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1810:(MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software and others that are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterized according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.
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the soundbar-shaped unit, rather only camera, microphone, and speakers. These systems are usually still classified as huddle room systems, but, like webcams, rely on a USB connection to an external device, usually a PC, to process the video codec responsibilities. Despite its name, video conferencing systems for Huddle Rooms prevent participants from huddling close together to be seen in the camera. All-in-one systems for these types of rooms range from wide angles such as 110° Horizontal field of view (FOV) to as much as 360° FOV that allow a full view of the room.
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1098:: Not all systems can readily interconnect; for example, ISDN and IP systems require a gateway. Popular software solutions cannot easily connect to hardware systems. Some systems use different standards, features, and qualities which can require additional configuration when connecting to dissimilar systems. Free software systems circumvent this limitation by making it relatively easy for a single user to communicate over multiple incompatible platforms.
1614:(IP) video transmissions over the public Internet without quality-of-service enhanced lines. This standard has enabled wide scale deployment of high definition desktop videoconferencing and made possible new architectures, which reduces latency between the transmitting sources and receivers, resulting in more fluid communication without pauses. In addition, an attractive factor for IP videoconferencing is that it is easier to set up for use along with
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1041:, perceived attention and intent, and other aspects of group communication. While traditional telephone conversations give no eye contact cues, many videoconferencing systems are arguably worse in that they provide an incorrect impression that the remote interlocutor is avoiding eye contact. Some telepresence systems have cameras located in the screens that reduce the amount of
380:
2537:. The United States and several other countries compensate companies to provide video relay services (VRS). Telecommunication equipment can be used to talk to others via a sign language interpreter, who uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf person's party. Video equipment is also used to do on-site sign language translation via
2068:(ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in
3510:. The movie was released shortly before AT&T began its efforts to commercialize its Picturephone Mod II service in several cities and depicts a video call to Earth using an advanced AT&T videophone—which it predicts will cost $ 1.70 for a two-minute call in 2001 (a fraction of the company's real rates on Earth in 1968). Film director
3423:) is a robotically controlled and motorized videoconferencing display to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in an office, home, school, etc. when one cannot be there in person. The robotic avatar device can move about and look around at the command of the remote person it represents.
404:(Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to use a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, and many other community-oriented organizations.
1092:: Most users are not technically experienced and want a simple interface. In hardware systems, an unplugged cord or an unresponsive remote control is seen as a failure, contributing to a perceived unreliability. Successful systems are backed by support teams who can provide fast assistance when required.
3559:, where the story's protagonist, Sam Bell, also calls home as well to communicate with loved ones. Bell, the lone occupant of a mining station on the far side of the Earth's moon, finally succeeds in making his video call after an extended work period, but becomes traumatized when viewing his daughter.
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By the early 2010s videotelephony and videophones had become commonplace and unremarkable in various forms of media, in part due to their real and ubiquitous presence in common electronic devices and laptop computers. Additionally, TV programming increasingly used videophones to interview subjects of
1920:
High speed
Internet connectivity has become more widely available and affordable, as has good-quality video capture and display hardware. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on webcams, personal computer systems, software compression, and the Internet have become progressively more
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or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they do not have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added
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video camera. These cameras can be controlled at a distance to pan left and right, tilt up and down, and zoom. They became known as PTZ cameras. The console contains all electrical interfaces, the control computer, and the software or hardware-based codec. Omnidirectional microphones are connected to
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located in the system are sufficient, in lieu of table or ceiling microphones in closer proximity to the in-room participants. Quality of service is comparable to standard videoconferencing systems, varying from moderate to high. Some manufacturers' huddle room systems do not include the codec within
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were the earliest form of videotelephony, dating back to initial tests in 1927 by AT&T. During the late 1930s, the post offices of several
European governments established public videophone services for person-to-person communications using dual cable circuit telephone transmission technology. In
598:
systems now allow people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an offshore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that
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Press videoconferencing permits international press conferences via videoconferencing over the
Internet. Journalists can participate on an international press conference from any location, without leaving their offices or countries. They need only be seated by a computer connected to the Internet in
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standard, which specified technical requirements for narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically for videoconferencing and videophone services. It applied mostly to dedicated circuit-based switched network (point-to-point) connections of moderate or high bandwidth, such as
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to enable access to the local camera and microphone and establish a connection to the meeting. But WebRTC does not require any special software, instead a WebRTC-compliant internet browser itself provides the facilities for 1-to-1 and 1-to-many videoconferencing calls. Several enhancements to WebRTC
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are add-ons (hardware boards or software codec) to normal PCs and laptops, transforming them into videoconferencing devices. A range of different cameras and microphones can be used with the codec, which contains the necessary codec and transmission interfaces. Most of the desktops systems work with
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transmission modes due to the need to convey the very large amounts of data generated by their cameras and microphones. These systems are often intended for use in conference mode, that is by many people in several different locations, all of whom can be viewed by every participant at each location.
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The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s, both in the United States and in Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. The prerequisite knowledge arose from intensive research and experimentation
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Videoconferencing is also currently being introduced on online networking websites, in order to help businesses form profitable relationships quickly and efficiently without leaving their place of work. This has been leveraged by banks to connect busy banking professionals with customers in various
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Videoconferencing User
Interfaces (VUI) can be either graphical or voice-responsive. Many in the industry have encountered both types of interface, and normally a graphical interface is encountered on a computer. User interfaces for conferencing have a number of different uses; they can be used for
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Videophones have historically employed a variety of transmission and reception bandwidths, which can be understood as data transmission speeds. The lower the transmission/reception bandwidth, the lower the data transfer rate, resulting in a progressively limited and poorer image quality (i.e. lower
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saw its earliest use with AT&T's
Picturephone service in the early 1970s. Transmissions were analog over short distances, but converted to digital forms for longer calls, again using telephone transmission technology. Popular corporate video-conferencing systems in the present day have migrated
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website, November 1, 2014; also published in print as "Forever 2001: Why
Stanley Kubrick's Sci-Fi Masterpience Is More Popular Now Than In 1968", November 1, 2014, p. E1, E10. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from TheStar.com. Quote: "Public esteem and critical estimation of 2001 has grown steadily ever
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whose staff speaks
Spanish only, therefore the interpreter has to use ASL, spoken Spanish, and spoken English to facilitate the call for the deaf person), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable mental processing efforts on the part of the translator, since
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introduced the Online Media
Briefing Center, a password-protected site available only to professional journalists. The site enables the IMF to present press briefings globally and facilitates direct questions to briefers from the press. The site has been copied by other international organizations
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Although videoconferencing has frequently proven its value, research has shown that some non-managerial employees prefer not to use it due to several factors, including anxiety. Some such anxieties can often be avoided if managers use the technology as part of the normal course of business. Remote
1936:
networks can work as videophones using their internal cameras and are able to make video calls wirelessly to other UMTS users anywhere. As of the second quarter of 2007, there are over 131 million UMTS users (and hence potential videophone users), on 134 networks in 59 countries. Mobile phones can
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came to prominence, referring to the taxing nature of spending long periods of time on videocalls. This fatigue refers to the psychological and physiological effects participants involved in videoconferencing. One experimental study from 2021 revealed a link between camera use in videoconferencing
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Videoconferencing provides students with the chance to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Because it is live, videotelephony allows teachers to access remote or otherwise isolated learners. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one
1824:
The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources.
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A second psychological problem with videoconferencing is being on camera, with the video stream possibly even being recorded. The burden of presenting an acceptable on-screen appearance is not present in audio-only communication. Early studies by
Alphonse Chapanis found that the addition of video
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said in 2001 that he used videoconferencing "three or four times a year", because digital scheduling was difficult and "if the overhead is super high, then you might as well just have a face-to-face meeting". Some observers argue that three outstanding issues have prevented videoconferencing from
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A more recent technology encompassing these functions is TV cams. TV cams enable people to make video calls using video calling services, like Skype on their TV, without using a PC connection. TV cams are specially designed video cameras that feed images in real time to another TV camera or other
3312:(a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple-party videoconferencing via web-based applications.
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technology) is being used in industries such as manufacturing, energy, healthcare, insurance, government, and public safety. Live, visual interaction removes traditional restrictions of distance and time, often in locations previously unreachable, such as a manufacturing plant floor thousands of
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selectively chooses a feed to display at each endpoint, with the goal of showing the person who is currently speaking. This is done by choosing the feed (other than the viewer) which has the loudest audio input (perhaps with some filtering to avoid switching for very short-lived volume spikes).
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in cities around the world. Clients can book rooms and turn up for the meeting, with all technical aspects being prearranged and support being readily available if needed. The issue of eye contact may be solved with advancing technology, including smartphones which have the screen and camera in
1966:
to the elderly, disabled, and to those in remote locations, where the ease and convenience of quickly obtaining diagnostic and consultative medical services are readily apparent. In one single instance quoted in 2006: "A nurse-led clinic at Letham has received positive feedback on a trial of a
1001:
have envisioned a future where telephone conversations will take place as actual face-to-face encounters with video as well as audio. Sometimes it is simply not possible or practical to have face-to-face meetings with two or more people. Sometimes a telephone conversation or conference call is
399:
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service uses of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with
PictureTel and IBM, which at the time were promoting a jointly developed
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In the United States, videoconferencing has allowed testimony to be used for an individual who is unable or prefers not to attend the physical legal settings or would be subjected to severe psychological stress in doing so, however, there is a controversy on the use of testimony by foreign or
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Researchers also find that attendees of business and medical videoconferences must work harder to interpret information delivered during a conference than they would if they attended face-to-face. They recommend that those coordinating videoconferences make adjustments to their conferencing
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systems can involve specially built teleconference rooms to allow expansive views with very high levels of audio and video fidelity, to permit an 'immersive' videoconference. When the proper type and capacity transmission lines are provided between facilities, the quality of service reaches
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can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those who are geographically isolated or economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.
349:, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from
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Currently, adequate video for some purposes becomes possible at data rates lower than the ITU-T broadband definition, with rates of 768 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s used for some videoconferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit/s used for videophones using
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Huddle room or all-in-one systems —low to midrange cost, newer endpoint category based on standard videoconferencing systems, but defined by the camera, microphone(s), speakers, and codec contained in a single piece of hardware. Typically used in small to medium spaces where
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are usually provided as two separate lines (for uplink/downlink) because each has limited upload speeds and cannot upload and download simultaneously at full speed. As Internet speeds increase, higher quality and high-definition videoconferencing will become more readily
1711:, which mixes call setup and video compression. Videophones that work on regular phone lines typically use H.324, but the bandwidth is limited by the modem to around 33 kbit/s, limiting the video quality and frame rate. A slightly modified version of H.324 called
395:
Very expensive videoconferencing systems continued to rapidly evolve throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Proprietary equipment, software, and network requirements gave way to standards-based technologies that were available for anyone to purchase at a reasonable cost.
1971:
to be assessed by medics without traveling to a doctor's office or medical clinic." A further improvement in telemedical services has been the development of new technology incorporated into special videophones to permit remote diagnostic services, such as
6011:... innovations like iPads and Skyping have finally caught up with Kubrick's view of future living. Lockwood marvels at how he's now able to Skype his wife and daughter, just as he does his movie parents in the space-to-Earth communication scene in 2001."
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While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.
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platform. While additional software is required to patch together multiple video feeds for conference calls or convert between dissimilar video standards, SIP calls between two identical handsets within the same PBX were relatively straightforward.
586:
introduced its first high definition videoconferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high-definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.
1050:, formerly Bell Communications Research, owns a patent for eye-to-eye videoconferencing using rear projection screens with the video camera behind it, evolved from a 1960s U.S. military system that provided videoconferencing services between the
100:
The concept of videotelephony was conceived in the late 19th century, and versions were available to the public starting in the 1930s. Early demonstrations were installed at booths in post offices and shown at various world expositions. In 1970,
243:. This occurred in part, at least with AT&T, to serve as an adjunct supplementing the use of the telephone. A number of organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications. Attempts at using normal
1853:. Cloud-based systems can handle either 2D or 3D video broadcasting. Cloud-based systems can also implement mobile calls, VOIP, and other forms of video calling. They can also come with a video recording function to archive past meetings.
1792:(RTCP). The RTP and UDP normally carry information such the payload type which is the type of codec, frame rate, video size, and many others. RTCP on the other hand acts as a quality control Protocol for detecting errors during streaming.
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professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in
2525:
2326:, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film
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protocol also supports videophone calls natively, using the protocol's own capabilities to transport alternate media streams. A few hobbyists obtained the Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone cheaply in 2010 as surplus after
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that uses the knowledge of audio output to monitor audio input and filter from it noises that echo back after some time delay. If unattended, these echoes can be re-amplified several times, leading to problems including:
6985:, January 10, 2012 (online), January 11, 2012 (in print, New York Edition, pg. A1). Retrieved online January 11, 2012. Synopsis: a look at the pros and cons of videotelephony used for private, individual, music lessons.
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technology with video calling capabilities have given deaf and speech-impaired users a greater ability to communicate with the same ease as others. Some wireless operators have even started free sign language gateways.
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can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for
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1644:(UCIF), a non-profit alliance between communications vendors, launched in May 2010. The organization's vision is to maximize the interoperability of UC based on existing standards. Founding members of UCIF include
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Conference Control performs resource allocation, management, and routing. This layer along with the User Interface creates meetings (scheduled or unscheduled) or adds and removes participants from a conference.
