates: China"
9694:"Military service in Russia Empire"
9508:
3929:Conscription by country – Examples
3287:conscripted nearly 30 million men.
3118:Departure of the Conscripts of 1807
2999:forces increased to about 100,000.
2886:
24:
16199:Sorensen, Henning (January 2000).
15865:
15586:
15149:"پولدارها دوباره سربازی نمیروند!"
13814:"Cambodia introduces conscription"
13224:Instituto Português da Juventude.
13156:Minárik, Pavol (29 January 2024).
12382:Armed Forces of the Czech Republic
12157:
11769:"Judicial Yuan Interpretation 490"
11605:. January 15, 1945. Archived from
11288:
11207:
11041:. Vol. 2. Springer. pp.
10050:
9929:"Making the Draft a Women's Issue"
9472:Laws of the Earliest English Kings
9236:"Seeking Sanctuary: Draft Dodgers"
9103:Conscription in the Russian Empire
9098:Conscription in the Ottoman Empire
9016:
8882:Conscription in the United Kingdom
8765:could however opt for 9 months of
8725:Russian irregular units in Ukraine
8148:Finnish conscripts swearing their
6988:No (abolished on January 1, 2006)
5581:Pertahanan Keamanan Rakyat Semesta
3719:United Kingdom during World War II
3454:of need and the right to compel."
3268:Soviet conscripts in Moscow after
3101:
2879:was acquired by commoners through
2682:
2677:
25:
16298:
16234:
15944:Kestnbaum, Meyer (October 2000).
15827:LII / Legal Information Institute
14786:Asevelvollisuuslaki (1438/2007) (
14765:), 74, 81§§. Retrieved 4-17-2013.
14736:Asevelvollisuuslaki (1438/2007) (
13847:"History of the Canadian Militia"
13535:
13365:"End Conscription Campaign (ECC)"
12589:(in Indonesian). 12 November 2019
12429:
12290:Kang Shi-ren (康世人) (2015-04-02).
12216:"History of the Canadian Militia"
11987:Koci, Jonilda (August 21, 2008).
11712:Kelly, Alexandra (Feb 19, 2021).
11443:
10846:
10547:
10401:Kronsell, Anica (June 29, 2006).
9696:. roots-saknes.lv. Archived from
9533:
9430:Williams, D. G. E. (1997-01-01).
9266:
9210:
8955:Conscription in the United States
8875:
8658:Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov § 119.
8398:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
8018:, which was promulgated in 1849:
4396:No (abolished on 1 January 2006)
16254:
16240:
15833:
15815:
15773:
15748:
15735:
15722:
15709:
15683:
15653:
15606:
15580:
15551:
15522:
15493:
15387:
15369:
15343:
15317:
15263:
15245:
15231:
15217:
15192:
15166:
15141:
15115:
15090:
15065:
15040:
15015:
14990:
14955:
14930:
14905:
14879:
14818:
14804:
14779:
14754:
14729:
14703:
14684:
14670:
14652:
14634:
14616:
14591:
14538:
14512:
14485:
14459:
14434:
14410:
14381:
14352:
14326:
14295:
14266:
14237:
14208:
14157:
14136:
14103:
14073:
14069:from the original on 2022-10-10.
14016:
13975:
13957:
13887:
13865:
13838:
13801:
13782:
13768:
13754:
13736:
13711:
13680:
13656:
13630:
13611:
13575:
13550:
13529:
13469:
13450:
13421:
13417:from the original on 2022-01-11.
13400:
13386:
13357:
13328:
13303:
13289:
13265:
13247:
13176:
13149:
13139:
13091:
13060:
13042:
13021:
12994:
12973:
12952:
12928:Fitch, Chris (26 October 2018).
12921:
12897:
12872:
12846:
12821:
12807:
12749:
12725:
12699:
12675:
12651:
12620:
12608:warresisters (23 October 2008).
12601:
12575:
12557:
12533:
12509:
12491:
12467:
12449:
12423:
12409:
12366:
12341:
12323:
12256:
12234:
12207:
12189:
12177:
12134:
12120:
12067:
12053:
12034:Brown, Gary (October 12, 1999).
12027:
12003:
11980:
11945:
11920:
11895:
11874:
11840:
11829:
11818:
11804:
11790:
11761:
11740:Higgens, Tucker (June 7, 2021).
11641:10.1097/00006199-197309000-00004
11519:. Taylor & Francis. p.
10993:from the original on 2022-10-10.
10621:, antiwar.com, January 14, 2003.
10024:Berlatsky, Noah (May 29, 2013).
8948:
8757:As of 1 January 2011,
8541:
8287:
8047:This section is an excerpt from
7775:
7754:
7733:
7712:
7691:
7670:
7649:
7623:
7593:
7568:
7543:
7522:
7501:
7475:
7454:
7433:
7412:
7391:
7370:
7340:
7319:
7298:
7270:
7249:
7224:
7199:
7178:
7153:
7132:
7111:
7090:
7060:
7039:
7018:
6997:
6976:
6953:
6932:
6911:
6885:
6864:
6843:
6822:
6801:
6771:
6750:
6729:
6704:
6683:
6657:
6636:
6615:
6594:
6573:
6552:
6531:
6510:
6489:
6468:
6447:
6426:
6417:No (abolished in December 1972)
6405:
6370:
6349:
6328:
6302:
6276:
6255:
6234:
6213:
6189:
6168:
6147:
6126:
6105:
6084:
6059:
6038:
6017:
5996:
5975:
5954:
5933:
5912:
5891:
5870:
5849:
5828:
5807:
5786:
5765:
5744:
5723:
5702:
5681:
5655:
5634:
5613:
5592:
5567:
5546:
5525:
5504:
5483:
5462:
5441:
5420:
5399:
5369:
5348:
5318:
5292:
5271:
5250:
5223:
5193:
5172:
5151:
5130:
5105:
5084:
5063:
5042:
5012:
4991:
4970:
4949:
4919:
4906:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4898:
4877:
4847:
4826:
4805:
4784:
4763:
4742:
4721:
4696:
4675:
4654:
4633:
4612:
4582:
4561:
4540:
4519:
4498:
4477:
4456:
4426:
4405:
4384:
4363:
4342:
4321:
4300:
4279:
4258:
4237:
4212:
4191:
4170:
4149:
4124:
4098:
4077:
4051:
4030:
4009:
3988:
3967:
3946:
3576:Economic and resource efficiency
2629:abolished conscription in 1960.
539:
88:
15982:Consent, Dissent and Patriotism
15917:Journal of Contemporary History
15840:Korte, Gregory (Feb 24, 2019).
15803:. National Resistance Committee
15689:
15456:from the original on 2015-01-28
14710:Siviilipalveluslaki (1446/2007)
14492:Connell, Dan (September 1997).
13206:from the original on 2022-01-11
13195:"Poland ends army conscription"
11733:
11705:
11684:Korte, Gregory (Feb 24, 2019).
11677:
11655:
11620:
11591:
11560:
11506:
11474:
11463:
11437:
11407:
11382:
11366:
11234:
11179:
11151:
11123:
11028:
10997:
10940:
10915:
10891:
10873:
10859:
10840:
10814:
10754:
10738:
10733:Rousseau, J-J. Social Contract.
10726:
10697:
10675:
10662:
10649:
10624:
10608:
10598:"Conscription and the Military"
10590:
10566:
10541:
10517:
10479:
10427:
10395:
10366:
10340:
10325:
10310:
10295:
10280:
10265:
10239:
10213:
10180:
10160:
10127:
10094:
10017:
9984:
9951:
9920:
9858:
9824:
9800:
9782:
9759:
9729:
9704:
9686:
9673:
9651:
9625:
9596:
9576:
9553:
9527:
9502:
9489:
9462:
9423:
9414:
8779:
8689:duty. (Not to be confused with
8605:Conscription in the Netherlands
8529:is exempted from conscription.
8069:. This is outlined in both the
3039:. The first mamluks served the
209:
16214:Stevenson, Michael D. (2001).
15903:. Richard Publishing Company.
15780:Gill, Linda (March 31, 2007).
15635:, South African History Online
15565:(in Norwegian). Archived from
15507:(in Norwegian). Archived from
13744:"Bulgaria: conscription ended"
13538:"兵役確定延長！邱國正證實「年底前公告」民眾贊同：國家需要"
13433:www.rekryteringsmyndigheten.se
13192:Day, Matthew (5 August 2008).
13002:(unknown) (October 12, 1999).
12706:Toumi, Habib (25 March 2015).
12616:. War Resisters International.
12061:"Official information website"
11854:general comment 22, Para. 11:
11573:. Osprey Publishing. pp.
11413:
11078:. May 30, 2006. Archived from
10220:Turner, Trish (24 July 2021).
9933:Women: A Journal of Liberation
9589:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
9475:. Cambridge University Press.
9405:
9396:
9278:Journal of Conflict Resolution
9246:
9228:
9166:Home front during World War II
8806:
8532:
3291:Arguments against conscription
55: No enforced conscription
13:
1:
16245:The dictionary definition of
16123:: CS1 maint: date and year (
15730:Contemporary European History
15173:mizanonline.ir (2023-03-16).
14790:), 118 §. Retrieved 1-24-2008
14740:), 37 §. Retrieved 1-24-2008.
14334:"19 unge tvunget i militæret"
14044:10.1080/14702436.2016.1229126
13618:Salama, Samir (7 June 2014).
11323:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542
10823:"The Moral Equivalent of War"
10372:Goldstein, Joshua S. (2003).
10354:. War Resisters International
10321:. No. 11. November 1982.
9773:Selective Service Act of 1917
9203:
9188:, mass mobilization in Poland
9161:Home front during World War I
8915:Auxiliary Territorial Service
8509:
8344:has been enforcing mandatory
8176:) defined in the 127§ of the
8120:a special rapid response unit
6762:No (stopped in January 2007)
3917:
3774:Selective Service Act of 1948
3755:in preparation for a planned
3230:, New York City, June 5, 1917
3217:
2524:. Conscription dates back to
16073:MacLean, Alair (July 2008).
15876:p. vol. 15: pp. 431–48.
15202:. 2019-03-16. Archived from
15075:. 2018-03-11. Archived from
14940:. 2016-09-13. Archived from
14723:), 4§. Retrieved 1-24-2008.
14466:Sparre, Sofie (2014-12-14).
13951:War Resisters' International
13916:Panyue, Huang (March 2017).
13748:War Resisters' International
13369:South African History Online
13072:War Resisters' International
13054:War Resisters' International
12663:War Resisters' International
12659:"Country report and updates"
12569:War Resisters' International
12461:War Resisters' International
12269:War Resisters' International
12201:War Resisters' International
11974:"Nationmaster: Conscription"
11773:translated by Jiunn-rong Yeh
11500:War Resisters' International
11422:(in Finnish). Archived from
10867:"Interview with Mickey Kaus"
10655:John Whiteclay Chambers II,
10574:"Selective Service | USAGov"
10026:"When Men Experience Sexism"
9962:. In McAllister, Pam (ed.).
9736:Slavin, David Henry (2001).
9714:. 2008-06-03. Archived from
9469:Attenborough, F. L. (1922).
8894:) and abolished it in 1920.
8786:Conscription in South Africa
8741:Russian volunteer battalions
8729:Russian penal military units
8691:Alternative civilian service
8494:
8087:Estonia adopted a policy of
7885:Canadian Expeditionary Force
3479:parable of the broken window
3238:. In the United States, the
112:Alternative civilian service
7:
16019:Leander, Anna (July 2004).
14691:Annual Report 2011. Page 29
14366:(in Danish). Archived from
13992:10.1007/978-3-030-14702-0_2
13589:(in Turkish). 25 June 2019.
13477:"Substitute Service Center"
13099:Central Intelligence Agency
12791:Central Intelligence Agency
11252:Central Intelligence Agency
11197:Central Intelligence Agency
11169:Central Intelligence Agency
11141:Central Intelligence Agency
10745:Aristotle, Politics, Book 6
10735:Chapter "The Roman Comitia"
10709:"Why Not a Volunteer Army?"
10434:Selmeski, Brian R. (2007).
