Vestal Virgin - Knowledge

58: 907: 1571: 1567:– who in fact wanted her property. This relationship gave rise to rumours. Plutarch says: "And yet when he was further on in years, he was accused of criminal intimacy with Licinia, one of the Vestal virgins and Licinia was formally prosecuted by a certain Plotius. Now Licinia was the owner of a pleasant villa in the suburbs which Crassus wished to get at a low price, and it was for this reason that he was forever hovering about the woman and paying his court to her until he fell under the abominable suspicion. And in a way, it was his avarice that absolved him from the charge of corrupting the Vestal, and he was acquitted by the judges. But he did not let Licinia go until he had acquired her property." Licinia became a Vestal in 85 and remained a Vestal until 61. The Vestals Arruntia, Perpennia M. f., and Popillia attended the inauguration of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Niger as Flamen Martialis in 69. Licinia, Crassus' relative, was also present. 1314:

triumphed?" Whether she said this in flattery or derision; whether it proceeded from a consciousness of her innocence or contempt of the emperor, is uncertain; but she continued exclaiming in this manner, til she came to the place of execution, to which she was led, whether innocent or guilty I cannot say, at all events with every appearance and demonstration of innocence. As she was being lowered down into the subterranean vault, her robe happening to catch upon something in the descent, she turned round and disengaged it, when, the executioner offering his assistance, she drew herself back with horror, refusing to be so much as touched by him, as though it were a defilement to her pure and unspotted chastity: still preserving the appearance of sanctity up to the last moment; and, among all the other instances of her modesty, "She took great care to fall with decency."

1912: 1305: 766:(store-room) and its contents; collecting ritually pure water from a sacred spring; preparing substances used in public rites, presiding at the Vestalia and attending other festivals. Vesta's temple was essentially the temple of all Rome and its citizens; it was open all day, by night it was closed but only to men. The Vestals regularly swept and cleansed Vesta's shrine, functioning as surrogate housekeepers, in a religious sense, for all of Rome, and maintaining and controlling the connections between Rome's public and private religion. So long as their bodies remained unpenetrated, the walls of Rome would remain intact. Their flesh belonged to Rome, and when they died, whatever the cause of their death, their bodies remained within the city's boundary. 994: 1768: 1876: 196: 1799: 1395: 1005: 570:, acting as the father of the bride, might arrange a marriage with a suitable Roman nobleman on behalf of the retired Vestal, but no literary accounts of such marriages have survived; Plutarch repeats a claim that "few have welcomed the indulgence, and that those who did so were not happy, but were a prey to repentance and dejection for the rest of their lives, thereby inspiring the rest with superstitious fears, so that until old age and death they remained steadfast in their virginity". Some Vestals preferred to renew their vows. Occia was vestal for 57 years between 38 BC and 19 AD. 1894: 574: 1145:, having lifted up his hands to heaven and uttered a secret prayer, opened the litter, led forth the culprit, and placing her on the steps of the ladder which gave access to the subterranean cell, delivered her over to the common executioner and his assistants, who conducted her down, drew up the ladder, and having filled the pit with earth until the surface was level with the surrounding ground, left her to perish deprived of all the tributes of respect usually paid to the spirits of the departed. 747: 1199: 934:. Unlike any other Roman women, they could make a will of their own volition, and dispose of their property without the sanction of a male guardian. They could give their property to women, something forbidden even to men, under Roman law. As they embodied the Roman state, Vestals could give evidence in trials without first taking the customary oath to the State. They had custody of important wills and state documents, which were presumably locked away in the 38: 714: 1350: 4506: 1767: 890:'s public-private, women-only rites at her Aventine temple. They were also present, in some capacity, at the Bona Dea's overnight, women-only December festival, hosted by the wife of Rome's senior magistrate; the magistrate himself was supposed to stay elsewhere for the occasion. On May 15, Vestals and pontiffs collected ritual straw figures called 57: 1177:

displeasure. The end of the Roman monarchy and the beginnings of the Republic involved extreme social tensions between Rome and her neighbours, and competition for power and influence between Rome's aristocrats and the commoner majority. In 483 BC, during a period of social conflict between patricians and plebeians, the Vestal

1499:

in the Sabine-Roman war, as a treasonous Vestal Virgin. Most Vestals named in Roman historical accounts are presented as examples of wrongdoing, threats to the well-being of the state, and punishment. While Tarpeia's status as a virgin is common to most accounts, her status as a vestal was likely the

499:

At the present day, too, it is a general belief, that our Vestal virgins have the power, by uttering a certain prayer, to arrest the flight of runaway slaves, and to rivet them to the spot, provided they have not gone beyond the precincts of the City. If then these opinions be once received as truth,

154:, a bloodless death that must seem voluntary. Their sexual partners, if known, were publicly beaten to death. These were infrequent events; most vestals retired with a generous pension and universal respect. They were then free to marry, though few of them did. Some appear to have renewed their vows. 1325:

were whipped and "put to death" for breaking their vows of celibacy, and that their offspring were to be thrown into the river. According to Livy, Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus, had been forced to become a Vestal Virgin, and was chained and imprisoned when she gave birth. Dionysius also

1313:

As they were leading her to the place of execution, she called upon Vesta, and the rest of the gods, to attest her innocence; and, amongst other exclamations, frequently cried out, "Is it possible that Cæsar can think me polluted, under the influence of whose sacred functions he has conquered and

1287:

man and woman, possibly to avert divine outrage at the ritual killing of the Vestal priestesses involved. According to Erdkamp, this may have also been intended to restore divine support for Rome's success on the battlefield, evidenced by later successful auguries. The initial charges against the

1503:

Dionysius of Halicarnasus names Orbinia, a Vestal put to death in 471. Livy names a Vestal Postumia, tried for inchastity in 420, but acquitted with a warning to take her position more seriously: Minucia was put to death for inchastity in 337: and Sextilia, put to death for adultery in 273. Some

636:

If a Vestal died before her contracted term ended, potential replacements would be presented in the quarters of the chief Vestal to select the most virtuous. Unlike normal inductees, these candidates did not have to be prepubescent, nor even virgins; they could be young widows or even divorcees,

563:

for a minimum period of 30 years. A thirty-year commitment was divided into three-decade-long periods during which Vestals were respectively students, servants, and teachers. Vestals typically retired with a state pension in their late 30s to early 40s and thereafter were free to marry. The

515:

The laws of our ancestors provided for the Vestal virgins and the ministers of the gods a moderate maintenance and just privileges. This gift was preserved inviolate till the time of the degenerate moneychangers, who diverted the maintenance of sacred chastity into a fund for the payment of base

134:

Vesta's acolytes vowed to serve her for at least thirty years, study and practise her rites in service of the Roman State, and maintain their chastity throughout. In addition to their obligations on behalf of Rome, Vestals had extraordinary rights and privileges, some of which were granted to no

1076:

Extinction of Vesta's sacred fire through Vestal negligence could be expiated by the scourging or beating of the offender, carried out "in the dark and through a curtain to preserve their modesty". The sacred fire could then be relit, using the correct rituals and the purest materials. Loss of

1337:

Postumia, though innocent according to Livy, was suspected and tried for unchastity on grounds of her immodest attire and over-familiar manner. Some Vestals were acquitted. Some cleared themselves through ordeals or miraculous deeds; in a celebrated case during the mid-Republic, the Vestal

1176:

are "extremely rare"; most took place during military or religious crisis. Some Vestals were probably used as scapegoats; their political alliances and alleged failure to observe oaths and duties were held to account for civil disturbances, wars, famines, plagues and other signs of divine

1504:

Vestals are said to have committed suicide when accused; Caparronia did so in 266: essential trial details are often lacking. Livy states that two Vestals, Floronia and Opimia, were convicted of unchastity in 216. One committed suicide, the other was buried alive - he does not say which.

550:

insulted an aged Vestal, said to be the last of her kind. It is unclear from Zosimos's narrative whether Vesta's cult was still functioning, maintained by that single Vestal, or moribund. Cameron is skeptical of the entire tale, noting that Theodosius did not visit Rome in 394.