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for unequaled video quality and ease of use with video relay services. Favorable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community.
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corporate offices. Telepresence conference rooms use state-of-the-art room designs, video cameras, displays, sound systems and processors, coupled with high-to-very-high capacity bandwidth transmissions.
2003:, also available through the use of public access videoconferencing rooms. A higher level of videoconferencing that employs advanced telecommunication technologies and high-resolution displays is called
4638:
Chapanis, A; Ochsman, R; Parrish, R (1977). "Studies in interactive communication II: The effects of four communication modes on the linguistic performance of teams during cooperative problem solving".
2297:. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to videoconferencing used it "all of the time" or "frequently".
830:
systems are a newer, more advanced subset of videoconferencing systems, meant to allow higher degrees of video and audio fidelity. Such high-end systems are typically deployed in corporate settings.
657:
launched two new versions of its Portal video-calling devices, the Portal Go and Portal Plus. The new video calling devices include the first portable variety of the hardware and number of updates.
2057:, videoconferencing systems are used for initial court appearances. The systems link jails with courtrooms, reducing the expenses and security risks of transporting prisoners to the courtroom.
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861:
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in verb form differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as
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on hand-held mobile devices have also extended video-conferencing capabilities to locations previously unreachable, such as a remote community, long-term care facility, or a patient's home.
1116:
These are some of the reasons many organizations only use the systems internally, where there is less risk of loss of customers. An alternative for those lacking dedicated facilities is the
1505:, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or greater is more concisely considered broadband Internet. The
7162:, a movie reel news clip on the assembly and demonstration of a prototype British General Post Office 'Viewphone' at Taplow, Buckinghamshire; (February 1, 1970; video, 1:16 seconds length)
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are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRS and VRI interpretation requires all parties to have the
1959:, which is intended to support communication between a caller using sign language and another party using spoken language, videoconferencing can be used directly between two deaf signers.
2593:, who can also translate as well across principal languages (such as a multilingual interpreter interpreting a call from a deaf person using ASL to reserve a hotel room at a hotel in the
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282:
using specially equipped trucks, and much later via special satellite videophones in a briefcase. This technique was very expensive, though, and was not adopted for applications such as
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1696:(SMTP). H.323 is still used, but more commonly for business videoconferencing, while SIP is more commonly used in personal consumer videophones. A number of call-setup methods based on
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specifically for the deaf community. It was designed to output its video to the user's television in order to lower the cost of acquisition and to offer remote control and a powerful
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The components within a videoconferencing system can be divided up into several different layers: User Interface, Conference Control, Control or Signaling Plane, and Media Plane.
6961:, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky".
4541:, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky".
232:. An example of that was the German Reich Postzentralamt (post office) videotelephone network serving Berlin and several German cities via coaxial cables between 1936 and 1940.
527:
video standards, and online telecommunication programs that promoted low cost, albeit lower quality, videoconferencing to virtually every location with an Internet connection.
500:
conducted a two-year development campaign from 1997 to 1999 that resulted in the release of the VP-210 Visual Phone, the first mobile colour videophone that also doubled as a
125:
in the late 1990s allowed digital videophones to provide high-quality low-cost color service between users almost any place in the world. Today, videotelephony is widespread.
6767:, April 19, 2010. Article discusses the increased use of videoconferencing due to the eruption of an Icelandic volcano which severely curtailed air travel for several months.
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can be accessed using a URL sent by the meeting organizer, and various degrees of security can be attached to the virtual room. Often the user must download and install a
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simply displays all participants at the same time, usually with the exception that the viewer either does not see their own feed, or sees their own feed in miniature.
1335:: a data processing unit that ties together the other components, does the compressing and decompressing, and initiates and maintains the data linkage via the network.
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networks—lowest direct cost, assuming the users already possess computers at their respective locations. Quality of service can range from low to very high, including
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Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of videoconferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with
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Typical uses of the various technologies described above include calling one-to-one or conferencing one-to-many or many-to-many for personal, business, educational,
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Individual videoconferencing are usually portable devices, meant for single users, and have fixed cameras, microphones, and loudspeakers integrated into the console.
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Vertegaal, "Explaining Effects of Eye Gaze on Mediated Group Conversations: Amount or Synchronization?" ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2002.
3376:, a common French translation that has also crept into limited English usage, as well as over twenty less common names and expressions. Latin-based translations of
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Using such video equipment in the present day, the deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech-impaired can communicate between themselves and with hearing individuals using
910:
video available on the latest model webcams. A related and similar device is a TV camera which is usually small, sits on top of a TV, and can connect to it via its
368:
of typical digital videotelephone systems from 15 to 30 frames per second, and reduced the cost from $ 100,000 to $ 12,000. The company also secured a patent for a
235:
The development of videotelephony as a subscription service started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by
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1071:(time lag) larger than about 150–300 ms becomes noticeable and is soon observed as unnatural and distracting. Therefore, next to a stable large bandwidth, a small
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and TV programs that are set in the future, videophones were used as a primary method of communication. One of the first movies where a videophone was used was
1081:: In some countries, it is difficult or expensive to get a high-quality connection that is fast enough for good-quality videoconferencing. Technologies such as
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3787:"German Postoffice To Use Television–Telephone For Its Communication System", (Associated Press) The Evening Independent, St. Petersburg, Fl, September 1, 1934
2020:
programs. Thus an activity that was disappointing as a separate service has found a niche as a minor feature in software products intended for other purposes.
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2076:. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in
898:
videophone and videoconferencing systems, either stand-alone or built-in, that serve as complements to personal computers, connected to other participants by
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2495:
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With the development of lower-cost endpoints, the integration of video cameras into personal computers and mobile devices, and software applications such as
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5490:
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Control (Signaling) Plane contains the stacks that signal different endpoints to create a call and/or a conference. Signals can be, but are not limited to,
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systems require specially designed rooms which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to fit out their rooms with codecs, integration equipment (such as
7743:
6939:
2463:—two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including
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Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as
1828:
Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as
1045:
observed by the users. This issue is also being addressed through research that generates a synthetic image with eye contact using stereo reconstruction.
451:
278:
channels routinely use this type of videotelephony when reporting from distant locations. The news media were to become regular users of mobile links to
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service, available in select cities. However, the system was a commercial failure, chiefly due to consumer apathy, high subscription costs, and lack of
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Shockley, Kristen M.; Gabriel, Allison S.; Robertson, Daron; Rosen, Christopher C.; Chawla, Nitya; Ganster, Mahira L.; Ezerins, Maira E. (2021-08-01).
3308:) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a
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convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.
345:
networks. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the
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Cloud-based videoconferencing can be used without the hardware generally required by other videoconferencing systems, and can be designed for use by
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The Media Plane controls the audio and video mixing and streaming. This layer manages Real-Time Transport Protocols, User Datagram Packets (UDP) and
602:
The highest ever video call (other than those from aircraft and spacecraft) took place on May 19, 2013, when British adventurer Daniel Hughes used a
3479:
The transmission of speech is an old story; the transmission of images by means of sensitive mirrors connected by wires is a thing but of yesterday.
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Mulbach, Lothar; Bocker, Martin; Prussog, Angela (1995). "Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact".
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scheduling, setup, and making a video call. Through the user interface, the administrator is able to control the other three layers of the system.
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and Zoom, videoconferencing has changed from just a business-to-business offering to include business-to-consumer (and consumer-to-consumer) use.
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interest and to present live coverage by news correspondents, via the Internet or by satellite links. In the mass market media, the popular U.S.
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that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real time over secure networks, independent of location.
6565:, University of Gothenburg: Department of Applied Information Technology, pp. 6–18, October 5, 2012. Web. January 23, 2013 (PDF).
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individuals have a particular role in the development of affordable high-quality videotelephony as a means of communicating with each other in
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digital phone protocol or a fractionated high bandwidth T1 lines. Modern products based on H.320 standard usually support also H.323 standard.
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4610:
1112:), high fidelity sound systems, and furniture. Monthly charges may also be required for bridging services and high-capacity broadband service.
8528:
4998:
1641:
5413:
Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (2022).
5202:
5094:
3369:
3207:, resulting in a variety of names and terms being used worldwide, and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as
8451:
8423:
8418:
7443:
6138:
4552:
5990:
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1491:
resolution and/or frame rate). Data transfer rates and live video image quality are related but are also subject to other factors such as
5238:
5220:
4890:
3287:
are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via personal computers, and can be used with many
2142:
Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world, including museums and other cultural and educational sites. Such
1984:
monitoring. Such units are capable of relaying both regular audio-video plus medical data over either standard (POTS) telephone or newer
6673:
5791:
5569:
5122:
2625:
and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, and converse with the hearing party, and vice versa. Much like
2139:
will continue to be present. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze, and share information and ideas with one another.
1234:(coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled
6871:
5533:
4103:
836:
systems are another recent development, combining the use of video, audio, and on-screen drawing capabilities using newest generation
936:
line service for higher image resolutions and sound quality. Quality of service for standalone videophones can vary from low to high;
6745:
4483:
Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord.
4125:
3431:
1226:
The core technology used in a videotelephony system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or
420:
streams to be transmitted over the Internet, which was previously difficult due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of
8521:
5929:
5376:
4959:
3862:
2529:
A deaf or hard-of-hearing person uses a Video Relay Service at his workplace to communicate with a hearing person in London (2007).
2143:
1688:, which is often easier to set up in home networking environments. It is a text-based protocol, incorporating many elements of the
1358:
Large group videoconferencing are built-in, large, expensive devices used for large rooms such as conference rooms and auditoriums.
641:
reported a 600 percent increase in national call volumes. Videoconferencing became so widespread during the pandemic that the term
6680:
4057:
6989:
4455:
3973:
3659:
1941:
connection, along with software-based videophone apps to make calls to any video-capable Internet user, whether mobile or fixed.
1510:
1054:
and various other government and military facilities. This technique eliminates the need for special cameras or image processing.
958:
or other bridging services to allow multiple parties on videoconference calls. Quality of service can vary from moderate to high.
6088:
1361:
Small group videoconferencing are either non-portable or portable, smaller, less expensive devices used for small meeting rooms.
8445:
6858:
5768:
5751:
Ferran, Carlos and Watts, Stephanie. "Videoconferencing in the field: A heuristic processing model", Management Science 54, no.
4416:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain"
4336:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain"
4178:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain"
3275:
for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a
7117:
Jaur, Francis. "Usage Domestiques du Visiophone", Technologies de l'Information et Société, 2, 1990, pp. 89–102. (French)
5870:
4798:
8440:
8430:
8410:
8212:
7128:, Berlin: Hausmitteilungen Aus Forshunsg Und Betrieb Der Fernseh Aktiengellschaft, July 1939, pp. 138–143. (PDF, German)
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to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.
2276:, etc., can be used in conjunction with videoconferencing equipment to transmit data about a patient. Recent developments in
1581:
735:
5030:
4932:
4727:
4514:
students had the option to install a webcam on their end (a basic webcam costs about $ 40.00) to view the class in session."
4487:
3822:
324:
5624:
707:
7577:
6741:, November 10, 2009 on line, and November 11, 2009, in print, p. B3. Discusses the acquisition of LifeSize Communications.
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8502:
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Intel Corporation have used videoconferencing to reduce both costs and environmental impacts of its business operations.
2012:
Today the principles, if not the precise mechanisms, of a videophone are employed by many users worldwide in the form of
1067:: The information transport of digital signals in many steps need time. In a telecommunicated conversation, an increased
7009:
6904:
5511:
5110:"Motion Media Unveils Two New Healthcare Videophones—CareStation 156s and CareStation 126s", Business Wire, May 3, 2004.
4754:
4041:
8767:
8207:
7094:
6007:
since, even as the title date has come and gone with very few of its far-out advancements having been realized—although
4969:
4772:
4606:, ACM CHI 1993. More recently gaze correction systems using only a single camera have been shown, such as. Microsoft's
4151:
1480:-type videophone meant for home offices and small businesses, with a lens cover which can be rotated upward for privacy
17:
5176:
4023:
2163:
researchers collaborating with colleagues at other institutions on a regular basis without loss of time due to travel;
1806:
Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible in a hardware-based system by means of a
714:
8301:
7307:
6918:
6884:
6719:
6653:
6579:
6535:
6491:
6421:
6397:
5314:
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4499:
3938:
3923:
3834:
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incorporated videotelephony into her TV program on a regular basis from May 21, 2009, with an initial episode called
2694:
2519:
2498:(formerly Sorenson Vision Inc.), a video compression software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone
1832:, where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central
1593:
1518:
1182:
1072:
876:
793:
Videotelephony can be categorized by its functionality and intended purpose, and also by its method of transmission.
754:
6891:
6506:
Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff (2004). "On The Persistence Of Lackluster Demand—The History Of The Video Telephone".