10424:. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
10392:. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
10336:. No. 21. 8 June 1986.
10134:Pager, Tyler (2019-02-24).
10101:Pager, Tyler (2019-02-24).
9665:. Microsoft. Archived from
9123:
9083:Conscription in Switzerland
9078:Conscription in South Korea
9063:Conscription in North Korea
9058:Conscription in New Zealand
8813:Conscription in South Korea
8721:Russian invasion of Ukraine
7912:dates back to the State of
7852:
7832:
7354:Territorial Defense Student
6267:Yes (reintroduced in 2018)
3862:Defence and Citizenship Day
3496:Political and moral motives
3462:It can be argued that in a
3457:
1958:Military–industrial complex
1437:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
16303:
16207:Armed Forces & Society
16171:Armed Forces & Society
16080:Armed Forces & Society
16037:10.1177/0095327X0403000404
16025:Armed Forces & Society
15964:10.1177/0095327X0002700103
15951:Armed Forces & Society
15929:. Greenwood. p. 303.
15886:Chambers, John Whiteclay.
15324:Defensie, Ministerie van.
15122:فردا, رادیو (2022-01-30).
13394:"Korean history databases"
13135:. Chan Robles Law Library.
13004:"Afschaffing dienstplicht"
12541:"Guatemala 1993 Chapter V"
11282:February 10, 2024, at the
10691:Brennan Center for Justice
10486:Joenniemi, Pertti (2006).
10414:Cambridge University Press
9970:. New Society Publishers.
9742:. JHU Press. p. 140.
9118:Conscription in Mozambique
9006:National Coalition for Men
8993:United States Constitution
8952:
8879:
8858:
8832:Swedish conscripts in 2008
8821:
8810:
8783:
8750:
8700:
8660:. As of March 2016,
8649:
8602:
8517:
8498:
8430:
8318:
8228:
8224:
8137:
8133:
8082:
8046:
8041:
7984:
7980:
7960:. Military service in the
7949:
7938:
7868:
7820:
7801:Every male citizen of the
7796:
6073:Malaysian National Service
5238:Service national universel
5054:No. Legal, not practiced.
3921:
3872:
3610:
3579:
3547:Other proponents, such as
3499:
3491:Arguments for conscription
3302:
3294:
3135:), was devised during the
3105:
2983:, the elite branch of the
2977:had the young boys trained
2859:for ceremonial expenses. Y
2632:
36:The draft (disambiguation)
32:Conscript (disambiguation)
29:
16015:(Palgrave Macmillan 2011)
15925:Flynn, George Q. (2001).
15022:tebyan.net (2010-07-29).
14389:"Mødet på Forsvarets Dag"
14245:"Mødet på Forsvarets Dag"
13845:Bélanger, Claude (2006).
13463:February 7, 2015, at the
13184:Poland's defence minister
12214:Bélanger, Claude (2006).
12166:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
12011:"Ley 24.429 del 14/12/94"
10922:Hägglund, Gustav (2006).
10765:. Routledge. p. 10.
9991:Levertov, Denise (1982).
9683:. 2003, in Citino, p. 130
9259:The Canadian Encyclopedia
9073:Conscription in Singapore
9038:Conscription in Gibraltar
9023:Conscription in Australia
8854:
8817:
8797:End Conscription Campaign
8772:On 15 December 2010, the
8746:
8717:2022 Russian mobilization
8696:
8645:
8501:Conscription in Lithuania
8426:
8296:This section needs to be
8278:
8166:maanpuolustusvelvollisuus
8158:national military service
8024:— Constitution of Denmark
7945:
7864:
7382:Yes (authorized in 2020)
3933:
3377:New York anti-draft riots
3298:
2714:province comprising many
2544:and then transfer to the
2022:Loss-of-strength gradient
879:Combat information center
67: Active conscription
16184:10.1177/0095327X09351226
16093:10.1177/0095327X07310336
15874:Armed Forces and Society
15661:"Värnplikten genom åren"
15155:(in Persian). 2022-01-30
15004:(in Persian). 2020-08-23
14919:(in Persian). 2011-04-03
13965:"很多国家都强制男子服兵役，为什么中国不需要？"
13874:"Conscription in Canada"
13851:faculty.marianopolis.edu
13668:Selective Service System
12803:(Archived 2008 edition.)
12353:Southeast European Times
12243:"Conscription in Canada"
12220:faculty.marianopolis.edu
12015:servicios.infoleg.gob.ar
11825:Code du Service National
11377:The Jewish Daily Forward
11258:(Archived 2021 edition.)
11220:"Universal Conscription"
11203:(Archived 2021 edition.)
11175:(Archived 2021 edition.)
11147:(Archived 2021 edition.)
10869:. realclearpolitics.com.
10713:New Individualist Review
10003:. New Directions Press.
9499:Constable (1995), p. 153
9290:10.1177/0022002715606217
9043:Conscription in Malaysia
8965:Selective Service System
8737:National Guard of Russia
8448:Non-Jewish Arab citizens
7929:People's Liberation Army
7891:
4710:People's Liberation Army
4641:Central African Republic
3786:Selective Service System
3468:Selective Service System
3389:Selective Service System
3330:Selective Service System
3273:invaded the Soviet Union
3240:Selective Service System
3070:origin. Slaves from the
2838:decree of 1393 exempted
2642:
2340:Military science fiction
1825:Technology and equipment
1246:List of military tactics
15979:Levi, Margaret (1997).
15200:"معافیت با جانبازی پدر"
15052:خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim
14664:Estonian Defence Forces
13459:, zentralstelle-kdv.de
10821:James, William (1906).
10619:Conscription Is Slavery
9958:Lindsey, Karen (1982).
9560:Inalcik, Halil (1979).
9448:10.1075/nowele.30.02wil
9350:Postgate, J.N. (1992).
9319:Postgate, J.N. (1992).
9136:Civilian Public Service
9113:Conscription in Georgia
9108:Conscription in Vietnam
9093:Conscription in Ukraine
9053:Conscription in Myanmar
8763:Conscientious objectors
8676:conscientious objection
8371:
8261:). With the end of the
8231:Conscription in Germany
8178:Constitution of Finland
8140:Conscription in Finland
8108:Estonian Defence Forces
8071:Constitution of Eritrea
8055:Conscription in Eritrea
8049:Conscription in Eritrea
8016:Constitution of Denmark
8009:Frederick IV of Denmark
7987:Conscription in Denmark
7934:
7745:No (abolished in 2001)
6674:No (abolished in 2016)
6648:No (abolished in 1999)
6522:No (abolished in 2006)
6438:No (abolished in 1990)
5903:No (abolished in 2007)
5735:No (abolished in 1945)
5625:No (abolished in 2003)
5003:No (suspended in 2008)
4889:No (abolished in 2005)
3979:No (abolished in 2010)
3958:No (abolished in 1992)
3875:Conscientious objection
3869:Conscientious objection
3817:and joined by Justices
3738:The Great Patriotic War
3621:Female Israeli soldiers
3613:Conscription and sexism
3594:It is estimated by the
3487:productivity are lost.
3484:post-industrial society
3305:Sexism and conscription
3196:Aleksander Sochaczewski
3175:advocated adopting the
3116:Painting depicting the
3043:caliphs in 9th-century
2938:dominate the government
2906:was widely used in the
2902:The system of military
2875:. At the time, land in
2871:tax was imposed on all
2553:conscientious objection
2408:Wartime sexual violence
2164:Full-spectrum dominance
1975:Supply-chain management
15879:Challener, Richard D.
15419:"NDF official numbers"
15024:"اگر سربازی نروید ..."
14700:Finnish Defence Forces
13853:. Marianopolis College
12503:gesetze-im-internet.de
12222:. Marianopolis College
11852:Human Rights Committee
11836:Dia de Defesa Nacional
11414:Oy, Edita Publishing.
11310:Women's History Review
11082:on September 13, 2013.
11004:Shephard, Ben (2003).
9927:Stephen, Lynn (1981).
9222:Merriam-Webster Online
9088:Conscription in Turkey
9068:Conscription in Russia
9048:Conscription in Mexico
9033:Conscription in France
8861:Conscription in Taiwan
8844:
8833:
8824:Conscription in Sweden
8753:Conscription in Serbia
8703:Conscription in Russia
8652:Conscription in Norway
8614:
8433:Conscription in Israel
8381:
8337:
8321:Conscription in Greece
8271:
8253:
8247:), as well as for the
8244:
8211:Finnish Defence Forces
8173:
8165:
8153:
8027:
8000:
7962:Cypriot National Guard
7952:Conscription in Cyprus
7905:
7871:Conscription in Canada
7807:
7614:, abolished in 2018).
6718:Dia da Defesa Nacional
4392:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3889:conscientious objector
3828:On 1 October 1999, in
3622:
3521:
3438:Arver v. United States
3380:
3310:Men's rights activists
3276:
3255:
3231:
3199:
3183:
3177:
3149:
3129:
3124:
3062:had been ruled by the
2899:
2827:
2820:
2581:
2573:
2320:Awards and decorations
2293:Peace through strength
2268:Low-intensity conflict
1902:Conscientious objector
1775:Area of responsibility
122:Conscientious objector
75:
16001:Linch, Kevin (2012).
15756:"Those were the days"
15595:(in Norwegian Bokmål)
15589:"En av ti møter ikke"
15563:www.sivilforsvaret.no
15534:www.sivilforsvaret.no
15505:www.sivilforsvaret.no
15421:. NDF. Archived from
14393:Forsvaret for Danmark
14303:"Kvinder i Forsvaret"
14144:"Danish Constitution"
13808:WRI, London 1998 and
11663:"Rostker v. Goldberg"
11570:Women at war, 1939–45
11513:Broad, Roger (2006).
11278:. February 10, 2024.
10926:(in Finnish). Otava.
10682:Seago, Laura (2009).
10668:Henderson, David R. "
10071:John Wiley & Sons
9960:"Women and the Draft"
9900:Westminster John Knox
9509:Gay, Suzanne (2001).
9384:. The Free Dictionary
9356:. Routledge. p.
9325:. Routledge. p.
9156:Economic conscription
9028:Conscription in Egypt
8831:
8379:
8336:armed with M1 Garands
8328:
8160:for all adult males (
8147:
8130:(disbanded in 2004).
8128:Estonian Rescue Board
8034:countries the act of
8020:
7995:Conscription duty as
7994:
7910:conscription in China
7899:
7843:Krasimir Karakachanov
6830:São Tomé and Príncipe
5335:No (suspended during
3620:
3580:Further information:
3525:Jean Jacques Rousseau
3517:
3500:Further information:
3464:cost-to-benefit ratio
3397:involuntary servitude
3385:American libertarians
3374:
3367:Involuntary servitude
3267:
3225:
3193:
3145:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
3115:
2989:Pargalı İbrahim Pasha
2894:
2825:
2812:
912:Torpedo data computer
902:Ship gun fire-control
181:By historical country
94:1780 caricature of a
49: No armed forces
44:
18:Military conscription
16263:at Wikimedia Commons
15665:Swedish Armed Forces
14763:Civilian service act
14721:Civilian service act
14552:. September 20, 2019
14526:on 27 September 2007
14500:on 18 September 2006
14274:"Før Forsvarets Dag"
12499:"WPflG – Einzelnorm"
12335:66 Lawyer Consultant
11665:. Cornell Law School
10614:U.S. Representative
9240:CBC Digital Archives
9224:. 13 September 2023.
9181:Military recruitment
8959:Conscription in the
8774:Parliament of Serbia
8709:Russian Armed Forces
8667:Norwegian Parliament
8565:improve this section
8455:of the Golan Heights
8390:IR police department
8259:Border Guard Service
8257:) in the 1970s (see
8249:Federal Border Guard
8237:federal armed forces
8215:Finnish Border Guard
7941:Conscription in Cuba
7576:United Arab Emirates
3845:persons are exempt.
3772:, alleging that the
3519:Conscription in Iran
3429:Thirteenth Amendment
3122:Louis-Léopold Boilly
2647:Around the reign of
2438:Military occupations
2273:Military engineering
2175:Unrestricted Warfare
2032:Force multiplication
930:Military manoeuvrers
464:By geographical area
435:United Arab Emirates
73: No information
15895:Fitzpatrick, Edward
15795:Hasbrouck, Edward.
