213:, criminalising, persecuting or co-opting any resistance. Inside the country, opposition to the RPF-led regime in Rwanda is almost non-existent. Only diaspora-based associations were able to mount an opposition attempt to Rwandan current President Paul Kagame's regime but divisions and political rivalries in diaspora did not make this possible. In favour of fundamental change and reconciliation, she gradually changed the pace of the struggle towards a unified opposition with peaceful means to stand up to the challenge of offering to Rwandans an alternative to Paul Kagame's regime.
375:. On articles 2 and 3, the court ruled that the scope of the law is meaningful, though it can require more clarifications in some cases. The court rejected the requests to nullify articles 4 to 9 on the law repressing genocide ideology and article 4 of the law on war crimes and crimes against humanity, saying that the articles no longer exist in the current code of laws. The state prosecutor asked a panel of judges to give Umuhoza the maximum life sentence. The verdict which was expected to be announced on 29 June was postponed four times until 31 October 2012.
422:(FRw 10,230,000) for the entire material prejudice suffered; (iii) orders the Respondent State to pay the Applicant the amount of fifty-five million Rwandese Francs (FRw 55,000,000) as compensation for the moral prejudice she, her husband and her three children suffered; (iv) orders the Respondent State to pay all the amounts indicated in subparagraph (ii) and (iii) of this operative part within six (6) months, effective from the date of notification of its Judgment.
33:
480:; Fondation PROJUSTITIA-Rwanda, committed to fighting in favour of fair justice for all victims of the Rwandan tragedy; HARAMBE, platform of African women's associations in the Netherlands committed to promoting development of African women on the continent. Umuhoza was also a member of the executive committee of ZWALU, a platform bringing together foreign women in the Netherlands to promote their emancipation.
492:, she visited the Gisozi Genocide Memorial Centre. In her remarks on unity and reconciliation, she stated that current political policy was not sufficient to bring about reconciliation, and noted as an example that the memorial did not acknowledge Hutus who also died during the genocide. She stressed that those who committed genocide as well as those who committed other
410:. the Court determined that threats and intimidation of one of the witnesses by prison officials, the use of evidence against Ingabire that was produced through that intimidation and never shown to the defense, and difficultly defense counsel had in questioning one witness were all in violation of the right to defense. The AfCHPR ordered the
272:; Introduction of a non-political commission in charge of rewriting and interpretation of the actual history of Rwanda; The passing of a bill for the right to private ownership and for protection of the weakest members of the public, for the guarantee by the law of equal opportunity and access to credit and employment for all citizens.
509:
FDU-Inkingi, was reported missing on 15 July, after he failed to arrive for a meeting in
Nyagatare, in Rwanda’s Eastern Province. Boniface Twagirimana, her former party’s deputy leader, who "disappeared" from his prison cell in Mpanga, southern Rwanda, in October 2018 was missing at the time of writing.
394:. Ingabire claimed that the State violated articles 7 (right to fair trial) and 9 (right to receive information and free expression) of the African Charter, and articles 14 (right to a fair trial), 15 (prohibition on retroactivity of the law), and 19 (right to hold opinions without interference) of the
417:
On 3 January 2018, Victoire
Ingabire filed her Application for reparation and applied to the Court to annul the sentence of imprisonment and its consequences and award her full compensation for the prejudices suffered by herself, her husband and her three children as a result of the violations of her
517:
Victoire
Ingabire wrote a book "Between 4 walls of the 1930 prison: Memoirs of a Rwandan Prisoner of Conscience" in which she recounts her life experience for 3 years, from the moment she announced her candidacy for presidential elections, to her incarceration into the famous "1930" maximum security
358:
had manufactured witness
Uwumuremyi's story. He also testified that the prosecution's lead witness was lying about his own contact with Ingabire and his own rank within the FDLR. Already serving life in prison, Habimana was subjected to a cell search and had important documents relating to the case
275:
One month after she arrived in Rwanda in
January 2010, together with other two political opposition party leaders already in the country, she formed a Permanent Consultative Council of Opposition Parties, putting together their efforts to widen the political space for the opposition parties and to
363:
of a key witness. Subsequently, Victoire
Ingabire refused to return to the Rwandan courtroom and asked her lawyers not to return either. Her defence lawyer Iain Edwards said the boycott came after the former rebel colonel was interrupted while accusing the Rwandan intelligence services of offering
143:
in exile. Umuhoza has been quoted as saying "My objective is to introduce Rwanda to the rule of law and a constitutional state where international democratic standards are respected, where patriotism will at last be the cornerstone for all public institutions." Her political activities are centred
508:
On 9 March 2019, a close aide to
Umuhoza, Anselme Mutuyimana, was found dead of strangulation. In September 2019, Syldio Dusabumuremyi, her former party’s national coordinator was stabbed to death. At the time, the RIB announced it had two men in custody. Eugène Ndereyimana, also a member of
110:
nominee, she served 8 years of a 15-year prison sentence in Kigali
Central Prison on charges of terrorism and threatening national security. She currently leads the party Development And Liberty For All, with the focus to campaign for more political space and for development.