4200: 5011, found in Rome near the basilica of St. Saba, now in the Lapidary Gallery of the Vatican Museum. It is a dedicatory inscription on a little base, possibly of a statuette that was housed in the home of the same vestal on the Little Aventine. M. G. Granino Cecere, 1439:

were said to represent Vesta's fire; and the white, virginity, or sexual purity. The stola is associated with Roman citizen-matrons and Vestals, not with brides. This covering of the body by way of the gown and veils "signals the prohibitions that governed sexuality". The

684:. The chief Vestal was probably the most influential and independent of Rome's high priestesses, committed to maintaining several different cults, maintaining personal connections to her birth family, and cultivating the society of her equals among the Roman elite. The 1478:(veil) when travelling outdoors, performing public rites or offering sacrifices. Respectable matrons were also expected to wear veils in public. One who appeared in public without her veil could be thought to have repudiated her marriage, making herself "available". 1446:

communicates the message of "hands off" and asserts their virginity. The prescribed everyday hairstyle for Vestals, and for brides only on their wedding day, comprised six or seven braids; this was thought to date back to the most ancient of times. In 2013

491:, promoted the Vestals' moral reputation and presence at public functions, and restored several of their customary privileges that had fallen into abeyance. They were held in awe and attributed certain mysterious and supernatural powers and abilities. 1248:

by the three accused. Aemilia, who had supposedly incited the two others to follow her example, was condemned outright and put to death. Marcia, who was accused of only one offence, and Licinia, who was accused of many, were at first acquitted by the

944:; anyone who assaulted a Vestal was, in effect, assaulting an embodiment of Rome and its gods, and could be killed with impunity. As no magistrate held power over the Vestals, the lictors of magistrates who encountered a Vestal had to lower their 783:, head of his priestly college. His influence and status grew during the Republican era, and the religious post became an important, lifetime adjunct to the political power of the annually elected consulship. When Augustus became 1128:

and other badges of office, was scourged, was attired like a corpse, placed in a close litter, and borne through the forum attended by her weeping kindred, with all the ceremonies of a real funeral, to a rising ground called the

1854:, who lived and worked in Italy for seventeen years, became famous for meticulously researched images of Vestals in all aspects of their daily life and worship, making some thirty paintings of Vestals between 1863 and 1899. 856:

used by priests and priestesses to consecrate (dedicate to the gods) the animal victims offered in public sacrifices. The Vestals' activities thus provided a shared link to various public, and possibly some private cults.

906: 118:

The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty from several suitable candidates, freed from any legal ties and obligations to their birth family, and enrolled in Vesta's priestly

1507:

Vestals could exploit their familial and social connections, as well as their unique, untouchable status and privileges, taking the role of patron and protector. Cicero describes how the Vestal Claudia, daughter of

629:(beloved), to be a Vestal priestess, who will carry out sacred rites which it is the law for a Vestal priestess to perform on behalf of the Roman people, on the same terms as her who was a Vestal 'on the best terms 590:

To obtain entry into the order, a girl had to be free of physical, moral, and mental defects, have two living parents, and be a daughter of a free-born resident of Rome. From at least the mid-Republican era, the

1512:, walked beside her father in his triumphal procession, to repulse a tribune of the plebs, who wanted to veto the triumph. Cicero also records a Vestal Fonteia, present during the trial of her brother in 69. 4421: 2371: 427:

Priesthoods with similar functions to the Vestals of Rome had an ancient and deeply embedded religious role in various surrounding Latin communities. According to Livy, the Vestals had pre-Roman origins at

641:

and Domitius Pollio offered their daughters as Vestal candidates in 19 AD to fill such a vacant position. Equally matched, Pollio's daughter was chosen only because Agrippa had been recently divorced. The

1047:("peace of the gods") was disrupted by some undetected impropriety, unnatural phenomenon or religious offence. Romans had a duty to report any suspected prodigies to the Senate, who in turn consulted the 1486:

From the institution of the Vestal priesthood to its abolition, an unknown number of Vestals held office. Some are named in Roman myth and history and some are of unknown date. The 1st-century BC author

1271:(216) and the end of the Republic (113–111), each was followed by a nameless, bloodless form of human sacrifice seemingly reserved for times of extreme crisis, supposedly at the recommendation of the 4275:

Inscription It. IV n. 213. Inscription on funerary monument discovered at Tivoli in July 1929. On the front, the name of the Vestal is incised within an oak wreath onto which adheres the sacred

1911: 1240:. The final accusations were justified by the death, in 114 BC, of Helvia, a virgin girl of equestrian family, killed by lightning while on horseback. The manner of her death was interpreted as a 1837:

environment of 18th century France, portraits of women as Vestals seem intended as fantasies of virtue infused with ironic eroticism. Later, Vestals became an image of republican virtue, as in

886:

festival, April 21, it was sprinkled on bonfires to purify shepherds and their flocks, and probably to ensure human and animal fertility in the Roman community. On May 1, Vestals officiated at

142:

so that at least one Vestal was stationed there at all times. Vestals who allowed the sacred fire to go out were punished with whipping. Vestals who lost their chastity were guilty of

1092:

breached Rome's contract with the gods; she was a contradiction, a visible religious embarrassment. By ancient tradition, she must die, but she must seem to do so willingly, and her

1850:

Excavations in Rome and Pompeii, as well as translation of Latin sources, made Vestals a popular subject for artists in the 18th century and the 19th century. The French painter

981:

Vestals were permitted to see things forbidden to all other upper-class Roman women; from the time of Augustus on, they had reserved ring-side seating at public games, including

608:

as it became difficult to find patricians willing to commit their daughters to 30 years as a Vestal, and then ultimately even from the daughters of freedmen for the same reason.

971:, who was empowered to enforce the Vestal's right-of-way; anyone who passed beneath the litter, or otherwise interfered with its passage, could be lawfully killed on the spot. 1875: 1821:

of England was portrayed holding a sieve to evoke Tuccia, the Vestal who proved her virtue by carrying water in a sieve. Tuccia herself had been a subject for artists such as

500:

and if it be admitted that the gods do listen to certain prayers, or are influenced by set forms of words, we are bound to conclude in the affirmative upon the whole question.

4520: 2850: 2768: 2721: 2674: 2618: 2550: 1971: 468:

on a captive Vestal, increased the number of Vestals to six; in the Imperial era, as attested by Plutarch, the college had six vestals at any given time. Claims by

4450:

Saquete, José Carlos, "Las vírgenes vestales. Un sacerdocio femenino en la religión pública romana". Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.

4419: 2410: 1613: 868:, and its unborn calf was reduced to ashes by the senior Vestal. The ashes were mixed with various substances, most notably the dried blood of the previous year's 1012: 3380:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 155. The accusations against Licinia included fraternal incest. She was a contemporary and possible political ally of the 818:– and a large, presumably wooden phallus, used in fertility rites and at least one triumphal procession, perhaps slung beneath the triumphal general's chariot. 4281:, knot of the order; with the name of the dedicant (L. Cossinius Electus, a relative, probably brother or nephew) on the lower margin. Cecere above p. 75. 3809: 1195:

Vestal, was tried, found guilty of unchastity and buried alive on the strength of her excessive and inappropriate love of dress, and the evidence of a slave.

4490:

Wyrwińska. (2021). The Vestal Virgins' Socio-political Role and the Narrative of Roma Aeterna. Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa, 14(2), 127–151.

414: 2157: 1570: 633:" (thus, with all the entitlements of a Vestal). As soon as she entered the atrium of Vesta's temple, she was under the goddess's service and protection. 4554: 1330:

instituted live burial as a punishment for Vestal unchastity, and inflicted it on the Vestal Pinaria; and that whipping with rods sometimes preceded the

1947:

over the life and death of Vestals as "daughters of Rome", though this is inconsistent with their legal independence from their birth family's control.

3787: 1643: 1023: 1513: 1037:

If Vesta's fire went out, Rome was no longer protected. Spontaneous extinction of the sacred flame for no apparent reason might be understood as a

789:, and thus supervisor of all religion, he donated his house to the Vestals. Their sacred fire became his household fire, and his domestic gods ( 2450: 2307: 2054: 1096:. The city could not seem responsible for her death, and burial of the dead was anyway forbidden within the city's ritual boundary, so she was 710:

also held unique responsibility for certain religious rites, but each held office by virtue of their standing as the spouse of a male priest.

1346:

to prove her innocence; Livy's epitomator (Per. 20) claims that she was condemned nevertheless but in all other sources she was acquitted.

1191:

merely on the basis of various portents, and allegations that she neglected her Vestal duties. In 337 BC, Minucia, another possible first

1245: 4263: 4254: 4233: 4193: 4168: 4137: 1525: 3340: 959:, an enclosed, two-wheeled, horse-drawn carriage; some Roman sources remark on its likeness to the chariots used by Roman generals in 3310: 1893: 407: 4339:

Kathleen Nicholson, "The Ideology of Feminine 'Virtue': The Vestal Virgin in French Eighteenth-Century Allegorical Portraiture," in

1430:(head-covering or fillet) with red and white ribbons, usually tied together behind the head and hanging loosely over the shoulders. 161:

confiscated the public revenues assigned to the cult of Vesta in Rome. Soon after, the Vestals vanished from the historical record.

520:

it was sacrilege which rendered the year barren, for it was necessary that all should lose that which they had denied to religion.

4559: 1509: 1304: 1038: 256: 174: 3502: 3224: 1301:, may have been an innocent victim. He describes how she sought to keep her dignity intact when she descended into the chamber: 108: 1590: 1241: 285: 2793: 145: 3250: 3171: 2895: 2706: 2037: 432:, where a virgin daughter of the king, forced by her usurper uncle to become a Vestal, miraculously gave birth to twin boys, 2119: 597:

chose Vestals by lot from a group of twenty high-born candidates at a gathering of their families and other Roman citizens.

400: 3396:

Temple as illegal and "against the will of the people". She may have fallen victim to the factional politics of the times.

3889: 3759: 3477: 3463: 3429: 3270: 2076: 1065:

to determine whether the matter must be tried or dismissed. Expiation of prodigies usually involved a special sacrifice (

1406:, and with the formal dress of high-status Roman matrons (married citizen-women). Vestals and matrons wore a long linen 826:

Vesta's chief festival was the Vestalia, held in her temple from June 7 to June 15, and attended by matrons and bakers.

