942:
4568:
447:. In remembrance of this event, 10 August has been declared "International Biodiesel Day". The first patent on Biodiesel was granted in 1937. Periodic petroleum shortages spurred research into vegetable oil as a diesel substitute during the 1930s and 1940s, and again in the 1970s and early 1980s when straight vegetable oil enjoyed its highest level of scientific interest. The 1970s also saw the formation of the first commercial enterprise to allow consumers to run straight vegetable oil in their vehicles. However,
909:
water-soluble. The steam sparging removes impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and odors to the oil. Deodorization is key to the manufacture of vegetable oils. Nearly all soybean, corn, and canola oils found on supermarket shelves go through a deodorization stage that removes trace amounts of odors and flavors, and lightens the color of the oil. However, the process commonly results in higher levels of trans fatty acids and distillation of the oil's natural compounds.
49:
10654:
7009:
5879:
10678:
206:
10666:
7019:
2247:"modified" or "hydrogenated" when listed as an ingredient. A mix of oils other than the aforementioned exceptions may simply be listed as "vegetable oil" in Canada; however, if the food product is a cooking oil, salad oil or table oil, the type of oil must be specified and listing "vegetable oil" as an ingredient is not acceptable.
788:) are also used. Oilseed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive; the ghani is primarily used in India. The amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for extracting
2246:
In Canada, palm oil is one of five vegetable oils, along with palm kernel oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, and cocoa butter, which must be specifically named in the list of ingredients for a food product. Also, oils in
Canadian food products which have been modified or hydrogenated must contain the word
2168:
Oils are extracted first by expeller or cold pressing methods, then solvent expelling the rest of the oils from the leftover matter. This is a method used by larger capacity oil mills. As the energy consumption of the mechanical press increases as more oil is released, it is more efficient to extract
471:
approved use of the canola name in
January 1985, and U.S. farmers started planting large areas that spring. Canola oil is lower in saturated fats, and higher in monounsaturates. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil), so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just
3301:
Certain crude oils that contain minor amounts of impurities other than free fatty acids can be refined by a process known as steam refining. It is merely a high-temperature steam distillation under reduced pressure. The crude vegetable oil is heated to about 450°F. and maintained under a pressure of
872:
Hydrogenating vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a metal catalyst, typically nickel, in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons. Each carbon atom becomes single-bonded
386:
to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and canned under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard
Procter & Gamble was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning
908:
In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near the smoke point or to about 232 °C (450 °F), and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water immediately is converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying with it any chemicals which are
307:
has long been recognized in West and
Central African countries, and European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as a cooking oil in Europe. It became highly sought-after commodity by British traders for use as an industrial lubricant for machinery during
1196:
These figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of
European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher
836:
The processing of vegetable oil in commercial applications is commonly done by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived
695:
Vegetable oil is used in the production of some pet foods. AAFCO defines vegetable oil in this context as the product of vegetable origin obtained by extracting the oil from seeds or fruits which are processed for edible purposes.
2217:
countries have prohibited the inclusion of recycled vegetable oil from catering in animal feed. Used cooking oils from food manufacturing, however, as well as fresh or unused cooking oil, continue to be used in their animal feed.
438:
designed his engine to run on vegetable oil. The idea, he hoped, would make his engines more attractive to farmers who had a source of fuel readily available. Diesel's first engine ran on its own power for the first time in
640:, and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Synthetic tetraesters, which are similar to vegetable oils but with four fatty acid chains compared to the normal three found in a natural ester, are manufactured by
466:
In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-erucic-acid rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was not considered optimal for marketing, they coined the name "canola" (from "Canada Oil low acid"). The U.S.
1211:, one of the most common cooking oils, is used for cooking oil, salad dressing, margarine, mayonnaise, prepared goods like spaghetti sauce and baking mixes, and to fry prepared foods like potato chips and French fries.
3008:
3165:
3257:
767:
Oils can be removed via mechanical extraction, termed "crushing" or "pressing". This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive, coconut etc.), and it is preferred by most
841:. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils. After extraction, the solvent is evaporated out by heating the mixture to about 149 °C (300 °F).