236:
Starting from April 2006, she participated in the creation of the United
Democratic Forces (FDU) and was elected president of the political platform. FDU has a goal to install the rule of law in Rwanda, underpinned by the respect of democratic values enshrined in the
288:
in April 2010. She was arrested on 14 October 2010. She appeared in court and was charged alongside four alleged co-conspirators (Colonel
Tharcisse Nditurende, Lieutenant Colonel Noel Habiyaremye, Lieutenant Jean Marie Vianney Karuta and Major Vital Uwumuremyi).
292:
Rwandan prosecution accused her of "Forming an armed group with the aim of destabilising the country, complicity to acts of terrorism, conspiracy against the government by use of war and terrorism, inciting the masses to revolt against the government,
418:
rights as set out in the Judgment of 24 November 2017. The AfCHPR, in its App. No. 003/2014 judgment on reparations of 7 December 2018, ordered the Respondent State to reimburse the Applicant the amount of ten million, two hundred and thirty thousand
196:
5 December 2019, Victoire Ingabire was awarded the International Human Rights Award 2019 by the Association for Human Rights of Spain (APDHE) but was not allowed by the Rwandan government to attend the award ceremony of 2019 in Spain.
405:
under Article 9(2) (right to freedom of expression) of the African Charter and Article 19 (right to freedom of expression) of the ICCPR. The AfCHPR also found a violation of Ingabire’s right to defense under Article 7(1) of the
224:
she organised a conference known as the "Forum on Peace, Security, Democracy and Development in the Great Lakes Region" which was followed by the Amsterdam Initiative with the aim to create the new platform for co-operation.
228:
In October 2005, Victoire initiated contacts with other opposition organisations and organised an all-inclusive meeting for all Rwandan civil society associations and political parties. A consensus of a common front against
130:
In April 2009, she resigned from her function to dedicate herself to a political career and to prepare her to return to her homeland and, as the head of her political party, to contribute to the rebuilding of her country.
158:
From 2003 to 2006, she occupied the post of president of the Union of Rwandan Democratic Forces (French: Union des Forces DĂ©mocratiques Rwandaises), the main coalition of political opposition parties and personalities in
267:
She proposed following emblematic reforms calling for change in daily life of all Rwandans and the way they relate to politics: Creation of a Committee of Truth, Justice and Reconciliation to help Rwandans towards true
1025:
127:. Umuhoza worked as an official of an international accounting firm based in the Netherlands, where she was in charge of its accounting departments in 25 branches in Europe, Asia and Africa.
1392:
1510:
521:
Victoire Ingabire is the author of numerous articles and publications where she expressed her views on important issues pertaining to current events in her country and that of the
1540:
1842:
1339:
378:
On 30 October 2012, Umuhoza was sentenced to eight years imprisonment by the High Court of Kigali for "conspiracy against the country through terrorism and war" and "
249:
1728:
1451:
Inclusive dialogue, freedom of speech in Rwanda and the milestone decision of the African Court in the matter of Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza v Republic of Rwanda
1269:
538:"National Reconciliation As a Requirement for Security and Sustainable Peace in Rwanda and in the Countries of the African Great Lakes" (translation) (2004),
395:
324:
294:
1588:
758:
500:
should be brought before the courts of justice. Her speech was later submitted to the court after her arrest as evidence of genocide revisionism.
1862:
1365:
407:
323:
27 March 2012, Umuhoza launched a legal challenge in the Rwandan high court to nullify articles 2 – 9 of the laws related to "divisionism" and "
144:
around the idea of a state of justice where individuals choose their associations based on their shared political aspirations rather than their
391:
155:. A year later, she became the president of its Netherlands branch and in 2000, she was nominated president of RDR at the international level.