2187: 993: 388: 123:

of six priestesses. They were supervised by a senior vestal but chosen and governed by Rome's leading male priest, the

3588:, article in Smith, William, pp.1189‑1191 in "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities", John Murray, London, 1875. 2277: 4530: 4484: 4476: 3819: 3606: 3350: 3280: 2991: 2862: 2780: 2753: 2733: 2686: 2659: 2630: 2603: 2562: 2109: 1983: 1463: 864:

was a characteristically rustic, agricultural festival, in which a pregnant cow was sacrificed to the Earth-goddess

472:

and others that the college comprised seven vestals in the late 4th-century rest on "very unsatisfactory evidence".

444:

went on to found Rome. In the most widely accepted versions of Rome's beginnings the city's legendary second king,

797:) became their responsibility. This arrangement between Vestals and Emperor persisted throughout the Imperial era. 4087: 3295:

Erdkamp, Paul, "War, Vestal Virgins, and Live Burials in the Roman Republic", in M. Dillon and C. Matthews, eds.,

2810: 1773:

Two starkly different views by two French Academic painters of the Vestals in their front-rows seats at the Roman

4400: 2153: 1556: 1254: 978:

to execution by touching them, or merely being seen by them, as long as the encounter had not been pre-arranged.

4117: 3840:

Sebesta, Judith Lynn, Bonfante, Larissa (editors), "The World of Roman Costume: Wisconsin Studies in Classics",

4259: 4250: 4229: 4189: 4164: 4142: 4133: 3746:(University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), pp. 59–60 (on discrepancies of hairstyles in some Vestal portraits) 246: 4309:(University of California Press, 1985), p. 244 ; Robert Tittler, "Portraiture, Politics and Society," in 3123:

Parker, N., Holt, "Why were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the safety of the Roman State,"

2907: 2341: 1539: 4569: 1118:. That Vesta did not intervene to save her former protege was taken as further divine confirmation of guilt. 4437:

Parker, Holt N. "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State",

4370: 3375: 2573:

Parker, Holt N. "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State".

3779: 2701:. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007, pp. 223–224. 1999: 535: 381: 1139:

underground had been previously prepared, containing a couch, a lamp, and a table with a little food. The

848:

wheat). The three senior Vestals parched the grain to make it edible, and mixed it with salt, to make the

758:

Vestal tasks included the maintenance of their chastity, tending Vesta's sacred fire, guarding her sacred

516:

porters. A public famine ensued on this act, and a bad harvest disappointed the hopes of all the provinces

3928: 1529: 4005: 4574: 1885: 1752: 1318: 1093: 508: 4539: 2890:, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 223–224. 1843: 1521: 547: 2442: 2303: 2051: 1017: 559:

The Vestals were committed to the priesthood before puberty (when 6–10 years old) and sworn to

475:

The Vestals were a powerful and influential priesthood. Towards the end of the Republican era, when

195: 2424: 1403: 601: 528:

confiscated its revenues in 382 AD. The last epigraphically attested Vestal is Coelia Concordia, a

378: 212: 120: 77: 1782: 4564: 4035:

Rome's vestal virgins: a study of Rome's vestal priestesses in the late Republic and early Empire

3731:

Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

3599:

Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

3326:

Rome's vestal virgins: a study of Rome's vestal priestesses in the late Republic and early Empire

2846: 2764: 2746:

Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

2717: 2670: 2614: 2596:

Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

2546: 1967: 1564: 1545: 1372:

The House of the Vestals was the residence of the vestal priestesses in Rome. Located behind the

1216:

In 123 BC the gift of an altar, shrine and couch to the Bona Dea's Aventine temple by the Vestal

729: 31: 17: 1798: 1394: 680:, "greatest of the Vestals") oversaw the work and morals of the Vestals and was a member of the 4257:= ILS 6244 on the base of an honorary statue, now irreparable. Possibly also mentioned in 3726: 3200: 2030:

The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000 – 264 BC)

1861: 1488: 1004: 638: 3324: 2139: 1864:" (1967) contains the lyrics "One of sixteen vestal virgins/ Who were leaving for the coast". 357: 4033: 3621:, Amberley Publishing, The Hill, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2010, p.135, ISBN 978-1-84868-977-0 3523: 3448: 3010: 2945: 2464: 1334:, and that this was done to Urbinia in 471 BCE, in a time of pestilence and plebeian unrest. 1288:

Vestals concerned were almost certainly trumped up, and may have been politically motivated.

1217: 998: 807: 50: 600:

Under the Papian Law of the 3rd century BCE, candidates for Vestal priesthoods had to be of

511:, who sought to maintain traditional Roman religion during the rise of Christianity, wrote: 1607: 1500:

mythographer's invention, to cast her lust, greed and treason in the worst possible light.

1367: 1136: 827: 385: 139: 487:, the Vestals interceded on Caesar's behalf and gained him pardon. Caesar's adopted heir, 8: 4511: 4375: 1838: 1751:

Primigenia, Alban vestal of Bovillae who had forsaken her vows of celibacy, mentioned by

1661:

Inscriptions record the existence of Vestals in other locations than the centre of Rome.

1469: 681: 539: 221: 3956: 1354: 4579: 4065: 4016: 3915: 3902: 3871: 3709: 3701: 3666: 3106: 3098: 2834: 2830: 2578: 2402: 1833:, and women who were arts patrons started having themselves painted as Vestals. In the 1822: 1786: 1491:, names the first four, probably legendary Vestals as Gegania, Veneneia, Canuleia, and 1327: 1028: 461: 290: 4150:, now in the Lapidary Gallery of the Vatican Museums: it mentions the dedication of a 1420:, a rectangular female citizen's wrap, equivalent to the male citizen's semi-circular 440:; they survived their uncle's attempts to kill them through exposure or drowning, and 4480: 4472: 3875: 3713: 3670: 3658: 3602: 3496: 3346: 3276: 3220: 3167: 3160: 3110: 3090: 2987: 2891: 2858: 2776: 2749: 2729: 2702: 2682: 2655: 2626: 2599: 2558: 2506: 2406: 2394: 2212: 2183: 2033: 1979: 1921: 1560: 865: 433: 326: 112: 4353: 4057: 3863: 3693: 3648: 3640: 3082: 2926: 2386: 1978:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.51-54, 323. 1649: 1496: 1225: 1150: 1097: 964: 873: 778: 437: 321: 306: 126: 4491: 1516:, admitted to the order in 80 and made chief Vestal around 50, was half-sister of 4425: 4240:, now housed in the Palazzo Borghese at Pratica di Mare. Cecere above p. 72. 3763: 2921:

Inge Kroppenberg (2010) "Law, Religion, and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins",

2681:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 191, 382 2654:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 14,15, 81–117, 230 (note 127) 2058: 1409: 1373: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1229: 1077:

chastity, however, represented a broken oath. It was permanent, irreversible; no

751: 578: 573: 505: 492: 457: 449: 362: 3944: 3453:. Vol. 1. Translated by Baker. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 22. 1073:) and the destruction of the "unnatural" object that had caused divine offence. 4176: 2557:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 51–53, 2203:

Conti, Stefano (2003). "Tra Integrazione ed Emarginazione: Le Ultime Vestali".

1627: 1603: 1575: 1448: 445: 331: 270: 103: 89: 3867: 3756: 3102: 3069: 2930: 2857:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 51–54 2390: 2072: 1386:, "very large and exceptionally magnificent both in decoration and material". 746: 623:

pointed to her and led her away from her parents with the words, "I take you,

456:

them as a collegiate priesthood. He then added a second pair. Rome's 6th King

4548: 4360:, April 2008, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, pp. 210-245. 4237: 4002: 3988: 3662: 3393: 3094: 2728:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.53–54 2438: 2398: 2290: 2216: 2025: 1851: 1802: 1790: 1383: 1278: 1207: 1160: 1115: 960: 869: 811: 723: 697: 524:

Dissolution of the Vestal College would have followed soon after the emperor

480: 336: 316: 151: 3969: 2269: 4410:

Kroppenberg, Inge, "Law, Religion and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins,"

3385: 2013: 1857: 1678: 1637: 1533: 1221: 1198: 705: 543: 484: 311: 4061: 2625:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 51 3415: 2775:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.53 1818: 1699: 1257:(consul 127), and condemned to death in 113. The prosecution offered two 963:. Otherwise, the Vestals seem to have travelled in a one-seat, curtained 3653: 3535:

Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome

3022:

Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome

2957:

Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome

2476:

Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome

4462:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

4069: 3129:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

2582: 1903: 1631: 1579: 1398:

Statue of the Vestal Virgin Flavia Publicia in the House of the Vestals

1331: 1322: 941: 861: 851: 831: 637:

though that was frowned upon and thought unlucky. Tacitus recounts how

460:, who was also said to have been miraculously fathered by the fire-god 429: 3780:"On Pins and Needles: Stylist Turns Ancient Hairdo Debate on Its Head" 3705: 1343: 769:

The Vestals acknowledged one of their number as senior authority, the

4147: 1834: 1830: 1774: 1717: 1617: 1135:

just within the city walls, close to the Colline gate. There a small

982: 915: 653: 2180:

Borderline Virginities: Sacred and Secular Virgins in Late Antiquity

1472:

and wife to his high priest. Vestals wore a white, purple-bordered

1261:

in support of the final verdicts. Of the three Vestals executed for

4083: 3814: 3697: 3644: 3389: 3086: 2021: 1814: 1721: 1672: 1517: 1298: 1250: 1235: 1192: 1182: 1164: 1103: 1068: 887: 649: 560: 488: 453: 241: 4023:(American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, pp. 24–25. 3729:

454 in the edition of Lindsay, as cited by Robin Lorsch Wildfang,

1122:

When condemned by the college of pontifices, was stripped of her

4151: 3684:

Beard, Mary (1980-01-01). "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins".