5970:
4868:
4577:
3796:
Peters, C. Brooks, "Talks On 'See-Phone': Television Applied to German Telephones Enables Speakers to See Each Other
3538:
movie scene a central character, Dr. Heywood Floyd, calls home to contact his family, a social feature noted in the
301:—with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call, and
8762:
8086:
7634:
7436:
7287:
5164:
5101:, Aberdeen Press & Journal (UK), published in Europe Intelligence Wire, 13 November 2006, retrieved 2009-04-14;
4933:"PDS and Vidtel Enable Affordable, Cloud-Based, Interoperable Video Conferencing for Southeast Michigan Businesses"
2474:
The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow
7022:
6159:
5467:
2552:
Sign language interpretation services via VRS or by VRI are useful in the present day where one of the parties is
2494:
Significant improvements in video call quality of service for the deaf occurred in the United States in 2003 when
1211:
system and camera used for videoconferencing, with two displays for simultaneous broadcast from separate locations
981:
experts have shown that poorly configured or inadequately supervised videoconferencing systems can permit an easy
8787:
8544:
8197:
5593:
5487:
2672:
2371:
workers can also adopt certain behaviors and best practices to stay connected with their co-workers and company.
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1235:
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688:
721:
8192:
7312:
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2061:
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have all required components packaged into a single piece of equipment, usually a console with a high quality
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6788:
5550:
3069:
2515:
2460:
2394:
2337:
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607:
479:
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3997:
1027:
becoming a widely adopted form of communication, despite the ubiquity of videoconferencing-capable systems.
840:
broadcasting over secure networks, enabling multi-party conferencing in real time, independent of location.
8580:
8492:
8253:
8150:
7693:
7488:
7460:
4911:
3726:
3501:
3436:
1991:
1846:
1261:
703:
6732:
5775:(then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, pp. 134–153 & 160–187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969.
4674:
1425:
Often, if no remote parties are currently speaking, the feed with the last speaker remains on the screen.
8777:
8693:
8482:
7989:
7429:
7302:
6945:
3346:
2475:
2413:
1782:
1689:
1685:
1610:(SVC) is a compression standard that enables videoconferencing systems to achieve highly error resilient
1569:
921:
647:
313:
251:, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient
110:
31:
6563:
Like a window in your living room: Video-mediated communication for extended families separated by space
6305:
5816:
4811:
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a Transport for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
4126:"StarLeaf | StarLeaf Reveals Scale of Uptake in Video Conferencing Services During Coronavirus Pandemic"
3562:
Other earlier examples of videophones in popular culture included a videophone that was featured in the
3011:
2999:
2026:
A study conducted by Pew Research in 2010, revealed that 7% of Americans have made a mobile video call.
1785:(SIP) Protocols. These signals control incoming and outgoing connections as well as session parameters.
1596:(PSTN) or videoconferencing over integrated services digital networks. While still prevalent in Europe,
1572:-only device. Such devices need to route calls through a Video Communication Server to be able to reach
1495:. Some early videophones employed very low data transmission rates with a resulting poor video quality.
1459:
Echo cancellation is a processor-intensive task that usually works over a narrow range of sound delays.
105:
launched the first commercial personal videotelephone system. In addition to videophones, there existed
8341:
8263:
8202:
7909:
6838:
6814:
5945:
5582:, Mobile video system visually connects global plant floor engineers, Control Engineering, May 28, 2009
5031:""Cloud-Based Interoperability Platform for Video Conferencing" in Patent Application Approval Process"
4257:
3114:
3101:
3042:
3029:
1433:
1075:
is another major technical requirement for the communication channel for interactive videoconferencing.
6562:
5468:
Adena Health System Uses Lifesize High Definition Video to Bring Remote Specialists to Infant Patients
4219:"Videoconference fatigue? Exploring changes in fatigue after videoconference meetings during COVID-19"
2630:
2590:
650:" highlighted a study linking negative attitudes with the use of "self-view" when videoconferencing.
8797:
8590:
8113:
8074:
7919:
7819:
7748:
7681:
7508:
7282:
3260:
2538:
2511:
2438:
2179:
administrators on tight schedules collaborating on budget preparation from different parts of campus;
1485:
1200:
221:
165:
6277:
4858:, International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium (IMTC), April 1, 2001 to November 16, 2004.
3500:
Other notable examples of videophones in popular culture include an iconic scene from the 1968 film
8650:
8472:
7714:
7649:
7602:
7562:
7402:
7277:
7132:
6635:
6631:
6615:
6031:, IDG News Service, February 16, 2010. Retrieved via Computerworld.com's website, February 18, 2010
4607:
3580:(1944), as well as a device with the same functionality has been used by the comic strip character
2023:
According to Juniper Research, smartphone videophone users will reach 29 million by 2015 globally.
2016:
videocalls using personal computers, with inexpensive webcams, microphones, and free video calling
1129:, and computers with built-in audio and webcams removes the need for expensive dedicated hardware.
1006:
exchanges are adequate. However, videoconferencing adds another option and can be considered when:
6965:
2417:
since its inception. More than 4,000 journalists worldwide are currently registered with the IMF.
646:
and a prediction of fatigue occurrence an individual. Furthermore, a 2022 article in the journal "
8752:
8603:
8311:
8296:
8140:
8091:
8014:
7914:
7592:
7478:
7473:
7272:
7185:
5345:
5091:
3891:
3689:
3309:
2665:
2637:. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera remotely, in order to
2510:
Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers, the
2390:
2384:
1807:
1801:
1412:
Videoconferencing systems use several methods to determine which video feed or feeds to display.
1153:
1109:
955:
681:
625:
resulted in a significant increase in the use of videoconferencing. Berstein Research found that
354:
7159:
6374:, Real time updates and news about WebRTC technology and browser-based audio and videotelephony.
5199:
4560:
2564:. In such cases the interpretation flow is normally within the same principal language, such as
8575:
8570:
8565:
8233:
8019:
7834:
7779:
7774:
7587:
7552:
6389:
5288:
3493:
3473:. The first example was probably the cartoon "Edison's Telephonoscope" by George du Maurier in
2626:
2577:
2393:
was developed in October 2007 by the PanAfrican Press Association (APPA), a Paris France-based
2349:
1537:
1047:
629:
added more subscribers during the first two months of 2020 alone than in the entire year 2019.
178:
170:
7070:, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 269–282.
7063:, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 289–298.
5217:
4887:
3581:
8635:
8135:
7939:
7904:
7824:
7804:
7726:
7614:
7535:
6823:, October 1, 2009 online, and October 2, 2009, in print, p. B7. Discusses the acquisition of
6780:, September 15, 1993. Discusses the deployment of videoconferencing rooms in several hundred
6758:
6549:
6041:
5817:"Bandwidth Requirements for Video Transmission of American Sign Language and Finger Spelling"
5788:
5235:
5161:
Virtual Confrontation: Is Videoconference Testimony by an Unavailable Witness Constitutional?
4485:
Handbook of Distance Learning for Real-Time and Asynchronous Information Technology Education
3913:
3669:
2573:
2569:
1937:
also use broadband wireless Internet, whether through the cell phone network or over a local
1068:
907:
559:
440:
425:
317:
308:
216:
Simple analog videophone communication could be established as early as the invention of the
193:
71:
7468:
6706:
5530:
4217:
Bennett, Andrew A.; Campion, Emily D.; Keeler, Kathleen R.; Keener, Sheila K. (2021-03-01).
3586:, who often used his "2-way wrist TV" to communicate with police headquarters. (1964–1977).
1445:
The remote party hearing their own voice coming back at them (usually significantly delayed)
728:
8782:
8049:
8009:
7979:
7736:
7671:
7493:
7140:
6913:, September 25, 2011, pg. ST1. Also published September 23, 2011 online at www.nytimes.com.
6126:
5833:
5687:"Awards Spotlight: 'Frozen' Director Chris Buck on Crafting Well-Rounded Female Characters"
4297:"The fatiguing effects of camera use in virtual meetings: A within-person field experiment"
3731:
3636:
3122:
2581:
2565:
2486:
and the advent of lower-cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.
2312:
2277:
2054:
1789:
856:
are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via
833:
595:
463:
293:
Decades of research and development culminated in the 1970 commercial launch of AT&T's
7066:
Fischer, K.; Ebel, H.; "Problems Of How To Position Users In Front Of The Videophone" in:
6801:
3477:
1878. In «In the year 2889», published 1889, the French author Jules Verne predicts that «
3223:, which was the world's first commercial videophone produced in volume. The compound name
2580:(ASL) also to spoken English (since BSL and ASL are completely distinct from each other),
1061:
actually impaired communication, possibly because of the consciousness of being on camera.
512:
capable of displaying 65,000 colors, and was able to process two video frames per second.
174:
Videotelephony predicted to be in use by 2000, as envisioned in 1910 (artist's conception)
89:
and computers are capable of video calling, reducing the demand for separate videophones.
8:
8668:
8059:
7999:
7758:
7720:
7518:
7503:
7374:
7297:
7121:
7107:
7014:
5415:"Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment: A Rapid Review"
5119:
3330:
2482:. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient and powerful
2434:
2333:
2185:
researchers answering questions about grant proposals from agencies or review committees;
1956:
248:
6623:
5837:
5120:
Smartphone Video Call Users to reach 29 million by 2015 Globally, finds Juniper Research
3858:
2249:
used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a
1880:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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8286:
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7949:
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7178:
7133:"The Next Best Thing To Being There"—Ein Überblick Zu 25 Jahren Videokonferenzforschung
7045:
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strove for scientific accuracy, relying on interviews with scientists and engineers at
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1944:
1619:
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is another alternative mode, focused on the flexibility of small group conversations.
97:, whose goal is to create the illusion that remote participants are in the same room.
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6166:, (TV Documentary) first released on 13 January 2001 (UK), presented and narrated by
5907:
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A portable videophone is also featured prominently in the 2009 science fiction movie
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70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $ 10,000 per transfer.
400:
desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years,
8705:
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6810:, May 11, 2009 online, and in print on May 12, 2009, p. B6 of the New York edition.
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Computer vision approaches to achieving eye contact appeared in the 1990s, such as
4427:
4414:
Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).
4388:
4347:
4334:
Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).
4308:
4269:
4230:
4189:
4176:
Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).
3742:
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3519:
3110:
3038:
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2064:(SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its
2000:
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Videotelephony became even more widespread through the deployment of video-enabled
350:
302:
236:
122:
8513:
4456:"Facebook announces new Portal video-calling devices, Portal for Business service"
3267:
that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term
1719:
is also used by some cellphones that allow video calls, typically for use only in
7959:
7814:
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Indonesian and U.S. students participate in an educational videoconference (2010)
1921:
affordable by the general public. The availability of freeware (often as part of
1645:
1352:
1294:
1239:
1220:
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767:
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137:
6044:, Peoria, Arizona: Peoria Times, February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010;
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7369:
7338:
7023:
Effects of Internet-Based Multiple-Site Conferences on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
6449:
5263:
4652:
3710:
3602:, as part of a marketing agreement with the Internet telecommunication company
3300:
is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A
3135:
3134:
Reusable: can be plugged directly into other websites or as a WordPress plugin
2503:
2261:
2043:
1977:
1748:
1347:
880:
841:
550:, an advanced form of videoconferencing, has helped reduce the need to travel.
515:
Videotelephony was popularized in the 2000s via free Internet services such as
467:
298:
7059:
Ebel, H. "Subjective Assessment of Picture Interference in the Videophone" in
6108:
5298:
4626:
4432:
4415:
4392:
4352:
4335:
4194:
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International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
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Pure web based means, it is using standardized web technologies only such as
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unavailable witnesses via video transmission, regarding the violation of the
1952:
1910:
1449:
1391:
1339:
There are basically three kinds of videoconferencing and videophone systems:
1306:, CD/DVD player, cassette player, or any other source of PreAmp audio outlet.
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Non-verbal (visual) information is an important component of the conversation
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615:
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for still photos. The camera phone was the same size as similar contemporary
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networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by
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6483:
Understanding Telecommunications And Lightwave Systems: An Entry-Level Guide
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7156:, 1970 video courtesy of AT&T Archives and History Center, Warren, N.J.
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6002:
5868:
Moving Picture Transmission at Low Bitrates for Sign Language Communication
5446:
5003:
4908:"2010 Bargain of the Year: Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone – Nerd Vittles"
4020:
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in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country.
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2005:
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The parties of the conversation cannot physically come to the same location
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920:—low to midrange cost. The earliest standalone models operated over either
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In-Person Visits Fade as Jails Set Up Video Units for Inmates and Families
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5853:
2154:
faculty members keeping in touch with classes while attending conferences;
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8384:
8034:
7944:
7929:
7889:
7849:
7708:
7333:
6252:
Dick Tracy and American Culture: Morality and Mythology, Text and Context
6175:
5965:
5715:
Wolfe, Mark. "Broadband videoconferencing as knowledge management tool",
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4574:
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1981:
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essentially the same place. In developed countries, the near-ubiquity of
1051:
1038:
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630:
509:
471:
346:
86:
6839:
Jerky Pictures and Sound Are History. Videoconferencing Is All Grown Up.
6156:
1215:
867:
Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages, including
8628:
8389:
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7794:
7703:
7659:
7629:
7607:
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6994:
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4312:
4273:
4234:
3700:
3573:
3489:
3321:
is a high-end videoconferencing system and service usually employed by
3174:
3147:
3065:
2805:
2679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2499:
2452:
2320:
2257:
2176:
faculty members participating in thesis defenses at other institutions;
2150:
Some benefits that videoconferencing can provide to education include:
2081:
2017:
1636:
standard point-to-point videotelephony over regular (POTS) phone lines.