15353:. 12 January 2016.
15305:on 26 December 2014
15227:. 24 February 2015.
14814:. 28 February 2019.
14680:. 26 November 2021.
14660:"Conscript service"
14628:www.riigiteataja.ee
13812:(1 November 2006).
13724:U.N. Refugee Agency
12940:on 27 February 2021
12571:. October 23, 2008.
12463:. October 23, 2008.
12378:Ministry of Defence
12130:. nationmaster.com.
11903:"Att vara vapenfri"
11254:. 15 December 2021.
10604:. www.dehnbase.org.
10496:. pp. 142–49.
10442:Syracuse University
9902:Press. p. 17.
9146:Counter-recruitment
8923:General Post Office
8527:military department
7975:Ministry of Defense
7918:Great Wall of China
7803:Republic of Austria
7582:alternative service
7557:Russo-Ukrainian War
7441:Trinidad and Tobago
7284:alternative service
7238:alternative service
7213:alternative service
7079:alternative service
7051:No (ended in 1994)
6790:alternative service
5388:alternative service
5212:alternative service
5119:alternative service
5031:alternative service
4938:alternative service
4866:alternative service
4775:No (ended in 1969)
4445:Alternative service
4138:alternative service
4038:Antigua and Barbuda
3930:
3912:Jehovah's Witnesses
3769:Rostker v. Goldberg
3542:Niccolò Machiavelli
3281:Great Patriotic War
3169:Frederick the Great
3055:from 1250 to 1517.
3035:sultans during the
2993:Sokollu Mehmet Paşa
2786:Anglo-Saxon English
2638:In pre-modern times
2565:alternative service
2124:Penal military unit
2109:Rules of engagement
1785:Command and control
1410:Operations research
874:Director (military)
864:Fire-control system
634:Command and control
515:Part of a series on
167:Penal military unit
132:Counter-recruitment
127:Conscription crisis
16282:Political theories
16209:. pp. 313–34.
15760:expressandstar.com
15587:Wilden, Victoria.
14888:Middle East Record
14795:2015-10-17 at the
14770:2015-11-20 at the
14745:2015-10-17 at the
14715:2017-02-27 at the
14696:2013-12-20 at the
14576:Human Rights Watch
14446:Retsinformation.de
14121:on 5 December 2020
13810:Xinhua News Agency
13764:. 16 January 2018.
13277:legislatie.just.ro
12786:The World Factbook
12687:The World Factbook
12639:on 16 October 2016
12438:. Associated Press
12203:. 22 October 2008.
12042:on August 19, 2007
11907:www.pliktverket.se
11543:Peace Pledge Union
11452:. Associated Press
11379:. 16 December 2009
11247:The World Factbook
11199:. 5 November 2021.
11192:The World Factbook
11171:. 5 November 2021.
11164:The World Factbook
11143:. 8 November 2021.
11136:The World Factbook
10968:10.1257/app.4.4.57
10885:"Overcoming Merit"
10849:"Cop Out on Class"
10636:aynrandlexicon.com
10494:Ashgate Publishing
10140:The New York Times
10107:The New York Times
9999:Candles in Babylon
9839:] (in Russian)
9186:Pospolite ruszenie
9176:Male expendability
9131:Civil conscription
8839:had conscription (
8834:
8719:on account of the
8406:Pahlavi government
8382:
8338:
8174:totalförsvarsplikt
8154:
8001:
7906:
6354:
4978:Dominican Republic
3928:
3778:Due Process Clause
3623:
3582:Industrial warfare
3522:
3510:Active citizenship
3381:
3322:men's rights group
3277:
3232:
3200:
3163:The defeat of the
3157:Napoleon Bonaparte
3125:
2900:
2828:
2233:Counter-insurgency
2154:Command of the sea
2099:Jewish laws on war
2074:Geneva Conventions
1610:Divide and conquer
1405:Military operation
1370:Tactical objective
869:Fire-control radar
846:Electronic-warfare
137:Draft-card burning
117:Civil conscription
76:
16259:Media related to
15992:978-0-521-59961-0
15241:. 25 August 2015.
14550:horninstitute.org
14340:. 13 October 2014
14220:www2.forsvaret.dk
14001:978-3-030-14701-3
13905:on July 18, 2011.
13899:www.chinapage.com
13517:on 29 August 2018
13487:on March 24, 2007
12860:. 8 December 2003
12789:(2024 ed.).
12319:. 6 January 2023.
12272:. 15 March 1998.
11814:. 3 October 2018.
11609:on April 23, 2009
11584:978-0-85045-349-2
11530:978-0-7146-5701-1
11250:(2024 ed.).
11195:(2024 ed.).
11167:(2024 ed.).
11139:(2024 ed.).
11052:978-0-306-47770-6
11021:978-0-674-01119-9
10924:Leijona ja kyyhky
10881:Postrel, Virginia
10847:Alter, Jonathan.
10659:(1987) pp. 219–20
10602:Libertarian Party
10503:978-0-754-64410-1
10451:978-0-549-40315-9
10422:978-1-139-45873-3
10390:978-0-306-47770-6
10080:978-0-470-67451-2
9909:978-0-664-25544-2
9878:978-0-8039-5577-6
9769:. 15 August 2016.
9749:978-0-8018-6616-6
8985:US National Guard
8919:Women's Land Army
8601:
8600:
8593:
8317:
8316:
8267:German government
8254:Bundesgrenzschutz
8097:1992 constitution
8075:National Assembly
8059:military training
7997:Royal Life Guards
7815:community service
7794:
7793:
5071:Equatorial Guinea
3910:by doctrine, and
3757:invasion of Japan
3607:Drafting of women
3506:Social solidarity
3405:Libertarian Party
3137:French Revolution
2857:agricultural land
2788:army, called the
2672:Code of Hammurabi
2657:Babylonian Empire
2623:English Civil War
2530:French Revolution
2511:
2510:
2403:Horses in warfare
2350:Anti-war movement
2253:Gunboat diplomacy
2243:Disaster response
2191:Philosophy of war
2186:Principles of war
2159:Deterrence theory
2104:Right of conquest
2027:Lanchester's laws
1795:Principles of war
1485:Counter-offensive
1470:Military campaign
1375:Target saturation
1298:Counterinsurgency
907:Gun data computer
841:Close air support
803:Aircraft carriers
510:
509:
210:By modern country
16:(Redirected from
16294:
16258:
16244:
16229:
16210:
16205:. Vol. 26.
16195:
16164:
16137:
16128:
16122:
16114:
16104:
16059:
16057:
16056:
16047:. Archived from
16008:
15996:
15975:
15940:
15912:
15859:
15858:
15856:
15854:
15837:
15831:
15830:
15819:
15813:
15812:
15810:
15808:
15792:
15786:
15785:
15777:
15771:
15770:
15768:
15766:
15752:
15746:
15739:
15733:
15726:
15720:
15713:
15707:
15706:
15704:
15702:
15687:
15681:
15680:
15678:
15676:
15671:on 29 March 2017
15667:. Archived from
15657:
15651:
15645:
15636:
15630:
15624:
15623:
15610:
15604:
15603:
15601:
15600:
15584:
15578:
15577:
15575:
15574:
15555:
15549:
15548:
15546:
15545:
15536:. Archived from
15526:
15520:
15519:
15517:
15516:
15497:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15486:
15471:
15465:
15464:
15462:
15461:
15440:
15434:
15433:
15431:
15430:
15415:
15409:
15408:
15406:
15405:
15391:
15385:
15384:
15373:
15367:
15366:
15364:
15362:
15347:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15336:
15330:rijksoverheid.nl
15321:
15315:
15314:
15312:
15310:
15301:. Archived from
15295:
15286:
15285:
15283:
15282:
15273:. Archived from
15267:
15261:
15260:
15259:(in Lithuanian).
15249:
15243:
15242:
15235:
15229:
15228:
15221:
15215:
15214:
15212:
15211:
15196:
15190:
15189:
15187:
15186:
15170:
15164:
15163:
15161:
15160:
15145:
15139:
15138:
15136:
15135:
15119:
15113:
15112:
15110:
15109:
15094:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15084:
15069:
15063:
15062:
15060:
15059:
15044:
15038:
15037:
15035:
15034:
15019:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15009:
14994:
14988:
14987:
14981:
14973:
14971:
14970:
14959:
14953:
14952:
14950:
14949:
14934:
14928:
14927:
14925:
14924:
14909:
14903:
14902:
14883:
14877:
14876:
14874:
14873:
14858:
14847:
14846:
14844:
14843:
14837:
14831:. Archived from
14830:
14822:
14816:
14815:
14808:
14802:
14801:
14788:Conscription act
14783:
14777:
14776:
14758:
14752:
14751:
14738:Conscription act
14733:
14727:
14726:
14707:
14701:
14688:
14682:
14681:
14674:
14668:
14667:
14666:. December 2023.
14656:
14650:
14649:
14638:
14632:
14631:
14620:
14614:
14613:
14611:
14610:
14595:
14589:
14588:
14586:
14584:
14579:. August 8, 2019
14567:
14561:
14560:
14558:
14557:
14542:
14536:
14535:
14533:
14531:
14522:. Archived from
14516:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14505:
14496:. Archived from
14489:
14483:
14482:
14480:
14479:
14463:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14453:
14438:
14432:
14431:
14429:
14428:
14414:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14404:
14395:. Archived from
14385:
14379:
14378:
14376:
14375:
14356:
14350:
14349:
14347:
14345:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14321:
14320:
14311:. Archived from
14299:
14293:
14292:
14290:
14289:
14280:. Archived from
14270:
14264:
14263:
14261:
14260:
14251:. Archived from
14241:
14235:
14234:
14232:
14231:
14222:. Archived from
14212:
14206:
14205:
14203:
14202:
14188:
14179:
14178:
14176:
14175:
14161:
14155:
14154:
14148:
14140:
14134:
14133:
14128:
14126:
14107:
14101:
14100:
14098:
14096:
14087:. Archived from
14077:
14071:
14070:
14068:
14029:
14020:
14014:
14013:
13979:
13973:
13972:
13961:
13955:
13954:
13953:. 15 March 1998.
13943:
13937:
13936:
13934:
13933:
13924:. Archived from
13913:
13907:
13906:
13901:. Archived from
13891:
13885:
13884:
13882:
13880:
13869:
13863:
13862:
13860:
13858:
13842:
13836:
13835:
13829:
13821:
13805:
13799:
13798:
13786:
13780:
13779:
13772:
13766:
13765:
13758:
13752:
13751:
13740:
13734:
13733:
13731:
13730:
13715:
13709:
13708:
13706:
13705:
13699:
13692:
13684:
13678:
13677:
13675:
13674:
13660:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13649:
13634:
13628:
13627:
13615:
13609:
13608:
13597:
13591:
13590:
13579:
13573:
13572:
13570:
13569:
13554:
13548:
13547:
13545:
13544:
13533:
13527:
13526:
13524:
13522:
13503:
13497:
13496:
13494:
13492:
13483:. Archived from
13473:
13467:
13454:
13448:
13447:
13445:
13444:
13435:. Archived from
13425:
13419:
13418:
13412:
13404:
13398:
13397:
13390:
13384:
13383:
13381:
13380:
13371:. Archived from
13361:
13355:
13354:
13352:
13351:
13346:on July 22, 2011
13332:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13322:
13307:
13301:
13300:
13293:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13283:
13269:
13263:
13262:
13251:
13245:
13244:
13242:
13241:
13232:. Archived from
13230:juventude.gov.pt
13221:
13215:
13214:
13212:
13211:
13197:
13180:
13174:
13173:
13171:
13169:
13153:
13147:
13143:
13137:
13136:
13129:
13123:
13122:
13116:
13114:
13109:on 22 March 2016
13105:. Archived from
13095:
13089:
13082:
13076:
13075:
13064:
13058:
13057:
13046:
13040:
13039:
13037:
13036:
13025:
13019:
13018:
13016:
13015:
12998:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12988:
12977:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12967:
12956:
12950:
12949:
12947:
12945:
12936:. Archived from
12925:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12915:
12901:
12895:
12894:
12892:
12890:
12876:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12865:
12850:
12844:
12843:
12841:
12840:
12831:. Archived from
12825:
12819:
12818:
12811:
12805:
12800:
12798:
12797:
12777:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12767:
12753:
12747:
12746:
12744:
12743:
12729:
12723:
12722:
12720:
12718:
12703:
12697:
12696:
12695:
12694:
12679:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12669:
12655:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12635:. Archived from
12624:
12618:
12617:
12605:
12599:
12598:
12596:
12594:
12579:
12573:
12572:
12561:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12551:
12537:
12531:
12530:
12528:
12527:
12513:
12507:
12506:
12495:
12489:
12488:
12486:
12485:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12453:
12447:
12446:
12444:
12443:
12427:
12421:
12420:
12413:
12407:
12406:
12399:
12393:
12392:
12390:
12388:
12370:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12360:
12345:
12339:
12338:
12327:
12321:
12320:
12309:
12300:
12299:
12287:
12278:
12277:
12260:
12254:
12253:
12251:
12249:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12227:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12193:
12187:
12181:
12175:
12174:
12172:
12171:
12158:Brasil, Portal.