3381: 2501: 1492: 1203: 883: 834:

and on September 13, the three youngest Vestals reaped unripened

794: 761: 691: 652:) "consoled" the failed candidate with a dowry of 1 million 525: 469: 441: 158: 37: 4354:"Hector Leroux (1829-1900). Un peintre du XIXe voué à l'Antique" 1724:, as commemorated by her father, Q. Caecilius Papion. The title 894:

from stations along Rome's city boundary and cast them into the

713: 3984: 1549: 1349: 1339: 997:

Early 18th-century depiction of the dedication of a Vestal, by

968: 911: 717: 265: 236: 200: 64: 4315:

Learned Queen: The Image of Elizabeth I in Politics and Poetry

3005: 3003: 2912:, 10.5, translation, Loeb edition, 1914, University of Chicago 2346:, 10.1, translation, Loeb edition, 1914, University of Chicago 1321:

claims that long before Rome's foundation, Vestals at ancient

967:, or possibly on foot. In every case, they were preceded by a 720:

of the Vestal Virgins at a banquet, found in 1935 near Rome's

1675:

whose brother was probably the L. Manlius Severus named as a

1178: 1100:

in an underground chamber within the city's ritual boundary (

895: 891: 845: 841: 790: 605: 476: 465: 280: 275: 226: 4453:

Sawyer, Deborah F. "Magna Mater and the Vestal Virgins." In

2329:

Portraits of the Vestal Virgins, Priestesses of Ancient Rome

3742:

Laetitia La Follette, "The Costume of the Roman Bride", in

3492: 3444: 3339:

Lightman, Marjorie; Lightman, Benjamin (17 December 2018).

3311:"Roman Women: The Women who influenced the History of Rome" 3216: 3196: 3000: 2017: 1994: 1621: 1451:

recreated the hairstyle of the vestals on a modern person.

1421: 1284: 985:

contests, and stage-side seats at theatrical performances.

815: 800:

The Vestals guarded various sacred objects kept in Vesta's

750:

The most prominent feature of the ruins that were once the

690:

Occia presided over the Vestals for 57 years, according to

3563:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1055. 1454:

High-status brides were veiled in the same saffron-yellow

1083:

or expiation could restore it or compensate for its loss.

918:

and Vestals before the Temple of Vesta (early 3rd century)

4527:

Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston and New York, 1898.

4371:"Behind the Song: Procol Harum, "A Whiter Shade Of Pale"" 2986:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 143. 2537:. The University of North Carolina Press, 2006, pp. 80–81 2273: 2134:

Pliny the Elder (translated by Bostock and Riley, 1855),

3062: 3060: 2815:. London: John Murray – via University of Chicago. 2524:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 47–48 115:, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. 2825:

Andrew B. Gallia. "Vestal Virgins and Their Families".

2372:"Law, religion, and constitution of the Vestal virgins" 2331:, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbour, 2015, p. 34 2270:"Ancient Rome's maidens – who were the Vestal Virgins?" 2100:, John Murray, London, 1875, p. 1189: Ramsay is citing 1402:

Vestal costume had elements in common with high-status

1153:

of a guilty Vestal was publicly beaten to death by the

534:

who in 385 AD erected a statue to the deceased pontiff

4441:, Vol. 125, No. 4. (2004), pp. 563–601. 4307:

Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form

3297:

Religion and Classical Warfare. II: The Roman Republic

3269:

Beard, Mary; North, John; Price, Simon (9 July 1998).

2791: 1559:

was supposedly courted by her kinsman, the so-called "

1181:, perhaps the earliest of several historic Vestals of 928:– "sovereign over themselves", answerable only to the 617:(capture). Once a girl was chosen to be a Vestal, the 4146: 6190, found in 1728 at the XI mile of the 3810:"Ancient Rome's hairdo for vestal virgins re-created" 3057: 2641:

Parker, "Why Were the Vestals Virgins?" 2004, p. 568.

2453:

from the original on 2012-12-03 – via STOA.org.

1495:. Varro and others also portray Tarpeia, daughter of 775:, but all were ultimately under the authority of the 4535:

in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities

4501: 4393:

Beard, Mary, "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins,"

3631:

Gallia, Andrew B. (2014-07-01). "The Vestal Habit".

2522:

A Place at the Altar. Priestesses in Republican Rome

2236: 2224: 1813:

The Vestals were used as models of female virtue in

1224:. In 114 Licinia and two of her colleagues, Vestals 974:

Vestals could also free or pardon condemned persons

27:

Priestesses of the Roman goddess of the hearth Vesta

4455:

Women and Religion in the First Christian Centuries

3479:

The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus

3465:

The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus

3431:

The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus

2365: 2363: 2361: 1424:. A Vestal's hair was bound into a white, priestly 1220:"without the people's approval" was refused by the 3159: 3070:"Polybius, the Gallic Crisis, and the Ebro Treaty" 3068: 2982:Culham, Phyllis (2014). Flower, Harriet I. (ed.). 1683:in a funerary inscription. Mommsen thought he was 953:The Vestals had unique, exclusive rights to use a 4293:The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus 3773: 3771: 4546: 4525:Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. 4407:, American Philological Association (1952–1986). 4175: 4942 presently no longer reperible in the 4048:Lewis, R. G. (2001). "Catalina and the Vestal". 3338: 3329:, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 93ff. 3127:, 125, (2004) p.586. See also Staples, Ariadne, 2535:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic 2358: 2075:. Letter to Emperor Valentianus. Newadvent.org. 1606:(1st century), vestal under Tiberius, sister of 1353:A reconstruction of the House of the Vestals by 4492:https://doi.org/10.4467/20844131KS.21.011.13519 3482:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 1X, 40–41. 3268: 2108:V.31, cf. Symmachus and the remarks of Lipsius 1382:was a three-storey building at the foot of the 988: 131:; in the Imperial era, this meant the emperor. 3768: 3249:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWildfang2006 ( 2171: 30:"Vestals" redirects here. For other uses, see 4343:(Manchester University Press, 1997), p. 58ff. 4038:, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 96 3377:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2984:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2808: 2096:Ramsay, William, 'Vestales', Smith, William, 408: 4207: 4201: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3032: 3026: 3020: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2940: 2938: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2151: 1730:means at Lavinium the Vestals were only two. 1700: 1342:, accused of unchastity, carried water in a 1291:Pliny the Younger believed that Cornelia, a 754:is the hearth (seen here in the foreground). 731: 4432:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities 4276: 3854:Neal, Jaclyn (2019). "Tarpeia the Vestal". 3525: 3501:. Vol. 4. Marquette University. 4.44. 3468:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 3, 68. 3434:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 1, 78. 3388:had annulled her attempted rededication of 3148:, John Murray, London, 1875, pp. 1189–1191. 3146:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 3012: 2947: 2812:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 2466: 2369: 2098:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 1942: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1711: 1693: 1689:of Rome, but this is not considered likely. 1684: 1676: 1666: 1537: 1473: 1461: 1455: 1441: 1434: 1425: 1415: 1407: 1377: 1292: 1276: 1262: 1233: 1186: 1171: 1154: 1140: 1130: 1123: 1109: 1101: 1087: 1078: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 954: 945: 935: 929: 923: 877: 849: 835: 801: 784: 776: 770: 759: 721: 703: 695: 685: 675: 669: 660: 643: 624: 618: 612: 592: 565: 529: 143: 124: 97: 62: 42: 4555:390s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 4446:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 4107:Broughton, vol. II, pp. 135-137 (note 14). 3313:. Fonthill Media – via Google Books. 3189: 2156:. The Letters of Ambrose. Tertullian.org. 1652:(4th century), the last head of the order. 1520:(Cicero's first wife), and full sister of 452:, appointed its first pair of Vestals and 415: 401: 4457:, 119–129. London: Routledge Press, 1996. 3755:"Recreating the Vestal Virgin Hairstyle" 3652: 3547:Publications de l'École française de Rome 3034:Publications de l'École française de Rome 2969:Publications de l'École française de Rome 2935: 2488:Publications de l'École française de Rome 2437: 1536:of that name. In 73 she was acquitted of 1275:; the living burial or immurement in the 4313:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 454; Linda Shenk, 4290: 3374:Phyllis Cunham, in Harriet Flower (ed), 3308: 3244: 3162:Oxford Companion to Classical Literature 3157: 3066: 2267: 2102:Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptiones 1797: 1569: 1393: 1348: 1303: 1197: 1003: 992: 905: 745: 712: 572: 69:depicting a seated Vestal Virgin marked 56: 36: 4225:Virgo maior regia Laurentium Lavinatium 3417:Letters. XLIII. To Cornelius Minicianus 3342:A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women 2177: 1867: 1532:; she was probably mother of the later 1361: 814:which had supposedly been brought from 741: 495:tacitly accepted these powers as fact: 14: 4547: 4471:. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover, 4444:Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, 3630: 3299:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2020, p.9 3272:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, A History 2981: 1918:Portrait of a Woman as a Vestal Virgin 1591:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 1297:buried alive on the orders of emperor 4405:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic 4047: 4021:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic 3777: 3683: 3559:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vesta", 3054:L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2003, p. 41. 3050:, p. 51; Rasmussen, Susanne William, 2242: 2230: 2202: 830:claims that during the Vestalia, the 611:The choosing ceremony was known as a 102: 4082: 3853: 3576:, I.1.7; Dionysus of Halicarnassus, 3443: 2829:, vol. 34, no. 1, 2015, pp. 74–120. 2301: 1941:This might reflect his authority as 1789:), and the Vestals in a painting by 1376:(which housed the sacred fire), the 1206:, fragment of a relief found on the 352: 138:The Vestals took turns to supervise 44: 3186:Quotation from Cornell, 1981, p. 27 3052:Public Portents in Republican Rome, 2500: 2070: 1882:Sieve Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I 1710:Caecilia Philete, a senior virgin ( 1698:, chief Vestal Virgin of the Alban 1695:virgo vestalis maxima arcis Albanae 1597: 1578:, a vestal virgin whom the emperor 1232:, were accused of multiple acts of 24: 4397:, Vol. 70, (1980), pp. 12–27. 4387: 4317:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 13. 3847: 3778:Pesta, Abigail (7 February 2013). 3584:, IV.11; cited in William Ramsay, 3048:Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus 2798:. University of Chicago. i.19, 38. 2652:The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome 1634:married amid considerable scandal. 659: 554: 546:visited Rome in 394 AD, his niece 389:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 25: 4591: 4497: 3842:The University of Wisconsin Press 3818:. 10 January 2013. Archived from 3790:from the original on 6 April 2018 3574:Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium 2577:, vol. 125, no. 4, 2004, p. 568. 2575:The American Journal of Philology 1759: 157:In 382 AD, the Christian emperor 41:2nd-century AD Roman statue of a 4504: 4363: 4346: 4333: 4320: 4299: 4284: 4269: 4243: 4218: 4182: 4157: 4126: 4110: 3844:, 1994, p.49, isbn 9780299138509 3491: 3215: 3195: 1910: 1892: 1874: 1766: 1481: 1283:of a Greek man and woman, and a 604:birth. Membership was opened to 194: 4418:, 3, 2010, pp. 418 – 439. 4341:Portraiture: Facing the Subject 4101: 4076: 4041: 4026: 4010: 3996: 3978: 3962: 3950: 3937: 3921: 3908: 3895: 3882: 3834: 3802: 3749: 3736: 3720: 3677: 3624: 3611: 3591: 3566: 3553: 3516: 3505:from the original on 2012-09-15 3485: 3471: 3457: 3437: 3423: 3408: 3399: 3368: 3359: 3332: 3317: 3302: 3289: 3262: 3238: 3227:from the original on 2012-09-14 3209: 3180: 3151: 3134: 3117: 3040: 2975: 2915: 2900: 2880: 2867: 2840: 2819: 2802: 2785: 2758: 2738: 2711: 2691: 2664: 2644: 2635: 2608: 2588: 2567: 2540: 2527: 2514: 2494: 2457: 2431: 2349: 2334: 2321: 2310:from the original on 2012-12-03 2295: 2280:from the original on 2012-10-01 2261: 2248: 2196: 2160:from the original on 2012-08-12 2079:from the original on 2012-10-22 1935: 1817:portraiture of the later West. 1793:, c. 1890 (private collection). 1656: 1584: 1255:Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla 4560:Ancient Roman religious titles 3384:brothers. In 123 BCE the 3309:Chrystal, Paul (17 May 2017). 3275:. Cambridge University Press. 3223:. Marquette University. 8.15. 2268:Lutwyche, Jayne (2012-09-07). 2145: 2128: 2113: 2090: 2064: 2042: 2006: 1988: 1961: 1433:The red ribbons of the Vestal 247:Quindecimviri sacris faciundis 13: 1: 4439:American Journal of Philology 3733:(Routledge, 2006), p. 54 3125:American Journal of Philology 2289:Lutwyche is citing Professor 2032:, Routledge, 1995. pp. 57-63 1954: 1809:, by 1900, private collection 1742:Cossinia L(ucii) f(iliae), a 1548:. The case was prosecuted by 901: 436:. The twins were fathered by 4395:The Journal of Roman Studies 4311:A Companion to Tudor Britain 4266:. Cecere above p. 73–74 3888:Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 3856:The Journal of Roman Studies 3686:The Journal of Roman Studies 3580:. II.68; Pliny the Younger, 3067:Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). 2837:. Accessed 13 December 2022. 2792:Dionysius of Halicarnassus. 2585:. Accessed 16 December 2022. 2136:The Natural History of Pliny 1826: 1692:Flavia (or Valeria) Vera, a 1630:(3rd century), whom Emperor 1528:who later married her niece 989:Prosecutions and punishments 821: 585: 536:Vettius Agorius Praetextatus 7: 4540:House of the Vestal Virgins 4358:Journée de l'Antiquité 2008 3166:. Oxford University Press. 