1629:
1623:
1303:
1290:
1167: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1122:
1023:
917:
895:
695: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
603:
475:
388:
365:
225:
217:
205:
153:
149:
5551:"Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel's Journey"
4935:. Information Technology Newsweekly. December 27, 2011. Archived from
2447:
to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when
1253:
The other components required for a videoconferencing system include:
848:
compatible computing devices like smartphones, tablets and computers.
493:
VP-210 Visual Phone was the first commercial mobile videophone (1999).
8640:
8623:
8374:
7839:
7654:
7421:
7348:
7256:
7201:
6238:
6059:
5430:
3715:
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1985:
1968:
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279:
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197:
82:
39:
6832:
Open source tool detects videoconferencing equipment vulnerabilities
6772:
More Than Just a Phone Call; Video Conferencing And Photocopies, Too
5256:
The Handbook of Technology and Second Language Teaching and Learning
5092:
Videophone Scheme Could Provide 'Virtual Care' for Elderly Residents
3697:—a large U.S. business and social services videoconferencing network
2654:
2641:
in and out or to point the camera toward the party that is signing.
2629:, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no on-site
2425:
2166:
schools with multiple campuses collaborating and sharing professors;
1142:
914:
port, similar to how a webcam attaches to a computer via a USB port.
785:
670:
8700:
8369:
8359:
8276:
8101:
7924:
7215:
6948:, June 16, 2002. Discusses social issues related to videotelephony.
6824:
6634:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
5566:
Mobile video system visually connects global plant floor engineers"
5160:
4058:
Man makes the highest Skype video call ever on top of Mount Everest
2800:
2759:
2614:, different from the aural version of the same principal language.
2356:
2273:
2250:
2097:
2089:
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1850:
1661:
1657:
1327:
1227:
1042:
998:
654:
638:
578:, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720
563:
535:
447:
384:
4825:
SIP: Understanding the Session Initiation Protocol, Second Edition
4377:"The constant mirror: Self-view and attitudes to virtual meetings"
3941:, Science & Society Picture Library, retrieved August 9, 2013.
2644:
1684:
implementation was an exception), but newer videophones often use
1355:. There are several types of dedicated videoconferencing devices:
508:, but sported a large camera lens and a 5 cm (2 inch) colour
379:
109:
which exchanged still images between units every few seconds over
8608:
8364:
8349:
7567:
6267:, Skype Journal online, May 27, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
5330:
4848:
3322:
2448:
2188:
alternative enrollment structures to purely in-person attendance;
2101:
1712:
1653:
634:
583:
567:
497:
490:
102:
6302:
which showed that a phone could video-call as desktop computer.
6287:, CNNMoney.com online, May 21, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
4999:"Facebook CIO Supports Video Calls to Preserve Employee Culture"
4907:
3550:, discussing what type of present he should bring home for her.
3522:
of Bell Labs, discussing videophone research in the documentary
1925:) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.
1351:
the console, as well as a TV monitor with loudspeakers and/or a
8678:
8613:
8394:
8354:
7676:
6781:
5912:
4957:
3534:... of Mr. Kubrick and the people who reported to him". In one
3485:
3449:
literature, names commonly associated with videophones include
3350:
3342:
3283:
3118:
2901:
2611:
2397:, to allow African journalists to participate in international
2013:
1948:
1902:
1820:
Multipoint Processors (MP), sometimes referred to as the mixer.
1744:
1626:
environment for live meetings, collaboration and presentations.
1560:
1530:
1381:
1277:
1003:
852:
775:
575:
546:. In the upper echelons of government, business, and commerce,
539:
6042:
New Video Conferencing System Streamlines Firefighter Training
5033:. Politics & Government Week. May 23, 2013. Archived from
4072:
First Skype Call Atop Mt. Everest Raises Thousands for Charity
2541:(VRI). The relatively low cost and widespread availability of
2212:
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real time
1676:
Videoconferencing in the late 20th century was limited to the
1584:(ITU) has three umbrellas of standards for videoconferencing:
989:
and criminals into company premises and corporate boardrooms.
360:
In 1984, Concept Communication in the United States created a
312:
Multiple user videoconferencing first being demonstrated with
8598:
8379:
8316:
7624:
5766:
A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone
4559:(Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller. Archived from
4294:
4082:
4002:
3664:
3603:
3250:
3061:
3008:
2996:
2946:
2622:
2229:
1995:
A Tandberg T3 high-resolution telepresence room in use (2008)
1938:
1897:
1849:, or larger international or multinational corporations like
1778:
1727:
1708:
1701:
1677:
1633:
1604:
1589:
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1374:
1231:
868:
772:
524:
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516:
452:
first public videoconference between North America and Africa
437:
433:
429:
369:
229:
201:
114:
67:
7170:
7135:(An Overview of 25 years of videoconferencing research) in:
7084:
Two-Way Television and a Pictorial Account of its Background
6109:"George du Maurier et le soi-disant téléphonoscope d'Edison"
3859:"Mr. Tobin has been awarded 15 patents in the past 40 years"
3809:
Robert Stults, Media Space, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA, 1986.
3087:
1622:. These combined technologies enable users to have a richer
1513:
has defined broadband as a transmission capacity at 1.5 to 2
407:
8731:
8721:
8321:
6550:
Amazing New Picturephone: A Step Closer to In-Person Visits
5553:, MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61–74, 2012.
5531:
How We Work: Communication Trends of Business Professionals
3736:
3675:
List of video telecommunication services and product brands
3195:
List of video telecommunication services and product brands
3170:
2782:
App must be installed, does not require a Facebook account
2553:
2289:
2246:
2160:
guest lecturers brought in classes from other institutions;
1933:
1913:
1739:
1732:
1720:
1716:
1597:
1549:
1521:(United States) definition of broadband is 25 Mbit/s.
1477:
1243:
1082:
929:
925:
911:
903:
816:
801:
779:
424:. The DCT algorithm was the basis for the first practical
342:
305:
with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.
263:
133:
6674:
Taking the Wraps off Videoconferencing in the US Classroom
5877:, Martlesham, England: British Telecom Laboratories, 1995.
5860:
5625:"Frozen composers Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez"
5504:
4413:
4333:
4216:
4175:
4067:, Neowin.net website, June 25, 2013; which in turn cites:
3763:
McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
450:
was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the
156:
organizations have used videotelephony for broadcasting.
93:
implies group communication. Videoconferencing is used in
7364:
7068:
4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony
7061:
4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony
6867:
website, August 7, 2012, pg. A15 of the New York Edition.
6528:
Videoconferencing Demystified: Making Video Services Work
5656:"Disney's Frozen Wins Academy Award for Animated Feature"
5543:
4155:
3957:
3884:"Entrepreneur of the Year Reveals Secrets to His Success"
3178:
2224:, consulting, prevention, treatment, and transmission of
1600:
was never widely adopted in the United States and Canada.
1323:
611:
482:
simultaneously across five continents in near-real-time.
372:
for full-motion videoconferencing, first demonstrated at
271:
267:
118:
6880:, July 18, 2011, pg.B3. Published online: July 17, 2011.
6066:
5477:(media release), Lifesize.com website, December 8, 2008.
5412:
4099:"With COVID-19 Spreading, Video Conferencing is Booming"
3963:
3203:
never became as standardized as its earlier counterpart
2429:
Video Interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations
7073:
Hall, A.D. "Experiments with Picturephone Service" in:
5983:
5104:
4517:
4258:"Understanding "Zoom fatigue": A mixed-method approach"
3526:, stated that in the mid-to late-1960s videophones "...
3131:
Recording max 3 minutes, does not work on old browsers
3082:
2542:
364:
for standard personal computers that doubled the video
275:
6694:
Videoconferencing: From Stage Fright to Stage Presence
4637:
2855:
2191:
student interviews with employers in other cities, and
1962:
Videophones are increasingly used in the provision of
1928:
The widest deployment of videotelephony now occurs in
6681:
Hewlett-Packard Sells Its Video Conferencing Business
6265:
Why Oprah's Skype Day Was Ineffective: Tone And Skype
5540:, Plantronics Inc., 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
3353:, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.
3227:
slowly entered into general use after 1950, although
2182:
faculty committee auditioning scholarship candidates;
1632:: videoconferencing is generally compatibilized with
6435:
6329:"Beyoncé and Lady Gaga unite for 'Video Phone' clip"
3188:
3155:
Mixed. Proprietary server and client is open source
2978:
App must be installed, requires a Microsoft account
2832:
App must be installed, requires an Apple ID account
2467:
facility, have also conducted extensive research on
618:, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level.
341:
transmission networks became possible, such as with
8543:
6215:
Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays
6047:
5549:E. Curry, B. Guyon, C. Sheridan, and B. Donnellan,
5139:"7% Of All Americans Have Made A Mobile Video Call"
4869:
News & Analysis: Understanding The 3G-324M Spec
4604:
Teleconferencing Eye Contact Using a Virtual Camera
4544:
4479:
4477:
4256:Nesher Shoshan, Hadar; Wehrt, Wilken (2021-11-01).
4255:
2443:One of the first demonstrations of the ability for
1999:Videotelephony has also been deployed in corporate
932:lines, while newer models have largely migrated to
6217:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
5936:, Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved April 13, 2009
3915:Intelligent Multimedia Data Hiding: New Directions
1576:systems, a process known as "interworking" (2009).
1118:rental of videoconferencing-equipped meeting rooms
81:are standalone devices for video calling (compare
7166:Whirlpool Forums: Movies that feature videophones
6618:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
6098:", "InfoWeek", 2013-11-01. Accessed Dec. 8, 2013.
5660:24700: News from California Institute of the Arts
5521:." September 30, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
4822:
4039:VCLink for Mobile Devices—AVer Video Conferencing
3949:
3947:
3609:Additionally, videophones have been featured in:
3542:. Floyd talks with and views his daughter from a
2928:App must be installed, requires a Google account
2157:faculty members attending conferences 'virtually'
886:
778:1535 IP model broadband videophone (2008), using
633:had a 20 percent increase in usage, according to
77:There are many terms to refer to videotelephony.
30:"Videophone" redirects here. For other uses, see
8744:
6938:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6802:A Meeting in New York? Can't We Videoconference?
6720:Logitech Buying a Maker Of Videoconference Tools
5980:, PC Magazine website. Retrieved August 19, 2010
5900:
5783:
5781:
4728:"F.C.C. Sharply Revises Definition of Broadband"
4474:
2050:witnesses have testified via videoconferencing.
1019:The expense or time of travel is a consideration
6574:, Focal Press, CMP Books, San Francisco, 2005,
6381:An International History of the Formative Years
6139:Director Fritz Lang on the Making of Metropolis
5113:
4799:Collaboration Vendors Join for Interoperability
4706:. Indianapolis, Ind.: Cisco Press. p. 10.
4021:Polycom High-Definition (HD) Video Conferencing
3853:
3851:
3774:
3772:
2645:Comparison of Sign Language communication tools
2478:, coupled with the high cost of better quality
2311:Videoconferencing on hand-held mobile devices (
2228:. With videoconferencing, patients may contact
1316:associated with the display device or telephone
6746:The Videoconference as a Bicoastal Pas de Deux
6707:As Travel Costs Rise, More Meetings Go Virtual
6212:
5802:, 19 August 1989, Vol.123, Iss.No.1678, pp.31.
5734:"How to stay connected while working remotely"
3944:
2169:schools from two separate nations engaging in
891:From the least to the most expensive systems:
808:are usually used on a person-to-person basis.
428:that was useful for online videoconferencing,
383:Global Schoolhouse students communicating via
220:. Such an antecedent usually consisted of two
8529:
7437:
7186:
7143:, April 2002, pp. 551–570 (PDF, German).
6953:Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers
6505:
5885:
5883:
5778:
5594:"Snowed Under: Chris Buck talks about Frozen"
5055:
4996:
4788:Unified Communications Interoperability Forum
4525:Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers
1642:Unified Communications Interoperability Forum
964:—highest capabilities and highest cost. Full
192:in several telecommunication fields, notably
6872:Transparent Government, Via Webcams in India
6759:Stranded Travelers Turn to Videoconferencing
6361:Santanu Brahma & Axlator Communications
5891:For the Deaf, Communication Without the Wait
5254:Dooly, Melinda (2017). "Telecollaboration".
4695:
4693:
4691:
3848:
3800:...", The New York Times, September 18, 1938
3769:
3291:for both video calls and videoconferencing.
2489:
2344:-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of
2240:or routine situations; physicians and other
2066:Office of Disability Adjudication and Review
1813:The MCU consists of two logical components:
864:for both video calls and videoconferencing.
800:the present day, standalone videophones and
8452:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
7053:
6508:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
6410:Daly, Edward A. & Hansell, Kathleen J.
5991:The Lasting Appeal of 2001: A Space Odyssey
5810:
5808:
5789:Telephones Come To Terms With Sign Language
5524:
5087:
5085:
4567:
3998:"High definition videoconferencing is here"
2037:Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment
1747:'s bankruptcy and deployed the sets on the
8536:
8522:
8488:
7444:
7430:
7193:
7179:
6921:. Archived from the original on 2002-06-16
5880:
3912:Huang, Hsiang-Cheh; Fang, Wai-Chi (2007).
3765:(5 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2004.
3530:captured the imagination of the public and
1540:format can deliver high-quality video at 2
1407:
599:allow for live and still image streaming.