12155:
12146:
12145:
12138:
12132:
12131:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12115:
12114:
12105:. Archived from
12095:
12086:
12085:
12083:
12082:
12071:
12065:
12064:
12057:
12051:
12050:
12048:
12047:
12031:
12025:
12024:
12022:
12021:
12007:
12001:
12000:
11998:
11996:
11984:
11978:
11977:
11970:
11961:
11960:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11939:
11924:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11914:
11899:
11893:
11892:
11890:
11889:
11878:
11872:
11871:
11869:
11868:
11844:
11838:
11833:
11827:
11822:
11816:
11815:
11808:
11802:
11801:
11794:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11784:
11775:. Archived from
11765:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11737:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11698:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11659:
11653:
11652:
11629:Nursing Research
11624:
11618:
11617:
11615:
11614:
11595:
11589:
11588:
11564:
11558:
11557:
11555:
11554:
11545:. Archived from
11534:
11510:
11504:
11503:
11492:
11483:
11478:
11472:
11467:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11457:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11431:
11411:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11401:
11386:
11380:
11370:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11359:
11345:
11336:
11335:
11325:
11316:(7): 1039–1056.
11301:
11286:
11269:
11260:
11255:
11238:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11227:
11216:
11205:
11200:
11183:
11177:
11172:
11155:
11149:
11144:
11127:
11121:
11120:(see footnote 3)
11119:
11117:
11116:
11110:
11104:. Archived from
11103:
11095:
11084:
11083:
11068:
11057:
11056:
11032:
11026:
11025:
11001:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10953:
10944:
10938:
10937:
10919:
10913:
10912:
10910:
10909:
10895:
10889:
10888:
10883:(October 1995).
10877:
10871:
10870:
10863:
10857:
10856:
10844:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10834:
10825:. Archived from
10818:
10812:
10811:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10758:
10752:
10747:Chapter VII and
10742:
10736:
10730:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10719:
10705:Friedman, Milton
10701:
10695:
10694:
10688:
10679:
10673:
10672:" (August 2005).
10666:
10660:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10628:
10622:
10612:
10606:
10605:
10594:
10588:
10587:
10585:
10584:
10570:
10564:
10563:
10561:
10560:
10548:Korte, Gregory.
10545:
10539:
10538:
10536:
10535:
10521:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10483:
10477:
10476:
10470:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10431:
10425:
10399:
10393:
10370:
10364:
10363:
10361:
10359:
10344:
10338:
10337:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10314:
10308:
10307:
10299:
10293:
10292:
10284:
10278:
10277:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10243:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10164:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10154:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10098:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10063:(May 15, 2012).
10057:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10021:
10015:
10014:
10002:
9988:
9982:
9981:
9969:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9924:
9918:
9917:
9889:
9883:
9882:
9862:
9856:
9854:
9848:
9840:
9831:Кривошеев, ГФ ,
9828:
9822:
9821:
9816:. Archived from
9804:
9798:
9797:
9796:. February 1945.
9786:
9780:
9770:
9763:
9757:
9756:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9708:
9702:
9701:
9690:
9684:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9645:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9619:
9610:. Archived from
9600:
9594:
9593:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9557:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9534:Lewis, Bernard.
9531:
9525:
9524:
9506:
9500:
9497:Alfred the Great
9493:
9487:
9486:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9427:
9421:
9418:
9412:
9409:
9403:
9400:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9347:
9341:
9340:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9284:(7): 1456–1481.
9273:
9264:
9263:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9214:
8943:Harold Macmillan
8907:Northern Ireland
8596:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8576:
8545:
8537:
8413:health insurance
8334:Greek Parliament
8312:
8309:
8303:
8291:
8290:
8283:
8274:
8256:
7877:Canadian militia
7812:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7706:Male and female
7697:
7695:
7694:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7612:Bermuda Regiment
7599:
7597:
7596:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7469:Male and female
7460:
7458:
7457:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7385:Male and female
7376:
7374:
7373:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7334:Male and female
7325:
7323:
7322:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7218:Male and female
7205:
7203:
7202:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7172:Male and female
7159:
7157:
7156:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7105:Male and female
7096:
7094:
7093:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6879:Male and female
6870:
6868:
6867:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6723:Male and female
6710:
6708:
6707:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6602:Papua New Guinea
6600:
6598:
6597:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6546:Male and female
6537:
6535:
6534:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6504:Male and female
6495:
6493:
6492:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6462:Male and female
6453:
6451:
6450:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6399:Male and female
6376:
6374:
6373:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6322:Male and female
6308:
6306:
6305:
6296:Male and female
6282:
6280:
6279:
6270:Male and female
6261:
6259:
6258:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6120:Male and female
6111:
6109:
6108:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5456:Male and female
5447:
5445:
5444:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5099:Male and female
5090:
5088:
5087:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5018:
5016:
5015:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4841:Male and female
4832:
4830:
4829:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4799:Male and female
4790:
4788:
4787:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4627:Male and female
4618:
4616:
4615:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4525:
4523:
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4504:
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4501:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4378:Male and female
4369:
4367:
4366:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4336:Male and female
4327:
4325:
4324:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4226:Bangladesh Ansar
4218:
4216:
4215:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4130:
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4127:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4015:
4013:
4012:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3931:
3927:
3924:Military service
3893:military service
3596:British military
3553:national service
3403:, a former U.S.
3260:
3186:
3180:
3154:
3139:, to enable the
3134:
3084:Mongol Ilkhanate
2942:Mamluks of Egypt
2887:Military slavery
2865:Ise Grand Shrine
2784:The bulk of the
2586:
2578:
2522:military service
2518:national service
2503:
2496:
2489:
2258:Humanitarian aid
2196:Security dilemma
2017:Power projection
1800:Economy of force
1780:Chain of command
1495:Defence in depth
1480:Commerce raiding
1303:Defeat in detail
639:Defense ministry
543:
534:
533:
524:
512:
511:
502:
495:
488:
162:National service
157:Military service
103:Related concepts
92:
78:
77:
72:
66:
60:
54:
48:
21:
16302:
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16293:
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16291:
16267:
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16232:
16226:
16153:
16116:
16115:
16064:History Compass
16054:
16052:
15993:
15937:
15868:
15866:Further reading
15863:
15862:
15852:
15850:
15838:
15834:
15821:
15820:
15816:
15806:
15804:
15793:
15789:
15778:
15774:
15764:
15762:
15754:
15753:
15749:
15743:Defence Studies
15740:
15736:
15727:
15723:
15714:
15710:
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15684:
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14797:Wayback Machine
14784:
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14774:
14772:Wayback Machine
14759:
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14747:Wayback Machine
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14698:Wayback Machine
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14477:
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14451:
14449:
14440:
14439:
14435:
14426:
14424:
14418:"Militærnægter"
14416:
14415:
14411:
14402:
14400:
14387:
14386:
14382:
14373:
14371:
14360:"Værnepligtige"
14358:
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14173:
14171:
14169:Retsinformation
14163:
14162:
14158:
14146:
14142:
14141:
14137:
14124:
14122:
14111:"Άδειες Εξόδου"
14109:
14108:
14104:
14094:
14092:
14085:www.army.gov.cy
14079:
14078:
14074:
14066:
14032:Defence Studies
14027:
14021:
14017:
14002:
13980:
13976:
13971:. 16 June 2022.
13963:
13962:
13958:
13945:
13944:
13940:
13931:
13929:
13914:
13910:
13895:"chinapage.com"
13893:
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13878:
13876:
13870:
13866:
13856:
13854:
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13839:
13823:
13822:
13818:www.wri-irg.org
13806:
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13795:www.wri-irg.org
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13465:Wayback Machine
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13200:telegraph.co.uk
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12342:
12337:. 8 March 2023.
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11537:
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11511:
11507:
11502:. 7 March 2024.
11494:
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11284:Wayback Machine
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10518:
10508:
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10484:
10480:
10464:
10463:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10444:. p. 149.
10432:
10428:
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10371:
10367:
10357:
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10346:
10345:
10341:
10334:Resistance News
10331:
10330:
10326:
10319:Resistance News
10316:
10315:
10311:
10304:Resistance News
10301:
10300:
10296:
10289:Resistance News
10285:
10281:
10274:Resistance News
10270:
10266:
10256:
10254:
10244:
10240:
10230:
10228:
10218:
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10204:
10202:
10192:Washington Post
10186:
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9910:
9890:
9886:
9879:
9863:
9859:
9842:
9841:
9829:
9825:
9820:on 18 May 2013.
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9216:
9215:
9211:
9206:
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9126:
9019:
9017:Other countries
8989:Militia Clauses
8957:
8951:
8934:and 80% of the
8928:Royal Air Force
8884:
8878:
8863:
8857:
8826:
8820:
8815:
8809:
8788:
8782:
8755:
8749:
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8648:
8631:King of Holland
8627:Louis Bonaparte
8607:
8597:
8586:
8580:
8577:
8562:
8546:
8535:
8520:
8512:
8503:
8497:
8435:
8429:
8402:1979 revolution
8374:
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5701:
5682:
5680:
5656:
5654:
5635:
5633:
5614:
5612:
5593:
5591:
5568:
5566:
5547:
5545:
5526:
5524:
5505:
5503:
5484:
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5463:
5461:
5442:
5440:
5421:
5419:
5400:
5398:
5370:
5368:
5349:
5347:
5319:
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5293:
5291:
5272:
5270:
5251:
5249:
5224:
5222:
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5011:
4992:
4990:
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4785:
4783:
4764:
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4722:
4720:
4697:
4695:
4676:
4674:
4655:
4653:
4634:
4632:
4613:
4611:
4601:Reserve Militia
4583:
4581:
4562:
4560:
4541:
4539:
4520:
4518:
4499:
4497:
4478:
4476:
4457:
4455:
4427:
4425:
4406:
4404:
4385:
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4322:
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4010:
4008:
3989:
3987:
3968:
3966:
3947:
3945:
3926:
3920:
3885:
3873:Main articles:
3871:
3823:Brett Kavanaugh
3815:Sonia Sotomayor
3782:Fifth Amendment
3762:In 1981 in the
3636:gender equality
3632:rite of passage
3628:test of manhood
3615:
3609:
3592:
3578:
3512:
3502:Social contract
3498:
3493:
3475:Milton Friedman
3460:
3399:. For example,
3391:, arguing that
3369:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3220:
3110:
3104:
3102:In modern times
3004:Barbary Pirates
2946:Janissary corps
2889:
2773:) or sometimes
2685:
2683:Medieval levies
2680:
2678:Medieval period
2645:
2640:
2635:
2597:internal troops
2575:siviilipalvelus
2507:
2478:
2477:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2278:Multilateralism
2263:Law enforcement
2223:
2213:
2212:
2181:Just war theory
2139:
2129:
2128:
2079:Geneva Protocol
2049:
2039:
2038:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1645:Network-centric
1565:
1555:
1554:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1338:Rapid dominance
1243:
1233:
1232:
1188:Electromagnetic
1097:
1087:
1086:
1073:
1026:
974:
950:
940:
939:
935:Combat training
916:
893:
859:Combat systems:
855:
817:
813:Auxiliary ships
779:
739:
735:Military police
701:
624:
614:
613:
553:
527:
526:
525:
520:
506:
477:
459:
385:the Philippines
355:the Netherlands
204:
176:
98:
74:
70:
68:
64:
62:
58:
56:
52:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16300:
16290:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16265:
16264:
16252:
16236:
16235:External links
16233:
16231:
16230:
16224:
16211:
16196:
16178:(3): 481–504.