2449:. Vol. 1. p. 12. 2355:Broughton, vol. II, p. 395. 2154:"The Memorial of Symmachus" 1779:Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down) 1326:writes that the Roman king 10: 4596: 3744:The World of Roman Costume 3619:Roman Clothing and Fashion 3524:"Some observations on the 3405:Broughton, vol. I, p. 534. 3131:, Routledge, (1998), p.133 3011:"Some observations on the 2946:"Some observations on the 2465:"Some observations on the 2370:Kroppenberg, Inge (2010). 2104:. vol. IV p.167; Ambrose, 1886:Quentin Metsys the Younger 1671:, a chief Alban Vestal at 1365: 1319:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1094:blood could not be spilled 164: 61:1st-century BC (43–39 BC) 29: 4352:Couëlle, Colombe (2008). 4209:Studi di epigrafia latina 4202: 4032:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch, 3868:10.1017/S0075435819000911 3546: 3355:– via Google Books. 3285:– via Google Books. 3046:Mueller, Hans-Friedrich, 3033: 2968: 2931:10.1525/lal.2010.22.3.418 2487: 2391:10.1525/lal.2010.22.3.418 2182:. Routledge. p. 32. 1389: 1185:family, was executed for 876:. The mixture was called 577:House of the Vestals and 4519:Rodolfo Lanciani (1898) 4467:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch. 3798:– via www.wsj.com. 3538:(6–7 April 1978). Rome: 3365:Erdkamp, 2020, pp. 22-25 3323:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch, 3158:Howatson, M. C. (1989). 3144:, in Smith, William, in 3025:(6–7 April 1978). Rome: 2960:(6–7 April 1978). Rome: 2744:Wildfang, R. L. (2006), 2594:Wildfang, R. L. (2006), 2479:(6–7 April 1978). Rome: 2425:University of Regensburg 2304:"Life of Numa Pompilius" 2178:Undheim, Sissel (2017). 1928: 1807:Inauguration of a Vestal 1736:Virgo Vestalis Tiburtium 1202:Vestal from the time of 1114:("Evil Field") near the 379:Religion in ancient Rome 150:, and were sentenced to 135:others, male or female. 4401:Broughton, T. Robert S. 4291:Mitchell, Jill (2021). 4090:. University of Chicago 4050:The Classical Quarterly 3597:Wildfang, R. L. (2006) 3561:Encyclopædia Britannica 3541:École Française de Rome 3345:. Infobase Publishing. 3028:École Française de Rome 2963:École Française de Rome 2835:10.1525/ca.2015.34.1.74 2482:École Française de Rome 1616:(1st century), said by 1565:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1555:The 1st century Vestal 1546:Lucius Sergius Catilina 1510:Appius Claudius Pulcher 1308:Cornelia entombed alive 1086:A Vestal who committed 32:Vestal (disambiguation) 4521:"The Fall of a Vestal" 4430:Peck, Harry Thurston, 4328:Monuments and Maidens, 4277: 4208: 3540: 3534: 3526: 3027: 3021: 3013: 2962: 2956: 2948: 2877:, Volume I, pp. 51–54 2809:William Smith (1875). 2481: 2475: 2467: 2258:(Oxford UP), pp. 46–47 2049:Life of Numa Pompilius 1943: 1862:A Whiter Shade of Pale 1810: 1755:in two of his letters. 1744: 1735: 1726: 1712: 1701: 1694: 1685: 1677: 1667: 1620:to have been raped by 1594: 1538: 1474: 1462: 1456: 1442: 1435: 1426: 1416: 1408: 1399: 1378: 1358: 1316: 1309: 1293: 1277: 1263: 1253:, but were retried by 1234: 1213: 1187: 1172: 1155: 1147: 1141: 1131: 1124: 1110: 1102: 1088: 1079: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1034: 1009:In the Temple of Vesta 1001: 955: 946: 936: 930: 924: 922:Vestals were lawfully 919: 914:depicting the emperor 898:, to purify the city. 878: 850: 836: 802: 785: 777: 771: 760: 755: 738: 732: 722: 704: 696: 686: 676: 670: 661: 644: 639:Gaius Fonteius Agrippa 625: 619: 613: 593: 582: 566: 530: 522: 502: 144: 125: 98: 93: 73: 63: 54: 43: 4469:Rome's Vestal Virgins 4295:. Trivent Publishing. 4203:"Vestali non di Roma" 2886:Beard, Mary (2007), 1801: 1573: 1414:over a white woollen 1397: 1352: 1311: 1307: 1201: 1120: 1041:, a warning that the 1007: 999:Alessandro Marchesini 996: 909: 749: 716: 671:Virgo Vestalis Maxima 576: 531:Virgo Vestalis Maxima 513: 497: 353:Virgo Vestalis Maxima 140:Vesta's sacred hearth 60: 51:National Roman Museum 45:Virgo Vestalis Maxima 40: 4570:Gendered occupations 3601:, Routledge, p. 54. 3420:The Harvard Classics 3031:, 1981. pp. 27-37. ( 2923:Law & Literature 2379:Law & Literature 2306:. Stoa.org. 9.5–10. 1868:Portraits as Vestals 1733:Saufeia Alexandria, 1608:Gaius Junius Silanus 1368:House of the Vestals 1362:House of the Vestals 1259:Sibylline prophecies 742:Duties and festivals 386:Gallo-Roman religion 104:[wɛsˈtaːlɪs] 4512:Ancient Rome portal 4376:American Songwriter 4215:2003 p. 70-71. 4062:10.1093/cq/51.1.141 3784:Wall Street Journal 3633:Classical Philology 3414:Pliny the Younger, 3075:Classical Philology 2827:Classical Antiquity 2327:Lindner, Molly M., 2256:Last Pagans of Rome 2028:: see Cornell, T., 1839:Jacques-Louis David 1668:virgo Albana maxima 1589:) forced to marry ( 1149:If discovered, the 1013:Constantin Hölscher 940:. Their person was 844:wheat, or possibly 682:College of Pontiffs 504:The 4th-century AD 479:included the young 242:Septemviri epulonum 4460:Staples, Ariadne, 4424:2012-04-25 at the 4412:Law and Literature 4017:T. R. S. Broughton 3822:on 2 November 2017 3762:2016-12-13 at the 3617:Croom, Alexandra, 3572:Valerius Maximus, 2748:, Routledge, p.14 2598:, Routledge, p.17 2152:Ambrose of Milan. 2057:2012-12-03 at the 1823:Jacopo del Sellaio 1811: 1787:Phoenix Art Museum 1748:of Tibur (Tivoli). 1646:(mid-3rd century). 1595: 1404:Roman bridal dress 1400: 1359: 1328:Tarquinius Priscus 1310: 1214: 1170:Trials for Vestal 1035: 1002: 925:personae sui iuris 920: 756: 739: 668:The chief Vestal ( 583: 448:, built its first 291:Sodales Augustales 255:Other colleges or 74: 55: 4575:Vesta (mythology) 4464:, Routledge, 1998 4088:"Life of Crassus" 3255:, citing Cicero, 3221:"History of Rome" 3173:978-0-19-866121-4 3140:Ramsay, William, 2896:978-0-674-02613-1 2888:The Roman Triumph 2875:Religions of Rome 2855:Religions of Rome 2795:Roman Antiquities 2773:Religions of Rome 2726:Religions of Rome 2707:978-0-674-02613-1 2699:The Roman Triumph 2679:Religions of Rome 2623:Religions of Rome 2555:Religions of Rome 2138:, Volume 5, 2073:"Letter #18" 2038:978-0-415-01596-7 1976:Religions of Rome 1922:Angelica Kauffman 1844:The Vestal Virgin 1831:Joannes Stradanus 1574:Bronze statue of 1132:Campus Sceleratus 1111:Campus Sceleratus 581:from the Palatine 542:claims that when 464:or the household 434:Romulus and Remus 425: 424: 327:Flamen Quirinalis 16:(Redirected from 4587: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4381: 4380: 4367: 4361: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4247: 4241: 4222: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4186: 4180: 4161: 4155: 4130: 4124: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4045: 4039: 4030: 4024: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3982: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3925: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3775: 3766: 3753: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3656: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3595: 3589: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3544:, 1981. p. 28. ( 3543: 3537: 3529: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3441: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3247:, pp. 92–93 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3165: 3155: 3149: 3138: 3132: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3072: 3064: 3055: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2966:, 1981. p. 38. ( 2965: 2959: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2925:, 22:3, p. 420, 2919: 2913: 2904: 2898: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2844: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2789: 2783: 2762: 2756: 2742: 2736: 2715: 2709: 2695: 2689: 2668: 2662: 2650:Lott, John. B., 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2612: 2606: 2592: 2586: 2571: 2565: 2544: 2538: 2533:Schultz, C. E., 2531: 2525: 2520:DiLuzio, M. J., 2518: 2512: 2511: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2443:"Vestal Virgins" 2435: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2409:. Archived from 2376: 2367: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2205:Studia Historica 2200: 2194: 2193: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2149: 2143: 2132: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2068: 2062: 2046: 2040: 2010: 2004: 1992: 1986: 1965: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1914: 1896: 1878: 1828: 1783:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1770: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1715: 1704: 1697: 1688: 1682: 1670: 1650:Coelia Concordia 1598:Imperial Vestals 1588: 1586: 1543: 1497:Spurius Tarpeius 1477: 1467: 1464:Flamenica Dialis 1459: 1445: 1438: 1429: 1419: 1413: 1381: 1355:Christian Hülsen 1296: 1282: 1266: 1239: 1211:(British Museum) 1190: 1175: 1158: 1156:pontifex maximus 1144: 1142:pontifex maximus 1134: 1127: 1113: 1107: 1091: 1082: 1072: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1050:pontifex maximus 1046: 1032: 1021: 958: 949: 939: 933: 931:pontifex maximus 927: 881: 872:, sacrificed to 855: 839: 806:, including the 805: 788: 786:pontifex maximus 782: 779:pontifex maximus 774: 765: 735: 727: 709: 701: 698:Flaminica Dialis 689: 679: 677:Vestalium Maxima 673: 664: 647: 645:pontifex maximus 632: 628: 622: 616: 596: 594:pontifex maximus 569: 567:pontifex maximus 533: 519: 417: 410: 403: 358:Flaminica Dialis 322:Flamen Martialis 307:Pontifex maximus 198: 189: 180: 177: 169: 168: 149: 130: 127:Pontifex maximus 106: 101: 72: 68: 48: 21: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4545: 4544: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4426:Wayback Machine 4390: 4388:Further reading 4385: 4384: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4305:Marina Warner, 4304: 4300: 4289: 4285: 4274: 4270: 4248: 4244: 4223: 4219: 4187: 4183: 4162: 4158: 4154:by her brother. 