Videotelephony - Knowledge

2526: 325: 1810:(MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software and others that are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterized according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units. 2113: 3432: 1992: 179: 1201: 171: 948:

the soundbar-shaped unit, rather only camera, microphone, and speakers. These systems are usually still classified as huddle room systems, but, like webcams, rely on a USB connection to an external device, usually a PC, to process the video codec responsibilities. Despite its name, video conferencing systems for Huddle Rooms prevent participants from huddling close together to be seen in the camera. All-in-one systems for these types of rooms range from wide angles such as 110° Horizontal field of view (FOV) to as much as 360° FOV that allow a full view of the room.

7408: 768: 309: 1867: 486: 1468: 1216: 8479: 1098:: Not all systems can readily interconnect; for example, ISDN and IP systems require a gateway. Popular software solutions cannot easily connect to hardware systems. Some systems use different standards, features, and qualities which can require additional configuration when connecting to dissimilar systems. Free software systems circumvent this limitation by making it relatively easy for a single user to communicate over multiple incompatible platforms. 1614:(IP) video transmissions over the public Internet without quality-of-service enhanced lines. This standard has enabled wide scale deployment of high definition desktop videoconferencing and made possible new architectures, which reduces latency between the transmitting sources and receivers, resulting in more fluid communication without pauses. In addition, an attractive factor for IP videoconferencing is that it is easier to set up for use along with 2426: 40: 786: 2655: 1143: 671: 8489: 8468: 7398: 1561: 8499: 1898: 6605: 1041:, perceived attention and intent, and other aspects of group communication. While traditional telephone conversations give no eye contact cues, many videoconferencing systems are arguably worse in that they provide an incorrect impression that the remote interlocutor is avoiding eye contact. Some telepresence systems have cameras located in the screens that reduce the amount of 380: 2537:. The United States and several other countries compensate companies to provide video relay services (VRS). Telecommunication equipment can be used to talk to others via a sign language interpreter, who uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf person's party. Video equipment is also used to do on-site sign language translation via 2068:(ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in 3510:. The movie was released shortly before AT&T began its efforts to commercialize its Picturephone Mod II service in several cities and depicts a video call to Earth using an advanced AT&T videophone—which it predicts will cost $ 1.70 for a two-minute call in 2001 (a fraction of the company's real rates on Earth in 1968). Film director 3423:) is a robotically controlled and motorized videoconferencing display to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in an office, home, school, etc. when one cannot be there in person. The robotic avatar device can move about and look around at the command of the remote person it represents. 404:(Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to use a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, and many other community-oriented organizations. 1092:: Most users are not technically experienced and want a simple interface. In hardware systems, an unplugged cord or an unresponsive remote control is seen as a failure, contributing to a perceived unreliability. Successful systems are backed by support teams who can provide fast assistance when required. 3559:, where the story's protagonist, Sam Bell, also calls home as well to communicate with loved ones. Bell, the lone occupant of a mining station on the far side of the Earth's moon, finally succeeds in making his video call after an extended work period, but becomes traumatized when viewing his daughter. 3589:

By the early 2010s videotelephony and videophones had become commonplace and unremarkable in various forms of media, in part due to their real and ubiquitous presence in common electronic devices and laptop computers. Additionally, TV programming increasingly used videophones to interview subjects of

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High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available and affordable, as has good-quality video capture and display hardware. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on webcams, personal computer systems, software compression, and the Internet have become progressively more

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or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they do not have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added

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video camera. These cameras can be controlled at a distance to pan left and right, tilt up and down, and zoom. They became known as PTZ cameras. The console contains all electrical interfaces, the control computer, and the software or hardware-based codec. Omnidirectional microphones are connected to

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located in the system are sufficient, in lieu of table or ceiling microphones in closer proximity to the in-room participants. Quality of service is comparable to standard videoconferencing systems, varying from moderate to high. Some manufacturers' huddle room systems do not include the codec within

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were the earliest form of videotelephony, dating back to initial tests in 1927 by AT&T. During the late 1930s, the post offices of several European governments established public videophone services for person-to-person communications using dual cable circuit telephone transmission technology. In

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systems now allow people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an offshore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that

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Press videoconferencing permits international press conferences via videoconferencing over the Internet. Journalists can participate on an international press conference from any location, without leaving their offices or countries. They need only be seated by a computer connected to the Internet in

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standard, which specified technical requirements for narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically for videoconferencing and videophone services. It applied mostly to dedicated circuit-based switched network (point-to-point) connections of moderate or high bandwidth, such as

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to enable access to the local camera and microphone and establish a connection to the meeting. But WebRTC does not require any special software, instead a WebRTC-compliant internet browser itself provides the facilities for 1-to-1 and 1-to-many videoconferencing calls. Several enhancements to WebRTC

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are add-ons (hardware boards or software codec) to normal PCs and laptops, transforming them into videoconferencing devices. A range of different cameras and microphones can be used with the codec, which contains the necessary codec and transmission interfaces. Most of the desktops systems work with

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transmission modes due to the need to convey the very large amounts of data generated by their cameras and microphones. These systems are often intended for use in conference mode, that is by many people in several different locations, all of whom can be viewed by every participant at each location.

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The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s, both in the United States and in Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. The prerequisite knowledge arose from intensive research and experimentation

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Videoconferencing is also currently being introduced on online networking websites, in order to help businesses form profitable relationships quickly and efficiently without leaving their place of work. This has been leveraged by banks to connect busy banking professionals with customers in various

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Videoconferencing User Interfaces (VUI) can be either graphical or voice-responsive. Many in the industry have encountered both types of interface, and normally a graphical interface is encountered on a computer. User interfaces for conferencing have a number of different uses; they can be used for

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Videophones have historically employed a variety of transmission and reception bandwidths, which can be understood as data transmission speeds. The lower the transmission/reception bandwidth, the lower the data transfer rate, resulting in a progressively limited and poorer image quality (i.e. lower

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saw its earliest use with AT&T's Picturephone service in the early 1970s. Transmissions were analog over short distances, but converted to digital forms for longer calls, again using telephone transmission technology. Popular corporate video-conferencing systems in the present day have migrated

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website, November 1, 2014; also published in print as "Forever 2001: Why Stanley Kubrick's Sci-Fi Masterpience Is More Popular Now Than In 1968", November 1, 2014, p. E1, E10. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from TheStar.com. Quote: "Public esteem and critical estimation of 2001 has grown steadily ever

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whose staff speaks Spanish only, therefore the interpreter has to use ASL, spoken Spanish, and spoken English to facilitate the call for the deaf person), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable mental processing efforts on the part of the translator, since

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introduced the Online Media Briefing Center, a password-protected site available only to professional journalists. The site enables the IMF to present press briefings globally and facilitates direct questions to briefers from the press. The site has been copied by other international organizations

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Although videoconferencing has frequently proven its value, research has shown that some non-managerial employees prefer not to use it due to several factors, including anxiety. Some such anxieties can often be avoided if managers use the technology as part of the normal course of business. Remote

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networks can work as videophones using their internal cameras and are able to make video calls wirelessly to other UMTS users anywhere. As of the second quarter of 2007, there are over 131 million UMTS users (and hence potential videophone users), on 134 networks in 59 countries. Mobile phones can

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came to prominence, referring to the taxing nature of spending long periods of time on videocalls. This fatigue refers to the psychological and physiological effects participants involved in videoconferencing. One experimental study from 2021 revealed a link between camera use in videoconferencing

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Videoconferencing provides students with the chance to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Because it is live, videotelephony allows teachers to access remote or otherwise isolated learners. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one

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The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources.

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A second psychological problem with videoconferencing is being on camera, with the video stream possibly even being recorded. The burden of presenting an acceptable on-screen appearance is not present in audio-only communication. Early studies by Alphonse Chapanis found that the addition of video

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said in 2001 that he used videoconferencing "three or four times a year", because digital scheduling was difficult and "if the overhead is super high, then you might as well just have a face-to-face meeting". Some observers argue that three outstanding issues have prevented videoconferencing from

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A more recent technology encompassing these functions is TV cams. TV cams enable people to make video calls using video calling services, like Skype on their TV, without using a PC connection. TV cams are specially designed video cameras that feed images in real time to another TV camera or other

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technology) is being used in industries such as manufacturing, energy, healthcare, insurance, government, and public safety. Live, visual interaction removes traditional restrictions of distance and time, often in locations previously unreachable, such as a manufacturing plant floor thousands of

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selectively chooses a feed to display at each endpoint, with the goal of showing the person who is currently speaking. This is done by choosing the feed (other than the viewer) which has the loudest audio input (perhaps with some filtering to avoid switching for very short-lived volume spikes).

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in cities around the world. Clients can book rooms and turn up for the meeting, with all technical aspects being prearranged and support being readily available if needed. The issue of eye contact may be solved with advancing technology, including smartphones which have the screen and camera in

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to the elderly, disabled, and to those in remote locations, where the ease and convenience of quickly obtaining diagnostic and consultative medical services are readily apparent. In one single instance quoted in 2006: "A nurse-led clinic at Letham has received positive feedback on a trial of a

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have envisioned a future where telephone conversations will take place as actual face-to-face encounters with video as well as audio. Sometimes it is simply not possible or practical to have face-to-face meetings with two or more people. Sometimes a telephone conversation or conference call is

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While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service uses of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM, which at the time were promoting a jointly developed

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In the United States, videoconferencing has allowed testimony to be used for an individual who is unable or prefers not to attend the physical legal settings or would be subjected to severe psychological stress in doing so, however, there is a controversy on the use of testimony by foreign or

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Researchers also find that attendees of business and medical videoconferences must work harder to interpret information delivered during a conference than they would if they attended face-to-face. They recommend that those coordinating videoconferences make adjustments to their conferencing

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systems can involve specially built teleconference rooms to allow expansive views with very high levels of audio and video fidelity, to permit an 'immersive' videoconference. When the proper type and capacity transmission lines are provided between facilities, the quality of service reaches

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can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those who are geographically isolated or economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

349:, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from 1524:

Currently, adequate video for some purposes becomes possible at data rates lower than the ITU-T broadband definition, with rates of 768 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s used for some videoconferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit/s used for videophones using

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Huddle room or all-in-one systems —low to midrange cost, newer endpoint category based on standard videoconferencing systems, but defined by the camera, microphone(s), speakers, and codec contained in a single piece of hardware. Typically used in small to medium spaces where

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are usually provided as two separate lines (for uplink/downlink) because each has limited upload speeds and cannot upload and download simultaneously at full speed. As Internet speeds increase, higher quality and high-definition videoconferencing will become more readily

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Very expensive videoconferencing systems continued to rapidly evolve throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Proprietary equipment, software, and network requirements gave way to standards-based technologies that were available for anyone to purchase at a reasonable cost.

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to be assessed by medics without traveling to a doctor's office or medical clinic." A further improvement in telemedical services has been the development of new technology incorporated into special videophones to permit remote diagnostic services, such as

6011:... innovations like iPads and Skyping have finally caught up with Kubrick's view of future living. Lockwood marvels at how he's now able to Skype his wife and daughter, just as he does his movie parents in the space-to-Earth communication scene in 2001." 1825:

While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.

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platform. While additional software is required to patch together multiple video feeds for conference calls or convert between dissimilar video standards, SIP calls between two identical handsets within the same PBX were relatively straightforward.

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introduced its first high definition videoconferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high-definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.

1050:, formerly Bell Communications Research, owns a patent for eye-to-eye videoconferencing using rear projection screens with the video camera behind it, evolved from a 1960s U.S. military system that provided videoconferencing services between the 100:

The concept of videotelephony was conceived in the late 19th century, and versions were available to the public starting in the 1930s. Early demonstrations were installed at booths in post offices and shown at various world expositions. In 1970,

243:. This occurred in part, at least with AT&T, to serve as an adjunct supplementing the use of the telephone. A number of organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications. Attempts at using normal 1853:. Cloud-based systems can handle either 2D or 3D video broadcasting. Cloud-based systems can also implement mobile calls, VOIP, and other forms of video calling. They can also come with a video recording function to archive past meetings. 1792:(RTCP). The RTP and UDP normally carry information such the payload type which is the type of codec, frame rate, video size, and many others. RTCP on the other hand acts as a quality control Protocol for detecting errors during streaming. 4074: 3296: 2244:

professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in

2525: 2326:, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film 1742:

protocol also supports videophone calls natively, using the protocol's own capabilities to transport alternate media streams. A few hobbyists obtained the Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone cheaply in 2010 as surplus after

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that uses the knowledge of audio output to monitor audio input and filter from it noises that echo back after some time delay. If unattended, these echoes can be re-amplified several times, leading to problems including:

6985:, January 10, 2012 (online), January 11, 2012 (in print, New York Edition, pg. A1). Retrieved online January 11, 2012. Synopsis: a look at the pros and cons of videotelephony used for private, individual, music lessons. 2548:

technology with video calling capabilities have given deaf and speech-impaired users a greater ability to communicate with the same ease as others. Some wireless operators have even started free sign language gateways.

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can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for

3507: 6328: 1644:(UCIF), a non-profit alliance between communications vendors, launched in May 2010. The organization's vision is to maximize the interoperability of UC based on existing standards. Founding members of UCIF include 1773:

Conference Control performs resource allocation, management, and routing. This layer along with the User Interface creates meetings (scheduled or unscheduled) or adds and removes participants from a conference.