1243:
476:, focusing on getting Rwandese women out of isolation and helping them integrate into Dutch society, to assist non-accompanied children and
1165:
779:
818:
335:
and that they are too broad thus denying the rights to give opinion on the genocide and being exploited by her government to limit the
1867:
1823:
National Reconciliation As a Requirement for Security and Sustainable Peace in Rwanda and in the Countries of the African Great Lakes
382:". On 13 December 2013, Rwanda's Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Umuhoza and increased her jail term from eight to 15 years.
974:
904:
609:
152:
414:
to take all necessary measures to restore her rights and to submit to the Court a report on the measures taken within six months.
1026:"Rwanda FDU-UDF : Rwandan Opposition political Parties have formed a "Permanent Consultative Council of Opposition Parties""
339:. In her trial, the court suspended all debate related to "18/2008 laws" governing genocide ideology but decided to continue the
657:
1659:
238:
1191:
628:
1566:
686:
1788:
103:
95:
71:
1295:
1484:
1449:
1273:
1511:"The Matter of Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v. Republic of Rwanda Application No. 003/2014 Judgement on Reparations"
541:"Pleading for a True National Reconciliation in Rwanda, Requirements for Sustainable Peace" (translation) (2005).
1755:"Book – Between 4 Walls of the 1930 Prison, A story of a courageous Rwandan Mother and prisoner of conscience"
1154:
Rwanda: Safer to stay silent: The chilling effect of Rwanda's laws on 'genocide ideology' and 'sectarianism'
1050:
1541:"African court awards compensation for rights violations to Rwanda's "Nelson Mandela", Victoire Ingabire"
1681:
1247:
1713:
535:"Conflicts in the Great Lake region of Africa: Origins and Solution Proposals" (translation) (2003),
148:
or regional background. She has also been vocal in calling for more empowerment of women in Rwanda.
1636:
305:
297:
and provoking divisionism". She denies all the charges which she claims are politically motivated.
1422:
435:
and granted early release to Umuhoza, as well as to 2000 other convicted persons including singer
253:
1837:
1614:
1076:
497:
368:
261:
206:
173:
13 September 2012, Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, together with two other Rwandan political figures (
316:. The second was that Ingabire's prosecution under the 2008 "genocide ideology" law amounted to
1847:
426:
518:
Rwandan prison and she describes her encounter with the Rwandan judicial system from within.
464:(CODAC) which seeks to give moral, legal advice and material support to the survivors of the
402:
355:
332:
140:
244:
Umuhoza actively participated in Highly Inclusive Inter-Rwandan Dialogue (HIIRD) project in
1857:
1852:
759:"Rwanda urged to ensure opposition leader receives fair trial | Amnesty International"
582:
432:
304:
formalities in September, Ingabire's defence lodged two motions. The first was against the
205:
The fight for a unified political opposition in exile dominated her political career. The
928:
8:
1153:
522:
465:
373:
Law N° 18/2008 of 23/07/2008 Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology
269:
190:
978:
737:"Rwanda | Bienvenue sur le site du RDR Rwanda – Welcome to the Rwanda RDR Web site"
1701:
411:
336:
328:
186:
1296:"19th October 2012 – Political prisoner INGABIRE verdict postponed to 30 October 2012"
1784:
1458:
440:
327:," arguing that articles 2 and 3 of the law contradict articles 20, 33 and 34 of the
317:
257:
177:
and Deogratias Mushyayidi – all currently imprisoned in Kigali), was nominated by 42
372:
1321:
1217:
1166:"11th April 2012 – New defence witness substantiates the role of the secret police"
791:
559:
489:
174:
123:
and accounting and graduated in business economics and corporate management in the
1457:(2 (2018) ed.). Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press (PULP). p. 521.
401:
On 24 November 2017, The AfCHPR found that the State violated Ingabire’s right to
1128:
1102:
379:
347:
1781:
Between 4 walls of the 1930 prison: Memoirs of a Rwandan Prisoner of Conscience
1366:"African Court Holds Rwanda Violated Victoire Ingabire's Freedom of Expression"
690:
477:
241:
and other international instruments relating to democracy and good governance.