16165:
16151:
16138:
16129:
16087:(4): 682–713.
16070:
16060:
16016:
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15991:
15976:
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15922:
15913:
15891:
15884:
15877:
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15861:
15860:
15832:
15814:
15801:Resisters.info
15787:
15772:
15747:
15734:
15721:
15708:
15682:
15663:(in Swedish).
15652:
15637:
15625:
15605:
15579:
15550:
15521:
15492:
15481:. 25 July 2024
15466:
15435:
15410:
15399:Deutsche Welle
15386:
15368:
15351:"Dienstplicht"
15342:
15316:
15287:
15262:
15244:
15230:
15216:
15191:
15165:
15140:
15114:
15102:BBC News فارسی
15089:
15064:
15039:
15014:
14989:
14954:
14929:
14904:
14897:
14878:
14866:BBC News فارسی
14848:
14817:
14803:
14778:
14753:
14728:
14702:
14683:
14669:
14651:
14633:
14615:
14590:
14562:
14537:
14511:
14484:
14472:Nyheder.TV2.dk
14458:
14433:
14409:
14380:
14351:
14325:
14294:
14265:
14236:
14207:
14180:
14156:
14135:
14102:
14091:on 9 June 2019
14072:
14038:(4): 408–426.
14015:
14000:
13974:
13956:
13938:
13908:
13886:
13864:
13837:
13800:
13781:
13767:
13753:
13735:
13710:
13679:
13655:
13629:
13610:
13592:
13574:
13549:
13528:
13498:
13468:
13449:
13429:"Plikten idag"
13420:
13399:
13385:
13356:
13327:
13302:
13288:
13264:
13246:
13216:
13175:
13162:www.novinky.cz
13148:
13138:
13124:
13090:
13077:
13059:
13056:. 1 June 2006.
13041:
13020:
12993:
12972:
12951:
12920:
12896:
12884:thestar.com.my
12871:
12845:
12820:
12806:
12772:
12761:www.mod.gov.lv
12748:
12724:
12698:
12674:
12650:
12619:
12600:
12574:
12556:
12532:
12508:
12490:
12466:
12448:
12430:Olsen, Jan M.
12422:
12408:
12394:
12365:
12355:. May 10, 2007
12340:
12322:
12301:
12298:on 2017-02-03.
12279:
12275:the age of 18.
12255:
12233:
12206:
12188:
12176:
12147:
12144:. setimes.com.
12133:
12119:
12087:
12066:
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11894:
11873:
11839:
11828:
11817:
11803:
11789:
11760:
11732:
11704:
11676:
11654:
11635:(5): 402–413.
11619:
11599:"Draft Women?"
11590:
11583:
11559:
11529:
11505:
11484:
11473:
11462:
11444:Olsen, Jan M.
11436:
11406:
11381:
11365:
11353:Deutsche Welle
11337:
11287:
11261:
11233:
11206:
11178:
11150:
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11058:
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11027:
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10996:
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10890:
10872:
10858:
10839:
10813:
10778:
10771:
10753:
10737:
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10674:
10661:
10648:
10623:
10607:
10589:
10565:
10540:
10516:
10502:
10478:
10450:
10426:
10394:
10365:
10339:
10324:
10309:
10294:
10279:
10264:
10238:
10212:
10179:
10159:
10126:
10093:
10079:
10061:Benatar, David
10049:
10016:
10009:
9983:
9976:
9950:
9919:
9908:
9884:
9877:
9857:
9823:
9799:
9794:LoneSentry.com
9781:
9758:
9748:
9728:
9703:
9700:on 2016-03-04.
9685:
9679:Dierk Walter.
9672:
9669:on 2009-10-28.
9659:"Conscription"
9650:
9632:Lewis (1994).
9624:
9595:
9575:
9572:on 4 May 2017.
9552:
9526:
9519:
9501:
9495:Sturdy, David
9488:
9481:
9461:
9422:
9413:
9404:
9395:
9373:
9366:
9342:
9335:
9311:
9265:
9254:"World War II"
9245:
9227:
9218:"Conscription"
9208:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9110:
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9100:
9095:
9090:
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9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9018:
9015:
9010:Gray H. Miller
8953:Main article:
8950:
8947:
8888:United Kingdom
8880:Main article:
8877:
8876:United Kingdom
8874:
8859:Main article:
8856:
8853:
8822:Main article:
8819:
8816:
8811:Main article:
8808:
8805:
8801:National Party
8784:Main article:
8781:
8778:
8751:Main article:
8748:
8745:
8701:Main article:
8698:
8695:
8650:Main article:
8647:
8644:
8603:Main article:
8599:
8598:
8549:
8547:
8540:
8534:
8531:
8519:
8516:
8511:
8508:
8499:Main article:
8496:
8493:
8470:
8469:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8431:Main article:
8428:
8425:
8373:
8370:
8319:Main article:
8315:
8314:
8295:
8293:
8286:
8280:
8277:
8229:Main article:
8226:
8223:
8138:Main article:
8135:
8132:
8084:
8081:
8053:
8045:
8043:
8040:
7985:Main article:
7982:
7979:
7958:Cyprus problem
7950:Main article:
7947:
7944:
7939:Main article:
7936:
7933:
7893:
7890:
7869:Main article:
7866:
7863:
7854:
7851:
7834:
7831:
7822:
7819:
7817:is mandatory.
7798:
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7608:
7601:United Kingdom
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4908:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4885:Czech Republic
4873:
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3942:
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3938:
3935:
3922:Main article:
3919:
3916:
3904:peace churches
3879:Antimilitarism
3870:
3867:
3819:Stephen Breyer
3795:Gray H. Miller
3608:
3605:
3577:
3574:
3565:Charles Rangel
3557:Jonathan Alter
3530:Roman Republic
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3459:
3456:
3368:
3365:
3303:Main article:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3219:
3216:
3204:Russian Empire
3178:levée en masse
3131:levée en masse
3103:
3100:
2975:. The Sultans
2950:Ottoman Empire
2931:Abbasid caliph
2915:slave-soldiers
2888:
2885:
2699:commoners and
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2644:
2641:
2639:
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2634:
2631:
2627:United Kingdom
2509:
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2498:
2491:
2483:
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2479:
2476:
2475:
2470:
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2445:
2443:Military terms
2440:
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2224:
2219:
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2201:Tripwire force
2193:
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2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
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2156:
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2140:
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1987:
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1647:
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1625:Fleet in being
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
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1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1563:Grand strategy
1561:
1560:
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1553:
1552:
1550:Scorched earth
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
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1463:
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1427:Deep operation
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1239:
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1228:Unconventional
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
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1195:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1174:Disinformation
1171:
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925:Basic training
922:
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909:
904:
899:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
854:
853:
851:Reconnaissance
848:
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833:
828:
823:
816:
815:
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785:
778:
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772:
770:Special forces
767:
762:
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732:
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725:Reconnaissance
722:
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712:
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611:
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609:
604:
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568:Post-classical
565:
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536:
535:
517:
516:
508:
507:
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440:United Kingdom
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332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
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297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
267:
262:
259:child soldiers
255:Congo-Kinshasa
252:
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237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
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212:
206:
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202:
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195:Russian Empire
192:
190:Ottoman Empire
186:
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182:
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177:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
152:Levée en masse
149:
144:
139:
134:
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119:
114:
108:
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104:
100:
99:
93:
85:
84:
69:
63:
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45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16299:
16288:
16285:
16283:
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16278:
16275:
16274:
16272:
16262:
16257:
16253:
16251:at Wiktionary
16250:
16249:
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16239:
16238:
16227:
16225:0-7735-2263-8
16221:
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16152:9781482761498
16148:
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16098:
16094:
16090:
16086:
16082:
16081:
16076:
16071:
16069:
16065:
16061:
16051:on 2009-06-01
16050:
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16038:
16034:
16031:(4): 571–99.
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15936:0-313-31912-X
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15798:
15791:
15784:. ThoughtsCo.
15783:
15776:
15761:
15757:
15751:
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15738:
15731:
15725:
15718:
15715:Roger Broad,
15712:
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15662:
15656:
15649:
15644:
15642:
15634:
15629:
15620:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15594:
15590:
15583:
15569:on 2018-08-22
15568:
15564:
15560:
15554:
15540:on 2018-08-22
15539:
15535:
15531:
15525:
15511:on 2018-08-22
15510:
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15502:
15496:
15480:
15479:SecurityWomen
15476:
15470:
15455:
15451:
15450:
15445:
15439:
15425:on 2011-01-12
15424:
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15378:
15372:
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15352:
15346:
15331:
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15320:
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15300:
15294:
15292:
15277:on 2024-02-06
15276:
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15254:
15248:
15240:
15234:
15226:
15220:
15206:on 2019-03-16
15205:
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15180:
15176:
15169:
15154:
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15144:
15129:
15125:
15118:
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15099:
15093:
15079:on 2018-03-11
15078:
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15049:
15043:
15028:
15025:
15018:
15003:
14999:
14993:
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14979:
14964:
14958:
14944:on 2016-09-13
14943:
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14908:
14900:
14898:9780470216118
14894:
14890:
14889:
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14853:
14838:on 2012-01-05
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14603:Africa Portal
14600:
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14583:September 27,
14578:
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14443:
14437:
14423:
14419:
14413:
14399:on 2016-02-24
14398:
14394:
14390:
14384:
14370:on 2016-11-23
14369:
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14361:
14355:
14339:
14335:
14329:
14315:on 2016-02-24
14314:
14310:
14309:
14304:
14298:
14284:on 2016-02-22
14283:
14279:
14275:
14269:
14255:on 2016-02-24
14254:
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14226:on 2016-02-22
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13928:on 2018-10-24
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13714:
13700:on 2011-09-26
13696:
13689:
13683:
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13665:
13659:
13644:. 4 July 2008
13643:
13642:UK Parliament
13639:
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13621:
13614:
13607:. 2 May 2014.
13606:
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13516:
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13486:
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13466:
13462:
13458:
13453:
13439:on 2017-03-11
13438:
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13403:
13395:
13389:
13375:on 2010-11-29
13374:
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13340:Slovenia News
13337:
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13316:
13312:
13306:
13298:
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13268:
13261:. 2018-04-05.
13260:
13259:Qatar Tribune
13256:
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13236:on 2017-10-20
13235:
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13030:
13024:
13010:on 2007-08-23
13009:
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12997:
12982:
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12955:
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12905:"LP1245/2002"
12900:
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12875:
12859:
12855:
12849:
12835:on 2020-08-09
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12633:chartsbin.com
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12164:Portal Brasil
12161:
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12129:
12123:
12109:on 2024-07-23
12108:
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11932:Svenska Freds
11929:
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11898:
11883:
11877:
11863:on 2017-09-26
11862:
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11853:
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11799:
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11779:on 2008-06-03
11778:
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11571:
11563:
11549:on 2009-03-29
11548:
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11509:
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11440:
11426:on 2021-07-12
11425:
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11242:"North Korea"
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11111:on 2008-06-24
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10929:
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10900:
10894:
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10876:
10868:
10862:
10854:
10850:
10843:
10829:on 2020-05-26
10828:
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10782:
10774:
10772:9781134605682
10768:
10764:
10757:
10751:Chapter XIII.