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for unequaled video quality and ease of use with video relay services. Favorable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community.

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corporate offices. Telepresence conference rooms use state-of-the-art room designs, video cameras, displays, sound systems and processors, coupled with high-to-very-high capacity bandwidth transmissions.

2003:, also available through the use of public access videoconferencing rooms. A higher level of videoconferencing that employs advanced telecommunication technologies and high-resolution displays is called 4638:

Chapanis, A; Ochsman, R; Parrish, R (1977). "Studies in interactive communication II: The effects of four communication modes on the linguistic performance of teams during cooperative problem solving".

2297:. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to videoconferencing used it "all of the time" or "frequently". 830:

systems are a newer, more advanced subset of videoconferencing systems, meant to allow higher degrees of video and audio fidelity. Such high-end systems are typically deployed in corporate settings.

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launched two new versions of its Portal video-calling devices, the Portal Go and Portal Plus. The new video calling devices include the first portable variety of the hardware and number of updates.

2057:, videoconferencing systems are used for initial court appearances. The systems link jails with courtrooms, reducing the expenses and security risks of transporting prisoners to the courtroom. 3288: 861: 3259:

in verb form differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as

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on hand-held mobile devices have also extended video-conferencing capabilities to locations previously unreachable, such as a remote community, long-term care facility, or a patient's home.

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These are some of the reasons many organizations only use the systems internally, where there is less risk of loss of customers. An alternative for those lacking dedicated facilities is the

1505:, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or greater is more concisely considered broadband Internet. The 7162:, a movie reel news clip on the assembly and demonstration of a prototype British General Post Office 'Viewphone' at Taplow, Buckinghamshire; (February 1, 1970; video, 1:16 seconds length) 6627: 5067: 4975: 2633:

are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRS and VRI interpretation requires all parties to have the

1959:, which is intended to support communication between a caller using sign language and another party using spoken language, videoconferencing can be used directly between two deaf signers. 2593:, who can also translate as well across principal languages (such as a multilingual interpreter interpreting a call from a deaf person using ASL to reserve a hotel room at a hotel in the 4071: 282:

using specially equipped trucks, and much later via special satellite videophones in a briefcase. This technique was very expensive, though, and was not adopted for applications such as

4527: 1696:(SMTP). H.323 is still used, but more commonly for business videoconferencing, while SIP is more commonly used in personal consumer videophones. A number of call-setup methods based on 5008: 2502:

specifically for the deaf community. It was designed to output its video to the user's television in order to lower the cost of acquisition and to offer remote control and a powerful

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The components within a videoconferencing system can be divided up into several different layers: User Interface, Conference Control, Control or Signaling Plane, and Media Plane.

6961:, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky". 4541:, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky". 232:. An example of that was the German Reich Postzentralamt (post office) videotelephone network serving Berlin and several German cities via coaxial cables between 1936 and 1940. 527:

video standards, and online telecommunication programs that promoted low cost, albeit lower quality, videoconferencing to virtually every location with an Internet connection.

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conducted a two-year development campaign from 1997 to 1999 that resulted in the release of the VP-210 Visual Phone, the first mobile colour videophone that also doubled as a

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in the late 1990s allowed digital videophones to provide high-quality low-cost color service between users almost any place in the world. Today, videotelephony is widespread.

6767:, April 19, 2010. Article discusses the increased use of videoconferencing due to the eruption of an Icelandic volcano which severely curtailed air travel for several months. 5379: 7040: 5563: 4060: 6338: 7153: 6091: 2065: 1398:

can be accessed using a URL sent by the meeting organizer, and various degrees of security can be attached to the virtual room. Often the user must download and install a

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simply displays all participants at the same time, usually with the exception that the viewer either does not see their own feed, or sees their own feed in miniature.

1335:: a data processing unit that ties together the other components, does the compressing and decompressing, and initiates and maintains the data linkage via the network. 906:

networks—lowest direct cost, assuming the users already possess computers at their respective locations. Quality of service can range from low to very high, including

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Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of videoconferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with

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Typical uses of the various technologies described above include calling one-to-one or conferencing one-to-many or many-to-many for personal, business, educational,

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Individual videoconferencing are usually portable devices, meant for single users, and have fixed cameras, microphones, and loudspeakers integrated into the console.

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Vertegaal, "Explaining Effects of Eye Gaze on Mediated Group Conversations: Amount or Synchronization?" ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2002.

3376:, a common French translation that has also crept into limited English usage, as well as over twenty less common names and expressions. Latin-based translations of 2533:

Using such video equipment in the present day, the deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech-impaired can communicate between themselves and with hearing individuals using

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video available on the latest model webcams. A related and similar device is a TV camera which is usually small, sits on top of a TV, and can connect to it via its

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of typical digital videotelephone systems from 15 to 30 frames per second, and reduced the cost from $ 100,000 to $ 12,000. The company also secured a patent for a

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The development of videotelephony as a subscription service started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by

6771: 5514: 1071:(time lag) larger than about 150–300 ms becomes noticeable and is soon observed as unnatural and distracting. Therefore, next to a stable large bandwidth, a small 5179: 1607: 3488:

and TV programs that are set in the future, videophones were used as a primary method of communication. One of the first movies where a videophone was used was

1081:: In some countries, it is difficult or expensive to get a high-quality connection that is fast enough for good-quality videoconferencing. Technologies such as 4871: 3787:"German Postoffice To Use Television–Telephone For Its Communication System", (Associated Press) The Evening Independent, St. Petersburg, Fl, September 1, 1934 2020:

programs. Thus an activity that was disappointing as a separate service has found a niche as a minor feature in software products intended for other purposes.

5470: 2076:. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in 898:

videophone and videoconferencing systems, either stand-alone or built-in, that serve as complements to personal computers, connected to other participants by

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With the development of lower-cost endpoints, the integration of video cameras into personal computers and mobile devices, and software applications such as

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Control (Signaling) Plane contains the stacks that signal different endpoints to create a call and/or a conference. Signals can be, but are not limited to,

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systems require specially designed rooms which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to fit out their rooms with codecs, integration equipment (such as

7743: 6939: 2463:—two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including 2288:

Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as

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Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as

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observed by the users. This issue is also being addressed through research that generates a synthetic image with eye contact using stereo reconstruction.

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channels routinely use this type of videotelephony when reporting from distant locations. The news media were to become regular users of mobile links to

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service, available in select cities. However, the system was a commercial failure, chiefly due to consumer apathy, high subscription costs, and lack of

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Shockley, Kristen M.; Gabriel, Allison S.; Robertson, Daron; Rosen, Christopher C.; Chawla, Nitya; Ganster, Mahira L.; Ezerins, Maira E. (2021-08-01).

3308:) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a 1837:

convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.

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networks. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the

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Cloud-based videoconferencing can be used without the hardware generally required by other videoconferencing systems, and can be designed for use by

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The Media Plane controls the audio and video mixing and streaming. This layer manages Real-Time Transport Protocols, User Datagram Packets (UDP) and

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The highest ever video call (other than those from aircraft and spacecraft) took place on May 19, 2013, when British adventurer Daniel Hughes used a

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The transmission of speech is an old story; the transmission of images by means of sensitive mirrors connected by wires is a thing but of yesterday.

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Mulbach, Lothar; Bocker, Martin; Prussog, Angela (1995). "Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact".

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scheduling, setup, and making a video call. Through the user interface, the administrator is able to control the other three layers of the system.

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and Zoom, videoconferencing has changed from just a business-to-business offering to include business-to-consumer (and consumer-to-consumer) use.

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interest and to present live coverage by news correspondents, via the Internet or by satellite links. In the mass market media, the popular U.S.

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that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real time over secure networks, independent of location.

6565:, University of Gothenburg: Department of Applied Information Technology, pp. 6–18, October 5, 2012. Web. January 23, 2013 (PDF). 6952: 4524: 1951:

individuals have a particular role in the development of affordable high-quality videotelephony as a means of communicating with each other in

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digital phone protocol or a fractionated high bandwidth T1 lines. Modern products based on H.320 standard usually support also H.323 standard.

6280: 5733: 4787: 4610: 1112:), high fidelity sound systems, and furniture. Monthly charges may also be required for bridging services and high-capacity broadband service. 8528: 4998: 1641: 5413:

Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (2022).

5202: 5094: 3369: 3207:, resulting in a variety of names and terms being used worldwide, and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as 8451: 8423: 8418: 7443: 6138: 4552: 5990: 5890: 1491:

resolution and/or frame rate). Data transfer rates and live video image quality are related but are also subject to other factors such as

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are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via personal computers, and can be used with many

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Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world, including museums and other cultural and educational sites. Such

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monitoring. Such units are capable of relaying both regular audio-video plus medical data over either standard (POTS) telephone or newer

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and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, and converse with the hearing party, and vice versa. Much like

2139:

will continue to be present. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze, and share information and ideas with one another.

1234:(coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled 6871: 5533: 4103: 836:

systems are another recent development, combining the use of video, audio, and on-screen drawing capabilities using newest generation

936:

line service for higher image resolutions and sound quality. Quality of service for standalone videophones can vary from low to high;

6745: 4483:

Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord.

4125: 3431: 1226:

The core technology used in a videotelephony system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or

420:

streams to be transmitted over the Internet, which was previously difficult due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of

8521: 5929: 5376: 4959: 3862: 2529:

A deaf or hard-of-hearing person uses a Video Relay Service at his workplace to communicate with a hearing person in London (2007).

2143: 1688:, which is often easier to set up in home networking environments. It is a text-based protocol, incorporating many elements of the 1358:

Large group videoconferencing are built-in, large, expensive devices used for large rooms such as conference rooms and auditoriums.

641:

reported a 600 percent increase in national call volumes. Videoconferencing became so widespread during the pandemic that the term

6680: 4057: 6989: 4455: 3973: 3659: 1941:

connection, along with software-based videophone apps to make calls to any video-capable Internet user, whether mobile or fixed.

1510: 1054:

and various other government and military facilities. This technique eliminates the need for special cameras or image processing.

958:

or other bridging services to allow multiple parties on videoconference calls. Quality of service can vary from moderate to high.

6088: 1361:

Small group videoconferencing are either non-portable or portable, smaller, less expensive devices used for small meeting rooms.

8445: 6858: 5768: 5751:

Ferran, Carlos and Watts, Stephanie. "Videoconferencing in the field: A heuristic processing model", Management Science 54, no.

4416:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain" 4336:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain" 4178:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain" 3275:

for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a

7117:

Jaur, Francis. "Usage Domestiques du Visiophone", Technologies de l'Information et Société, 2, 1990, pp. 89–102. (French)

5870: 4798: 8440: 8430: 8410: 8212: 7128:, Berlin: Hausmitteilungen Aus Forshunsg Und Betrieb Der Fernseh Aktiengellschaft, July 1939, pp. 138–143. (PDF, German) 6831: 6587: 6543: 6499: 6429: 6405: 6222: 6197: 5655: 4832: 4711: 4507: 3842: 2352:

to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

2276:, etc., can be used in conjunction with videoconferencing equipment to transmit data about a patient. Recent developments in 1581: 735: 5030: 4932: 4727: 4514:

students had the option to install a webcam on their end (a basic webcam costs about $ 40.00) to view the class in session."

4487: 3822: 324: 5624: 707: 7577: 6741:, November 10, 2009 on line, and November 11, 2009, in print, p. B3. Discusses the acquisition of LifeSize Communications. 6021: 5138: 3138: 8792: 8502: 8435: 8281: 7292: 7192: 6976: 6385: 6362: 5394: 5358: 2479: 2300:

Intel Corporation have used videoconferencing to reduce both costs and environmental impacts of its business operations.

2012:

Today the principles, if not the precise mechanisms, of a videophone are employed by many users worldwide in the form of

1067:: The information transport of digital signals in many steps need time. In a telecommunicated conversation, an increased 7009: 6904: 5511: 5110:"Motion Media Unveils Two New Healthcare Videophones—CareStation 156s and CareStation 126s", Business Wire, May 3, 2004. 4754: 4041: 8767: 8207: 7094: 6007:

since, even as the title date has come and gone with very few of its far-out advancements having been realized—although

4969: 4772: 4606:, ACM CHI 1993. More recently gaze correction systems using only a single camera have been shown, such as. Microsoft's 4151: 1480:-type videophone meant for home offices and small businesses, with a lens cover which can be rotated upward for privacy 5176: 4023: 2163:

researchers collaborating with colleagues at other institutions on a regular basis without loss of time due to travel;

1806:

Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible in a hardware-based system by means of a

714: 8301: 7307: 6918: 6884: 6719: 6653: 6579: 6535: 6491: 6421: 6397: 5314: 5271: 4499: 3938: 3923: 3834: 3598:

incorporated videotelephony into her TV program on a regular basis from May 21, 2009, with an initial episode called

2694: 2519: 2498:(formerly Sorenson Vision Inc.), a video compression software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone 1832:, where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central 1593: 1518: 1182: 1072: 876: 793:

Videotelephony can be categorized by its functionality and intended purpose, and also by its method of transmission.