182:
139:
Since 1997, Umuhoza has been involved in the struggle of the Rwandan political
120:
107:
1610:
1393:"App. No. 003/2014 Judgment – Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v. Republic of Rwanda"
1831:
1462:
953:"Declaration of the Intra-Rwandese Dialog: DIR'2009 (representative Edition)"
583:"Setting the Scene for Elections: Two Decades of Silencing Dissent in Rwanda"
436:
419:
32:
385:
360:
285:
145:
1754:
1508:
1390:
1567:"Human Right Watch: Rwanda Tribunal Should Pursue Justice for RPF Crimes"
529:"What is the Outlook for Peace in Central Africa? " (translation) (2001),
473:
468:
region in the Netherlands or in their region; Association URAHO of women
457:
456:
Umuhoza is a founding member of many associations and foundations in the
340:
313:
230:
221:
124:
99:
929:"Microsoft Word - DIR06 - Cpte rendu du DIR du 5au7juin2006 DEF ING.doc"
891:
868:
844:
532:"International Justice After the Crisis in Rwanda" (translation) (2002),
98:
from 2006 to 2019. As an advocate for democracy and critic of President
1589:"Rwanda FDU-UDF : Press Release of the Chairperson of FDU-Inkingi"
610:"How Kagame Deceived The World That He Freed Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza"
488:
On the day of her arrival in the country, to honour the victims of the
309:
1817:
1812:
1637:"Which part of Victoire Ingabire's speech is evidence of divisionism?"
1192:"16th April 2012 – Victoire Ingabire withdraws from court proceedings"
952:
712:
1340:"App. No. 003/2014 – Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v. Republic of Rwanda"
493:
301:
245:
217:
845:"Crumbling in Exile – The Changing Nature of the Rwandan Opposition"
819:"Rwanda far from respecting human rights - 'grounded' Ingabire jabs"
560:"BBC News – Rwanda terror charge for opposition's Victoire Ingabire"
166:
In January 2010, Umuhoza returned to her country, after 16 years in
1807:
248:, Spain in 2004, 2006 and in April – May 2009 under the auspice of
1822:
1423:"African court rules Rwandan opposition leader's rights violated"
1051:"The Ingabire Trial: Rwanda's Contempt of Court? - Think Africa!"
892:
Crumbling in exile: The changing nature of the Rwandan opposition
469:
312:
for acts allegedly committed while Ingabire was resident in the
1729:"Spokesman of leading Rwandan opposition politician found dead"
1391:
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (24 November 2017).
1077:"World Report 2012: Rights Trends in World Report 2012: Rwanda"
210:
91:
1509:
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (7 December 2018).
869:"The Dismantling of the Rwandan Political Opposition in Exile"
658:"Rwanda: l'opposante Victoire Ingabire lance un nouveau parti"
167:
160:
431:, on 14 September 2018, President Paul Kagame exercised his
736:
351:
200:
178:
1660:"Aide to leading Rwandan opposition politician found dead"
390:
3 October 2014, Victoire Ingabire brought her case to the
170:, as the main leader of the Rwandan political opposition.
106:, but was ultimately arrested and sentenced to prison. A
1000:
386:
Appeal to the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
1485:"Closing the Circle: the Ingabire Reparations Decision"
364:
money to rebels to make false claims against Ingabire.
1611:"Madam Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza at Gisozi 16.01.2010"
264:, the vice-president of the Alliance of Civilization.
1322:"Victoire Ingabire: Rwanda leader's jail term raised"
1270:"Rwandan prosecutors seek life sentence for Ingabire"
580:
1843:
Republican Rally for Democracy in Rwanda politicians
396:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1783:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing. p. 332.
1103:"Rwanda: Court Hears Details of Ingabire's Charges"
439:. On 15 September 2018, Ingabire was released from
392:
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (AfCHPR)
1001:"United Nations Alliance of Civilizations | UNAOC"
371:dismissed Umuhoza's constitutional review case of
905:"Forces Democratiques Unifiees-Political Program"
320:as all evidence provided dated from before 2007.
114:
1829:
1818:International Justice After the Crisis in Rwanda
1813:What is the Outlook for Peace in Central Africa?
1779:Ingabire Umuhoza, Victoire (20 September 2017).
1778:
1045:
1043:
1005:United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC)
503:
1129:"Rwanda: Ingabire Trial Postponed to Next Week"
687:"POLITICS-RWANDA: Woman Vies for Top Job – IPS"
664:. Radio France Internationale. 10 November 2019
451:
798:. La asociación Pro Derechos Humanos de España
119:Married and a mother of three, she trained in
102:, she was the UDF's candidate for the Rwandan
1040:
817:Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman (6 December 2019).
354:colonel Michel Habimana testified that state
276:strengthen the democratic process in Rwanda.