394:
established a soybean research laboratory, developed soybean plastics and a soy-based synthetic wool, and built a car "almost entirely" out of soybeans. Roger
Drackett had a successful new product with
10332:
4475:
881:
oil is left incompletely hydrogenated (not all of the double bonds are reduced to single bonds), then it is a "partially hydrogenated oil" (PHO). An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to
399:, but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as a smart investment. By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil had become the most popular vegetable oil in the US; today it is second only to
10347:
3302:
0.25 inch of mercury or less while steam is passed through it. The steam strips the free fatty acids out of the oil. The proccss is used somewhat in Europe but not often in the United States.
3417:
3187:
Eisenmenger, Michael; Dunford, Nurhan T.; Eller, Fred; Taylor, Scott; Martinez, Jose (2006). "Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil".
4545:
2566:
In 1864, Caleb
Johnson founded a soap company called B.J. Johnson Soap Co., in Milwaukee. In 1898, this company introduced a soap made of palm and olive oils called Palmolive.
10318:
3005:
3707:
3623:
3157:
889:) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation is raised by full or partial hydrogenation, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase.
741:
estimates that the total net greenhouse gas savings when using vegetable oils in place of fossil fuel-based alternatives for fuel production, range from 18 to 100%.
288:
Olive oil has been a part of human culture for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows that olives were turned into olive oil by 6000 BC and 4500 BC in present-day
2254:
were legally required to indicate the specific vegetable oil used in their manufacture, following the introduction of the Food
Information to Consumers Regulation.
9310:
4011:
Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T (April 2005). "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis".
896:
in the oil mixture due to the heat used in hydrogenation. Partially hydrogenated oils and their trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of mortality from
612:
Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as
3249:
755:
The production process of vegetable oil involves the removal of oil from plant components, typically seeds. This can be done via mechanical extraction using an
624:
resin), for example, is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as
4514:
3223:
4483:
2764:
926:
2533:
5926:
2598:
1322:
2494:
925:) for vegetable oil mist exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The U.S.
892:
While full hydrogenation produces largely saturated fatty acids, partial hydrogenation results in the transformation of unsaturated cis fatty acids to
644:. Tetraesters generally have high stability to oxidation and have found use as engine lubricants. Vegetable oil is being used to produce biodegradable
3539:
2878:
4451:
3519:
10325:
4662:
2622:
549:
Flavor base – oils can also "carry" flavors of other ingredients, such as peppers, since many flavors are due to chemicals that are soluble in oil.
4357:
3597:
All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
3409:
4576:
3349:
1346:
1275:
10337:
3494:
918:
900:, among other increased health risks. These concerns have led to regulations mandating the removal of partially hydrogenated oils from food.
5759:
1040:
The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all worldwide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as
8332:
7023:
5833:
636:
and fire points. However, vegetable oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to
3469:
3671:"Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period"
601:. The latter are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high-temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash points.
5919:
3571:
2666:
192:
7174:
2807:
10357:
8272:
5890:
4691:
3288:
873:
to an individual hydrogen atom, and the double bond between carbons can no longer exist. A fully hydrogenated oil, also called a
759:
or chemical extraction using a solvent. The extracted oil can then be purified and, if required, refined or chemically altered.
553:
Oils can be heated to temperatures significantly higher than the boiling point of water, 100 °C (212 °F), and used to
8327:
2734:
2551:
10367:
8267:
4604:
4199:
3620:
Values from
Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
3374:
3325:
3135:
2986:
2793:
2584:
2416:
3041:
2644:
7057:
5838:
3608:"Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)"
2904:
2705:
727:
7564:
7012:
5912:
3063:
296:, but cites no source. In ancient Egypt, plant oils including cedar oil, cypress oil, and olive oil were used during the
4422:"Commercial Cold Pressed Flaxseed Oils Quality and Oxidative Stability at the Beginning and the End of Their Shelf Life"
3827:
3446:
2839:"World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
10342:
9122:
5774:
5754:
5297:
4537:
2929:
2160:) rather than other parts of plants. Most vegetable oils are seed oils. Examples are sunflower, corn, and sesame oils.
722:, also known as pure plant oil, needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its
3388:
3089:
2757:
463:
in Europe today. In France, biodiesel is incorporated at a rate of 8% in the fuel used by all French diesel vehicles.