754: 6891: 6506:

Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff (2004). "On The Persistence Of Lackluster Demand—The History Of The Video Telephone".

5970: 4868: 4577: 3796:

Peters, C. Brooks, "Talks On 'See-Phone': Television Applied to German Telephones Enables Speakers to See Each Other

3538:

movie scene a central character, Dr. Heywood Floyd, calls home to contact his family, a social feature noted in the

301:—with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call, and 8762: 8086: 7634: 7436: 7287: 5164: 5101:, Aberdeen Press & Journal (UK), published in Europe Intelligence Wire, 13 November 2006, retrieved 2009-04-14; 4933:"PDS and Vidtel Enable Affordable, Cloud-Based, Interoperable Video Conferencing for Southeast Michigan Businesses" 2474:

The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow

17: 7022: 6159: 5467: 2552:

Sign language interpretation services via VRS or by VRI are useful in the present day where one of the parties is

2494:

Significant improvements in video call quality of service for the deaf occurred in the United States in 2003 when

1211:

system and camera used for videoconferencing, with two displays for simultaneous broadcast from separate locations

981:

experts have shown that poorly configured or inadequately supervised videoconferencing systems can permit an easy

8787: 8544: 8197: 5593: 5487: 2672: 2371:

workers can also adopt certain behaviors and best practices to stay connected with their co-workers and company.

2112: 1235: 1160: 688: 721: 8192: 7312: 6264: 2676: 2061: 1681: 1164: 692: 1346:

have all required components packaged into a single piece of equipment, usually a console with a high quality

8757: 8217: 6788: 5550: 3069: 2515: 2460: 2394: 2337: 1693: 607: 479: 4851: 3997: 1027:

becoming a widely adopted form of communication, despite the ubiquity of videoconferencing-capable systems.

840:

broadcasting over secure networks, enabling multi-party conferencing in real time, independent of location.

8580: 8492: 8253: 8150: 7693: 7488: 7460: 4911: 3726: 3501: 3436: 1991: 1846: 1261: 703: 6732: 5775:(then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, pp. 134–153 & 160–187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969. 4674: 1425:

Often, if no remote parties are currently speaking, the feed with the last speaker remains on the screen.

8777: 8693: 8482: 7989: 7429: 7302: 6945: 3346: 2475: 2413: 1782: 1689: 1685: 1610:(SVC) is a compression standard that enables videoconferencing systems to achieve highly error resilient 1569: 921: 647: 313: 251:, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient 110: 31: 6563:

Like a window in your living room: Video-mediated communication for extended families separated by space

6305: 5816: 4811:

The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a Transport for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

4126:"StarLeaf | StarLeaf Reveals Scale of Uptake in Video Conferencing Services During Coronavirus Pandemic" 3562:

Other earlier examples of videophones in popular culture included a videophone that was featured in the

3011: 2999: 2026:

A study conducted by Pew Research in 2010, revealed that 7% of Americans have made a mobile video call.

1785:(SIP) Protocols. These signals control incoming and outgoing connections as well as session parameters. 1596:(PSTN) or videoconferencing over integrated services digital networks. While still prevalent in Europe, 1572:-only device. Such devices need to route calls through a Video Communication Server to be able to reach 1495:. Some early videophones employed very low data transmission rates with a resulting poor video quality. 1459:

Echo cancellation is a processor-intensive task that usually works over a narrow range of sound delays.

105:

launched the first commercial personal videotelephone system. In addition to videophones, there existed

8341: 8263: 8202: 7909: 6838: 6814: 5945: 5582:, Mobile video system visually connects global plant floor engineers, Control Engineering, May 28, 2009 5031:""Cloud-Based Interoperability Platform for Video Conferencing" in Patent Application Approval Process" 4257: 3114: 3101: 3042: 3029: 1433: 1075:

is another major technical requirement for the communication channel for interactive videoconferencing.

6562: 5468:

Adena Health System Uses Lifesize High Definition Video to Bring Remote Specialists to Infant Patients

4219:"Videoconference fatigue? Exploring changes in fatigue after videoconference meetings during COVID-19" 2630: 2590: 650:" highlighted a study linking negative attitudes with the use of "self-view" when videoconferencing. 8797: 8590: 8113: 8074: 7919: 7819: 7748: 7681: 7508: 7282: 3260: 2538: 2511: 2438: 2179:

administrators on tight schedules collaborating on budget preparation from different parts of campus;

1485: 1200: 221: 165: 6277: 4858:, International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium (IMTC), April 1, 2001 to November 16, 2004. 3500:

Other notable examples of videophones in popular culture include an iconic scene from the 1968 film

8650: 8472: 7714: 7649: 7602: 7562: 7402: 7277: 7132: 6635: 6631: 6615: 6031:, IDG News Service, February 16, 2010. Retrieved via Computerworld.com's website, February 18, 2010 4607: 3580:(1944), as well as a device with the same functionality has been used by the comic strip character 2023:

According to Juniper Research, smartphone videophone users will reach 29 million by 2015 globally.

2016:

videocalls using personal computers, with inexpensive webcams, microphones, and free video calling

1129:, and computers with built-in audio and webcams removes the need for expensive dedicated hardware. 1006:

exchanges are adequate. However, videoconferencing adds another option and can be considered when:

6965: 2417:

since its inception. More than 4,000 journalists worldwide are currently registered with the IMF.

646:

and a prediction of fatigue occurrence an individual. Furthermore, a 2022 article in the journal "

8752: 8603: 8311: 8296: 8140: 8091: 8014: 7914: 7592: 7478: 7473: 7272: 7185: 5345: 5091: 3891: 3689: 3309: 2665: 2637:. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera remotely, in order to 2510:

Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers, the

2390: 2384: 1807: 1801: 1412:

Videoconferencing systems use several methods to determine which video feed or feeds to display.

1153: 1109: 955: 681: 625:

resulted in a significant increase in the use of videoconferencing. Berstein Research found that

354: 7159: 6374:, Real time updates and news about WebRTC technology and browser-based audio and videotelephony. 5199: 4560: 2564:. In such cases the interpretation flow is normally within the same principal language, such as 8575: 8570: 8565: 8233: 8019: 7834: 7779: 7774: 7587: 7552: 6389: 5288: 3493: 3473:. The first example was probably the cartoon "Edison's Telephonoscope" by George du Maurier in 2626: 2577: 2393:

was developed in October 2007 by the PanAfrican Press Association (APPA), a Paris France-based

2349: 1537: 1047: 629:

added more subscribers during the first two months of 2020 alone than in the entire year 2019.

178: 170: 7070:, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 269–282. 7063:, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 289–298. 5217: 4887: 3581: 8635: 8135: 7939: 7904: 7824: 7804: 7726: 7614: 7535: 6823:, October 1, 2009 online, and October 2, 2009, in print, p. B7. Discusses the acquisition of 6780:, September 15, 1993. Discusses the deployment of videoconferencing rooms in several hundred 6758: 6549: 6041: 5817:"Bandwidth Requirements for Video Transmission of American Sign Language and Finger Spelling" 5788: 5235: 5161:

Virtual Confrontation: Is Videoconference Testimony by an Unavailable Witness Constitutional?

4485:

Handbook of Distance Learning for Real-Time and Asynchronous Information Technology Education

3913: 3669: 2573: 2569: 1937:

also use broadband wireless Internet, whether through the cell phone network or over a local

1068: 907: 559: 440: 425: 317: 308: 216:

Simple analog videophone communication could be established as early as the invention of the

193: 71: 7468: 6706: 5530: 4217:

Bennett, Andrew A.; Campion, Emily D.; Keeler, Kathleen R.; Keener, Sheila K. (2021-03-01).

3586:, who often used his "2-way wrist TV" to communicate with police headquarters. (1964–1977). 1445:

The remote party hearing their own voice coming back at them (usually significantly delayed)

728: 8782: 8049: 8009: 7979: 7736: 7671: 7493: 7140: 6913:, September 25, 2011, pg. ST1. Also published September 23, 2011 online at www.nytimes.com. 6126: 5833: 5687:"Awards Spotlight: 'Frozen' Director Chris Buck on Crafting Well-Rounded Female Characters" 4297:"The fatiguing effects of camera use in virtual meetings: A within-person field experiment" 3731: 3636: 3122: 2581: 2565: 2486:

and the advent of lower-cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.

2312: 2277: 2054: 1789: 856:

are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via

833: 595: 463: 293:

Decades of research and development culminated in the 1970 commercial launch of AT&T's

7066:

Fischer, K.; Ebel, H.; "Problems Of How To Position Users In Front Of The Videophone" in:

6801: 3477:

1878. In «In the year 2889», published 1889, the French author Jules Verne predicts that «

3223:, which was the world's first commercial videophone produced in volume. The compound name 2580:(ASL) also to spoken English (since BSL and ASL are completely distinct from each other), 1061:

actually impaired communication, possibly because of the consciousness of being on camera.

512:

capable of displaying 65,000 colors, and was able to process two video frames per second.

174:

Videotelephony predicted to be in use by 2000, as envisioned in 1910 (artist's conception)

89:

and computers are capable of video calling, reducing the demand for separate videophones.

8: 8668: 8059: 7999: 7758: 7720: 7518: 7503: 7374: 7297: 7121: 7107: 7014: 5415:"Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment: A Rapid Review" 5119: 3330: 2482:. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient and powerful 2434: 2333: 2185:

researchers answering questions about grant proposals from agencies or review committees;

1956: 248: 6623: 5837: 5120:

Smartphone Video Call Users to reach 29 million by 2015 Globally, finds Juniper Research

3858: 2249:

used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a

1880:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

8772: 8286: 8243: 8174: 8044: 7974: 7949: 7884: 7731: 7452: 7178: 7133:"The Next Best Thing To Being There"—Ein Überblick Zu 25 Jahren Videokonferenzforschung 7045: 6981: 6957: 6909: 6896: 6876: 6863: 6843: 6819: 6806: 6793: 6776: 6763: 6750: 6737: 6724: 6711: 6698: 6685: 6527: 6469: 5926: 5894: 5450: 4701: 4656: 4535: 3953: 3631: 3514:

strove for scientific accuracy, relying on interviews with scientists and engineers at

3338: 2754: 2594: 2328: 2269: 2221: 2121: 1944: 1619: 1387: 579: 543: 421: 287: 141: 6519: 3970: 3627: 844:

is another alternative mode, focused on the flexibility of small group conversations.

97:, whose goal is to create the illusion that remote participants are in the same room. 8683: 8663: 8658: 8560: 8326: 8248: 8162: 8145: 8108: 7954: 7784: 7753: 7619: 7513: 7412: 7379: 7251: 6933: 6583: 6575: 6539: 6531: 6495: 6487: 6461: 6453: 6425: 6417: 6401: 6393: 6218: 6193: 6166:, (TV Documentary) first released on 13 January 2001 (UK), presented and narrated by 5907: 5849: 5824: 5749: 5454: 5442: 5434: 5310: 5267: 4965: 4828: 4707: 4503: 4495: 4437: 4396: 4357: 4316: 4277: 4238: 4199: 3919: 3838: 3830: 3705: 3614: 3553:

A portable videophone is also featured prominently in the 2009 science fiction movie

2444: 2398: 2237: 2128: 1697: 1611: 1533: 1492: 1399: 1247: 978: 951: 933: 857: 820: 622: 413: 373: 338: 252: 7994: 6473: 5765: 4660: 2253:

70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $ 10,000 per transfer.

400:

desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years,

8705: 8331: 8291: 8271: 8238: 8167: 8125: 8039: 7894: 7879: 7854: 7829: 7789: 7639: 7498: 7483: 7104: 7080: 6810:, May 11, 2009 online, and in print on May 12, 2009, p. B6 of the New York edition. 6515: 6445: 5867: 5841: 5426: 5414: 5302: 5294: 5259: 5062: 4648: 4602:

Computer vision approaches to achieving eye contact appeared in the 1990s, such as

4427: 4414:

Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).

4388: 4347: 4334:

Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).

4308: 4269: 4230: 4189: 4176:

Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).