4131: 4127: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4081: 4077: 4046: 4042: 4031: 4027: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3997: 3983: 3979: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3776: 3769: 3764:Wayback Machine 3754: 3750: 3741: 3737: 3725: 3721: 3682: 3678: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3596: 3592: 3578:Roman Questions 3571: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3498:History of Rome 3490: 3486: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3458: 3450:History of Rome 3442: 3438: 3428: 3424: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3318: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3214: 3210: 3202:Ab urbe condita 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3156: 3152: 3139: 3135: 3122: 3118: 3065: 3058: 3045: 3041: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2980: 2976: 2943: 2936: 2920: 2916: 2905: 2901: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2845: 2841: 2824: 2820: 2807: 2803: 2790: 2786: 2763: 2759: 2743: 2739: 2716: 2712: 2696: 2692: 2669: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2613: 2609: 2593: 2589: 2572: 2568: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2462: 2458: 2436: 2432: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2300: 2296: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2150: 2146: 2133: 2129: 2118: 2114: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2080: 2069: 2065: 2059:Wayback Machine 2047: 2043: 2011: 2007: 2000:Ab urbe condita 1993: 1989: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1902:(1677–1730) by 1897: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1860:'s famous hit " 1794: 1771: 1762: 1665:Manlia Severa, 1659: 1644:Flavia Publicia 1600: 1583: 1484: 1468:, priestess of 1392: 1374:Temple of Vesta 1370: 1364: 1273:Sibylline Books 1269:first Punic War 1026: 1024:Villa Grisebach 1015: 991: 904: 824: 772:Vestalis Maxima 752:Temple of Vesta 744: 706:regina sacrorum 687:Vestalis Maxima 666: 662:Vestalis Maxima 630: 588: 579:Temple of Vesta 557: 555:Term of service 517: 493:Pliny the Elder 458:Servius Tullius 450:Temple of Vesta 421: 384: 363:Regina sacrorum 271:Fratres Arvales 206: 188:of ancient Rome 187: 185: 175: 172: 167: 70: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4593: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4565:Vestal Virgins 4562: 4557: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4528: 4523:Chapter 6, in 4516: 4515: 4499: 4498:External links 4496: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4408: 4398: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4362: 4345: 4332: 4319: 4298: 4283: 4268: 4242: 4217: 4181: 4177:palazzo Mattei 4156: 4125: 4109: 4100: 4075: 4056:(1): 141–149. 4040: 4025: 4009: 3995: 3977: 3961: 3957:Livy, xxii. 57 3949: 3936: 3920: 3907: 3894: 3881: 3846: 3833: 3801: 3767: 3748: 3735: 3719: 3698:10.2307/299553 3676: 3645:10.1086/676291 3639:(3): 222–240. 3623: 3610: 3590: 3565: 3552: 3527:crimen incesti 3522:Cornell, Tim. 3515: 3484: 3470: 3456: 3436: 3422: 3407: 3398: 3367: 3358: 3351: 3331: 3316: 3301: 3288: 3281: 3261: 3237: 3208: 3188: 3179: 3172: 3150: 3133: 3116: 3103:10.1086/665622 3087:10.1086/665622 3081:(3): 214–217. 3056: 3039: 3014:crimen incesti 3009:Cornell, Tim. 2999: 2992: 2974: 2949:crimen incesti 2944:Cornell, Tim. 2934: 2914: 2899: 2879: 2866: 2839: 2818: 2801: 2784: 2757: 2737: 2710: 2690: 2663: 2643: 2634: 2607: 2587: 2566: 2539: 2526: 2513: 2493: 2468:crimen incesti 2463:Cornell, Tim. 2456: 2430: 2385:(3): 418–439. 2357: 2348: 2333: 2320: 2294: 2260: 2254:Alan Cameron, 2247: 2245:, p. 219. 2235: 2233:, p. 218. 2223: 2195: 2189:978-1472480170 2188: 2170: 2144: 2127: 2112: 2089: 2063: 2041: 2005: 1987: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1880: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1796: 1795: 1772: 1765: 1761: 1760:In Western art 1758: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1745:Virgo Vestalis 1740: 1731: 1708: 1690: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1640:(3rd century). 1635: 1628:Aquilia Severa 1625: 1611: 1604:Junia Torquata 1599: 1596: 1587: 218–222 1576:Aquilia Severa 1483: 1480: 1449:Janet Stephens 1391: 1388: 1379:Atrium Vestiae 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 990: 987: 950:in deference. 910:Reverse of an 903: 900: 823: 820: 810:– a statue of 743: 740: 730:Museum of the 665: 658: 587: 584: 556: 553: 446:Numa Pompilius 423: 422: 420: 419: 412: 405: 397: 394: 393: 392: 391: 373: 372: 371:Related topics 368: 367: 366: 365: 360: 355: 347: 346: 342: 341: 340: 339: 334: 332:Rex Nemorensis 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 301: 300: 296: 295: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 260: 259: 252: 251: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 216: 215: 208: 207: 199: 191: 190: 182: 181: 166: 163: 82:Vestal Virgins 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4592: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485:0-415-39796-0 4482: 4479:; paperback, 4478: 4477:0-415-39795-2 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4238:Pirro Ligorio 4236:, as read by 4235: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4210: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4120: 4113: 4104: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4007: 4004: 4003:Aulus Gellius 3999: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3607:9780415397964 3604: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3542: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3519: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3402: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3362: 3354: 3352:9781438107943 3348: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3284: 3282:9780521304016 3278: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3245:Wildfang 2006 3241: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3192: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3063: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3029: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2993:9781107669420 2989: 2985: 2978: 2964: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2941: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2863:0-521-31682-0 2860: 2856: 2853:, Price, S., 2852: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2781:0-521-31682-0 2778: 2774: 2771:, Price, S., 2770: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2754:9780415397964 2751: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2734:0-521-31682-0 2731: 2727: 2724:, Price, S., 2723: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697:Beard, Mary. 2694: 2688: 2687:0-521-31682-0 2684: 2680: 2677:, Price, S., 2676: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2660:0-521-82827-9 2657: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2631:0-521-31682-0 2628: 2624: 2621:, Price, S., 2620: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2604:9780415397964 2601: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2563:0-521-31682-0 2560: 2556: 2553:, Price, S., 2552: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2483: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:Aulus Gellius 2434: 2426: 2416:on 2012-04-25 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2291:Corey Brennan 2279: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2122:Julius Caesar 2116: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Aulus Gellius 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1984:0-521-31682-0 1981: 1977: 1974:, Price, S., 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1945: 1944:paterfamilias 1938: 1934: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1900:Vestal Virgin 1895: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1852:Hector Leroux 1848: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1803:Hector Leroux 1800: 1792: 1791:Hector Leroux 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1482:Named Vestals 1479: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1444: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1385: 1384:Palatine Hill 1380: 1375: 1369: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1279:Forum Boarium 1274: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1208:Palatine Hill 1205: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161:Forum Boarium 1157: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1098:immured alive 1095: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1040: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 995: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 957: 951: 948: 943: 938: 932: 926: 917: 913: 908: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882:. During the 880: 875: 871: 870:October horse 867: 863: 858: 854: 853: 847: 843: 838: 833: 829: 819: 817: 813: 812:Pallas Athene 809: 804: 798: 796: 792: 787: 781: 780: 773: 767: 764: 763: 753: 748: 736: 734: 726: 725: 724:Via del Corso 719: 715: 711: 708: 707: 700: 699: 693: 688: 683: 678: 672: 663: 657: 655: 651: 646: 640: 634: 627: 621: 615: 609: 607: 603: 598: 595: 580: 575: 571: 568: 562: 552: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 527: 521: 512: 510: 507: 506:urban prefect 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 485:proscriptions 482: 481:Julius Caesar 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 418: 413: 411: 406: 