391:between 0.9 and 3 frames per second (1993)
328:An AT&T Picturephone Model 2 from 1969
7002:
6977:With Enough Bandwidth, Many Join The Band
6815:Cisco Buys Norwegian Firm for $ 3 Billion
6654:Learn how and when to remove this message
6486:, John Wiley and Sons, IEEE Press, 2002,
6178:(video sequence from 0:23:00 to 0:24:20).
4703:Voice and video conferencing fundamentals
4699:
4688:
4553:"Michael J. Miller and Bill Gates: Uncut"
4431:
4351:
4193:
4152:"The reason Zoom calls drain your energy"
3911:
3231:likely entered the lexicon earlier after
3219:) and often by an early trademarked name
2695:Learn how and when to remove this message
1462:
1219:A videoconference meeting facilitated by
1183:Learn how and when to remove this message
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
408:Transition to internet and mobile devices
7160:British Pathé news clip: Videophone 1970
7137:Medien & Kommunikations-wissenschaft
7114:, April 1932, Vol. 11, pp. 118–142.
6905:When Your Therapist Is Only a Click Away
6789:Videoconferencing's virtual leap forward
6568:Wilcox, James R. & Gibson, David K.
6022:Vidyo Packages Conferencing For Campuses
5908:"videomail-client source code on GitHub"
5814:
5805:
5758:
5512:Executives Demand Communications Arsenal
5286:
5194:
5192:
5082:
4958:Ralph Stair and George Reynolds (2013).
4888:Videoconferencing on the High End: H.320
4878:, EETimes.com website. January 21, 2003.
4096:
3939:Kyocera visual phone VP-210, Japan, 1999
3430:
2524:
2424:
2111:
1990:
1896:
1817:A single multipoint controller (MC), and
1707:Another protocol used by videophones is
1559:
1466:
1214:
1199:
784:
766:
484:
378:
323:
307:
177:
169:
38:
6885:The Business Case for Videoconferencing
6571:Video Communications: The Whole Picture
6241:, SBCC Film Reviews, November 20, 2009.
6055:"Video Chat Growing by Light-Year Leaps
5058:"Better Videoconferencing In The Cloud"
3932:
3820:Media Space: 20+ Years of Mediated Life
3660:Comparison of web conferencing software
1452:, which makes the voice channel useless
1386:use a web browser instead of dedicated
1322:: analog or digital telephone network,
1238:, which are then transmitted through a
1195:
562:videoconferencing systems, produced by
128:Applications of videotelephony include
14:
8745:
7451:
7090:, 1930, Vol. 8, pp. 399–404, and
7036:, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006
6834:, Help Net Security, 17 February 2012.
6733:Logitech Breaks Into Videoconferencing
5653:
5343:
5149:from the original on 25 December 2013.
5070:from the original on February 24, 2014
5011:from the original on February 13, 2014
3971:Camera phones: A look back and forward
3576:used a videophone to communicate with
3343:inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries
2459:) was introduced to the public at the
2201:
1932:. Nearly all mobile phones supporting
1761:
1230:that performs compression is called a
274:) video links, one in each direction.
8517:
7425:
7174:
7010:Can Videoconferencing Replace Travel?
6321:
5622:
5616:
5287:Guth, Sarah; Helm, Francesca (2010).
5258:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 169–183.
5253:
5198:U.S. Social Security Administration.
5189:
4951:
4667:
4550:
4494:, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2008, p. 17,
4149:
3995:
3754:
3623:which depicted a Picturephone (1995).
2621:interpreters work remotely with live
2029:
1795:
1582:International Telecommunication Union
1037:plays a large role in conversational
928:telephone networks or more expensive
553:
8498:
7120:Schunack, Von Johannes; Maly, Rolf.
6883:Davis, Andrew W.; Weinstein, Ira M.
6598:
6290:
6187:
5662:. California Institute of the Arts.
5635:from the original on January 4, 2014
5623:Truax, Jackson (November 27, 2013).
5591:
5585:
4841:
4374:
3905:
3360:that have been used in English are:
2677:adding citations to reliable sources
2648:
2131:(in foreign language education) and
1860:
1790:Real-Time Transport Control Protocol
1428:
1403:are provided by independent vendors.
1165:adding citations to reliable sources
1136:
973:
693:adding citations to reliable sources
664:
458:with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in
454:took place, linking a technofair in
85:). In the present day, devices like
7108:Picture Transmission and Television
6432:, CIPD HD9697.T452D35 651.7'3-dc21.
6386:Institution of Electrical Engineers
5685:Kit, Zorianna (November 26, 2013).
5684:
5666:from the original on March 11, 2014
5654:Ziemba, Christine (March 3, 2014).
5510:By Alison Diane, InformationWeek. "
4813:, IETF, The Internet Society (2005)
4575:The Problem With Video Conferencing
3876:
3435:Dr. Heywood Floyd in the 1968 film
3345:, and videoconferencing to resolve
3163:
2584:(DGS) to spoken German, and so on.
2512:availability of high-speed Internet
2127:another through practices known as
2062:U.S. Social Security Administration
1544:Mbit/s, which is at the low end of
660:
24:
7077:, 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 114–120.
7041:The Next Best Thing to Being There
6594:
6530:, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002,
5939:
5920:
5604:from the original on 26 March 2014
5056:Nitin Pradhan (January 23, 2014).
4997:Stacy Collett (January 30, 2014).
4752:SVC vs. H.264/AVC Error Resilience
3954:First mobile videophone introduced
3630:pop single and music video called
3426:
3271:is now frequently used instead of
1594:public switched telephone networks
1096:Perceived lack of interoperability
25:
8814:
7147:
6944:, Department of Social Sciences,
6892:Skype Puts Video Calls on Your TV
6887:, Wainhouse Research, March 2005.
6676:, Wainhouse Research, April 2009.
6558:, June 1968, pp. 46–47.
6089:Attack of the Telepresence Robots
4978:from the original on May 11, 2016
4964:. Cengage Learning. p. 288.
4961:Principles of Information Systems
4097:Beauford, Moshe (March 5, 2020).
3341:purposes. personal videocalls to
3189:Descriptive names and terminology
2520:Federal Communications Commission
1529:compression protocols. The newer
1519:Federal Communications Commission
8497:
8487:
8478:
8477:
8466:
8087:Free-space optical communication
7406:
7396:
6603:
6278:Oprah's Skypefest Draws Backlash
6270:
6257:
6244:
6231:
6206:
6181:
6150:
6131:
6125:Verne, Jules. «In the year 2889»
6119:
6101:
5764:Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969)
5165:University of Chicago Law Review
4375:Kuhn, Kristine M. (2022-03-01).
4010:from the original on 2010-05-13.
3888:RTIR (Radio TV Interview Report)
2653:
2420:
1865:
1840:
1141:
1079:Bandwidth and quality of service
669:
211:
8545:Computer-mediated communication
7154:Debut of the First Picturephone
6919:"Videophones: The Real Problem"
6355:
6141:, May 15, 2010, retrieved from
6081:
6078:, November 24, 1966, No. 440/3.
6034:
6014:
5958:
5743:
5726:
5717:Journal of Knowledge Management
5709:
5678:
5647:
5556:
5480:
5461:
5406:
5388:
5370:
5352:
5337:
5323:
5280:
5247:
5229:
5211:
5170:
5153:
5131:
5049:
5023:
4990:
4925:
4914:from the original on 2017-06-08
4900:
4881:
4861:
4816:
4803:
4792:
4781:
4763:
4745:
4734:from the original on 2015-09-06
4720:
4631:
4620:
4596:
4587:
4448:
4407:
4368:
4327:
4288:
4249:
4210:
4169:
4143:
4118:
4090:
4050:
4032:
4014:
3989:
3890:. April 1, 2011. Archived from
3865:from the original on 2011-05-30
2664:needs additional citations for
2042:In a military investigation in
1152:needs additional citations for
680:needs additional citations for
6416:, Artech House, Boston, 1999,
6318:. Retrieved on March 20, 2007.
5592:Hogg, Trevor (26 March 2014).
4420:Journal of Vocational Behavior
4340:Journal of Vocational Behavior
4182:Journal of Vocational Behavior
4150:Jiang, Manyu (22 April 2020).
3812:
3803:
3790:
3781:
2516:sponsored video relay services
2409:order to ask their questions.
954:—midrange cost, usually using
887:By cost and quality of service
815:almost exclusively to digital
113:. The development of advanced
13:
1:
7200:
6990:Dude, Where's My Video Phone?
6520:10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00410-9
5955:, Online Etymology Dictionary
5344:Caines, Autums (2016-09-06).
4301:Journal of Applied Psychology
4223:Journal of Applied Psychology
3778:Mulbach et al, 1995. pg. 291.
2576:(BSL) to spoken English, and
2395:non-governmental organization
2338:Walt Disney Animation Studios
1731:through the medium-bandwidth
1694:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
1671:
1592:is known as the standard for
1132:
1102:Expense of commercial systems
1010:A live conversation is needed
875:, degrees of sophistication,
538:, plus videoconferencing and
27:Real-time video communication
8581:Virtual learning environment
8473:Telecommunication portal
8254:Telecommunications equipment
7403:Telecommunication portal
6337:. 2009-10-16. Archived from
6213:Kolker, Robert, ed. (2006).
6190:The Making of Kubrick's 2001
3739:(Virtual Researcher on Call)
3441:calls his daughter on Earth.
3047:Requires a web browser with
2598:sign languages are distinct
2465:British Telecom's Martlesham
2256:Special peripherals such as
2107:
1967:video-link which allowed 60
1901:A mobile video call between
1555:
1390:software. Solutions such as
860:, and can be used with many
838:hand-held electronic devices
648:Computers in Human Behaviour
111:conventional telephone lines
7:
8694:Voice chat in online gaming
7990:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
6946:Nottingham Trent University
6666:
6384:in IEE Publication Series,
5419:Annals of Internal Medicine
5200:New National Hearing Centre
4381:Computers in Human Behavior
3960:.com website, May 18, 1999.
3648:
3380:in other languages include
2414:International Monetary Fund
2283:
1783:Session Initiation Protocol
1690:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
1493:data compression techniques
1455:Howling created by feedback
992:
922:plain old telephone service
879:capacity requirements, and
610:to make a videocall to the
314:Stanford Research Institute
32:Videophone (disambiguation)
10:
8819:
8793:Telecommunication services
7694:Telecommunications history
7034:Telematics and Informatics
6851:
6450:10.1518/001872095779064582
6157:2001: The Making of a Myth
6063:, March 31, 2010, p. L01d.
5501:, March–April 2009, p. 22.
5264:10.1002/9781118914069.ch12
4823:Johnston, Alan B. (2004).
4653:10.1177/001872087701900201
4551:Gates, Bill (2001-09-04).
3572:, in which the female spy
3524:2001: The Making of a Myth
3518:in the United States. Dr.
3347:airline engineering issues
3192:
2591:sign language interpreters
2461:1964 New York World's Fair
2432:
2382:
2375:procedures and equipment.
2205:
2119:
2039:of the U.S. Constitution.
1799:
1754:
1680:protocol (notably Cisco's
1483:
1434:Acoustic echo cancellation
480:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony
387:, shown here with a video
332:
266:used two radio-frequency (
182:Videotelephone booth, 1922
163:
159:
29:
8768:Film and video technology
8714:
8649:
8591:Asynchronous conferencing
8589:
8551:
8461:
8403:
8340:
8302:Public Switched Telephone
8262:
8226:
8183:
8124:
8114:telecommunication circuit
8075:Fiber-optic communication
8058:
7820:Francis Blake (telephone)
7767:
7615:Optical telecommunication
7459:
7393:
7357:
7326:
7278:Communications satellites
7265:
7244:
7208:
7122:Die Fernseh-Sprechtechnik
6998:website, October 15, 2007
6958:The New York Times online
6239:Moon (Duncan Jones, 2009)
6113:Histoire de la television
5971:Definition: Video Calling
5815:Sperling, George (1980).
5499:Just for Canadian Doctors
5299:10.3726/978-3-0351-0013-6
5223:February 9, 2011, at the
4700:Firestone, Scott (2007).
4433:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984
4393:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107110
4353:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984
4195:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984
3718:—the ancestral technology
2617:With video interpreting,
2572:(LSE) to spoken Spanish,
2539:Video Remote Interpreting
2490:21st-century improvements
2476:analog copper phone lines
2439:Video Remote Interpreting
1874:This article needs to be
1856:
1486:Broadband Internet access
1058:Appearance consciousness:
952:Videoconferencing systems
523:, web plugins supporting
290:, and business meetings.
222:closed-circuit television
186:
166:History of videotelephony
8651:Synchronous conferencing
8213:Orbital angular-momentum
7650:Satellite communications
7489:Communications satellite
7088:Bell Laboratories Record
7075:Bell Laboratories RECORD
7054:Historical and technical
6975:Saint Louis, Catherine.
5236:SSA Overview Performance
4897:Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
4775:January 4, 2010, at the
4757:August 10, 2009, at the
4580:January 4, 2006, at the
3918:. Springer. p. 41.
3748:
3727:U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge
3600:Where the Skype Are You?
3335:tele-medical, diagnostic
3331:deaf Video Relay Service
2568:(LSF) to spoken French,
2378:
2171:cross-cultural exchanges
1830:decentralized multipoint
1704:also now provide video.