3742: 3555: 3547: 3519: 3110: 3038: 2972: 2922: 2850: 2826: 2599: 2170: 2136: 2132: 2064:(SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its 2000: 1665: 1615: 1526: 1472: 1286: 1265: 1208: 986: 944: 899: 571: 530:

Videotelephony became even more widespread through the deployment of video-enabled

350: 302: 236: 122: 8513: 4456:"Facebook announces new Portal video-calling devices, Portal for Business service" 3267:

that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term

1719:

is also used by some cellphones that allow video calls, typically for use only in

7959: 7814: 7582: 7557: 7545: 7230: 7220: 7165: 7098: 7083: 7067: 7060: 7029: 6569: 6554: 6481: 6411: 6378: 6371: 6333: 6312: 6284: 6163: 6143: 6095: 6028: 5997: 5977: 5952: 5933: 5874: 5795: 5772: 5537: 5518: 5494: 5474: 5401: 5383: 5365: 5242: 5224: 5206: 5183: 5126: 5098: 5034: 4936: 4894: 4875: 4855: 4776: 4758: 4683: 4614: 4581: 4531: 4491: 4484: 4078: 4064: 4045: 4027: 3977: 3826: 3819: 3511: 3482: 3446: 3365: 3264: 3142: 3015: 3003: 2896: 2561: 2557: 2464: 2402: 2360: 2225: 2116:

Indonesian and U.S. students participate in an educational videoconference (2010)

1921:

affordable by the general public. The availability of freeware (often as part of

1645: 1352: 1294: 1239: 1220: 1126: 767: 626: 137: 6044:, Peoria, Arizona: Peoria Times, February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010; 8802: 8618: 8157: 8029: 8004: 7964: 7934: 7809: 7644: 7597: 7572: 7530: 7369: 7338: 7023:

Effects of Internet-Based Multiple-Site Conferences on Greenhouse Gas Emissions

6449: 5263: 4652: 3710: 3602:, as part of a marketing agreement with the Internet telecommunication company 3300:

is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A

3135: 3134:

Reusable: can be plugged directly into other websites or as a WordPress plugin

2503: 2261: 2043: 1977: 1748: 1347: 880: 841: 550:, an advanced form of videoconferencing, has helped reduce the need to travel. 515:

Videotelephony was popularized in the 2000s via free Internet services such as

467: 298: 7059:

Ebel, H. "Subjective Assessment of Picture Interference in the Videophone" in

6108: 5298: 4626: 4432: 4415: 4392: 4352: 4335: 4194: 4177: 1507:

International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector

8746: 8726: 8688: 8673: 8306: 8079: 8069: 7984: 7874: 7869: 7859: 7844: 7666: 7525: 7343: 7317: 6457: 6167: 6074: 5799: 5438: 4751: 4441: 4400: 4361: 4320: 4296: 4281: 4242: 4218: 4203: 4038: 3982: 3694: 3595: 3543: 3169:

Pure web based means, it is using standardized web technologies only such as

2618: 2534: 2468: 2341: 2323: 2305: 2035:

unavailable witnesses via video transmission, regarding the violation of the

1952: 1910: 1449: 1391: 1339:

There are basically three kinds of videoconferencing and videophone systems:

1306:, CD/DVD player, cassette player, or any other source of PreAmp audio outlet. 1013:

Non-verbal (visual) information is an important component of the conversation

837: 615: 591: 504:

for still photos. The camera phone was the same size as similar contemporary

455: 417: 401: 361: 247:

networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by

129: 7091: 6483:

Understanding Telecommunications And Lightwave Systems: An Entry-Level Guide

5845: 4769: 4376: 485: 8184: 8024: 7969: 7899: 7864: 7799: 7698: 7688: 7540: 7225: 7156:, 1970 video courtesy of AT&T Archives and History Center, Warren, N.J. 6299: 6002: 5868:

Moving Picture Transmission at Low Bitrates for Sign Language Communication

5446: 5003: 4908:"2010 Bargain of the Year: Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone – Nerd Vittles" 4020: 3721: 3619: 3591: 3577: 3563: 3420: 3334: 3317: 2587: 2545: 2522:

in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country.

2345: 2213: 2207: 2093: 2005: 1963: 1929: 1922: 1565: 1273: 1269: 1105: 1016:

The parties of the conversation cannot physically come to the same location

961: 920:—low to midrange cost. The earliest standalone models operated over either 872: 827: 805: 642: 547: 531: 505: 501: 294: 283: 259: 145: 94: 63: 44: 6859:

In-Person Visits Fade as Jails Set Up Video Units for Inmates and Families

6465: 5853: 2154:

faculty members keeping in touch with classes while attending conferences;

8555: 8384: 8034: 7944: 7929: 7889: 7849: 7708: 7333: 6252:

Dick Tracy and American Culture: Morality and Mythology, Text and Context

6175: 5965: 5715:

Wolfe, Mark. "Broadband videoconferencing as knowledge management tool",

5306: 4574: 3684: 3679: 3654: 3568: 3054: 3048: 2603: 2483: 2294: 2241: 2217: 2194: 2077: 2047: 1981: 1973: 1756: 1545: 1467: 1395: 1313: 1121:

essentially the same place. In developed countries, the near-ubiquity of

1051: 1038: 1034: 941: 630: 509: 471: 346: 86: 6839:

Jerky Pictures and Sound Are History. Videoconferencing Is All Grown Up.

6156: 1215: 867:

Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages, including

8628: 8389: 8096: 7794: 7703: 7659: 7629: 7607: 7235: 6994: 6171: 4312: 4273: 4234: 3700: 3573: 3489: 3321:

is a high-end videoconferencing system and service usually employed by

3174: 3147: 3065: 2805: 2679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2499: 2452: 2320: 2257: 2176:

faculty members participating in thesis defenses at other institutions;

2150:

Some benefits that videoconferencing can provide to education include:

2081: 2017: 1636:

standard point-to-point videotelephony over regular (POTS) phone lines.

1629: 1623: 1303: 1290: 1167: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1122: 1023: 917: 895: 695: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 603: 475: 388: 365: 225: 217: 205: 153: 149: 5551:"Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel's Journey" 4935:. Information Technology Newsweekly. December 27, 2011. Archived from 2447:

to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when

1253:

The other components required for a videoconferencing system include:

848:

compatible computing devices like smartphones, tablets and computers.

493:

VP-210 Visual Phone was the first commercial mobile videophone (1999).

8640: 8623: 8374: 7839: 7654: 7421: 7348: 7256: 7201: 6238: 6059: 5430: 3715: 3515: 2951: 2638: 2607: 2364: 2265: 2233: 2085: 2069: 1985: 1968: 1906: 1649: 1437: 459: 279: 244: 240: 197: 82: 39: 6832:

Open source tool detects videoconferencing equipment vulnerabilities

6772:

More Than Just a Phone Call; Video Conferencing And Photocopies, Too

5256:

The Handbook of Technology and Second Language Teaching and Learning

5092:

Videophone Scheme Could Provide 'Virtual Care' for Elderly Residents

3697:—a large U.S. business and social services videoconferencing network 2654: 2641:

in and out or to point the camera toward the party that is signing.

2629:, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no on-site 2425: 2166:

schools with multiple campuses collaborating and sharing professors;

1142: 914:

port, similar to how a webcam attaches to a computer via a USB port.

785: 670: 8700: 8369: 8359: 8276: 8101: 7924: 7215: 6948:, June 16, 2002. Discusses social issues related to videotelephony. 6824: 6634:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

5566:

Mobile video system visually connects global plant floor engineers"

5160: 4058:

Man makes the highest Skype video call ever on top of Mount Everest

2800: 2759: 2614:, different from the aural version of the same principal language. 2356: 2273: 2250: 2097: 2089: 2073: 1850: 1661: 1657: 1327: 1227: 1042: 998: 654: 638: 578:, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 563: 535: 447: 384: 4825:

SIP: Understanding the Session Initiation Protocol, Second Edition

4377:"The constant mirror: Self-view and attitudes to virtual meetings" 3941:, Science & Society Picture Library, retrieved August 9, 2013. 2644: 1684:

implementation was an exception), but newer videophones often use

1355:. There are several types of dedicated videoconferencing devices: 508:, but sported a large camera lens and a 5 cm (2 inch) colour 379: 109:

which exchanged still images between units every few seconds over

8608: 8364: 8349: 7567: 6267:, Skype Journal online, May 27, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009. 5330: 4848: 3322: 2448: 2188:

alternative enrollment structures to purely in-person attendance;

2101: 1712: 1653: 634: 583: 567: 497: 490: 102: 6302:

which showed that a phone could video-call as desktop computer.

6287:, CNNMoney.com online, May 21, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009. 4999:"Facebook CIO Supports Video Calls to Preserve Employee Culture" 4907: 3550:, discussing what type of present he should bring home for her. 3522:

of Bell Labs, discussing videophone research in the documentary

1925:) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many. 1351:

the console, as well as a TV monitor with loudspeakers and/or a

8678: 8613: 8394: 8354: 7676: 6781: 5912: 4957: 3534:... of Mr. Kubrick and the people who reported to him". In one 3485: 3449:

literature, names commonly associated with videophones include

3350: 3342: 3283: 3118: 2901: 2611: 2397:, to allow African journalists to participate in international 2013: 1948: 1902: 1820:

Multipoint Processors (MP), sometimes referred to as the mixer.

1744: 1626:

environment for live meetings, collaboration and presentations.

1560: 1530: 1381: 1277: 1003: 852: 775: 575: 546:. In the upper echelons of government, business, and commerce, 539: 6042:

New Video Conferencing System Streamlines Firefighter Training

5033:. Politics & Government Week. May 23, 2013. Archived from 4072:

First Skype Call Atop Mt. Everest Raises Thousands for Charity

2541:(VRI). The relatively low cost and widespread availability of 2212:

Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real time

1676:

Videoconferencing in the late 20th century was limited to the

1584:(ITU) has three umbrellas of standards for videoconferencing: 989:

and criminals into company premises and corporate boardrooms.

360:

In 1984, Concept Communication in the United States created a

312:

Multiple user videoconferencing first being demonstrated with

8598: 8379: 8316: 7624: 5766:

A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone

4559:(Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller. Archived from 4294: 4082: 4002: 3664: 3603: 3250: 3061: 3008: 2996: 2946: 2622: 2229: 1995:

A Tandberg T3 high-resolution telepresence room in use (2008)

1938: 1897: 1849:, or larger international or multinational corporations like 1778: 1727: 1708: 1701: 1677: 1633: 1604: 1589: 1573: 1374: 1231: 868: 772: 524: 520: 516: 452:

first public videoconference between North America and Africa

437: 433: 429: 369: 229: 201: 114: 67: 7170: 7135:(An Overview of 25 years of videoconferencing research) in: 7084:

Two-Way Television and a Pictorial Account of its Background

6109:"George du Maurier et le soi-disant téléphonoscope d'Edison" 3859:"Mr. Tobin has been awarded 15 patents in the past 40 years" 3809:

Robert Stults, Media Space, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA, 1986.

3087: 1622:. These combined technologies enable users to have a richer 1513:

has defined broadband as a transmission capacity at 1.5 to 2

407: 8731: 8721: 8321: 6550:

Amazing New Picturephone: A Step Closer to In-Person Visits

5553:, MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61–74, 2012. 5531:

How We Work: Communication Trends of Business Professionals

3736: 3675:

List of video telecommunication services and product brands

3195:

List of video telecommunication services and product brands

3170: 2782:

App must be installed, does not require a Facebook account

2553: 2289: 2246: 2160:

guest lecturers brought in classes from other institutions;

1933: 1913: 1739: 1732: 1720: 1716: 1597: 1549: 1521:(United States) definition of broadband is 25 Mbit/s. 1477: 1243: 1082: 929: 925: 911: 903: 816: 801: 779: 424:. The DCT algorithm was the basis for the first practical 342: 305:

with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

263: 133: 6674:

Taking the Wraps off Videoconferencing in the US Classroom

5877:, Martlesham, England: British Telecom Laboratories, 1995. 5860: 5625:"Frozen composers Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez" 5504: 4413: 4333: 4216: 4175: 4067:, Neowin.net website, June 25, 2013; which in turn cites: 3763:

McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology

450:

was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the

156:

organizations have used videotelephony for broadcasting.

93:

implies group communication. Videoconferencing is used in

7364: 7068:

4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony

7061:

4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony

6867:

website, August 7, 2012, pg. A15 of the New York Edition.

6528:

Videoconferencing Demystified: Making Video Services Work

5656:"Disney's Frozen Wins Academy Award for Animated Feature" 5543: 4155: 3957: 3884:"Entrepreneur of the Year Reveals Secrets to His Success" 3178: 2224:, consulting, prevention, treatment, and transmission of 1600:

was never widely adopted in the United States and Canada.

1323: 611: 482:

simultaneously across five continents in near-real-time.