10362:
8368:
5818:
4646:
4623:
3670:
2441:
641:
7701:
4503:
4331:
3227:
2226:
Due to their susceptibility to oxidation from the exposure to oxygen, heat and light, resulting in the formation of
10080:
8055:
5859:
5314:
941:
498:
Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food – a role that they share with some
7813:
5864:
3239:(Consultation on the health implications of alternatives to trans fatty acids: Summary of Responses from Experts)
2518:
1044:
or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2007/08 was:
275:
may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible.
9350:
6436:
5801:
3552:
3006:
GHG Benefits from Use of
Vegetable Oils for Electricity, Heat, Transport, and Industrial Purposes, NNFCC 10-016
3001:
2391:
31:
17:
3630:
10657:
8215:
7080:
5764:
3131:
3037:
4055:
9464:
8285:
8278:
8250:
3733:
2870:
2812:
844:
655:
One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming
468:
328:) "Palmolive," and by around 1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries.
185:
5854:
5460:
4421:
772:
customers in the United States and in Europe. There are several different types of mechanical extraction.
10669:
9315:
9173:
8693:
8675:
5828:
4684:
3516:
2459:
Ruth Schuster (December 17, 2014). "8,000-year old olive oil found in Galilee, earliest known in world",
1391:
1384:
961:
is by far the highest yielding crop, capable of producing about 4 tons of palm oil per hectare per year.
4299:
4164:
390:
Soybeans are protein-rich, and the medium viscosity oil rendered from them was high in polyunsaturates.
9380:
8295:
8060:
7384:
6823:
5806:
5796:
5683:
5442:
4349:
4317:
4277:
4255:
4237:
4142:
4120:
4098:
4076:
3940:
3918:
3896:
3874:
3852:
3793:
3647:
930:
922:
878:
6118:
2476:, "Evidence for Earliest Olive-Oil Production in Submerged Settlements off the Carmel Coast, Israel",
10177:
9633:
9183:
9168:
9141:
8791:
8621:
5935:
2519:"British Colonial Policies and the Oil Palm Industry in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, 1900–1960"
8302:
336:
10524:
10265:
9432:
9325:
9193:
8307:
7050:
5769:
1438:
475:
The production of vegetable oils went up 125% between 2000 and 2020, driven by a sharp increase in
459:
during the 1990s, and it is now widely available for use in motor vehicles, and is the most common
382:
were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. The extracted oil was refined and partially
3610:. Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014
3491:
933:(REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.
10710:
10705:
10305:
9997:
9228:
9112:
8732:
8616:
8142:
7354:
6543:
6091:
2354:
2294:
178:
4567:
10628:
10608:
10519:
10514:
9553:
9479:
8985:
8980:
8725:
8255:
7661:
7539:
7534:
6969:
6426:
5586:
5413:
5290:
5009:
4677:
2954:
2319:
2314:
1339:
1041:
1034:
897:
719:
96:
86:
76:
8538:
8312:
7671:
4280:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4258:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4145:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4123:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4101:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4079:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3943:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3921:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3899:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3877:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3855:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3796:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3736:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3650:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
10464:
10379:
10113:
9990:
9709:
9687:
9638:
9188:
8946:
8810:
7584:
7407:
7221:
6914:
6580:
6478:
6061:
4912:
2676:
1377:
1291:
625:
309:
303:
Vegetable oils have been used as lighting fuel for lamps, cooking, medicine and lubrication.
9275:
8895:
7778:
3466:
1331:, has varied applications in cosmetics manufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food.