626:
408:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1244:"Supreme Court rejects Ingabire's petition"
816:
94:politician who served as chairwoman of the
1726:
1344:African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
975:"Freelance Spain Biography – Juan Carrero"
780:Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought 2012
681:
679:
31:
1686:World Report 2020 - Rwanda Events of 2019
1482:
792:"Ganadores Premios Derechos Humanos 2019"
252:, the Nobel Peace Prize candidate and of
462:Contact, Dialogue et Actions Caritatives
201:Unification of the democratic opposition
153:Republican Rally for Democracy in Rwanda
1538:
676:
607:
209:(RPF) continued to monopolise power in
1863:21st-century Rwandan women politicians
1830:
1657:
446:
1617:from the original on 20 December 2021
1370:International Justice Resource Center
239:universal declaration of human rights
1539:Rickard, Carmel (13 December 2018).
1420:
608:Himbara, David (17 September 2018).
163:, of which RDR is an active member.
1639:. theproxylake.com. 11 October 2011
1483:Windridge, Oliver (25 April 2019).
1447:
1218:"Rwandan boycotts her terror trial"
581:Amnesty International (July 2017).
483:
279:
134:
13:
1028:. Fdu-rwanda.org. 19 February 2010
343:against her on the other charges.
72:United Democratic Forces of Rwanda
14:
1879:
1808:Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza Website
1801:
1591:. Fdu-rwanda.org. 17 January 2010
346:11 April 2012, A witness for the
1868:21st-century Rwandan politicians
425:According to Rwandan newspaper,
1772:
1747:
1720:
1674:
1651:
1629:
1603:
1581:
1559:
1532:
1502:
1476:
1441:
1414:
1384:
1358:
1332:
1314:
1288:
1262:
1236:
1210:
1184:
1158:
1147:
1121:
1095:
1069:
1018:
993:
977:. Spainview.com. Archived from
967:
945:
921:
897:
885:
861:
837:
810:
784:
773:
512:
233:'s regime was finally reached.
61:Development And Liberty For All
1658:Adeoye, Aanu (11 March 2019).
751:
729:
705:
650:
620:
601:
574:
552:
115:Family and professional career
1:
689:. Ipsnews.net. Archived from
545:
504:Continued critique of the RPF
761:. Amnesty.org. 28 April 2010
627:Ingabire Umuhoza, Victoire.
562:. Bbc.co.uk. 25 October 2010
452:Support of the civil society
359:seized. The defence claimed
151:In 1997, Umuhoza joined the
7:
1569:. Hrw.org. 12 December 2008
104:2010 presidential elections
90:(born 3 October 1968) is a
10:
1884:
1727:Uwiringiyimana, Clement.
1300:Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza
1196:Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza
1170:Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza
318:retrospective application
284:Umuhoza was placed under
96:Unified Democratic Forces
88:Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza
77:
65:
57:
39:
30:
25:Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza
23:
1682:"Rwanda: Events of 2019"
1372:. IJRC. 12 December 2017
306:territorial jurisdiction
256:, recipient of the 1980
498:crimes against humanity
398:. id. at paras. 77-78.
369:Supreme Court of Rwanda
262:Federico Mayor Zaragoza
207:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1133:The New Times (Kigali)
1107:The New Times (Kigali)
525:region. Among others:
250:Juan Carrero Saralegui
403:freedom of expression
367:18 October 2012, the
356:intelligence services
333:freedom of expression
254:Adolfo PĂ©rez Esquivel
216:In November 2004, in
1276:on 17 September 2014
955:. Rwandadialogue.org
460:sector: Association
433:prerogative of mercy
1759:Friends of Victoire
1328:. 13 December 2013.
1135:. 27 September 2011
1109:. 10 September 2011
981:on 27 February 2012
472:from Rwanda in the
447:Political positions
191:European Parliament
1688:. 10 December 2019
1489:The ACtHPR Monitor
1081:Human Rights Watch
894:Marina Rafti, 2005
412:Republic of Rwanda
337:freedom of thought
187:Freedom of Thought
16:Rwandan politician
1518:african-court.org
1448:Namwase, Sylvie.
1400:African-court.org
1302:. 19 October 2012
1083:. 22 January 2012
441:Mageragere Prison
325:genocide ideology
295:genocide ideology
258:Nobel Peace Prize
85:
84:
1875:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1579:
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1576:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1456:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1421:Aglionby, John.
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1272:. Archived from
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:on 18 April 2013
1246:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
933:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
909:
901:
895:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
873:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
849:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
788:
782:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
733:
727:
726:
724:
722:
717:
713:"LE RWANDA 2004"
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
683:
674:
673:
671:
669:
654:
648:
647:
645:
643:
638:. DALFA-Umurinzi
633:
624:
618:
617:
605:
599:
598:
596:
594:
578:
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