372:

for full-motion videoconferencing, first demonstrated at

271: 267: 118: 6880:, July 18, 2011, pg.B3. Published online: July 17, 2011. 6066: 5477:(media release), Lifesize.com website, December 8, 2008. 5412: 4099:"With COVID-19 Spreading, Video Conferencing is Booming" 3963: 3203:

never became as standardized as its earlier counterpart

2429:

Video Interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations

7073:

Hall, A.D. "Experiments with Picturephone Service" in:

5983: 5104: 4517: 4258:"Understanding "Zoom fatigue": A mixed-method approach" 3526:, stated that in the mid-to late-1960s videophones "... 3131:

Recording max 3 minutes, does not work on old browsers

3082: 2542: 364:

for standard personal computers that doubled the video

275: 6694:

Videoconferencing: From Stage Fright to Stage Presence

4637: 2855: 2191:

student interviews with employers in other cities, and

1962:

Videophones are increasingly used in the provision of

1928:

The widest deployment of videotelephony now occurs in

6681:

Hewlett-Packard Sells Its Video Conferencing Business

6265:

Why Oprah's Skype Day Was Ineffective: Tone And Skype

5540:, Plantronics Inc., 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010. 3353:, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis. 3227:

slowly entered into general use after 1950, although

2182:

faculty committee auditioning scholarship candidates;

1632:: videoconferencing is generally compatibilized with 6435: 6329:"Beyoncé and Lady Gaga unite for 'Video Phone' clip" 3188: 3155:

Mixed. Proprietary server and client is open source

2978:

App must be installed, requires a Microsoft account

2832:

App must be installed, requires an Apple ID account

2467:

facility, have also conducted extensive research on

618:, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level. 341:

transmission networks became possible, such as with

8543: 6215:

Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays

6047: 5549:E. Curry, B. Guyon, C. Sheridan, and B. Donnellan, 5139:"7% Of All Americans Have Made A Mobile Video Call" 4869:

News & Analysis: Understanding The 3G-324M Spec

4604:

Teleconferencing Eye Contact Using a Virtual Camera

4544: 4479: 4477: 4256:Nesher Shoshan, Hadar; Wehrt, Wilken (2021-11-01). 4255: 2443:One of the first demonstrations of the ability for 1999:Videotelephony has also been deployed in corporate 932:lines, while newer models have largely migrated to 6217:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. 5936:, Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved April 13, 2009 3915:Intelligent Multimedia Data Hiding: New Directions 1576:systems, a process known as "interworking" (2009). 1118:rental of videoconferencing-equipped meeting rooms 81:are standalone devices for video calling (compare 7166:Whirlpool Forums: Movies that feature videophones 6618:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 6098:", "InfoWeek", 2013-11-01. Accessed Dec. 8, 2013. 5660:24700: News from California Institute of the Arts 5521:." September 30, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 4822: 4039:VCLink for Mobile Devices—AVer Video Conferencing 3949: 3947: 3609:Additionally, videophones have been featured in: 3542:. Floyd talks with and views his daughter from a 2928:App must be installed, requires a Google account 2157:faculty members attending conferences 'virtually' 886: 778:1535 IP model broadband videophone (2008), using 633:had a 20 percent increase in usage, according to 77:There are many terms to refer to videotelephony. 30:"Videophone" redirects here. For other uses, see 8744: 6938:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6802:A Meeting in New York? Can't We Videoconference? 6720:Logitech Buying a Maker Of Videoconference Tools 5980:, PC Magazine website. Retrieved August 19, 2010 5900: 5783: 5781: 4728:"F.C.C. Sharply Revises Definition of Broadband" 4474: 2050:witnesses have testified via videoconferencing. 1019:The expense or time of travel is a consideration 6574:, Focal Press, CMP Books, San Francisco, 2005, 6381:An International History of the Formative Years 6139:Director Fritz Lang on the Making of Metropolis 5113: 4799:Collaboration Vendors Join for Interoperability 4706:. Indianapolis, Ind.: Cisco Press. p. 10. 4021:Polycom High-Definition (HD) Video Conferencing 3853: 3851: 3774: 3772: 2645:Comparison of Sign Language communication tools 2478:, coupled with the high cost of better quality 2311:Videoconferencing on hand-held mobile devices ( 2228:. With videoconferencing, patients may contact 1316:associated with the display device or telephone 6746:The Videoconference as a Bicoastal Pas de Deux 6707:As Travel Costs Rise, More Meetings Go Virtual 6212: 5802:, 19 August 1989, Vol.123, Iss.No.1678, pp.31. 5734:"How to stay connected while working remotely" 3944: 2169:schools from two separate nations engaging in 891:From the least to the most expensive systems: 808:are usually used on a person-to-person basis. 428:that was useful for online videoconferencing, 383:Global Schoolhouse students communicating via 220:. Such an antecedent usually consisted of two 8529: 7437: 7186: 7143:, April 2002, pp. 551–570 (PDF, German). 6953:Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers 6505: 5885: 5883: 5778: 5594:"Snowed Under: Chris Buck talks about Frozen" 5055: 4996: 4788:Unified Communications Interoperability Forum 4525:Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers 1642:Unified Communications Interoperability Forum 964:—highest capabilities and highest cost. Full 192:in several telecommunication fields, notably 6872:Transparent Government, Via Webcams in India 6759:Stranded Travelers Turn to Videoconferencing 6361:Santanu Brahma & Axlator Communications 5891:For the Deaf, Communication Without the Wait 5254:Dooly, Melinda (2017). "Telecollaboration". 4695: 4693: 4691: 3848: 3800:...", The New York Times, September 18, 1938 3769: 3291:for both video calls and videoconferencing. 2489: 2344:-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of 2240:or routine situations; physicians and other 2066:Office of Disability Adjudication and Review 1813:The MCU consists of two logical components: 864:for both video calls and videoconferencing. 800:the present day, standalone videophones and 8452:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 7053: 6508:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 6410:Daly, Edward A. & Hansell, Kathleen J. 5991:The Lasting Appeal of 2001: A Space Odyssey 5810: 5808: 5789:Telephones Come To Terms With Sign Language 5524: 5087: 5085: 4567: 3998:"High definition videoconferencing is here" 2037:Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment 1747:'s bankruptcy and deployed the sets on the 8536: 8522: 8488: 7444: 7430: 7193: 7179: 6921:. Archived from the original on 2002-06-16 5880: 3912:Huang, Hsiang-Cheh; Fang, Wai-Chi (2007). 3765:(5 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2004. 3530:captured the imagination of the public and 1540:format can deliver high-quality video at 2 1407: 599:allow for live and still image streaming. 391:between 0.9 and 3 frames per second (1993) 328:An AT&T Picturephone Model 2 from 1969 7002: 6977:With Enough Bandwidth, Many Join The Band 6815:Cisco Buys Norwegian Firm for $ 3 Billion 6654:Learn how and when to remove this message 6486:, John Wiley and Sons, IEEE Press, 2002, 6178:(video sequence from 0:23:00 to 0:24:20). 4703:Voice and video conferencing fundamentals 4699: 4688: 4553:"Michael J. Miller and Bill Gates: Uncut" 4431: 4351: 4193: 4152:"The reason Zoom calls drain your energy" 3911: 3231:likely entered the lexicon earlier after 3219:) and often by an early trademarked name 2695:Learn how and when to remove this message 1462: 1219:A videoconference meeting facilitated by 1183:Learn how and when to remove this message 755:Learn how and when to remove this message 408:Transition to internet and mobile devices 7160:British Pathé news clip: Videophone 1970 7137:Medien & Kommunikations-wissenschaft 7114:, April 1932, Vol. 11, pp. 118–142. 6905:When Your Therapist Is Only a Click Away 6789:Videoconferencing's virtual leap forward 6568:Wilcox, James R. & Gibson, David K. 6022:Vidyo Packages Conferencing For Campuses 5908:"videomail-client source code on GitHub" 5814: 5805: 5758: 5512:Executives Demand Communications Arsenal 5286: 5194: 5192: 5082: 4958:Ralph Stair and George Reynolds (2013). 4888:Videoconferencing on the High End: H.320 4878:, EETimes.com website. January 21, 2003. 4096: 3939:Kyocera visual phone VP-210, Japan, 1999 3430: 2524: 2424: 2111: 1990: 1896: 1817:A single multipoint controller (MC), and 1707:Another protocol used by videophones is 1559: 1466: 1214: 1199: 784: 766: 484: 378: 323: 307: 177: 169: 38: 6885:The Business Case for Videoconferencing 6571:Video Communications: The Whole Picture 6241:, SBCC Film Reviews, November 20, 2009. 6055:"Video Chat Growing by Light-Year Leaps 5058:"Better Videoconferencing In The Cloud" 3932: 3820:Media Space: 20+ Years of Mediated Life 3660:Comparison of web conferencing software 1452:, which makes the voice channel useless 1386:use a web browser instead of dedicated 1322:: analog or digital telephone network, 1238:, which are then transmitted through a 1195: 562:videoconferencing systems, produced by 128:Applications of videotelephony include 14: 8745: 7451: 7090:, 1930, Vol. 8, pp. 399–404, and 7036:, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006 6834:, Help Net Security, 17 February 2012. 6733:Logitech Breaks Into Videoconferencing 5653: 5343: 5149:from the original on 25 December 2013. 5070:from the original on February 24, 2014 5011:from the original on February 13, 2014 3971:Camera phones: A look back and forward 3576:used a videophone to communicate with 3343:inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries 2459:) was introduced to the public at the 2201: 1932:. Nearly all mobile phones supporting 1761: 1230:that performs compression is called a 274:) video links, one in each direction. 8517: 7425: 7174: 7010:Can Videoconferencing Replace Travel? 6321: 5622: 5616: 5287:Guth, Sarah; Helm, Francesca (2010). 5258:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 169–183. 5253: 5198:U.S. Social Security Administration. 5189: 4951: 4667: 4550: 4494:, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2008, p. 17, 4149: 3995: 3754: 3623:which depicted a Picturephone (1995). 2621:interpreters work remotely with live 2029: 1795: 1582:International Telecommunication Union 1037:plays a large role in conversational 928:telephone networks or more expensive 553: 8498: 7120:Schunack, Von Johannes; Maly, Rolf. 6883:Davis, Andrew W.; Weinstein, Ira M. 6598: 6290: 6187: 5662:. California Institute of the Arts. 5635:from the original on January 4, 2014 5623:Truax, Jackson (November 27, 2013). 5591: 5585: 4841: 4374: 3905: 3360:that have been used in English are: 2677:adding citations to reliable sources 2648: 2131:(in foreign language education) and 1860: 1790:Real-Time Transport Control Protocol 1428: 1403:are provided by independent vendors. 1165:adding citations to reliable sources 1136: 973: 693:adding citations to reliable sources 664: 458:with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in 454:took place, linking a technofair in 85:). In the present day, devices like 7108:Picture Transmission and Television 6432:, CIPD HD9697.T452D35 651.7'3-dc21. 6386:Institution of Electrical Engineers 5685:Kit, Zorianna (November 26, 2013). 5684: 5666:from the original on March 11, 2014 5654:Ziemba, Christine (March 3, 2014). 5510:By Alison Diane, InformationWeek. " 4813:, IETF, The Internet Society (2005) 4575:The Problem With Video Conferencing 3876: 3435:Dr. Heywood Floyd in the 1968 film 3345:, and videoconferencing to resolve 3163: 2584:(DGS) to spoken German, and so on. 2512:availability of high-speed Internet 2127:another through practices known as 2062:U.S. Social Security Administration 1544:Mbit/s, which is at the low end of 660: 24: 7077:, 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 114–120. 7041:The Next Best Thing to Being There 6594: 6530:, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002, 5939: 5920: 5604:from the original on 26 March 2014 5056:Nitin Pradhan (January 23, 2014). 4997:Stacy Collett (January 30, 2014). 4752:SVC vs. H.264/AVC Error Resilience 3954:First mobile videophone introduced 3630:pop single and music video called 3426: 3271:is now frequently used instead of 1594:public switched telephone networks 1096:Perceived lack of interoperability 25: 8814: 7147: 6944:, Department of Social Sciences, 6892:Skype Puts Video Calls on Your TV 6887:, Wainhouse Research, March 2005. 6676:, Wainhouse Research, April 2009. 6558:, June 1968, pp. 46–47. 6089:Attack of the Telepresence Robots 4978:from the original on May 11, 2016 4964:. Cengage Learning. p. 288. 4961:Principles of Information Systems 4097:Beauford, Moshe (March 5, 2020). 3341:purposes. personal videocalls to 3189:Descriptive names and terminology 2520:Federal Communications Commission 1529:compression protocols. The newer 1519:Federal Communications Commission 8497: 8487: 8478: 8477: 8466: 8087:Free-space optical communication 7406: 7396: 6603: 6278:Oprah's Skypefest Draws Backlash 6270: 6257: 6244: 6231: 6206: 6181: 6150: 6131: 6125:Verne, Jules. «In the year 2889» 6119: 6101: 5764:Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969) 5165:University of Chicago Law Review 4375:Kuhn, Kristine M. (2022-03-01). 4010:from the original on 2010-05-13. 3888:RTIR (Radio TV Interview Report) 2653: 2420: 1865: 1840: 1141: 1079:Bandwidth and quality of service 669: 211: 8545:Computer-mediated communication 7154:Debut of the First Picturephone 6919:"Videophones: The Real Problem" 6355: 6141:, May 15, 2010, retrieved from 6081: 6078:, November 24, 1966, No. 440/3. 6034: 6014: 5958: 5743: 5726: 5717:Journal of Knowledge Management 5709: 5678: 5647: 5556: 5480: 5461: 5406: 5388: 5370: 5352: 5337: 5323: 5280: 5247: 5229: 5211: 5170: 5153: 5131: 5049: 5023: 4990: 4925: 4914:from the original on 2017-06-08 4900: 4881: 4861: 4816: 4803: 4792: 4781: 4763: 4745: 4734:from the original on 2015-09-06 4720: 4631: 4620: 4596: 4587: 4448: 4407: 4368: 4327: 4288: 4249: 4210: 4169: 4143: 4118: 4090: 4050: 4032: 4014: 3989: 3890:. April 1, 2011. Archived from 3865:from the original on 2011-05-30 2664:needs additional citations for 2042:In a military investigation in 1152:needs additional citations for 680:needs additional citations for 6416:, Artech House, Boston, 1999, 6318:. Retrieved on March 20, 2007. 5592:Hogg, Trevor (26 March 2014). 4420:Journal of Vocational Behavior 4340:Journal of Vocational Behavior 4182:Journal of Vocational Behavior 4150:Jiang, Manyu (22 April 2020). 3812: 3803: 3790: 3781: 2516:sponsored video relay services 2409:order to ask their questions. 954:—midrange cost, usually using 887:By cost and quality of service 815:almost exclusively to digital 113:. The development of advanced 13: 1: 7200: 6990:Dude, Where's My Video Phone? 6520:10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00410-9 5955:, Online Etymology Dictionary 5344:Caines, Autums (2016-09-06). 4301:Journal of Applied Psychology 4223:Journal of Applied Psychology 3778:Mulbach et al, 1995. pg. 291. 2576:(BSL) to spoken English, and 2395:non-governmental organization 2338:Walt Disney Animation Studios 1731:through the medium-bandwidth 1694:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 1671: 1592:is known as the standard for 1132: 1102:Expense of commercial systems 1010:A live conversation is needed 875:, degrees of sophistication, 538:, plus videoconferencing and 27:Real-time video communication 8581:Virtual learning environment 8473:Telecommunication portal 8254:Telecommunications equipment 7403:Telecommunication portal 6337:. 2009-10-16. Archived from 6213:Kolker, Robert, ed. (2006). 6190:The Making of Kubrick's 2001 3739:(Virtual Researcher on Call) 3441:calls his daughter on Earth. 3047:Requires a web browser with 2598:sign languages are distinct 2465:British Telecom's Martlesham 2256:Special peripherals such as 2107: 1967:video-link which allowed 60 1901:A mobile video call between 1555: 1390:software. Solutions such as 860:, and can be used with many 838:hand-held electronic devices 648:Computers in Human Behaviour 111:conventional telephone lines 7: 8694:Voice chat in online gaming 7990:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 6946:Nottingham Trent University 6666: 6384:in IEE Publication Series, 5419:Annals of Internal Medicine 5200:New National Hearing Centre 4381:Computers in Human Behavior 3960:.com website, May 18, 1999. 3648: 3380:in other languages include 2414:International Monetary Fund 2283: 1783:Session Initiation Protocol 1690:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 1493:data compression techniques 1455:Howling created by feedback 992: 922:plain old telephone service 879:capacity requirements, and 610:to make a videocall to the 314:Stanford Research Institute 32:Videophone (disambiguation) 10: 8819: 8793:Telecommunication services 7694:Telecommunications history 7034:Telematics and Informatics 6851: 6450:10.1518/001872095779064582 6157:2001: The Making of a Myth 6063:, March 31, 2010, p. L01d. 5501:, March–April 2009, p. 22. 5264:10.1002/9781118914069.ch12 4823:Johnston, Alan B. (2004). 4653:10.1177/001872087701900201 4551:Gates, Bill (2001-09-04). 3572:, in which the female spy 3524:2001: The Making of a Myth 3518:in the United States. Dr. 3347:airline engineering issues 3192: 2591:sign language interpreters 2461:1964 New York World's Fair 2432: 2382: 2375:procedures and equipment. 2205: 2119: 2039:of the U.S. Constitution. 1799: 1754: 1680:protocol (notably Cisco's 1483: 1434:Acoustic echo cancellation 480:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony 387:, shown here with a video 332: 266:used two radio-frequency ( 182:Videotelephone booth, 1922 163: 159: 29: 8768:Film and video technology 8714: 8649: 8591:Asynchronous conferencing 8589: 8551: 8461: 8403: 8340: 8302:Public Switched Telephone 8262: 8226: 8183: 8124: 8114:telecommunication circuit 8075:Fiber-optic communication 8058: 7820:Francis Blake (telephone) 7767: 7615:Optical telecommunication 7459: 7393: 7357: 7326: 7278:Communications satellites 7265: 7244: 7208: 7122:Die Fernseh-Sprechtechnik 6998:website, October 15, 2007 6958:The New York Times online 6239:Moon (Duncan Jones, 2009) 6113:Histoire de la television 5971:Definition: Video Calling 5815:Sperling, George (1980). 5499:Just for Canadian Doctors 5299:10.3726/978-3-0351-0013-6 5223:February 9, 2011, at the 4700:Firestone, Scott (2007). 4433:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984 4393:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107110 4353:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984 4195:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984 3718:—the ancestral technology 2617:With video interpreting, 2572:(LSE) to spoken Spanish, 2539:Video Remote Interpreting 2490:21st-century improvements 2476:analog copper phone lines 2439:Video Remote Interpreting 1874:This article needs to be 1856: 1486:Broadband Internet access 1058:Appearance consciousness: 952:Videoconferencing systems 523:, web plugins supporting 290:, and business meetings. 222:closed-circuit television 186: 166:History of videotelephony 8651:Synchronous conferencing 8213:Orbital angular-momentum 7650:Satellite communications 7489:Communications satellite 7088:Bell Laboratories Record 7075:Bell Laboratories RECORD 7054:Historical and technical 6975:Saint Louis, Catherine. 5236:SSA Overview Performance 4897:Retrieved on 2009-06-18. 4775:January 4, 2010, at the 4757:August 10, 2009, at the 4580:January 4, 2006, at the 3918:. Springer. p. 41. 3748: 3727:U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge 3600:Where the Skype Are You? 3335:tele-medical, diagnostic 3331:deaf Video Relay Service 2568:(LSF) to spoken French, 2378: 2171:cross-cultural exchanges 1830:decentralized multipoint 1704:also now provide video. 1110:Multipoint Control Units 969:state-of-the-art levels. 956:multipoint control units 592:hand-held mobile devices 566:, were displayed at the 436:in 1988, and subsequent 258:During the first crewed 8763:Computing input devices 8604:Electronic mailing list 8092:Molecular communication 7915:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 7744:Undersea telegraph line 7479:Cable protection system 7273:Cable protection system 6392:(Great Britain), 1998, 6147:website, April 8, 2012. 