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10175:
10174:
10169:
10163:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10130:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10097:
10082:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10067:
10062:
10056:
10054:
10037:
10033:
10032:
10027:
10020:
10012:
10010:9780811208314
10006:
10001:
10000:
9994:
9987:
9979:
9973:
9968:
9967:
9961:
9954:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9923:
9916:
9911:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9896:
9888:
9880:
9874:
9870:
9869:
9861:
9852:
9846:
9838:
9834:
9827:
9819:
9815:
9814:
9809:
9803:
9795:
9791:
9785:
9778:
9774:
9768:
9762:
9755:
9751:
9745:
9741:
9740:
9732:
9718:on 2008-06-03
9717:
9713:
9707:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9682:
9676:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9654:
9640:on 2001-04-01
9639:
9635:
9628:
9614:on 2011-07-16
9613:
9609:
9608:Sunnah Online
9605:
9599:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9579:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9556:
9542:on 2001-04-01
9541:
9537:
9530:
9522:
9520:9780824864880
9516:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9492:
9484:
9482:9780404565459
9478:
9474:
9473:
9465:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9417:
9408:
9399:
9383:
9382:"arrière-ban"
9377:
9369:
9367:0-415-11032-7
9363:
9359:
9355:
9354:
9346:
9338:
9336:0-415-11032-7
9332:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9315:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9272:
9270:
9261:
9260:
9255:
9249:
9241:
9237:
9231:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9209:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9151:Draft evasion
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9003:
9002:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8961:United States
8956:
8949:United States
8946:
8944:
8939:
8937:
8933:
8930:, 60% of the
8929:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8908:
8904:
8899:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8883:
8873:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8852:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8830:
8825:
8814:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8777:
8775:
8770:
8768:
8767:civil service
8764:
8760:
8754:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8733:BARS (Russia)
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8704:
8694:
8692:
8688:
8687:Civil defence
8683:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8668:
8663:
8659:
8653:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8606:
8595:
8592:
8584:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8555:
8550:This section
8548:
8544:
8539:
8538:
8530:
8528:
8524:
8515:
8507:
8502:
8492:
8490:
8485:
8482:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8434:
8424:
8422:
8421:Iran-Iraq war
8418:
8414:
8409:
8407:
8403:
8400:. Before the
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8378:
8369:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8356:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8322:
8311:
8299:
8294:
8285:
8284:
8276:
8273:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8232:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8207:
8205:
8204:are permitted
8200:
8196:
8190:
8187:
8181:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8151:
8150:military oath
8146:
8141:
8131:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8100:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8050:
8039:
8037:
8031:
8026:
8025:
8019:
8017:
8012:
8010:
8006:
7999:in Copenhagen
7998:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7976:
7972:
7967:
7966:Greek Cypriot
7963:
7959:
7953:
7942:
7932:
7930:
7926:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7903:
7898:
7889:
7886:
7881:
7878:
7872:
7862:
7860:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7830:
7827:
7818:
7816:
7811:
7810:
7804:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7731:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7635:(see details)
7632:
7631:United States
7621:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7605:(see details)
7602:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7579:
7577:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7552:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7487:(see details)
7484:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7281:
7279:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7235:
7233:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7208:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7162:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7072:(see details)
7069:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7016:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7006:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6897:(see details)
6894:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6783:(see details)
6780:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6669:(see details)
6666:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6477:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6383:(see details)
6379:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6314:(see details)
6311:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6288:(see details)
6285:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5667:(see details)
5664:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5576:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:Guinea-Bissau
5439:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5381:(see details)
5378:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5330:(see details)
5327:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5304:(see details)
5301:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5205:(see details)
5202:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5024:(see details)
5021:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4931:(see details)
4928:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4859:(see details)
4856:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:Côte d'Ivoire
4782:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4594:(see details)
4591:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:(see details)
4435:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:(see details)
4107:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4063:(see details)
4060:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3937:Conscription
3936:
3932:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3897:civil defense
3894:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3848:In 2018, the
3846:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3834:Judicial Yuan
3831:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:Fifth Circuit
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3790:Supreme Court
3787:
3783:
3779:
3776:violates the
3775:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:United States
3760:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:William James
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3473:According to
3471:
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3449:the power to
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3433:Supreme Court
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3184:Krümpersystem
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3165:Prussian Army
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3092:Moulay Ismail
3087:
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3076:Burgi dynasty
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3064:Bahri dynasty
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2861:akubu takumai
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2840:money lenders
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2612:civil defence
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2608:rescue duties
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2601:border guards
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2595:service like
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2593:domestic-only
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2300:Show of force
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2144:Air supremacy
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2110:
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2084:Islamic rules
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2064:Court-martial
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2018:
2015:
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2011:
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1996:
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1991:
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1982:
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1978:
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1963:Arms industry
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1580:Broken-backed
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1422:Expeditionary
1420:
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1408:
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1399:
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1319:
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1306:
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1296:
1294:
1293:Counterattack
1291:
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1249:
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1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Psychological
1216:
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1199:
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1154:Combined arms
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1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1015:
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1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Fortification
991:
989:
986:
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979:
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839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
809:
808:Landing craft
806:
804:
801:
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728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
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713:
711:
708:
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703:
702:
698:
694:
693:Standing army
691:
689:
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626:
623:
618:
617:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
591:
588:
586:
585:pike and shot
583:
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561:
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451:
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445:United States
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145:
143:
142:Draft evasion
140:
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118:
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113:
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107:
106:
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97:
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86:
83:
80:
79:
43:
37:
33:
19:
16277:Conscription
16261:Conscription
16248:conscription
16247:
16215:
16201:
16175:
16169:
16142:
16133:
16119:cite journal
16084:
16078:
16066:18#4 (2020)
16063:
16053:. Retrieved
16049:the original
16028:
16024:
16012:
16004:Conscription
16003:
15981:
15955:
15949:
15926:
15916:
15899:
15887:
15880:
15853:February 24,
15851:. Retrieved
15845:
15835:
15826:
15817:
15805:. Retrieved
15800:
15790:
15775:
15763:. Retrieved
15759:
15750:
15742:
15737:
15729:
15724:
15716:
15711:
15699:. Retrieved
15695:
15690:Lee, Yimou.
15685:
15673:. Retrieved
15669:the original
15655:
15628:
15622:(in Serbian)
15616:
15608:
15597:. Retrieved
15592:
15582:
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15567:the original
15562:
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15542:. Retrieved
15538:the original
15533:
15524:
15513:. Retrieved
15509:the original
15504:
15495:
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15478:
15469:
15458:. Retrieved
15447:
15438:
15427:. Retrieved
15423:the original
15413:
15402:. Retrieved
15389:
15380:
15371:
15359:. Retrieved
15345:
15333:. Retrieved
15329:
15319:
15307:. Retrieved
15303:the original
15279:. Retrieved
15275:the original
15265:
15256:
15247:
15233:
15219:
15208:. Retrieved
15204:the original
15194:
15183:. Retrieved
15181:(in Persian)
15178:
15168:
15157:. Retrieved
15152:
15143:
15132:. Retrieved
15130:(in Persian)
15127:
15117:
15106:. Retrieved
15104:(in Persian)
15101:
15092:
15081:. Retrieved
15077:the original
15067:
15056:. Retrieved
15054:(in Persian)
15051:
15042:
15031:. Retrieved
15029:(in Persian)
15026:
15017:
15006:. Retrieved
15001:
14992:
14967:. Retrieved
14957:
14946:. Retrieved
14942:the original
14932:
14921:. Retrieved
14916:
14907:
14887:
14881:
14870:. Retrieved
14868:(in Persian)
14865:
14840:. Retrieved
14833:the original
14820:
14806:
14800:(in Finnish)
14787:
14781:
14775:(in Finnish)
14762:
14756:
14750:(in Finnish)
14737:
14731:
14725:(in Finnish)
14720:
14705:
14686:
14672:
14663:
14654:
14645:
14636:
14627:
14618:
14607:. Retrieved
14605:. 2019-09-25
14602:
14593:
14581:. Retrieved
14574:
14565:
14554:. Retrieved
14549:
14540:
14528:. Retrieved
14524:the original
14514:
14504:19 September
14502:. Retrieved
14498:the original
14487:
14476:. Retrieved
14471:
14461:
14450:. Retrieved
14445:
14436:
14425:. Retrieved
14421:
14412:
14401:. Retrieved
14397:the original
14392:
14383:
14372:. Retrieved
14368:the original
14363:
14354:
14342:. Retrieved
14337:
14328:
14317:. Retrieved
14313:the original
14308:Forsvaret.dk
14306:
14297:
14286:. Retrieved
14282:the original
14277:
14268:
14257:. Retrieved
14253:the original
14248:
14239:
14228:. Retrieved
14224:the original
14219:
14210:
14199:. Retrieved
14195:
14192:"Værnepligt"
14172:. Retrieved
14168:
14159:
14150:
14138:
14130:
14123:. Retrieved
14119:the original
14114:
14105:
14093:. Retrieved
14089:the original
14084:
14075:
14035:
14031:
14018:
13983:
13977:
13969:NetEase News
13968:
13959:
13950:
13941:
13930:. Retrieved
13926:the original
13921:
13911:
13903:the original
13898:
13889:
13877:. Retrieved
13867:
13855:. Retrieved
13850:
13840:
13817:
13803:
13794:
13784:
13770:
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13747:
13738:
13727:. Retrieved
13723:
13713:
13702:. Retrieved
13695:the original
13682:
13671:. Retrieved
13667:
13658:
13646:. Retrieved
13632:
13624:GulfNews.com
13623:
13613:
13604:
13595:
13586:
13577:
13566:. Retrieved
13561:
13552:
13541:. Retrieved
13531:
13519:. Retrieved
13515:the original
13511:Focus Taiwan
13510:
13501:
13489:. Retrieved
13485:the original
13480:
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13452:
13441:. Retrieved
13437:the original
13432:
13423:
13402:
13388:
13377:. Retrieved
13373:the original
13368:
13359:
13348:. Retrieved
13344:the original
13339:
13330:
13319:. Retrieved
13314:
13305:
13291:
13280:. Retrieved
13276:
13267:
13258:
13249:
13238:. Retrieved
13234:the original
13229:
13219:
13208:. Retrieved
13199:
13188:armed forces
13178:
13166:. Retrieved
13161:
13151:
13141:
13127:
13118:
13111:. Retrieved
13107:the original
13093:
13080:
13071:
13062:
13053:
13044:
13033:. Retrieved
13023:
13012:. Retrieved
13008:the original
12996:
12985:. Retrieved
12983:. 2024-02-10
12975:
12964:. Retrieved
12954:
12942:. Retrieved
12938:the original
12934:Geographical
12923:
12912:. Retrieved
12909:www.legis.md
12908:
12899:
12887:. Retrieved
12883:
12874:
12862:. Retrieved
12857:
12848:
12837:. Retrieved
12833:the original
12823:
12809:
12794:. Retrieved
12784:
12775:
12764:. Retrieved
12760:
12751:
12740:. Retrieved
12736:
12727:
12715:. Retrieved
12711:
12701:
12691:, retrieved
12686:
12677:
12666:. Retrieved
12662:
12653:
12641:. Retrieved
12637:the original
12632:
12622:
12613:
12603:
12591:. Retrieved
12586:
12577:
12568:
12559:
12548:. Retrieved
12545:www.cidh.org
12544:
12535:
12524:. Retrieved
12520:
12511:
12502:
12493:
12482:. Retrieved
12478:
12469:
12460:
12451:
12440:. Retrieved
12435:
12425:
12419:(in Danish).
12411:
12405:(in Danish).