10539:
9971:
9827:
9540:
9035:
8929:
8545:
8245:
8240:
7621:
7067:
6650:
6508:
6498:
6483:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6041:
5811:
5698:
5530:
5373:
2339:
2192:
1420:
866:
715:
456:
360:
332:
82:
8339:
7389:
4632:
3607:
2561:
8:
10681:
10623:
10598:
10481:
10255:
10212:
10172:
10138:
9872:
9839:
9697:
9511:
9491:
9223:
9051:
9030:
8832:
8786:
8518:
7941:
7472:
7043:
6293:
6263:
6253:
5663:
5581:
5560:
5390:
5254:
5230:
4580:
3568:
2838:
2671:
750:
731:
452:
371:
161:
156:
40:
2680:
2183:
A large quantity of used vegetable oil is produced and recycled, mainly from industrial
10576:
10571:
10384:
10217:
9744:
9722:
9717:
9675:
9648:
9608:
9062:
8956:
8910:
8822:
8781:
8764:
8647:
8642:
8363:
8344:
8157:
8081:
7845:
7646:
7641:
7335:
6590:
6242:
5658:
5623:
5603:
5598:
5432:
5425:
5406:
4656:
4397:
4372:
4077:"Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g"
4036:
3988:
3963:
3875:"Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3343:
3204:
2817:
2636:
2199:
789:
705:
427:
128:
9882:
9117:
7364:
3280:
10444:
10260:
10234:
10222:
10207:
10118:
9966:
9793:
9692:
9623:
9305:
9300:
9240:
9233:
9198:
8961:
8776:
8684:
8432:
8385:
8262:
8122:
8112:
8077:
8067:
8035:
7978:
7973:
7876:
7164:
7122:
6625:
6513:
6493:
6237:
6182:
5883:
5535:
5353:
5283:
4817:
4642:
4619:
4600:
4443:
4402:
4195:
4028:
3993:
3763:
3380:
3370:
3331:
3321:
2982:
2616:
2580:
2437:
2412:
2387:
1327:
1315:
862:
856:
785:
773:
609:
Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products.
403:. In 2018–2019, world production was at 57.4 MT with the leading producers including
325:
7379:
7248:
7199:
4040:
3362:
3208:
2726:
616:, and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. They are used in
10546:
10474:
10469:
10037:
10015:
9975:
9951:
9915:
9887:
9867:
9815:
9660:
9600:
9395:
9178:
9146:
9134:
9015:
8900:
8817:
8759:
8395:
8390:
8354:
8193:
7936:
7921:
7898:
7871:
7442:
7414:
7238:
7209:
7184:
7159:
7142:
6984:
6974:
6959:
6585:
6406:
6222:
6192:
6172:
6128:
6006:
5337:
5205:
5190:
4807:
4433:
4392:
4384:
4187:
4020:
3983:
3975:
3779:
3775:
3196:
2846:
2379:
2049:
1651:
1265:
781:
8523:
7721:
7589:
7369:
4884:
3119:
10603:
10551:
10182:
10045:
9900:
9810:
9800:
9788:
9767:
9643:
9628:
9410:
9405:
9245:
9156:
9040:
9025:
9020:
8801:
8715:
8496:
8319:
8290:
8025:
7850:
7569:
7502:
7278:
7226:
7189:
6924:
6845:
6610:
6522:
6362:
6204:
6123:
5550:
5475:
5360:
5323:
5125:
4993:
4937:
4759:
4635:
4278:"Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g"
3575:
3523:
3498:
3473:
3025:
3012:
2976:
2900:
1280:
1156:
882:
680:
656:
645:
344:
8878:
7512:
7374:
3250:"Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils (Removing Trans Fat)"
2701:
10581:
10504:
10270:
10160:
10155:
10133:
9920:
9907:
9850:
9783:
9771:
9665:
9506:
9474:
9375:
9129:
9101:
9066:
9007:
8565:
8560:
8528:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8358:
8201:
8117:
7893:
7832:
7706:
7559:
7554:
7507:
7497:
7487:
7258:
7149:
7137:
7107:
6989:
6955:
6828:
6787:
6555:
6458:
6283:
6227:
6187:
6177:
6167:
6081:
5968:
5943:
5693:
5555:
5330:
5150:
5140:
5130:
4143:"Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g"
2299:
2284:
2251:
2214:
1713:
1646:
1613:
1254:
1214:
1143:
586:
431:
367:
293:
248:
7691:
7298:
6157:
6140:
4024:
3438:
3200:
3067:
10699:
10618:
10128:
9763:
9573:
9390:
9385:
9250:
9087:
9071:
8939:
8925:
8806:
8769:
8700:
8632:
8626:
8611:
8506:
8491:
8399:
8050:
7903:
7866:
7840:
7681:
7626:
7477:
7462:
7288:
6964:
6745:
6720:
6665:
6421:
6217:
6212:
6113:
6056:
5904:
5823:
5749:
5714:
5648:
5608:
5540:
5502:
5492:
5487:
5397:
5264:
5215:
5200:
5185:
5102:
5077:
4978:
4863:
4793:
3384:
3335:
3123:
3029:
2383:
2334:
2329:
2304:
2235:
2207:
2178:
2079:
1942:
1780:
1429:
1242:
1236:
1117:
874:
629:
598:
578:
574:
435:
383:
348:
297:
268:
151:
92:
9260:
7696:
7492:
4538:"Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council"
4215:
2925:
2238:, plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have a limited shelf-life.