6072:"A Viewphone Service", 5846:10.1126/science.7433998 5186:, Lifesize.com website. 5177:Case Study: Hall County 5167:, 2007, Vol. 74, No. 4. 3690:Press videoconferencing 3370:AT&T's Picturephone 3310:multipoint control unit 2518:authorized by the U.S. 2504:video compression codec 2480:ISDN (data) phone lines 2391:press videoconferencing 2385:Press videoconferencing 1808:Multipoint Control Unit 1802:Multipoint Control Unit 1552:broadband performance. 1509:(ITU-T) recommendation 1408:Videoconferencing modes 1002:adequate. Other times, 558:In May 2005, the first 548:telepresence technology 355:initial public offering 318:NLS computer technology 8788:Science fiction themes 8576:Social network service 8571:Collaborative software 8566:Communication software 8234:Communication protocol 8020:Charles Sumner Tainter 7835:Walter Houser Brattain 7780:Edwin Howard Armstrong 7588:Information revolution 7126:Fernseh A.G.: 10 Jahre 7021:Coroama, V.C., et al. 7003:Environmental benefits 5889:Fitzgerald, Thomas J. 5346:"Digital Pedagogy Lab" 5331:"Virtually Connecting" 4613:June 22, 2006, at the 3442: 3351:maintenance facilities 3297:videoconference system 2878:App must be installed 2627:telephone interpreting 2578:American Sign Language 2562:speech-impaired (mute) 2530: 2430: 2350:Kristen Anderson-Lopez 2220:applications, such as 2117: 1996: 1917: 1577: 1481: 1463:Bandwidth requirements 1436:(AEC) is a processing 1422:Voice-Activated Switch 1242:of some kind (usually 1223: 1212: 1048:Telcordia Technologies 790: 782: 653:On 21 September 2021, 494: 441:video coding standards 432:, standardised by the 392: 329: 321: 224:systems connected via 183: 175: 48: 8636:Bulletin board system 8208:Polarization-division 7940:Narinder Singh Kapany 7905:Erna Schneider Hoover 7825:Jagadish Chandra Bose 7805:Alexander Graham Bell 7536:online video platform 7413:Telephones portal 6731:Miller, Claire Cain. 6718:Miller, Claire Cain. 6364:Audio Video Telephony 6188:Agel, Jerome (1970). 5927:Videophone definition 5290:Telecollaboration 2.0 4893:May 16, 2009, at the 4676:Understanding Latency 3861:. WilliamJTobin.com. 3670:Information appliance 3548:orbit above the Earth 3503:2001: A Space Odyssey 3438:2001: A Space Odyssey 3434: 3136:ninja-forms-videomail 2825:Apple hardware only ( 2574:British Sign Language 2570:Spanish Sign Language 2528: 2471:via video telephony. 2428: 2401:on developmental and 2115: 1994: 1945:Deaf, hard-of-hearing 1900: 1755:Further information: 1608:Scalable Video Coding 1563: 1470: 1218: 1203: 1090:Complexity of systems 1073:total round-trip time 788: 770: 488: 426:video coding standard 382: 327: 311: 194:electrical telegraphy 181: 173: 121:, and high-bandwidth 72:two-way communication 42: 8758:Assistive technology 8050:Vladimir K. Zworykin 8010:Almon Brown Strowger 7980:Charles Grafton Page 7635:Prepaid mobile phone 7563:Electrical telegraph 7375:Telephone newspapers 7141:Hans-Bredow-Institut 7092:viewable online here 6857:Adeshina, Emmanuel. 6728:, November 11, 2009. 6624:improve this article 6548:Stevenson Bacon, W. 6298:"The Farnsworth" in 6128:, Project Gutenberg. 6040:Jackman, Elizabeth. 5897:, December 18, 2003. 5486:Van't Haaff, Corey. 4510:. Note costing: "... 3732:Visual communication 3235:was coined in 1935. 2673:improve this article 2582:German Sign Language 2566:French Sign Language 2455:(trademarked as the 2319:In the increasingly 2313:mobile collaboration 2278:mobile collaboration 2055:Hall County, Georgia 1196:Components and types 1161:improve this article 997:For over a century, 962:Telepresence systems 924:(POTS) lines on the 834:Mobile collaboration 689:improve this article 608:BGAN satellite modem 596:Mobile collaboration 466:opening ceremony in 464:1998 Winter Olympics 249:AT&T Corporation 241:AT&T's Bell Labs 8669:Internet Relay Chat 8000:Johann Philipp Reis 7759:Wireless revolution 7721:The Telephone Cases 7578:Hydraulic telegraph 7298:Mobile phone signal 7112:Bell Labs Quarterly 7049:, October 13, 2009. 7015:Scientific American 6972:, November 7, 2008. 6787:Shannon, Victoria. 6679:Kopytoff, Verne G. 6672:Greenberg, Alan D. 6636:footnote references 6276:Julianne Pepitone, 5838:1980Sci...210..797S 5740:, December 3, 2014. 5377:LifeSize Case Study 5359:LifeSize Case Study 5159:Tokson, Matthew J. 5145:. 14 October 2010. 5143:theappwhisperer.com 4849:IMTC Press Coverage 4730:. 29 January 2015. 4573:Van Meggelen, Jim. 4462:. 21 September 2021 4070:Larson, Stephanie. 3318:telepresence system 3306:videoteleconference 3261:increased bandwidth 2722:Works on desktops? 2635:necessary equipment 2496:Sorenson Media Inc. 2435:Video Relay Service 2202:Medicine and health 2144:virtual field trips 1957:Video Relay Service 1762:Conferencing layers 1568:is an example of a 1499:Broadband bandwidth 1416:Continuous Presence 614:from the summit of 357:in November, 1984. 8778:Health informatics 8198:Frequency-division 8175:Telephone exchange 8045:Charles Wheatstone 7975:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 7950:Innocenzo Manzetti 7885:Reginald Fessenden 7620:Optical telegraphy 7453:Telecommunications 7288:Free-space optical 7097:2020-02-05 at the 7046:The Globe and Mail 7028:2013-06-03 at the 6982:The New York Times 6951:Perlroth, Nicole. 6910:The New York Times 6897:The New York Times 6877:The New York Times 6864:The New York Times 6844:The New York Times 6820:The New York Times 6807:The New York Times 6797:, August 29, 2007. 6794:The New York Times 6777:The New York Times 6770:Ramirez, Anthony. 6764:The New York Times 6751:The New York Times 6738:The New York Times 6725:The New York Times 6712:The New York Times 6702:, August 27, 1998. 6699:The New York Times 6686:The New York Times 6370:2021-01-19 at the 6311:2007-08-28 at the 6283:2017-03-31 at the 6254:, McFarland, 2003. 6250:Garyn G. Roberts, 6162:2017-02-10 at the 6137:French, Lawrence. 6094:2017-06-30 at the 6027:2014-07-04 at the 5996:2017-06-28 at the 5976:2012-10-12 at the 5951:2017-02-03 at the 5932:2017-02-04 at the 5895:The New York Times 5873:2017-07-02 at the 5794:2016-05-06 at the 5771:2012-06-23 at the 5732:Freeman, Michael, 5691:Studio System News 5572:on August 20, 2011 5536:2010-12-23 at the 5517:2010-11-20 at the 5493:2012-03-24 at the 5488:Virtually On-sight 5473:2017-07-07 at the 5400:2017-07-18 at the 5382:2012-07-23 at the 5364:2012-07-22 at the 5241:2017-05-06 at the 5205:2016-04-16 at the 5182:2012-07-22 at the 5125:2014-06-26 at the 5097:2013-05-11 at the 4874:2013-05-11 at the 4854:2017-03-31 at the 4682:2013-05-14 at the 4537:The New York Times 4530:2017-08-27 at the 4523:Perlroth, Nicole. 4490:2016-05-08 at the 4313:10.1037/apl0000948 4274:10.1111/apps.12360 4262:Applied Psychology 4235:10.1037/apl0000906 4077:2016-03-28 at the 4063:2017-05-19 at the 4044:2017-03-13 at the 4026:2016-04-16 at the 3976:2014-07-04 at the 3969:Yegulalp, Serdar. 3829:, Springer, 2009, 3825:2016-05-05 at the 3761:"Videotelephony". 3443: 3417:telepresence robot 3263:and sophisticated 3141:2018-01-19 at the 3014:2019-01-08 at the 3002:2019-01-08 at the 2755:Facebook Messenger 2731:Required hardware 2595:Dominican Republic 2531: 2445:telecommunications 2431: 2270:medical ultrasound 2122:Distance education 2118: 2030:Government and law 1997: 1918: 1796:Multipoint control 1700:protocols such as 1620:data collaboration 1578: 1482: 1388:native application 1224: 1213: 858:personal computers 791: 783: 580:display resolution 554:Additional history 544:Internet telephony 495: 422:uncompressed video 393: 374:AT&T Bell Labs 330: 322: 288:distance education 184: 176: 142:distance education 49: 8740: 8739: 8684:Videoconferencing 8664:Instant messaging 8659:Data conferencing 8561:Online discussion 8511: 8510: 8249:Store and forward 8244:Data transmission 8158:Network switching 8109:Transmission line 7955:Guglielmo Marconi 7920:Internet pioneers 7785:Mohamed M. Atalla 7754:Whistled language 7419: 7418: 7252:Answering machine 7131:Schulte, Olaf A. 7039:Pachner, Joanna. 7018:, March 18, 2009. 6988:Steinberg, Neil. 6744:Millman, Howard. 6664: 6663: 6656: 6588:978-1-57820-316-1 6544:978-0-07-140085-5 6526:Shepard, Steven. 6500:978-0-471-15032-9 6480:Nellist, John G. 6430:978-1-58053-023-1 6406:978-0-85296-914-4 6237:Marshall, Colin. 6224:978-0-19-517453-3 6199:978-0-451-07139-2 6087:Lehrbaum, Rick. " 6020:Lawson, Stephen. 5832:(4471): 797–799. 5697:on March 24, 2014 5218:ODAE Pubs: 70-067 4834:978-1-58053-168-9 4713:978-1-58705-268-2 4508:978-1-59904-964-9 3843:978-1-84882-482-9 3818:Harrison, Steve. 3706:Telecollaboration 3617:", an episode of 3304:(also known as a 3269:videoconferencing 3159: 3158: 3125:only for viewing 3077:100% proprietary 2991:100% proprietary 2941:100% proprietary 2891:100% proprietary 2845:100% proprietary 2795:100% proprietary 2705: 2704: 2697: 2600:natural languages 2399:press conferences 2272:imaging devices, 2137:language barriers 2129:telecollaboration 1895: 1894: 1698:instant messaging 1612:Internet Protocol 1538:audio compression 1429:Echo cancellation 1400:browser extension 1348:remote controlled 1344:Dedicated systems 1193: 1192: 1185: 979:Computer security 974:Security concerns 945:microphone arrays 934:Internet Protocol 812:Videoconferencing 789:USB webcam for PC 765: 764: 757: 739: 623:COVID-19 pandemic 414:video compression 339:digital telephony 253:video compression 148:, and overcoming 132:transmission for 91:Videoconferencing 70:for simultaneous 56:videoconferencing 16:(Redirected from 8810: 8798:Teleconferencing 8706:Web conferencing 8641:Online guestbook 8538: 8531: 8524: 8515: 8514: 8501: 8500: 8491: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8342:Notable networks 8332:Wireless network 8272:Cellular network 8264:Types of network 8239:Computer network 8126:Network topology 8040:Thomas A. Watson 7895:Oliver Heaviside 7880:Philo Farnsworth 7855:Daniel Davis Jr. 7830:Charles Bourseul 7790:John Logie Baird 7499:Data compression 7494:Computer network 7446: 7439: 7432: 7423: 7422: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7365:Fax transmission 7313:Submarine cables 7195: 7188: 7181: 7172: 7171: 7105:Ives, Herbert E. 7081:Ives, Herbert E. 6964:ProAV Magazine. 6943: 6937: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6847:, June 16, 2005. 6757:O'Brien, Kevin. 6754:, July 12, 2001. 6715:, July 22, 2008. 6659: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6639: 6607: 6606: 6599: 6561:Valinder, Anne. 6523: 6477: 6413:Visual Telephony 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6325: 6319: 6294: 6288: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6185: 6179: 6154: 6148: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6105: 6099: 6085: 6079: 6070: 6064: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6018: 6012: 6010: 5987: 5981: 5962: 5956: 5946:Video definition 5943: 5937: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5904: 5898: 5887: 5878: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5785: 5776: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5693:. Archived from 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5568:. Archived from 5560: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5528: 5522: 5508: 5502: 5484: 5478: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5431:10.7326/M21-3511 5410: 5404: 5392: 5386: 5374: 5368: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5251: 5245: 5233: 5227: 5215: 5209: 5196: 5187: 5174: 5168: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5135: 5129: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5089: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5063:Information Week 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5037:on June 11, 2014 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4939:on June 11, 2014 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4904: 4898: 4885: 4879: 4865: 4859: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4827:. Artech House. 4820: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4770:SVC White Papers 4767: 4761: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4697: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4635: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4548: 4542: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4435: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4355: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4307:(8): 1137–1155. 4292: 4286: 4285: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4094: 4088: 4085:, June 24, 2013. 4056:Callaham, John. 4054: 4048: 4036: 4030: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3993: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3951: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3855: 3846: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3758: 3743:Web conferencing 3641:... Sasha Fierce 3640: 3540:Making of a Myth 3533: 3529: 3400:(Spanish), both 3392:(Italian), both 3356:Other names for 3323:enterprise-level 3289:software clients 3265:software clients 3239:Videophone calls 3217:video telephones 3182: 3167: 2851:Glide (software) 2725:Mobile support? 2719:Pure web based? 2707: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2657: 2649: 2304:locations using 2133:virtual exchange 2001:teleconferencing 1890: 1887: 1881: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1666:Juniper Networks 1616:web conferencing 1543: 1527:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC 1516: 1501:is often called 1473:Deutsche Telekom 1287:computer monitor 1209:Polycom VSX 7000 1188: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1145: 1137: 1127:tablet computers 1104:: Well-designed 987:computer hackers 862:software clients 760: 753: 749: 746: 740: 738: 704:"Videotelephony" 697: 673: 665: 661:Major categories 540:computer webcams 351:PictureTel Corp. 303:interoperability 237:John Logie Baird 123:Internet service 117:, more powerful 62:) is the use of 21: 18:Video conference 8818: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8710: 8645: 8585: 8547: 8542: 8512: 8507: 8467: 8465: 8457: 8399: 8336: 8258: 8222: 8179: 8128: 8120: 8061: 8054: 7960:Robert Metcalfe 7815:Tim Berners-Lee 7763: 7583:Information Age 7455: 7450: 7420: 7415: 7407: 7405: 7397: 7395: 7389: 7370:Telephone calls 7353: 7322: 7261: 7240: 7231:Satellite phone 7221:Cable telephony 7204: 7199: 7150: 7139:, Baden-Baden: 7099:Wayback Machine 7056: 7030:Wayback Machine 7008:Biello, David. 7005: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6917: 6900:, July 2, 2010. 6854: 6837:Wayner, Peter. 6813:Vance, Ashlee. 6692:Lawlor, Julia. 6689:, June 1, 2011. 6669: 6660: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6621: 6612:This article's 6608: 6604: 6597: 6595:Further reading 6555:Popular Science 6372:Wayback Machine 6358: 6353: 6344: 6342: 6334:The Independent 6327: 6326: 6322: 6313:Wayback Machine 6295: 6291: 6285:Wayback Machine 6275: 6271: 6262: 6258: 6249: 6245: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6186: 6182: 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Machine 5357: 5353: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5252: 5248: 5243:Wayback Machine 5234: 5230: 5225:Wayback Machine 5216: 5212: 5207:Wayback Machine 5197: 5190: 5184:Wayback Machine 5175: 5171: 5158: 5154: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5127:Wayback Machine 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5099:Wayback Machine 5090: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4895:Wayback Machine 4886: 4882: 4876:Wayback Machine 4866: 4862: 4856:Wayback Machine 4846: 4842: 4835: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4782: 4777:Wayback Machine 4768: 4764: 4759:Wayback Machine 4750: 4746: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4698: 4689: 4684:Wayback Machine 4672: 4668: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4621: 4615:Wayback Machine 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4582:Wayback Machine 4572: 4568: 4549: 4545: 4532:Wayback Machine 4522: 4518: 4511: 4492:Wayback Machine 4482: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4454: 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2602:with their own 2558:hard-of-hearing 2492: 2441: 2433:Main articles: 2423: 2403:good governance 2389:The concept of 2387: 2381: 2286: 2266:videoendoscopes 2262:digital cameras 2210: 2204: 2124: 2110: 2032: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1843: 1804: 1798: 1764: 1759: 1692:(HTTP) and the 1674: 1558: 1541: 1514: 1488: 1465: 1431: 1410: 1370:Desktop systems 1353:video projector 1240:digital network 1221:Google Hangouts 1198: 1189: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1158: 1146: 1135: 1046: 995: 976: 908:high definition 889: 761: 750: 744: 741: 698: 696: 686: 674: 663: 560:high definition 556: 410: 353:, which had an 335: 214: 189: 168: 162: 150:mobility issues 138:speech-impaired 54:(also known as 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8816: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8753:Videotelephony 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8619:Internet forum 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8595: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8541: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8485: 8475: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8413: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8346: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8268: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8193:Space-division 8189: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8143: 8138: 8132: 8130: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8030:Camille Tissot 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8005:Claude Shannon 8002: 7997: 7995:Tivadar Puskás 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7965:Antonio Meucci 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7935:Charles K. Kao 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7910:Harold Hopkins 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7810:Emile Berliner 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7749:Videotelephony 7746: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7724: 7717: 7712: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7652: 7647: 7645:Radiotelephone 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7531:Internet video 7523: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7339:Misdialed call 7336: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7198: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7149: 7148:External links 7146: 7145: 7144: 7129: 7118: 7115: 7102: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7037: 7019: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6986: 6973: 6970:ProAV Magazine 6962: 6949: 6914: 6903:Hoffman, Jan. 6901: 6890:Fairlie, Rik. 6888: 6881: 6870:Bajaj, Vikas. 