12397:
12385:. Retrieved
12368:
12357:. Retrieved
12352:
12343:
12334:
12331:"中国服兵役是强制的吗"
12325:
12316:
12296:the original
12273:
12267:
12258:
12246:. Retrieved
12236:
12224:. Retrieved
12219:
12209:
12200:
12191:
12179:
12168:. Retrieved
12163:
12136:
12122:
12111:. Retrieved
12107:the original
12079:. Retrieved
12069:
12055:
12044:. Retrieved
12040:the original
12029:
12018:. Retrieved
12014:
12005:
11993:. Retrieved
11982:
11956:
11947:
11936:. Retrieved
11934:(in Swedish)
11931:
11922:
11911:. Retrieved
11909:(in Swedish)
11906:
11897:
11886:. Retrieved
11876:
11865:. Retrieved
11861:the original
11842:
11831:
11820:
11806:
11792:
11781:. Retrieved
11777:the original
11772:
11763:
11751:. Retrieved
11745:
11735:
11725:February 23,
11723:. Retrieved
11717:
11707:
11697:February 24,
11695:. Retrieved
11689:
11679:
11667:. Retrieved
11657:
11632:
11628:
11622:
11611:. Retrieved
11607:the original
11602:
11593:
11569:
11562:
11551:. Retrieved
11547:the original
11542:
11515:
11508:
11476:
11465:
11454:. Retrieved
11449:
11439:
11428:. Retrieved
11424:the original
11419:
11409:
11398:. Retrieved
11396:(in Finnish)
11393:
11384:
11376:
11368:
11356:. Retrieved
11352:
11313:
11309:
11245:
11236:
11224:. Retrieved
11190:
11187:"Mozambique"
11181:
11162:
11153:
11134:
11125:
11113:. Retrieved
11106:the original
11080:the original
11075:
11037:
11030:
11006:
10999:
10976:10261/113437
10962:(4): 57–93.
10959:
10955:
10942:
10923:
10917:
10906:. Retrieved
10902:
10893:
10875:
10861:
10852:
10842:
10831:. Retrieved
10827:the original
10816:
10791:
10787:
10781:
10762:
10756:
10740:
10728:
10716:. Retrieved
10712:
10699:
10690:
10677:
10664:
10656:
10651:
10639:. Retrieved
10635:
10626:
10610:
10601:
10592:
10581:. Retrieved
10577:
10568:
10557:. Retrieved
10553:
10543:
10532:. Retrieved
10529:www.admin.ch
10528:
10519:
10507:. Retrieved
10488:
10481:
10455:. Retrieved
10436:
10429:
10409:
10407:True, Jacqui
10397:
10380:. Volume 1.
10377:
10368:
10356:. Retrieved
10351:
10342:
10333:
10327:
10318:
10312:
10303:
10297:
10288:
10282:
10273:
10267:
10255:. Retrieved
10251:
10241:
10229:. Retrieved
10226:ABC7 Chicago
10225:
10215:
10203:. Retrieved
10191:
10182:
10171:
10162:
10151:. Retrieved
10139:
10129:
10118:. Retrieved
10106:
10096:
10084:. Retrieved
10065:
10040:. Retrieved
10031:The Atlantic
10029:
10019:
9998:
9986:
9965:
9953:
9941:. Retrieved
9936:
9932:
9922:
9913:
9894:
9887:
9867:
9860:
9836:
9832:
9826:
9818:the original
9811:
9802:
9793:
9784:
9761:
9753:
9738:
9731:
9720:. Retrieved
9716:the original
9706:
9698:the original
9688:
9680:
9675:
9667:the original
9662:
9653:
9642:. Retrieved
9638:the original
9627:
9616:. Retrieved
9612:the original
9607:
9598:
9587:
9578:
9570:the original
9565:
9555:
9544:. Retrieved
9540:the original
9529:
9510:
9504:
9496:
9491:
9471:
9464:
9442:(1): 21–25.
9439:
9435:
9425:
9416:
9407:
9398:
9388:17 September
9386:. Retrieved
9376:
9352:
9345:
9321:
9314:
9281:
9277:
9257:
9248:
9239:
9230:
9221:
9212:
9192:Quota System
8999:
8997:
8976:Jimmy Carter
8958:
8940:
8936:British Army
8911:
8903:World War II
8900:
8885:
8870:Tsai Ing-wen
8864:
8849:
8835:
8789:
8780:South Africa
8771:
8756:
8706:
8684:
8657:
8655:
8640:
8636:
8615:dienstplicht
8608:
8587:
8578:
8563:Please help
8551:
8521:
8513:
8504:
8486:
8474:
8471:
8467:Sherut Leumi
8443:
8436:
8417:Ali Khamenei
8410:
8394:Iranian army
8383:
8363:
8359:
8351:
8339:
8305:
8297:
8234:
8208:
8191:
8182:
8155:
8124:police force
8116:border guard
8105:
8101:
8089:ajateenistus
8088:
8086:
8032:
8028:
8023:
8021:
8013:
8002:
7955:
7922:
7907:
7882:
7874:
7856:
7836:
7824:
7800:
7634:
7604:
7509:Turkmenistan
7486:
7357:
7229:
7071:
7047:South Africa
6940:Sierra Leone
6896:
6851:Saudi Arabia
6782:
6717:
6668:
6382:
6313:
6286:
6205:
5666:
5580:
5380:
5329:
5303:
5236:
5204:
5023:
4930:
4858:
4592:
4506:Burkina Faso
4437:
4109:
4061:
3901:
3886:
3847:
3827:
3810:
3802:
3767:
3761:
3750:
3734:World War II
3730:armed forces
3726:Soviet Union
3723:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3675:
3644:
3624:
3601:
3593:
3546:
3523:
3472:
3461:
3443:Constitution
3436:
3425:Emma Goldman
3422:
3382:
3345:
3338:
3308:
3278:
3270:Nazi Germany
3251:Nazi Germany
3248:
3244:mobilization
3233:
3212:
3201:
3162:
3151:Grande Armée
3126:
3117:
3108:Remplacement
3088:
3057:
3017:
3001:
2996:
2984:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2924:
2918:
2901:
2869:munabechisen
2868:
2860:
2852:
2832:feudal Japan
2829:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2789:
2783:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2721:In medieval
2720:
2686:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2646:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2550:
2514:Conscription
2513:
2512:
2413:Fifth column
2393:War resister
2388:Women in war
2283:Peacekeeping
2228:Arms control
2173:
1862:Mobilization
1857:Conscription
1856:
1815:Intelligence
1768:Organization
1414:
1343:Encirclement
1223:Radiological
1159:Conventional
1013:Subterranean
920:Development:
919:
896:
858:
820:
783:Naval units:
782:
775:Signal corps
742:
720:Intelligence
705:Specialties:
704:
629:Organization
580:Early modern
405:South Africa
200:Soviet Union
172:War resister
82:Conscription
81:
16287:Citizenship
15701:28 December
15309:26 December
14474:(in Danish)
14448:(in Danish)
14216:"Forsvaret"
14125:17 February
14115:army.gov.cy
13521:14 December
13113:28 February
12944:22 November
12627:ChartsBin.
12614:wri-irg.org
12521:www.cia.gov
12517:"Instagram"
11995:4 September
11669:26 December
10578:www.usa.gov
9771:; see also
8972:Gerald Ford
8892:World War I
8807:South Korea
8625:'s brother
8619:Netherlands
8533:Netherlands
8487:A few male
8340:Since 1914
8110:except the
8067:foreign aid
7378:Timor-Leste
7286:available).
7240:available)
7232:Switzerland
7215:available)
7098:South Sudan
7068:South Korea
6792:available)
6665:Philippines
6497:North Korea
6413:New Zealand
6378:Netherlands
5390:available)
5214:available)
5121:available)
5050:El Salvador
5033:available)
4940:available)
4868:available)
4140:available)
3954:Afghanistan
3850:Netherlands
3843:transsexual
3788:(SSS). The
3753:Nurse Corps
3746:NBC defense
3663:North Korea
3561:Mickey Kaus
3451:declare war
3393:impressment
3361:Switzerland
3349:Zivildienst
3279:During the
3228:World War I
3173:Scharnhorst
3096:Black Guard
3037:Middle Ages
3020:Middle Ages
3009:Circassians
2981:Janissaries
2934:al-Mu'tasim
2908:Middle East
2897:janissaries
2848:overlordism
2779:Old English
2723:Scandinavia
2706:arrière-ban
2651:(1791–1750
2583:Zivildienst
2542:active duty
2520:, mainly a
2398:War studies
2221:Non-warfare
2149:Appeasement
2114:Martial law
1953:War economy
1892:Transgender
1845:Recruitment
1605:Containment
1490:Culminating
1398:Operational
1318:Envelopment
1261:Air assault
1142:Air cavalry
1102:Air defence
1082:Information
983:Cold-region
948:Battlespace
897:Historical:
743:Land units:
669:Space force
664:Coast guard
597:Late modern
558:Prehistoric
420:Switzerland
360:New Zealand
335:South Korea
330:North Korea
147:Impressment
16271:Categories
16055:2009-07-10
15909:B000GY5QW2
15765:15 October
15599:2018-08-22
15573:2018-08-22
15544:2018-08-22
15515:2018-08-22
15460:2013-06-15
15429:2007-07-16
15404:2015-11-24
15381:lovdata.no
15335:15 October
15281:2024-02-06
15210:2023-03-16
15185:2023-03-16
15159:2023-03-16
15134:2023-03-16
15128:رادیو فردا
15108:2023-03-16
15083:2023-03-16
15058:2023-03-16
15033:2023-03-16
15008:2023-03-16
14969:2023-03-16
14948:2023-03-16
14923:2023-03-16
14872:2023-03-16
14842:2012-04-10
14609:2022-10-20
14556:2022-10-20
14530:13 October
14478:2020-05-02
14452:2016-11-22
14427:2016-02-18
14403:2016-02-18
14374:2016-11-22
14344:15 October
14319:2016-02-18
14288:2016-02-18
14259:2016-02-18
14230:2016-02-18
14201:2016-02-18
14174:2016-02-18
14151:Parliament
14095:17 January
13932:2018-10-12
13729:2021-08-14
13704:2009-11-01
13673:2022-11-18
13568:2024-01-07
13543:2022-10-11
13443:2017-03-09
13379:2011-03-13
13350:2009-10-13
13321:2019-05-04
13282:2024-08-27
13240:2012-07-13
13210:2009-02-11
13202:. London.
13168:29 January
13164:(in Czech)
13035:2007-08-12
13014:2009-07-27
12987:2024-02-11
12966:2022-01-13
12914:2024-08-20
12889:15 October
12864:15 October
12839:2020-01-18
12796:2008-05-30
12766:2024-01-07
12742:2023-04-12
12737:eng.lsm.lv
12693:2023-06-14
12668:2023-05-13
12643:15 October
12550:2024-07-25
12526:2024-07-25
12484:2024-07-08
12442:2024-03-13
12359:2008-05-30
12170:2016-07-19
12113:2024-08-20
12081:2022-10-14
12046:2007-08-10
12020:2023-10-15
11938:2022-02-24
11913:2022-02-24
11888:2008-05-15
11867:2012-05-07
11783:2008-01-28
11613:2008-08-12
11553:2009-06-07
11470:Dokumenter
11456:2024-03-13
11430:2021-04-12
11400:2021-04-12
11358:15 October
11115:2008-06-07
10908:2021-09-30
10833:2008-10-17
10794:(2): 195.
10641:15 October
10583:2020-06-13
10559:2020-06-13
10534:2020-06-13
10416:. p. 113.
10384:. p. 108.
10257:22 January
10231:28 October
10205:28 October
10153:2020-08-05
10120:2020-06-13
9977:0865710163
9722:2008-03-24
9644:2008-03-24
9618:2008-03-24
9546:2008-03-24
9204:References
8932:Royal Navy
8713:conscripts
8629:, who was
8510:Luxembourg
8481:Circassian
8308:March 2017
8272:Bundeswehr
8245:Bundeswehr
8219:Lapinjärvi
8213:or in the
8005:Viking Age
7908:Universal
7902:terracotta
7809:Bundesheer
7678:Uzbekistan
7306:Tajikistan
6919:Seychelles
6284:Mozambique
6242:Montenegro
6155:Mauritania
6025:Madagascar
6004:Luxembourg
5836:Kyrgyzstan
5773:Kazakhstan
4620:Cape Verde
4220:Bangladesh
4157:Azerbaijan
3918:By country
3744:course in
3655:Mozambique
3611:See also:
3590:War effort
3534:Roman Army
3409:patriotism
3341:patriarchy
3257:Volkssturm
3253:termed it
3236:World Wars
3218:World Wars
3106:See also:
3058:From 1250
2716:bailiwicks
2687:Under the
2619:volunteers
2605:non-combat
2458:War crimes
2448:Operations
2355:Foot drill
2325:Battle cry
2238:deterrence
1897:Harassment
1872:Specialism
1695:Technology
1690:Succession
1635:Liberation
1570:Asymmetric
1505:Empty fort
1416:Blitzkrieg
1385:Withdrawal
1348:Investment
1127:Camouflage
1122:Biological
1060:Underwater
1035:Amphibious
954:Aerospace
821:Air units:
798:Submarines
607:fourth-gen
602:industrial
590:napoleonic
380:Mozambique
230:Azerbaijan
96:press gang
16192:145286033
16161:870660174
16045:145254127
15972:144169554
15847:USA Today
15361:6 January
15153:خبرآنلاین
15002:خبرآنلاین
14917:خبرآنلاین
14520:"Eritrea"
14494:"Eritrea"
14278:Forsvaret
14249:Forsvaret
14060:157301069
14052:1470-2436
14010:198621467
13587:TRT Haber
13564:(in Thai)
12858:bbc.co.uk
12781:"Lebanon"
12717:12 August
12712:Gulf News
12387:2 January
12077:. Radio 2
11991:. SETimes
11691:USA Today
11420:finlex.fi
11332:0961-2025
11131:"Eritrea"
10800:0047-2697
10554:USA Today
10509:April 25,
10467:cite book
10457:April 25,
10252:USA Today
10200:0190-8286
10148:0362-4331
10115:0362-4331
10086:April 26,
10042:April 26,
9456:0108-8416
9298:0022-0027
8969:President
8845:värnplikt
8792:apartheid
8769:instead.