404: 399: 398: 396: 395: 390: 387: 383: 382:Imperial cult 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 370: 369: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 349: 348: 344: 343: 338: 337:Curio maximus 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 317:Flamen Dialis 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 303: 302: 298: 297: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 262: 261: 258: 254: 253: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 205: 202: 197: 193: 192: 184: 183: 178: 171: 170: 162: 160: 155: 153: 152:living burial 148: 147: 141: 136: 132: 129: 128: 122: 116: 114: 110: 105: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 67: 66: 59: 52: 47: 46: 39: 33: 19: 4532: 4524: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4394: 4374: 4365: 4357: 4348: 4340: 4335: 4327: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4292: 4286: 4271: 4258: 4249: 4245: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4197: 4188: 4184: 4172: 4163: 4159: 4141: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4112: 4103: 4092:. Retrieved 4078: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4012: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3970: 3964: 3952: 3939: 3929: 3923: 3910: 3897: 3884: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3824:. Retrieved 3820:the original 3813: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3783: 3751: 3743: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3654:11299/214959 3636: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3613: 3598: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3560: 3555: 3518: 3507:. Retrieved 3497: 3487: 3478: 3473: 3464: 3459: 3449: 3439: 3430: 3425: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3386:Roman Senate 3376: 3370: 3361: 3341: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3304: 3296: 3291: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3240: 3229:. Retrieved 3211: 3201: 3191: 3182: 3161: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3078: 3074: 3051: 3047: 3042: 2983: 2977: 2922: 2917: 2909:Life of Numa 2908: 2902: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2854: 2842: 2826: 2821: 2811: 2804: 2794: 2787: 2772: 2760: 2745: 2740: 2725: 2713: 2698: 2693: 2678: 2666: 2651: 2646: 2637: 2622: 2610: 2595: 2590: 2574: 2569: 2554: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2505: 2496: 2459: 2447:Attic Nights 2446: 2433: 2423:– via 2418:. Retrieved 2411:the original 2382: 2378: 2351: 2343:Life of Numa 2342: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2312:. Retrieved 2297: 2282:. Retrieved 2263: 2255: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2179: 2173: 2162:. Retrieved 2147: 2135: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2081:. Retrieved 2066: 2048: 2044: 2029: 2014:Imperial era 2008: 1998: 1990: 1975: 1963: 1937: 1917: 1899: 1881: 1858:Procol Harum 1856: 1849: 1842: 1815:allegorizing 1812: 1806: 1778: 1686:rex sacrorum 1679:rex sacrorum 1660: 1657:Outside Rome 1638:Clodia Laeta 1554: 1524:the wife of 1506: 1502: 1485: 1453: 1432: 1401: 1371: 1336: 1317: 1312: 1294:Virgo Maxima 1290: 1267:between the 1222:Roman Senate 1215: 1210: 1169: 1148: 1121: 1116:Colline Gate 1085: 1075: 1036: 1008: 980: 975: 973: 952: 921: 859: 825: 799: 768: 757: 667: 635: 610: 599: 589: 558: 544:Theodosius I 523: 514: 503: 498: 474: 426: 312:Rex Sacrorum 231: 204:(AD 250–260) 203: 156: 137: 133: 117: 85: 81: 78:ancient Rome 75: 3990:Pro Fonteio 3862:: 103–130. 3257:De Domo Sua 2211:: 209–222. 2140:p. 280 2120:Suetonius, 1920:(1770s) by 1819:Elizabeth I 1781:, 1874, by 1713:virgo maior 1244:, proof of 1027: [ 1016: [ 345:Priestesses 186:Priesthoods 109:priestesses 96:, singular 4549:Categories 4094:2012-11-19 3992:(21).46–49 3971:Pro Caelio 3509:2012-11-19 3231:2012-11-19 2906:Plutarch, 2420:2011-10-20 2340:Plutarch, 2314:2012-11-19 2302:Plutarch. 2284:2012-11-23 2243:Conti 2003 2231:Conti 2003 2164:2012-11-19 2083:2012-11-19 1955:References 1904:Jean Raoux 1884:(1583) by 1829:1493) and 1632:Elagabalus 1580:Elagabalus 1475:suffibulum 1332:immuration 1323:Alba Longa 1251:pontifices 1246:inchastity 1163:or on the 1062:haruspices 1056:pontifices 1044:pax deorum 942:sacrosanct 902:Privileges 862:Fordicidia 852:mola salsa 832:Lupercalia 454:subsidised 430:Alba Longa 257:sodalities 222:Pontifices 4580:Virginity 4264:XIV, 3679 4255:XIV, 3677 4234:XIV, 2077 4169:XIV, 2413 4148:Via Appia 4138:XIV, 2140 4121:, iii. 69 4116:Tacitus, 3973:, (14).34 3945:iv. 5 § 9 3943:Orosius, 3930:Periochae 3876:203500956 3714:162651935 3692:: 12–27. 3671:162840383 3663:0009-837X 3259:, 53.136. 3111:162395205 3095:0009-837X 2851:North, J. 2847:Beard, M. 2769:North, J. 2765:Beard, M. 2722:North, J. 2718:Beard, M. 2675:North, J. 2671:Beard, M. 2619:North, J. 2615:Beard, M. 2551:North, J. 2547:Beard, M. 2510:. ii. 86. 2485:, 1981. ( 2407:144805147 2399:1541-2601 2217:0213-2052 2071:Ambrose. 1972:North, J. 1968:Beard, M. 1835:libertine 1785:(detail; 1775:Colosseum 1753:Symmachus 1718:Laurentum 1705:(citadel) 1618:Suetonius 1526:Dolabella 1159:, in the 1108:) in the 983:gladiator 956:carpentum 916:Caracalla 822:Festivals 808:Palladium 733:Ara Pacis 654:sesterces 606:plebeians 602:patrician 586:Selection 509:Symmachus 4533:Vestales 4531:article 4422:Archived 4326:Warner, 4194:VI, 2172 4179:in Rome. 4084:Plutarch 3968:Cicero, 3916:viii. 15 3815:NBC News 3788:Archived 3760:Archived 3586:Vestales 3503:Archived 3447:(1844). 3394:Aventine 3390:Bona Dea 3225:Archived 3142:Vestales 2451:Archived 2308:Archived 2278:Archived 2221:, p. 217 2158:Archived 2106:Epistles 2077:Archived 2055:Archived 2022:Plutarch 2016:authors 1722:Lavinium 1673:Bovillae 1561:triumvir 1540:incestum 1518:Terentia 1457:flammeum 1299:Domitian 1264:incestum 1236:incestum 1193:plebeian 1188:incestum 1183:plebeian 1173:incestum 1165:Comitium 1151:paramour 1104:pomerium 1089:incestum 1080:piaculum 1069:piaculum 1059:and the 1022:, 1902 ( 976:en route 961:triumphs 888:Bona Dea 879:suffimen 702:and the 650:Tiberius 620:pontifex 561:celibacy 489:Augustus 266:Fetiales 237:Flamines 232:Vestales 213:colleges 176:a series 173:Part of 146:incestum 99:Vestālis 94:Vestālēs 71:vestalis 4330:p. 244. 4152:clipeus 4119:Annales 4070:3556336 3582:Letters 3382:Gracchi 3205:. 2.42. 2873:Beard, 2583:1562224 2507:Annales 2502:Tacitus 2012:By the 2003:, 1,20. 1557:Licinia 1493:Tarpeia 1470:Jupiter 1460:as the 1285:Gaulish 1242:prodigy 1226:Aemilia 1218:Licinia 1204:Hadrian 1039:prodigy 884:Parilia 828:Servius 795:Penates 692:Tacitus 540:Zosimos 526:Gratian 483:in his 470:Ambrose 442:Romulus 299:Priests 286:Luperci 227:Augures 165:History 159:Gratian 121:college 107:) were 86:Vestals 18:Vestals 4483: 4475: 4434:(1898) 4278:infula 4068: 4006:1.12.2 3985:Cicero 3927:Livy, 3914:Livy, 3903:iv. 44 3901:Livy, 3890:ix. 40 3874: 3757:video. 3727:Festus 3712: 3706:299553 3704: 3669: 3661: 3605: 3550:, 48). 3532:. In: 3349: 3279: 3170: 3109: 3101: 3093: 3037:, 48). 3019:. In: 2990: 2972:, 48). 2954:. In: 2894: 2861: 2833: 2779: 2752: 2732: 2705: 2685: 2658: 2629: 2602: 2581: 2561: 2491:, 48). 2473:. In: 2405: 2397: 2215: 2186: 2124:, 1.2. 2052:9.5–10 2036: 2024:, and 1982: 1614:Rubria 1550:Cicero 1534:consul 1530:Tullia 1436:infula 1427:infula 1390:Attire 1357:(1905) 1340:Tuccia 1230:Marcia 1125:vittae 1053:, the 969:lictor 965:litter 947:fasces 912:aureus 866:Tellus 718:Relief 694:. The 614:captio 548:Serena 518: 462:Vulcan 211:Major 201:Flamen 179:on the 80:, the 65:aureus 4206:, in 4066:JSTOR 3872:S2CID 3826:7 May 3794:7 May 3710:S2CID 3702:JSTOR 3667:S2CID 3107:S2CID 3099:JSTOR 2831:JSTOR 2579:JSTOR 2414:(PDF) 2403:S2CID 2375:(PDF) 1929:Notes 1727:maior 1716:) of 1544:with 1522:Fabia 1514:Fabia 1489:Varro 1443:stola 1417:stola 1410:palla 1344:sieve 1179:Oppia 1137:vault 1031:] 1020:] 937:penus 896:Tiber 892:Argei 846:emmer 842:spelt 803:penus 791:Lares 762:penus 626:amata 477:Sulla 281:Titii 276:Salii 113:Vesta 90:Latin 4481:ISBN 4473:ISBN 3932:, 14 3828:2018 3796:2018 3659:ISSN 3603:ISBN 3493:Livy 3445:Livy 3347:ISBN 3277:ISBN 3251:help 3217:Livy 3197:Livy 3168:ISBN 3091:ISSN 2988:ISBN 2892:ISBN 2859:ISBN 2777:ISBN 2750:ISBN 2730:ISBN 2703:ISBN 2683:ISBN 2656:ISBN 2627:ISBN 2600:ISBN 2559:ISBN 2395:ISSN 2213:ISSN 2184:ISBN 2034:ISBN 2018:Livy 1995:Livy 1980:ISBN 1622:Nero 1422:toga 1228:and 874:Mars 860:The 816:Troy 793:and 438:Mars 4260:CIL 4251:CIL 4230:CIL 4198:ILS 4190:CIL 4173:ILS 4165:CIL 4143:ILS 4134:CIL 4058:doi 3864:doi 3860:109 3694:doi 3649:hdl 3641:doi 3637:109 3392:'s 3083:doi 3079:107 2927:doi 2387:doi 2274:BBC 1841:'s 1702:arx 1011:by 837:far 674:or 466:Lar 111:of 84:or 76:In 4551:: 4487:). 4416:22 4414:, 4403:, 4373:. 4356:, 4227:, 4213:20 4196:= 4171:= 4140:= 4086:. 4064:. 4054:51 4052:. 4019:, 3987:, 3870:. 3858:. 3812:. 3786:. 3782:. 3770:^ 3708:. 3700:. 3690:70 3688:. 3665:. 3657:. 3647:. 3635:. 3495:. 3219:. 3199:. 3105:. 3097:. 3089:. 3077:. 3073:. 3059:^ 3002:^ 2937:^ 2849:, 2767:, 2720:, 2673:, 2617:, 2549:, 2504:. 2445:. 2441:. 2401:. 2393:. 2383:22 2381:. 2377:. 2360:^ 2276:. 2272:. 2209:21 2207:. 2020:, 1997:, 1970:, 1847:. 1827:d. 1805:, 1777:: 1585:r. 1563:" 1552:. 1167:. 1029:de 1018:de 656:. 538:. 92:: 4379:. 4123:. 4097:. 4072:. 4060:: 3975:. 3959:. 3947:. 3934:. 3918:. 3905:. 3892:. 3878:. 3866:: 3830:. 3716:. 3696:: 3673:. 3651:: 3643:: 3530:" 3512:. 3253:) 3234:. 3176:. 3113:. 3085:: 3017:" 2996:. 2952:" 2929:: 2471:" 2427:. 2389:: 2317:. 2287:. 2219:. 2192:. 2167:. 2142:. 2086:. 2061:. 1825:( 1739:. 1720:- 1707:. 1624:. 1610:. 1593:) 1582:( 1033:) 840:( 737:) 728:( 648:( 631:' 416:e 409:t 402:v 88:( 53:) 49:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index