1110:Multipoint Control Units
969:state-of-the-art levels.
956:multipoint control units
592:hand-held mobile devices
566:, were displayed at the
436:in 1988, and subsequent
258:During the first crewed
8763:Computing input devices
8604:Electronic mailing list
8092:Molecular communication
7915:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
7744:Undersea telegraph line
7479:Cable protection system
7273:Cable protection system
6392:(Great Britain), 1998,
6147:website, April 8, 2012.
6072:"A Viewphone Service",
5846:10.1126/science.7433998
5186:, Lifesize.com website.
5177:Case Study: Hall County
5167:, 2007, Vol. 74, No. 4.
3690:Press videoconferencing
3370:AT&T's Picturephone
3310:multipoint control unit
2518:authorized by the U.S.
2504:video compression codec
2480:ISDN (data) phone lines
2391:press videoconferencing
2385:Press videoconferencing
1808:Multipoint Control Unit
1802:Multipoint Control Unit
1552:broadband performance.
1509:(ITU-T) recommendation
1408:Videoconferencing modes
1002:adequate. Other times,
558:In May 2005, the first
548:telepresence technology
355:initial public offering
318:NLS computer technology
8788:Science fiction themes
8576:Social network service
8571:Collaborative software
8566:Communication software
8234:Communication protocol
8020:Charles Sumner Tainter
7835:Walter Houser Brattain
7780:Edwin Howard Armstrong
7588:Information revolution
7126:Fernseh A.G.: 10 Jahre
7021:Coroama, V.C., et al.
7003:Environmental benefits
5889:Fitzgerald, Thomas J.
5346:"Digital Pedagogy Lab"
5331:"Virtually Connecting"
4613:June 22, 2006, at the
3442:
3351:maintenance facilities
3297:videoconference system
2878:App must be installed
2627:telephone interpreting
2578:American Sign Language
2562:speech-impaired (mute)
2530:
2430:
2350:Kristen Anderson-Lopez
2220:applications, such as
2117:
1996:
1917:
1577:
1481:
1463:Bandwidth requirements
1436:(AEC) is a processing
1422:Voice-Activated Switch
1242:of some kind (usually
1223:
1212:
1048:Telcordia Technologies
790:
782:
653:On 21 September 2021,
494:
441:video coding standards
432:, standardised by the
392:
329:
321:
224:systems connected via
183:
175:
48:
8636:Bulletin board system
8208:Polarization-division
7940:Narinder Singh Kapany
7905:Erna Schneider Hoover
7825:Jagadish Chandra Bose
7805:Alexander Graham Bell
7536:online video platform
7413:Telephones portal
6731:Miller, Claire Cain.
6718:Miller, Claire Cain.
6364:Audio Video Telephony
6188:Agel, Jerome (1970).
5927:Videophone definition
5290:Telecollaboration 2.0
4893:May 16, 2009, at the
4676:Understanding Latency
3861:. WilliamJTobin.com.
3670:Information appliance
3548:orbit above the Earth
3503:2001: A Space Odyssey
3438:2001: A Space Odyssey
3434:
3136:ninja-forms-videomail
2825:Apple hardware only (
2574:British Sign Language
2570:Spanish Sign Language
2528:
2471:via video telephony.
2428:
2401:on developmental and
2115:
1994:
1945:Deaf, hard-of-hearing
1900:
1755:Further information:
1608:Scalable Video Coding
1563:
1470:
1218:
1203:
1090:Complexity of systems
1073:total round-trip time
788:
770:
488:
426:video coding standard
382:
327:
311:
194:electrical telegraphy
181:
173:
121:, and high-bandwidth
72:two-way communication
42:
8758:Assistive technology
8050:Vladimir K. Zworykin
8010:Almon Brown Strowger
7980:Charles Grafton Page
7635:Prepaid mobile phone
7563:Electrical telegraph
7375:Telephone newspapers
7141:Hans-Bredow-Institut
7092:viewable online here
6857:Adeshina, Emmanuel.
6728:, November 11, 2009.
6624:improve this article
6548:Stevenson Bacon, W.
6298:"The Farnsworth" in
6128:, Project Gutenberg.
6040:Jackman, Elizabeth.
5897:, December 18, 2003.
5486:Van't Haaff, Corey.
4510:. Note costing: "...
3732:Visual communication
3235:was coined in 1935.
2673:improve this article
2582:German Sign Language
2566:French Sign Language
2455:(trademarked as the
2319:In the increasingly
2313:mobile collaboration
2278:mobile collaboration
2055:Hall County, Georgia
1196:Components and types
1161:improve this article
997:For over a century,
962:Telepresence systems
924:(POTS) lines on the
834:Mobile collaboration
689:improve this article
608:BGAN satellite modem
596:Mobile collaboration
466:opening ceremony in
464:1998 Winter Olympics
249:AT&T Corporation
241:AT&T's Bell Labs
8669:Internet Relay Chat
8000:Johann Philipp Reis
7759:Wireless revolution
7721:The Telephone Cases
7578:Hydraulic telegraph
7298:Mobile phone signal
7112:Bell Labs Quarterly
7049:, October 13, 2009.
7015:Scientific American
6972:, November 7, 2008.
6787:Shannon, Victoria.
6679:Kopytoff, Verne G.
6672:Greenberg, Alan D.
6636:footnote references
6276:Julianne Pepitone,
5838:1980Sci...210..797S
5740:, December 3, 2014.
5377:LifeSize Case Study
5359:LifeSize Case Study
5159:Tokson, Matthew J.
5145:. 14 October 2010.
5143:theappwhisperer.com
4849:IMTC Press Coverage
4730:. 29 January 2015.
4573:Van Meggelen, Jim.
4462:. 21 September 2021
4070:Larson, Stephanie.
3318:telepresence system
3306:videoteleconference
3261:increased bandwidth
2722:Works on desktops?
2635:necessary equipment
2496:Sorenson Media Inc.
2435:Video Relay Service
2202:Medicine and health
2144:virtual field trips
1957:Video Relay Service
1762:Conferencing layers
1568:is an example of a
1499:Broadband bandwidth
1416:Continuous Presence
614:from the summit of
357:in November, 1984.
8778:Health informatics
8198:Frequency-division
8175:Telephone exchange
8045:Charles Wheatstone
7975:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
7950:Innocenzo Manzetti
7885:Reginald Fessenden
7620:Optical telegraphy
7453:Telecommunications
7288:Free-space optical
7097:2020-02-05 at the
7046:The Globe and Mail
7028:2013-06-03 at the
6982:The New York Times
6951:Perlroth, Nicole.
6910:The New York Times
6897:The New York Times
6877:The New York Times
6864:The New York Times
6844:The New York Times
6820:The New York Times
6807:The New York Times
6797:, August 29, 2007.
6794:The New York Times
6777:The New York Times
6770:Ramirez, Anthony.
6764:The New York Times
6751:The New York Times
6738:The New York Times
6725:The New York Times
6712:The New York Times
6702:, August 27, 1998.
6699:The New York Times
6686:The New York Times
6370:2021-01-19 at the
6311:2007-08-28 at the
6283:2017-03-31 at the
6254:, McFarland, 2003.
6250:Garyn G. Roberts,
6162:2017-02-10 at the
6137:French, Lawrence.
6094:2017-06-30 at the
6027:2014-07-04 at the
5996:2017-06-28 at the
5976:2012-10-12 at the
5951:2017-02-03 at the
5932:2017-02-04 at the
5895:The New York Times
5873:2017-07-02 at the
5794:2016-05-06 at the
5771:2012-06-23 at the
5732:Freeman, Michael,
5691:Studio System News
5572:on August 20, 2011
5536:2010-12-23 at the
5517:2010-11-20 at the
5493:2012-03-24 at the
5488:Virtually On-sight
5473:2017-07-07 at the
5400:2017-07-18 at the
5382:2012-07-23 at the
5364:2012-07-22 at the
5241:2017-05-06 at the
5205:2016-04-16 at the
5182:2012-07-22 at the
5125:2014-06-26 at the
5097:2013-05-11 at the
4874:2013-05-11 at the
4854:2017-03-31 at the
4682:2013-05-14 at the
4537:The New York Times
4530:2017-08-27 at the
4523:Perlroth, Nicole.
4490:2016-05-08 at the
4313:10.1037/apl0000948
4274:10.1111/apps.12360
4262:Applied Psychology
4235:10.1037/apl0000906
4077:2016-03-28 at the
4063:2017-05-19 at the
4044:2017-03-13 at the
4026:2016-04-16 at the
3976:2014-07-04 at the
3969:Yegulalp, Serdar.
3829:, Springer, 2009,
3825:2016-05-05 at the
3761:"Videotelephony".
3443:
3417:telepresence robot
3263:and sophisticated
3141:2018-01-19 at the
3014:2019-01-08 at the
3002:2019-01-08 at the
2755:Facebook Messenger
2731:Required hardware
2595:Dominican Republic
2531:
2445:telecommunications
2431:
2270:medical ultrasound
2122:Distance education
2118:
2030:Government and law
1997:
1918:
1796:Multipoint control
1700:protocols such as
1620:data collaboration
1578:
1482:
1388:native application
1224:
1213:
858:personal computers
791:
783:
580:display resolution
554:Additional history
544:Internet telephony
495:
422:uncompressed video
393:
374:AT&T Bell Labs
330:
322:
288:distance education
184:
176:
142:distance education
49:
18:Video conferencing
8740:
8739:
8684:Videoconferencing
8664:Instant messaging
8659:Data conferencing
8561:Online discussion
8511:
8510:
8249:Store and forward
8244:Data transmission
8158:Network switching
8109:Transmission line
7955:Guglielmo Marconi
7920:Internet pioneers
7785:Mohamed M. Atalla
7754:Whistled language
7419:
7418:
7252:Answering machine
7131:Schulte, Olaf A.
7039:Pachner, Joanna.
7018:, March 18, 2009.
6988:Steinberg, Neil.
6744:Millman, Howard.
6664:
6663:
6656:
6588:978-1-57820-316-1
6544:978-0-07-140085-5
6526:Shepard, Steven.
6500:978-0-471-15032-9
6480:Nellist, John G.
6430:978-1-58053-023-1
6406:978-0-85296-914-4
6237:Marshall, Colin.
6224:978-0-19-517453-3
6199:978-0-451-07139-2
6087:Lehrbaum, Rick. "
6020:Lawson, Stephen.
5832:(4471): 797–799.
5697:on March 24, 2014
5218:ODAE Pubs: 70-067
4834:978-1-58053-168-9
4713:978-1-58705-268-2
4508:978-1-59904-964-9
3843:978-1-84882-482-9
3818:Harrison, Steve.
3706:Telecollaboration
3617:", an episode of
3304:(also known as a
3269:videoconferencing
3159:
3158:
3125:only for viewing
3077:100% proprietary
2991:100% proprietary
2941:100% proprietary
2891:100% proprietary
2845:100% proprietary
2795:100% proprietary
2705:
2704:
2697:
2600:natural languages
2399:press conferences
2272:imaging devices,
2137:language barriers
2129:telecollaboration
1895:
1894:
1698:instant messaging
1612:Internet Protocol
1538:audio compression
1429:Echo cancellation
1400:browser extension
1348:remote controlled
1344:Dedicated systems
1193:
1192:
1185:
979:Computer security
974:Security concerns
945:microphone arrays
934:Internet Protocol
812:Videoconferencing
789:USB webcam for PC
765:
764:
757:
739:
623:COVID-19 pandemic
414:video compression
339:digital telephony
253:video compression
148:, and overcoming
132:transmission for
91:Videoconferencing
70:for simultaneous
56:videoconferencing
16:(Redirected from
8810:
8798:Teleconferencing
8706:Web conferencing
8641:Online guestbook
8538:
8531:
8524:
8515:
8514:
8501:
8500:
8491:
8490:
8481:
8480:
8471:
8470:
8469:
8342:Notable networks
8332:Wireless network
8272:Cellular network
8264:Types of network
8239:Computer network
8126:Network topology
8040:Thomas A. Watson
7895:Oliver Heaviside
7880:Philo Farnsworth
7855:Daniel Davis Jr.
7830:Charles Bourseul
7790:John Logie Baird
7499:Data compression
7494:Computer network
7446:
7439:
7432:
7423:
7422:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7365:Fax transmission
7313:Submarine cables
7195:
7188:
7181:
7172:
7171:
7105:Ives, Herbert E.
7081:Ives, Herbert E.
6964:ProAV Magazine.
6943:
6937:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6847:, June 16, 2005.
6757:O'Brien, Kevin.
6754:, July 12, 2001.
6715:, July 22, 2008.
6659:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6639:
6607:
6606:
6599:
6561:Valinder, Anne.
6523:
6477:
6413:Visual Telephony
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6325:
6319:
6294:
6288:
6274:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6248:
6242:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6185:
6179:
6154:
6148:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6105:
6099:
6085:
6079:
6070:
6064:
6051:
6045:
6038:
6032:
6018:
6012:
6010:
5987:
5981:
5962:
5956:
5946:Video definition
5943:
5937:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5904:
5898:
5887:
5878:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5821:
5812:
5803:
5785:
5776:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5693:. Archived from
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5568:. Archived from
5560:
5554:
5547:
5541:
5528:
5522:
5508:
5502:
5484:
5478:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5431:10.7326/M21-3511
5410:
5404:
5392:
5386:
5374:
5368:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5251:
5245:
5233:
5227:
5215:
5209:
5196:
5187:
5174:
5168:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5135:
5129:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5063:Information Week
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5037:on June 11, 2014
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4939:on June 11, 2014
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4904:
4898:
4885:
4879:
4865:
4859:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4827:. Artech House.