6868: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6835: 6828: 6811: 6800:Sharkey, Joe. 6798: 6785: 6768: 6755: 6742: 6729: 6716: 6703: 6690: 6677: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6616:external links 6611: 6609: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6566: 6559: 6546: 6524: 6514:(3): 197–216. 6503: 6478: 6444:(2): 290–305. 6433: 6408: 6390:Science Museum 6375: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6320: 6306:Lisa's Wedding 6304: 6303: 6289: 6269: 6256: 6243: 6230: 6223: 6205: 6198: 6180: 6170:; directed by 6149: 6130: 6118: 6100: 6080: 6065: 6046: 6033: 6013: 5982: 5957: 5938: 5919: 5899: 5879: 5866:Whybray, M.W. 5859: 5804: 5777: 5757: 5742: 5725: 5708: 5677: 5646: 5615: 5584: 5555: 5542: 5523: 5503: 5479: 5460: 5425:(2): 256–266. 5405: 5387: 5369: 5351: 5336: 5322: 5315: 5279: 5272: 5246: 5228: 5210: 5188: 5169: 5152: 5130: 5112: 5103: 5081: 5048: 5022: 4989: 4971:978-1285414775 4970: 4950: 4924: 4899: 4880: 4860: 4840: 4833: 4815: 4802: 4791: 4780: 4762: 4744: 4719: 4712: 4687: 4666: 4647:(2): 101–126. 4630: 4619: 4595: 4586: 4566: 4563:on 2001-11-06. 4543: 4516: 4473: 4447: 4406: 4367: 4326: 4287: 4268:(3): 827–852. 4248: 4229:(3): 330–344. 4209: 4168: 4142: 4117: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4049: 4031: 4013: 3988: 3962: 3943: 3931: 3924: 3904: 3875: 3847: 3811: 3802: 3789: 3780: 3768: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3711:Teleconference 3708: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3624: 3615:Lisa's Wedding 3451:telephonoscope 3428: 3425: 3368:equivalent to 3339:rehabilitative 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3088:Binary Kitchen 3085: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2661: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2491: 2488: 2422: 2419: 2383:Main article: 2380: 2377: 2285: 2282: 2226:medical images 2206:Main article: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2109: 2106: 2044:North Carolina 2031: 2028: 1978:blood pressure 1893: 1892: 1873: 1871: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1842: 1839: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1800:Main article: 1797: 1794: 1763: 1760: 1749:Asterisk (PBX) 1726:There is also 1673: 1670: 1638: 1637: 1627: 1601: 1557: 1554: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1446: 1430: 1427: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1378: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1317: 1307: 1297: 1280: 1207:: A mid-2000s 1197: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1149: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1114: 1113: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1076: 1065:Signal latency 1062: 1055: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 994: 991: 975: 972: 971: 970: 959: 949: 937: 915: 888: 885: 842:Proximity chat 804:video-enabled 763: 762: 677: 675: 668: 662: 659: 570:trade show in 555: 552: 534:such as 2010s 474:conducted the 409: 406: 337:In the 1980s, 334: 331: 299:network effect 213: 210: 188: 185: 164:Main article: 161: 158: 52:Videotelephony 47:system in 2007 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8815: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8727:Microblogging 8725: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8689:Voice over IP 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8674:LAN messenger 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8527: 8525: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8504: 8496: 8494: 8486: 8484: 8476: 8474: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8453: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8218:Code-division 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8203:Time-division 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129:and switching 8127: 8123: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8080:optical fiber 8078: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8070:Coaxial cable 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7985:Radia Perlman 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7875:Lee de Forest 7873: 7871: 7870:Thomas Edison 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7860:Donald Davies 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7845:Claude Chappe 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7689:Smoke signals 7687: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7667:Semiconductor 7665: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7526:Digital media 7524: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7440: 7435: 7433: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7414: 7404: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7344:Nuisance call 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7283:Fibre-optical 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6920: 6916:Miller, Hugh. 6915: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6705:Lohr, Steve. 6704: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6658: 6655: 6647: 6644:December 2016 6637: 6633: 6632:inappropriate 6629: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6610: 6601: 6600: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6580:1-57820-316-3 6577: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6536:0-07-140085-0 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6492:0-471-15032-0 6489: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6438:Human Factors 6434: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6422:1-58053-023-0 6419: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6398:0-85296-914-7 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6377:Burns, R.W., 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6341:on 2009-10-20 6340: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168:James Cameron 6165: 6161: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6076: 6075:New Scientist 6069: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6017: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5986: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5811: 5809: 5801: 5800:New Scientist 5797: 5793: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5738:Highfive Blog 5735: 5729: 5718: 5712: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5316:9783035100136 5312: 5308: 5307:11577/2418350 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5273:9781118914069 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5107: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4673:Percy, Alan. 4670: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641:Human Factors 4634: 4628: 4627:Google Patent 4623: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4520: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500:1-59904-964-3 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3984: 3983:Computerworld 3979: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3935: 3927: 3925:9783540711698 3921: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3894:on 2011-07-24 3893: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835:1-84882-482-3 3832: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3806: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3757: 3753: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3695:Project DIANE 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3632:"Video Phone" 3629: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596:Oprah Winfrey 3593: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544:space station 3541: 3537: 3525: 3521: 3520:Larry Rabiner 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3408:(Dutch), and 3407: 3403: 3402:beeldtelefoon 3399: 3398:videoteléfono 3395: 3391: 3390:videotelefono 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3249:) as well as 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3053:Apple blocks 3052: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2743:Technologies 2742: 2740:Specialities 2739: 2736: 2734:Installation 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2699: 2696: 2688: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2662:This section 2660: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619:sign language 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535:sign language 2527: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2421:Sign language 2418: 2415: 2412:In 2004, the 2410: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:New York City 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2324:film industry 2322: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2306:video banking 2301: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1953:sign language 1950: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1930:mobile phones 1926: 1924: 1923:chat programs 1915: 1912: 1911:Sony Ericsson 1908: 1904: 1899: 1889: 1886:February 2015 1877: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1841:Cloud storage 1838: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1450:reverberation 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:Adobe Connect 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320:Data transfer 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1217: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1187: 1184: 1176: 1173:February 2013 1166: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1150:This section 1148: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1000: 990: 988: 984: 980: 967: 963: 960: 957: 953: 950: 946: 943: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 916: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 894: 893: 892: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 869:video quality 865: 863: 859: 855: 854: 849: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 829: 825: 822: 818: 813: 809: 807: 806:mobile phones 803: 798: 794: 787: 781: 777: 774: 769: 759: 756: 748: 737: 734: 730: 727: 723: 720: 716: 713: 709: 706: – 705: 701: 700:Find sources: 694: 690: 684: 683: 678:This section 676: 672: 667: 666: 658: 656: 651: 649: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 616:Mount Everest 613: 609: 605: 600: 597: 593: 588: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532:mobile phones 528: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 506:mobile phones 503: 499: 492: 487: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:San Francisco 453: 449: 444: 442: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:digital video 415: 405: 403: 402:Project DIANE 397: 390: 386: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:circuit board 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 326: 319: 315: 310: 306: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 260:space flights 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 212:Early systems 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 180: 172: 167: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:sign language 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8185:Multiplexing 8060:Transmission 8025:Nikola Tesla 8015:Henry Sutton 7970:Samuel Morse 7900:Robert Hooke 7865:Amos Dolbear 7800:John Bardeen 7719: 7699:Telautograph 7603:Mobile phone 7558:Edholm's law 7541:social media 7474:Broadcasting 7384: 7380:Théâtrophone 7358:Applications 7266:Connectivity 7226:Mobile phone 7136: 7125: 7111: 7087: 7074: 7044: 7033: 7013: 6993: 6980: 6969: 6956: 6923:. 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Retrieved 5061: 5051: 5041:February 19, 5039:. Retrieved 5035:the original 5025: 5015:February 19, 5013:. Retrieved 5004:CIO Magazine 5002: 4992: 4982:February 19, 4980:. Retrieved 4960: 4953: 4943:February 19, 4941:. Retrieved 4937:the original 4927: 4916:. Retrieved 4902: 4883: 4863: 4843: 4824: 4818: 4810: 4805: 4794: 4783: 4765: 4747: 4736:. Retrieved 4722: 4702: 4675: 4669: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4622: 4598: 4589: 4569: 4561:the original 4556: 4546: 4536: 4519: 4466:21 September 4464:. Retrieved 4459: 4450: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4159:. Retrieved 4145: 4134:. Retrieved 4132:. 2020-05-01 4129: 4120: 4108:. Retrieved 4102: 4092: 4052: 4034: 4016: 4001: 3991: 3981: 3965: 3934: 3914: 3907: 3896:. Retrieved 3892:the original 3887: 3878: 3867:. Retrieved 3814: 3805: 3792: 3783: 3762: 3756: 3722:Teletraining 3635: 3620:The Simpsons 3618: 3608: 3599: 3592:TV talk show 3588: 3582: 3578:Adolf Hitler 3567: 3564:Warner Bros. 3561: 3554: 3552: 3539: 3535: 3523: 3502: 3499: 3492: 3490:Fritz Lang's 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3421:telerobotics 3416: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3328: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3221:Picturephone 3220: 3216: 3212: 3209:video phones 3208: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3165: 3128:Web browser 3083:videomail.io 2875:Any mobiles 2737:Limitations 2728:Uses email? 2691: 2682: 2671:Please help 2666:verification 2663: 2631:interpreters 2616: 2604:construction 2588:Multilingual 2586: 2551: 2546:mobile phone 2532: 2509: 2493: 2484:video codecs 2473: 2457:Picturephone 2456: 2442: 2411: 2407: 2388: 2373: 2369: 2354: 2346:Robert Lopez 2327: 2318: 2316:miles away. 2310: 2308:technology. 2302: 2299: 2287: 2260:fitted with 2255: 2214:telemedicine 2211: 2208:Telemedicine 2195:teleseminars 2149: 2141: 2125: 2094:Falls Church 2059: 2052: 2041: 2033: 2025: 2022: 2011: 2006:telepresence 2004: 1998: 1964:telemedicine 1961: 1943: 1927: 1919: 1883: 1875: 1844: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1812: 1805: 1787: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1737: 1725: 1706: 1675: 1639: 1579: 1566:Tandberg E20 1523: 1517:Mbit/s. The 1502: 1498: 1497: 1489: 1471: 1458: 1432: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1380: 1369: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1319: 1314:loudspeakers 1310:Audio output 1309: 1299: 1283:Video output 1282: 1274:video camera 1257: 1252: 1225: 1205:Dual display 1204: 1179: 1170: 1159:Please help 1154:verification 1151: 1115: 1106:telepresence 1101: 1095: 1089: 1078: 1064: 1057: 1032:Eye contact: 1031: 1022: 996: 982: 977: 965: 890: 877:transmission 873:capital cost 866: 851: 850: 846: 832: 828:Telepresence 826: 811: 810: 796: 795: 792: 751: 742: 732: 725: 718: 711: 699: 687:Please help 682:verification 679: 652: 643:Zoom fatigue 620: 601: 589: 557: 529: 514: 502:camera phone 496: 445: 412:Advances in 411: 398: 394: 359: 336: 295:Picturephone 292: 284:telemedicine 257: 255:techniques. 234: 215: 190: 146:telemedicine 127: 115:video codecs 107:image phones 106: 99: 95:telepresence 90: 78: 76: 59: 55: 51: 50: 45:telepresence 36: 8783:Smartphones 8556:Online chat 8385:NPL network 8097:Radio waves 8035:Alfred Vail 7945:Hedy Lamarr 7930:Dawon Kahng 7890:Elisha Gray 7850:Yogen Dalal 7775:Nasir Ahmed 7709:Teleprinter 7573:Heliographs 7385:Video calls 7334:Missed call 7245:Accessories 7043:, Toronto: 6966:Being There 6176:Jamie Doran 6053:USA Today. 5966:PC Magazine 4557:PC Magazine 3996:George Ou. 3685:Mobile VoIP 3680:Media phone 3655:3GP and 3G2 3569:Plane Daffy 3412:(Catalan). 3386:Bildtelefon 3055:Adobe Flash 3049:Adobe Flash 2925:or mobiles 2829:or mobile) 2779:Any mobile 2746:Deaf made? 2295:remote work 2258:microscopes 2242:paramedical 2218:telenursing 2135:, although 2078:Albuquerque 1982:vital signs 1974:blood sugar 1757:Video codec 1715:defined by 1546:cable modem 1396:Cisco WebEx 1304:microphones 1300:Audio input 1258:Video input 1123:smartphones 1052:White House 1039:turn-taking 1035:Eye contact 942:beamforming 918:Videophones 881:cost of use 797:Videophones 637:. UK based 631:GoToMeeting 510:TFT display 472:Seiji Ozawa 347:Media space 87:smartphones 79:Videophones 8747:Categories 8715:Publishing 8629:Imageboard 8431:Antarctica 8390:Toasternet 8312:Television 7795:Paul Baran 7727:Television 7711:(teletype) 7704:Telegraphy 7682:transistor 7660:Phryctoria 7630:Photophone 7608:Smartphone 7598:Mass media 7236:Photophone 6995:Forbes.com 6925:2002-06-16 6830:Wang, Ses 6784:locations. 6345:2010-02-10 6192:. Signet. 6172:Paul Joyce 5639:January 4, 4918:2015-01-19 4867:Orr, Eli. 4809:RFC 4168, 4738:2016-03-23 4608:GazeMaster 4426:: 103984. 4387:: 107110. 4346:: 103984. 4188:: 103984. 4161:30 October 4136:2020-07-24 4083:Skype blog 3898:2011-05-18 3869:2011-05-18 3701:Smartphone 3583:Dick Tracy 3574:Hatta Mari 3494:Metropolis 3481:» In many 3410:videofonía 3388:(German), 3384:(French), 3382:vidéophone 3378:videophone 3374:visiophone 3358:videophone 3277:video link 3247:video chat 3243:videocalls 3225:videophone 3201:videophone 3193:See also: 3175:JavaScript 3148:JavaScript 3066:JavaScript 2975:or mobile 2806:Apple Inc. 2749:Licensing 2500:videophone 2453:videophone 2340:hired the 2321:globalized 2234:physicians 2120:See also: 2082:New Mexico 2018:Web client 1969:pensioners 1909:made on a 1723:networks. 1672:Call setup 1630:ITU-T V.80 1624:multimedia 1503:high-speed 1484:See also: 1475:T-View 100 1312:: usually 1291:television 1133:Technology 1086:available. 1024:Bill Gates 896:Web camera 745:April 2024 715:newspapers 604:smartphone 542:which use 476:Ode to Joy 389:frame rate 366:frame rate 280:satellites 226:coax cable 218:television 206:television 154:News media 60:video call 8773:Groupware 8624:Textboard 8415:Americas 8404:Locations 8375:Internet2 8136:Bandwidth 7840:Vint Cerf 7737:streaming 7715:Telephone 7655:Semaphore 7546:streaming 7349:Phone tag 7257:Caller ID 7202:Telephony 6628:excessive 6458:0018-7208 6316:BBC.co.uk 6060:USA Today 5701:March 23, 5670:March 23, 5455:244923066 5439:0003-4819 4442:0001-8791 4401:0747-5632 4362:0001-8791 4321:1939-1854 4282:0269-994X 4243:1939-1854 4204:0001-8791 3716:Telephony 3566:cartoon, 3516:Bell Labs 3471:visiphone 3459:viewphone 3455:telephote 3406:videofoon 3394:videófono 3362:Viewphone 3273:videocall 3205:telephone 3199:The name 2952:Microsoft 2608:semantics 2365:BlueJeans 2359:, Skype, 2274:otoscopes 2238:emergency 2222:diagnosis 2108:Education 2086:Baltimore 2070:St. Louis 1986:broadband 1955:. 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