8723:revealed
8617:) in the
8552:does not
8495:Lithuania
8479:and male
8112:air force
8036:desertion
7973:from the
7971:exit visa
7699:Venezuela
7140:Sri Lanka
6961:Singapore
6434:Nicaragua
5983:Lithuania
5575:Indonesia
5407:Guatemala
5337:peacetime
4106:Australia
4059:Argentina
3586:Total war
3538:Aristotle
3314:feminists
3013:Mahmud II
2929:) by the
2767:expeditio
2739:Norwegian
2731:Old Norse
2649:Hammurabi
2526:antiquity
2345:War novel
2248:Grey-zone
2208:War games
2169:Overmatch
2119:War crime
2069:Desertion
2059:Ceasefire
2054:Armistice
1941:Logistics
1919:Mercenary
1907:Volunteer
1838:Personnel
1810:Engineers
1755:Sociology
1710:World war
1705:Total war
1685:Strategic
1675:Religious
1660:Political
1655:Perpetual
1630:Irregular
1545:Offensive
1520:Defensive
1515:Deception
1475:Attrition
1328:Guerrilla
1323:Formation
1266:Airbridge
1198:Loitering
1112:Artillery
765:Artillery
715:Engineers
683:Irregular
654:Air force
410:Sri Lanka
400:Singapore
345:Lithuania
274:reduction
225:Australia
220:Argentina
16111:20842210
15958:: 7–36.
15920:in JSTOR
15897:(1940).
15807:28 March
15675:29 March
15618:Politika
15454:Archived
15355:Archived
14978:cite web
14793:Archived
14768:Archived
14743:Archived
14713:Archived
14694:Archived
14064:Archived
13826:cite web
13605:BBC News
13562:Thai PBS
13491:July 25,
13461:Archived
13415:Archived
13204:Archived
12683:"Jordan"
12436:ABC News
11719:The Hill
11450:ABC News
11394:intti.fi
11280:Archived
11159:"Israel"
10988:Archived
10984:55247633
10853:Newsweek
10808:45294067
10707:(1967).
10616:Ron Paul
10382:Springer
10358:28 March
10291:(13): 7.
10173:ABC News
10036:Archived
9943:28 March
9845:citation
9813:CBC News
9124:See also
8739:and the
8623:Napoleon
8581:May 2015
8346:military
8263:Cold War
7859:Cambodia
7853:Cambodia
7838:Bulgaria
7833:Bulgaria
7783:Zimbabwe
7348:Thailand
7327:Tanzania
7186:Suriname
7167:Sudanese
7005:Slovenia
6984:Slovakia
6712:Portugal
6623:Paraguay
6581:Pakistan
6221:Mongolia
6092:Maldives
6067:Malaysia
5512:Honduras
5159:Ethiopia
5138:Eswatini
4957:Djibouti
4729:Colombia
4569:Cameroon
4548:Cambodia
4485:Bulgaria
4413:Botswana
4245:Barbados
3934:Country
3908:pacifist
3858:Portugal
3712:Sudanese
3569:Iraq War
3458:Economic
3447:Congress
3413:Ayn Rand
3401:Ron Paul
3285:Red Army
3141:Republic
3080:Crusader
3072:Caucasus
3031:and the
2997:Kapıkulu
2985:Kapıkulu
2968:devşirme
2962:Kapıkulu
2944:and the
2895:Ottoman
2844:Ōnin War
2759:lichting
2727:leiðangr
2711:Bailiffs
2701:noblemen
2693:peasants
2567:outside
2538:European
2534:military
2360:War song
2335:War film
1968:Materiel
1887:Children
1867:Training
1805:Medicine
1790:Doctrine
1745:Training
1680:Resource
1665:Princely
1615:Economic
1600:Conquest
1595:Colonial
1590:Cold war
1575:Blockade
1460:Strategy
1432:Maneuver
1193:Infantry
1149:Chemical
1003:Mountain
963:Airborne
826:Fighters
793:Warships
748:Infantry
674:Reserves
622:Military
16102:2937255
15696:Reuters
15485:26 July
15449:Reuters
13879:19 July
13857:19 July
13536:三立新聞網.
13088:(FWCC)
12610:"Italy"
12593:28 July
12248:15 July
12226:14 July
11753:June 7,
11649:4580476
11276:AP News
11226:26 July
11043:108–109
10632:"Draft"
10276:(8): 2.
9663:Encarta
9306:9019768
8991:of the
8896:Ireland
8841:Swedish
8573:removed
8558:sources
8523:Moldova
8518:Moldova
8489:Bedouin
8460:Yeshiva
8330:Evzones
8298:updated
8225:Germany
8170:Swedish
8162:Finnish
8134:Finland
8122:of the
8083:Estonia
8063:Eritrea
8042:Eritrea
7981:Denmark
7826:Belgium
7821:Belgium
7797:Austria
7720:Vietnam
7657:Uruguay
7551:Ukraine
7462:Tunisia
7358:Ror Dor
7026:Somalia
6872:Senegal
6758:Romania
6476:Nigeria
6390:Curaçao
6336:Namibia
6310:Myanmar
6263:Morocco
6197:Moldova
5941:Liberia
5920:Lesotho
5899:Lebanon
5710:Jamaica
5642:Ireland
5533:Hungary
5326:Germany
5300:Georgia
5201:Finland
5113:Estonia
5092:Eritrea
4999:Ecuador
4927:Denmark
4813:Croatia
4750:Comoros
4527:Burundi
4371:Bolivia
4287:Belgium
4266:Belarus
4199:Bahrain
4178:Bahamas
4132:Austria
4085:Armenia
3996:Algeria
3975:Albania
3811:Rostker
3803:Rostker
3797:of the
3780:of the
3724:In the
3717:In the
3706:Denmark
3700:Finland
3667:Myanmar
3647:Eritrea
3418:statism
3379:of 1863
3357:Germany
3353:Austria
3328:the US
3208:serfdom
3202:In the
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3068:Kipchak
3045:Baghdad
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2365:Uniform
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2089:Justice
2010:Science
1995:Outpost
1948:History
1928:Warrior
1924:Soldier
1912:foreign
1850:counter
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1700:Theater
1640:Limited
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1535:Nuclear
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1132:Cavalry
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1095:Weapons
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831:Bombers
788:Frogman
758:Cavalry
730:Medical
697:Militia
679:Regular
659:Marines
573:castles
563:Ancient
551:History
530:outline
473:Ireland
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450:Ukraine
350:Myanmar
310:Germany
305:Georgia
295:Finland
290:Eritrea
280:Denmark
235:Bermuda
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15883:(1955)
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8855:Taiwan
8837:Sweden
8818:Sweden
8759:Serbia
8747:Serbia
8735:, the
8715:, the
8697:Russia
8680:equity
8662:Norway
8646:Norway
8439:Israel
8427:Israel
8365:Greece
8355:Cyprus
8342:Greece
8279:Greece
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3669:, and
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3640:Europe
3630:and a
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3508:, and
3445:gives
3318:sexist
3299:Sexism
3283:, the
3275:, 1941
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2137:Theory
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1735:Policy
1730:Branch
1510:Mosaic
1500:Fabian
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1380:Trench
1365:Screen
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1018:Tunnel
998:Jungle
988:Desert
958:Aerial
430:Turkey
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395:Serbia
390:Russia
375:Monaco
370:Mexico
365:Norway
340:Latvia
320:Israel
315:Greece
300:France
270:Cyprus
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240:Brazil
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16188:S2CID
16041:S2CID
15968:S2CID
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14028:(PDF)
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13691:(PDF)
13648:4 May
12317:Times
11575:33–34
11109:(PDF)
11102:(PDF)
10991:(PDF)
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10952:(PDF)
10804:JSTOR
10687:(PDF)
9835:[
9302:S2CID
8611:Dutch
8477:Druze
8475:Male
8453:Druze
8199:Åland
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7892:China
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7727:Male
7685:Male
7587:Male
7580:Yes (
7562:Male
7516:Male
7495:Male
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7364:Male
7313:Male
7292:Male
7282:Yes (
7264:Male
7257:Syria
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7236:Yes (
7165:Yes.
7161:Sudan
7119:Spain
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6630:Male
6455:Niger
6394:Aruba
6357:Nepal
6228:Male
6204:Male
6183:Male
6134:Malta
5990:Male
5969:Male
5962:Libya
5885:Male
5864:Male
5843:Male
5822:Male
5794:Kenya
5780:Male
5759:Male
5731:Japan
5689:Italy
5607:Male
5554:India
5491:Haiti
5435:Male
5414:Male
5393:Male
5386:Yes (
5356:Ghana
5312:Male
5258:Gabon
5217:Male
5210:Yes (
5124:Male
5117:Yes (
5078:Male
5036:Male
5029:Yes (
5020:Egypt
4936:Yes (
4871:Male
4864:Yes (
4771:Congo
4736:Male
4704:China
4690:Male
4683:Chile
4669:Male
4555:Male
4450:Male
4329:Benin
4273:Male
4164:Male
4143:Male
4136:Yes (
4092:Male
4024:Male
4003:Male
3383:Many
3060:Egypt
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3049:caste
2973:Islam
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2877:Kyoto
2771:Latin
2763:Dutch
2661:Ilkum
2643:Ilkum
2610:like
2426:Lists
1882:Women
1820:Ranks
1740:Staff
1670:Proxy
1585:Class
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1525:Depth
1360:Swarm
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1333:Naval
1313:Drone
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1164:Cyber
1107:Armor
1077:Cyber
1050:Green
1045:Brown
1008:Urban
968:Space
889:Radar
884:Sonar
753:Armor
710:Staff
688:Ranks
285:Egypt
250:China
16220:ISBN
16157:OCLC
16147:ISBN
16125:link
16107:PMID
15987:ISBN
15931:ISBN
15905:ASIN
15855:2019
15809:2016
15767:2016
15703:2022
15677:2017
15487:2024
15363:2021
15337:2016
15311:2014
14984:link
14893:ISBN
14585:2022
14532:2006
14506:2006
14346:2016
14127:2021
14097:2022
14048:ISSN
13996:ISBN
13881:2024
13859:2024
13832:link
13650:2023
13523:2016
13493:2008
13190:.",
13170:2024
13115:2016
12946:2018
12891:2016
12866:2016
12719:2015
12645:2016
12595:2021
12389:2013
12380:and
12250:2024
12228:2024
11997:2010
11755:2021
11747:CNBC
11727:2021
11699:2019
11671:2006
11645:PMID
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11579:ISBN
11525:ISBN
11360:2016
11328:ISSN
11228:2024
11047:ISBN
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10796:ISSN
10767:ISBN
10720:2008
10643:2016
10511:2015
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10459:2015
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10360:2016
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10233:2021
10207:2021
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8556:any
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8386:Iran
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8265:the
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7847:GERB
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6698:N/A
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