4820:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4770:SVC White Papers
4767:
4761:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4697:
4686:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4635:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4548:
4542:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4307:(8): 1137–1155.
4292:
4286:
4285:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4094:
4088:
4085:, June 24, 2013.
4056:Callaham, John.
4054:
4048:
4036:
4030:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3993:
3987:
3967:
3961:
3951:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3855:
3846:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3743:Web conferencing
3641:... Sasha Fierce
3640:
3540:Making of a Myth
3533:
3529:
3400:(Spanish), both
3392:(Italian), both
3356:Other names for
3323:enterprise-level
3289:software clients
3265:software clients
3239:Videophone calls
3217:video telephones
3182:
3167:
2851:Glide (software)
2725:Mobile support?
2719:Pure web based?
2707:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2657:
2649:
2304:locations using
2133:virtual exchange
2001:teleconferencing
1890:
1887:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1666:Juniper Networks
1616:web conferencing
1543:
1527:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
1516:
1501:is often called
1473:Deutsche Telekom
1287:computer monitor
1209:Polycom VSX 7000
1188:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1145:
1137:
1127:tablet computers
1104:: Well-designed
987:computer hackers
862:software clients
760:
753:
749:
746:
740:
738:
704:"Videotelephony"
697:
673:
665:
661:Major categories
540:computer webcams
351:PictureTel Corp.
303:interoperability
237:John Logie Baird
123:Internet service
117:, more powerful
62:) is the use of
21:
8818:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8736:
8710:
8645:
8585:
8547:
8542:
8512:
8507:
8467:
8465:
8457:
8399:
8336:
8258:
8222:
8179:
8128:
8120:
8061:
8054:
7960:Robert Metcalfe
7815:Tim Berners-Lee
7763:
7583:Information Age
7455:
7450:
7420:
7415:
7407:
7405:
7397:
7395:
7389:
7370:Telephone calls
7353:
7322:
7261:
7240:
7231:Satellite phone
7221:Cable telephony
7204:
7199:
7150:
7139:, Baden-Baden:
7099:Wayback Machine
7056:
7030:Wayback Machine
7008:Biello, David.
7005:
6931:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6917:
6900:, July 2, 2010.
6854:
6837:Wayner, Peter.
6813:Vance, Ashlee.
6692:Lawlor, Julia.
6689:, June 1, 2011.
6669:
6660:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6621:
6612:This article's
6608:
6604:
6597:
6595:Further reading
6555:Popular Science
6372:Wayback Machine
6358:
6353:
6344:
6342:
6334:The Independent
6327:
6326:
6322:
6313:Wayback Machine
6295:
6291:
6285:Wayback Machine
6275:
6271:
6262:
6258:
6249:
6245:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6186:
6182:
6164:Wayback Machine
6155:
6151:
6144:Cinefantastique
6136:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6096:Wayback Machine
6086:
6082:
6071:
6067:
6052:
6048:
6039:
6035:
6029:Wayback Machine
6019:
6015:
6008:
5998:Wayback Machine
5989:Howell, Peter.
5988:
5984:
5978:Wayback Machine
5963:
5959:
5953:Wayback Machine
5944:
5940:
5934:Wayback Machine
5925:
5921:
5916:. 23 July 2022.
5906:
5905:
5901:
5888:
5881:
5875:Wayback Machine
5865:
5861:
5819:
5813:
5806:
5796:Wayback Machine
5787:New Scientist.
5786:
5779:
5773:Wayback Machine
5763:
5759:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5714:
5710:
5700:
5698:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5667:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5605:
5598:Flickering Myth
5590:
5586:
5575:
5573:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5548:
5544:
5538:Wayback Machine
5529:
5525:
5519:Wayback Machine
5509:
5505:
5495:Wayback Machine
5485:
5481:
5475:Wayback Machine
5466:
5462:
5411:
5407:
5402:Wayback Machine
5395:AVer Case Study
5393:
5389:
5384:Wayback Machine
5375:
5371:
5366:Wayback Machine
5357:
5353:
5342:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5252:
5248:
5243:Wayback Machine
5234:
5230:
5225:Wayback Machine
5216:
5212:
5207:Wayback Machine
5197:
5190:
5184:Wayback Machine
5175:
5171:
5158:
5154:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5127:Wayback Machine
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5099:Wayback Machine
5090:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
4995:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4972:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4895:Wayback Machine
4886:
4882:
4876:Wayback Machine
4866:
4862:
4856:Wayback Machine
4846:
4842:
4835:
4821:
4817:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4782:
4777:Wayback Machine
4768:
4764:
4759:Wayback Machine
4750:
4746:
4737:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4698:
4689:
4684:Wayback Machine
4672:
4668:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4621:
4615:Wayback Machine
4601:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4582:Wayback Machine
4572:
4568:
4549:
4545:
4532:Wayback Machine
4522:
4518:
4511:
4492:Wayback Machine
4482:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4412:
4408:
4373:
4369:
4332:
4328:
4293:
4289:
4254:
4250:
4215:
4211:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4095:
4091:
4079:Wayback Machine
4065:Wayback Machine
4055:
4051:
4046:Wayback Machine
4037:
4033:
4028:Wayback Machine
4019:
4015:
3994:
3990:
3986:, May 11, 2012.
3978:Wayback Machine
3968:
3964:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3827:Wayback Machine
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3651:
3638:
3634:from her album
3628:Beyoncé Knowles
3531:
3527:
3512:Stanley Kubrick
3508:Space Station V
3483:science fiction
3447:science fiction
3429:
3427:Popular culture
3366:British Telecom
3302:videoconference
3229:video telephone
3213:videotelephones
3197:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3168:
3164:
3143:Wayback Machine
3016:Wayback Machine
3004:Wayback Machine
2897:Google Hangouts
2701:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2670:
2658:
2647:
2602:with their own
2558:hard-of-hearing
2492:
2441:
2433:Main articles:
2423:
2403:good governance
2389:The concept of
2387:
2381:
2286:
2266:videoendoscopes
2262:digital cameras
2210:
2204:
2124:
2110:
2032:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1843:
1804:
1798:
1764:
1759:
1692:(HTTP) and the
1674:
1558:
1541:
1514:
1488:
1465:
1431:
1410:
1370:Desktop systems
1353:video projector
1240:digital network
1221:Google Hangouts
1198:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1146:
1135:
1046:
995:
976:
908:high definition
889:
761:
750:
744:
741:
698:
696:
686:
674:
663:
560:high definition
556:
410:
353:, which had an
335:
214:
189:
168:
162:
150:mobility issues
138:speech-impaired
54:(also known as
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8816:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8753:Videotelephony
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8718:
8716:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8655:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8619:Internet forum
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8595:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8541:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8518:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8495:
8485:
8475:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8346:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8268:
8266:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8193:Space-division
8189:
8187:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8143:
8138:
8132:
8130:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8116:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8072:
8066:
8064:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8030:Camille Tissot
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8005:Claude Shannon
8002:
7997:
7995:Tivadar Puskás
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7965:Antonio Meucci
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7935:Charles K. Kao
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7910:Harold Hopkins
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7810:Emile Berliner
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7749:Videotelephony
7746:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7724:
7717:
7712:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7652:
7647:
7645:Radiotelephone
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7531:Internet video
7523:
7522:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7449:
7448:
7441:
7434:
7426:
7417:
7416:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7339:Misdialed call
7336:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7198:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7149:
7148:External links
7146:
7145:
7144:
7129:
7118:
7115:
7102:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7037:
7019:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6986:
6973:
6970:ProAV Magazine
6962:
6949:
6914:
6903:Hoffman, Jan.
6901:
6890:Fairlie, Rik.
6888:
6881:
6870:Bajaj, Vikas.
6868:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6835:
6828:
6811:
6800:Sharkey, Joe.
6798:
6785:
6768:
6755:
6742:
6729:
6716:
6703:
6690:
6677:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6616:external links
6611:
6609:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6566:
6559:
6546:
6524:
6514:(3): 197–216.
6503:
6478:
6444:(2): 290–305.
6433:
6408:
6390:Science Museum
6375:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6320:
6306:Lisa's Wedding
6304:
6303:
6289:
6269:
6256:
6243:
6230:
6223:
6205:
6198:
6180:
6170:; directed by
6149:
6130:
6118:
6100:
6080:
6065:
6046:
6033:
6013:
5982:
5957:
5938:
5919:
5899:
5879:
5866:Whybray, M.W.
5859:
5804:
5777:
5757:
5742:
5725:
5708:
5677:
5646:
5615:
5584:
5555:
5542:
5523:
5503:
5479:
5460:
5425:(2): 256–266.
5405:
5387:
5369:
5351:
5336:
5322:
5315:
5279:
5272:
5246:
5228:
5210:
5188:
5169:
5152:
5130:
5112:
5103:
5081:
5048:
5022:
4989:
4971:978-1285414775
4970:
4950:
4924:
4899:
4880:
4860:
4840:
4833:
4815:
4802:
4791:
4780:
4762:
4744:
4719:
4712:
4687:
4666:
4647:(2): 101–126.
4630:
4619:
4595:
4586:
4566:
4563:on 2001-11-06.
4543:
4516:
4473:
4447:
4406:
4367:
4326:
4287:
4268:(3): 827–852.
4248:
4229:(3): 330–344.
4209:
4168:
4142:
4117:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4049:
4031:
4013:
3988:
3962:
3943:
3931:
3924:
3904:
3875:
3847:
3811:
3802:
3789:
3780:
3768:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:Teleconference
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3624:
3615:Lisa's Wedding
3451:telephonoscope
3428:
3425:
3368:equivalent to
3339:rehabilitative
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:Binary Kitchen
3085:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3006:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2661:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2491:
2488:
2422:
2419:
2383:Main article:
2380:
2377:
2285:
2282:
2226:medical images
2206:Main article:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2109:
2106:
2044:North Carolina
2031:
2028:
1978:blood pressure
1893:
1892:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1842:
1839:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1800:Main article:
1797:
1794:
1763:
1760:
1749:Asterisk (PBX)
1726:There is also
1673:
1670:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1601:
1557:
1554:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1430:
1427:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1280:
1207:: A mid-2000s
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1114:
1113:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1065:Signal latency
1062:
1055:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
994:
991:
975:
972:
971:
970:
959:
949:
937:
915:
888:
885:
842:Proximity chat
804:video-enabled
763:
762:
677:
675:
668:
662:
659:
570:trade show in
555:
552:
534:such as 2010s
474:conducted the
409:
406:
337:In the 1980s,
334:
331:
299:network effect
213:
210:
188:
185:
164:Main article:
161:
158:
52:Videotelephony
47:system in 2007
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8815:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8727:Microblogging
8725:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8713:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8690:
8689:Voice over IP
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8674:LAN messenger
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8588:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
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8559:
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8546:
8539:
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8532:
8527:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8516:
8504:
8496:
8494:
8486:
8484:
8476:
8474:
8464:
8463:
8460:
8453:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8339:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8218:Code-division
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8203:Time-division
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8182:
8176:
8173:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8129:and switching
8127:
8123:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8107:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8080:optical fiber
8078:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8070:Coaxial cable
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7985:Radia Perlman
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7875:Lee de Forest
7873:
7871:
7870:Thomas Edison
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7860:Donald Davies
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7845:Claude Chappe
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7689:Smoke signals
7687:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7667:Semiconductor
7665:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7526:Digital media
7524:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7447:
7442:
7440:
7435:
7433:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7414:
7404:
7392:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7344:Nuisance call
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:Fibre-optical
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7196:
7191:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7007:
7006:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6920:
6916:Miller, Hugh.
6915:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6705:Lohr, Steve.
6704:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6658:
6655:
6647:
6644:December 2016
6637:
6633:
6632:inappropriate
6629:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6610:
6601:
6600:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6580:1-57820-316-3
6577:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6536:0-07-140085-0
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6492:0-471-15032-0
6489:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6438:Human Factors
6434:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6422:1-58053-023-0
6419:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6398:0-85296-914-7
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6377:Burns, R.W.,
6376:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6359:
6341:on 2009-10-20
6340:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6273:
6266:
6260:
6253:
6247:
6240:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6168:James Cameron
6165:
6161:
6158:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6084:
6077:
6076:
6075:New Scientist
6069:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6043:
6037:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6017:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5942:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5923:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5818:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5800:New Scientist
5797:
5793:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5761:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5738:Highfive Blog
5735:
5729:
5718:
5712:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
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5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5552:
5546:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5483:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5326:
5318:
5316:9783035100136
5312:
5308:
5307:11577/2418350
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5273:9781118914069
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5173:
5166:
5162:
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5128:
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5121:
5116:
5107:
5100:
5096:
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5086:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5052:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4864:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4836:
4830:
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4819:
4812:
4806:
4800:
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4784:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4673:Percy, Alan.
4670:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4641:Human Factors
4634:
4628:
4627:Google Patent
4623:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4590:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4500:1-59904-964-3
4497:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4434:
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4425:
4421:
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4410:
4402:
4398:
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4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
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4341:
4337:
4330:
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4318:
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4306:
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4267:
4263:
4259:
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4228:
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4213:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4157:
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4146:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4093:
4084:
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4069:
4068:
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4059:
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4047:
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4040:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3984:
3983:Computerworld
3979:
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3940:
3935:
3927:
3925:9783540711698
3921:
3917:
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3908:
3894:on 2011-07-24
3893:
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3835:1-84882-482-3
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3695:Project DIANE
3693:
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3668:
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3663:
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3643:
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3633:
3632:"Video Phone"
3629:
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3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:Oprah Winfrey
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3544:space station
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3520:Larry Rabiner
3517:
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3408:(Dutch), and
3407:
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3402:beeldtelefoon
3399:
3398:videoteléfono
3395:
3391:
3390:videotelefono
3387:
3383:
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3274:
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3262:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3249:) as well as
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3056:
3053:Apple blocks
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2743:Technologies
2742:
2740:Specialities
2739:
2736:
2734:Installation
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
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2696:
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2667:
2662:This section
2660:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:sign language
2615:
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2596:
2592:
2589:
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2579:
2575:
2571:
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2547:
2544:
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2536:
2535:sign language
2527:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
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2477:
2472:
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2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2421:Sign language
2418:
2415:
2412:In 2004, the
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:New York City
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:film industry
2322:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2306:video banking
2301:
2298:
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2281:
2279:
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2267:
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2063:
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2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:sign language
1950:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1930:mobile phones
1926:
1924:
1923:chat programs
1915:
1912:
1911:Sony Ericsson
1908:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1886:February 2015
1877:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1841:Cloud storage
1838:
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1826:
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1500:
1496:
1494:
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1476:
1474:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1450:reverberation
1447:
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1443:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Adobe Connect
1389:
1385:
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1371:
1368:
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1354:
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1325:
1321:
1320:Data transfer
1318:
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1210:
1206:
1202:
1187:
1184:
1176:
1173:February 2013
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:This section
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
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1000:
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984:
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938:
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916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
893:
892:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:video quality
865:
863:
859:
855:
854:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
822:
818:
813:
809:
807:
806:mobile phones
803:
798:
794:
787:
781:
777:
774:
769:
759:
756:
748:
737:
734:
730:
727:
723:
720:
716:
713:
709:
706: –
705:
701:
700:Find sources:
694:
690:
684:
683:
678:This section
676:
672:
667:
666:
658:
656:
651:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
616:Mount Everest
613:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:mobile phones
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
506:mobile phones
503:
499:
492:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:San Francisco
453:
449:
444:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:digital video
415:
405:
403:
402:Project DIANE
397:
390:
386:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:circuit board
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
326:
319:
315:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:space flights
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
212:Early systems
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
180:
172:
167:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:sign language
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8185:Multiplexing
8060:Transmission
8025:Nikola Tesla
8015:Henry Sutton
7970:Samuel Morse
7900:Robert Hooke
7865:Amos Dolbear
7800:John Bardeen
7719:
7699:Telautograph
7603:Mobile phone
7558:Edholm's law
7541:social media
7474:Broadcasting
7384:
7380:Théâtrophone
7358:Applications
7266:Connectivity
7226:Mobile phone
7136:
7125:
7111:
7087:
7074:
7044:
7033:
7013:
6993:
6980:
6969:
6956:
6923:. Retrieved
6908:
6895:
6875:
6862:
6842:
6818:
6805:
6792:
6775:
6762:
6749:
6736:
6723:
6710:
6697:
6684:
6650:
6641:
6626:by removing
6613:
6570:
6553:
6511:
6507:
6482:
6441:
6437:
6412:
6380:
6379:Television:
6363:
6356:Bibliography
6343:. Retrieved
6339:the original
6332:
6323:
6315:
6300:Warehouse 13
6292:
6272:
6263:Phil Wolff,
6259:
6251:
6246:
6233:
6214:
6208:
6189:
6183:
6152:
6142:
6133:
6121:
6115:(in French).
6112:
6103:
6083:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6036:
6016:
6003:Toronto Star
6001:
5985:
5964:
5960:
5941:
5922:
5911:
5902:
5862:
5829:
5823:
5760:
5745:
5737:
5728:
5716:
5711:
5699:. Retrieved
5695:the original
5690:
5680:
5668:. Retrieved
5659:
5649:
5637:. Retrieved
5629:Awards Daily
5628:
5618:
5606:. Retrieved
5597:
5587:
5574:. Retrieved
5570:the original
5558:
5545:
5526:
5506:
5498:
5482:
5463:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5390:
5372:
5354:
5339:
5325:
5289:
5282:
5255:
5249:
5231:
5213:
5172:
5155:
5142:
5133:
5115:
5106:
5074:February 19,
5072:. Retrieved
5061:
5051:
5041:February 19,
5039:. Retrieved
5035:the original
5025:
5015:February 19,
5013:. Retrieved
5004:CIO Magazine
5002:
4992:
4982:February 19,
4980:. Retrieved
4960:
4953:
4943:February 19,
4941:. Retrieved
4937:the original
4927:
4916:. Retrieved
4902:
4883:
4863:
4843:
4824:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4794:
4783:
4765:
4747:
4736:. Retrieved
4722:
4702:
4675:
4669:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4622:
4598:
4589:
4569:
4561:the original
4556:
4546:
4536:
4519:
4466:21 September
4464:. Retrieved
4459:
4450:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4145:
4134:. Retrieved
4132:. 2020-05-01
4129:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4102:
4092:
4052:
4034:
4016:
4001:
3991:
3981:
3965:
3934:
3914:
3907:
3896:. Retrieved
3892:the original
3887:
3878:
3867:. Retrieved
3814:
3805:
3792:
3783:
3762:
3756:
3722:Teletraining
3635:
3620:The Simpsons
3618:
3608:
3599:
3592:TV talk show
3588:
3582:
3578:Adolf Hitler
3567:
3564:Warner Bros.
3561:
3554:
3552:
3539:
3535:
3523:
3502:
3499:
3492:
3490:Fritz Lang's
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3421:telerobotics
3416:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3328:
3316:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:Picturephone
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:video phones
3208:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3165:
3128:Web browser
3083:videomail.io
2875:Any mobiles
2737:Limitations
2728:Uses email?
2691:
2682:
2671:Please help
2666:verification
2663:
2631:interpreters
2616:
2604:construction
2588:Multilingual
2586:
2551:
2546:mobile phone
2532:
2509:
2493:
2484:video codecs
2473:
2457:Picturephone
2456:
2442:
2411:
2407:
2388:
2373:
2369:
2354:
2346:Robert Lopez
2327:
2318:
2316:miles away.
2310:
2308:technology.
2302:
2299:
2287:
2260:fitted with
2255:
2214:telemedicine
2211:
2208:Telemedicine
2195:teleseminars
2149:
2141:
2125:
2094:Falls Church
2059:
2052:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2022:
2011:
2006:telepresence
2004:
1998:
1964:telemedicine
1961:
1943:
1927:
1919:
1883:
1875:
1844:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1812:
1805:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1737:
1725:
1706:
1675:
1639:
1579:
1566:Tandberg E20
1523:
1517:Mbit/s. The
1502:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1471:
1458:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1380:
1369:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1319:
1314:loudspeakers
1310:Audio output
1309:
1299:
1283:Video output
1282:
1274:video camera
1257:
1252:
1225:
1205:Dual display
1204:
1179:
1170:
1159:Please help
1154:verification
1151:
1115:
1106:telepresence
1101:
1095:
1089:
1078:
1064:
1057:
1032:Eye contact:
1031:
1022:
996:
982:
977:
965:
890:
877:transmission
873:capital cost
866:
851:
850:
846:
832:
828:Telepresence
826:
811:
810:
796:
795:
792:
751:
742:
732:
725:
718:
711:
699:
687:Please help
682:verification
679:
652:
643:Zoom fatigue
620:
601:
589:
557:
529:
514:
502:camera phone
496:
445:
412:Advances in
411:
398:
394:
359:
336:
295:Picturephone
292:
284:telemedicine
257:
255:techniques.
234:
215:
190:
146:telemedicine
127:
115:video codecs
107:image phones
106:
99:
95:telepresence
90:
78:
76:
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:telepresence
36:
8783:Smartphones
8556:Online chat
8385:NPL network
8097:Radio waves
8035:Alfred Vail
7945:Hedy Lamarr
7930:Dawon Kahng
7890:Elisha Gray
7850:Yogen Dalal
7775:Nasir Ahmed
7709:Teleprinter
7573:Heliographs
7385:Video calls
7334:Missed call
7245:Accessories
7043:, Toronto:
6966:Being There
6176:Jamie Doran
6053:USA Today.
5966:PC Magazine
4557:PC Magazine
3996:George Ou.
3685:Mobile VoIP
3680:Media phone
3655:3GP and 3G2
3569:Plane Daffy
3412:(Catalan).
3386:Bildtelefon
3055:Adobe Flash
3049:Adobe Flash
2925:or mobiles
2829:or mobile)
2779:Any mobile
2746:Deaf made?
2295:remote work
2258:microscopes
2242:paramedical
2218:telenursing
2135:, although
2078:Albuquerque
1982:vital signs
1974:blood sugar
1757:Video codec
1715:defined by
1546:cable modem
1396:Cisco WebEx
1304:microphones
1300:Audio input
1258:Video input
1123:smartphones
1052:White House
1039:turn-taking
1035:Eye contact
942:beamforming
918:Videophones
881:cost of use
797:Videophones
637:. UK based
631:GoToMeeting
510:TFT display
472:Seiji Ozawa
347:Media space
87:smartphones
79:Videophones
8747:Categories
8715:Publishing
8629:Imageboard
8431:Antarctica
8390:Toasternet
8312:Television
7795:Paul Baran
7727:Television
7711:(teletype)
7704:Telegraphy
7682:transistor
7660:Phryctoria
7630:Photophone
7608:Smartphone
7598:Mass media
7236:Photophone
6995:Forbes.com
6925:2002-06-16
6830:Wang, Ses
6784:locations.
6345:2010-02-10
6192:. Signet.
6172:Paul Joyce
5639:January 4,
4918:2015-01-19
4867:Orr, Eli.
4809:RFC 4168,
4738:2016-03-23
4608:GazeMaster
4426:: 103984.
4387:: 107110.
4346:: 103984.
4188:: 103984.
4161:30 October
4136:2020-07-24
4083:Skype blog
3898:2011-05-18
3869:2011-05-18
3701:Smartphone
3583:Dick Tracy
3574:Hatta Mari
3494:Metropolis
3481:» In many
3410:videofonĂa
3388:(German),
3384:(French),
3382:vidéophone
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3358:videophone
3277:video link
3247:video chat
3243:videocalls
3225:videophone
3201:videophone
3193:See also:
3175:JavaScript
3148:JavaScript
3066:JavaScript
2975:or mobile
2806:Apple Inc.
2749:Licensing
2500:videophone
2453:videophone
2340:hired the
2321:globalized
2234:physicians
2120:See also:
2082:New Mexico
2018:Web client
1969:pensioners
1909:made on a
1723:networks.
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1630:ITU-T V.80
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1475:T-View 100
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1291:television
1133:Technology
1086:available.
1024:Bill Gates
896:Web camera
745:April 2024
715:newspapers
604:smartphone
542:which use
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8624:Textboard
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8404:Locations
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7840:Vint Cerf
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7349:Phone tag
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7202:Telephony
6628:excessive
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6060:USA Today
5701:March 23,
5670:March 23,
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5439:0003-4819
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4401:0747-5632
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4321:1939-1854
4282:0269-994X
4243:1939-1854
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3716:Telephony
3566:cartoon,
3516:Bell Labs
3471:visiphone
3459:viewphone
3455:telephote
3406:videofoon
3394:videĂłfono
3362:Viewphone
3273:videocall
3205:telephone
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2952:Microsoft
2608:semantics
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2359:, Skype,
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2222:diagnosis
2108:Education
2086:Baltimore
2070:St. Louis
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1907:Singapore
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985:entry by
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198:telephony
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8701:Web chat
8483:Category
8370:Internet
8360:CYCLADES
8277:Ethernet
8227:Concepts
8151:terminal
8102:wireless
7925:Bob Kahn
7768:Pioneers
7593:Internet
7484:Cable TV
7216:Landline
7095:Archived
7026:Archived
6934:cite web
6825:Tandberg
6667:Unsorted
6474:31369406
6368:Archived
6309:Archived
6281:Archived
6160:Archived
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5664:Archived
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900:computer
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536:iPhone 4
448:CU-SeeMe
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140:people,
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8163:circuit
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6622:Please
6614:use of
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5834:Bibcode
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5576:May 23,
4617:system.
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4110:May 21,
3644:(2008).
3506:set on
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3009:Tikatoy
2997:Tikatoy
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2469:signing
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2334:Burbank
2102:Chicago
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1876:updated
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1713:3G-324M
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1270:Fisheye
1236:packets
1069:latency
983:virtual
853:Webcams
729:scholar
635:LogMeIn
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584:Polycom
568:Interop
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491:Kyocera
333:Digital
160:History
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8614:Usenet
8441:Europe
8411:Africa
8395:Usenet
8355:BITNET
8292:Mobile
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8062:media
7640:Radio
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7504:audio
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7209:Types
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5820:(PDF)
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3604:Skype
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