1286:
271:
are examples of fats from other parts of plants. In common usage, vegetable
10561:
10496:
10449:
10145:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10010:
10005:
9670:
9528:
9255:
9210:
9080:
9076:
9044:
8934:
8856:
8827:
8752:
8747:
8737:
8637:
8555:
8486:
8441:
8172:
8152:
8137:
8101:
8096:
8072:
7988:
7881:
7758:
7579:
7549:
7467:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7419:
7330:
7231:
6994:
6979:
6818:
6740:
6630:
6575:
6570:
6538:
6528:
6473:
6448:
6431:
6337:
6232:
5673:
5668:
5512:
5507:
5383:
5225:
5195:
5097:
4922:
4858:
4822:
4572:
4447:
4406:
4032:
3997:
3681:
3631:"USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996"
3097:
2349:
2274:
1514:
1481:
1298:
1220:
1096:
566:
379:
252:
240:
228:
9265:
7788:
7783:
7773:
7736:
7726:
7666:
7599:
7112:
3761:
3364:
3315:
1364:
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
1260:
1190:
Used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
861:
Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete
683:
to make a glycidyl ether which is used as a diluent and flexibilizer with
10613:
10593:
10566:
10392:
10150:
10050:
9748:
9737:
9732:
9680:
9558:
9548:
9417:
8873:
8842:
8837:
8796:
8705:
8481:
8456:
8451:
8420:
8177:
8132:
8040:
8020:
7753:
7676:
7636:
7544:
7524:
7268:
7253:
7243:
7179:
7099:
6929:
6870:
6760:
6755:
6730:
6713:
6703:
6694:
6560:
6411:
6306:
6046:
5618:
5470:
5465:
5259:
5220:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5028:
5019:
4988:
4942:
4917:
4853:
4832:
4733:
4438:
4320:. US National Nutrient Database, United States Department of Agriculture.
3087:
2269:
2264:
2044:
2011:
1680:
1547:
1447:
1398:
1334:
1226:
1169:
1083:
1056:
777:
769:
664:
633:
590:
562:
558:
493:
320:
Palm oil formed the basis of soap products, such as Lever Brothers' (now
244:
123:
48:
3919:"Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g"
531:
Texture – altering how ingredients combine, especially fats and starches
10556:
10486:
10456:
10439:
10417:
10227:
10097:
10092:
9805:
9753:
9578:
9501:
9400:
9295:
8973:
8883:
8868:
8851:
8847:
8604:
8373:
8107:
8003:
7983:
7914:
7748:
7529:
7398:
7394:
7283:
7127:
6840:
6835:
6792:
6775:
6765:
6735:
6725:
6675:
6565:
6453:
6342:
6162:
6108:
6071:
6026:
6021:
6011:
5985:
5961:
5688:
5593:
5545:
5497:
5210:
5170:
5135:
5107:
5082:
5067:
5048:
4947:
4669:
4388:
4191:
4186:. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 465.
3979:
2495:"Ancient Egypt's mummification ingredients came from far-flung locales"
2289:
2279:
2188:
2184:
2112:
1979:
1909:
1408:
1310:
1270:
1248:
1130:
950:
893:
668:
613:
582:
570:
543:
539:
522:
444:
391:
335:
demonstrated that fats were derived from glycerol. Thirty years later
232:
210:
142:
113:
7768:
7731:
7273:
6865:
4182:
Orthoefer FT (2005). "Chapter 10: Rice Bran Oil". In Shahidi F (ed.).
3964:"Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health"
2578:
Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa
10588:
10534:
10434:
10412:
10397:
10199:
9930:
9822:
9758:
9655:
9568:
9523:
9459:
9444:
9290:
9161:
8951:
8742:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8378:
8167:
8147:
8030:
7993:
7686:
7651:
7482:
7402:
7263:
6919:
6770:
6640:
6615:
6503:
6488:
6468:
6327:
6258:
6248:
6145:
6135:
6066:
6051:
6016:
5719:
5678:
5576:
5180:
5092:
5062:
5033:
4983:
4932:
4927:
4894:
2850:
2556:
2203:
2157:
1813:
1198:
1182:
886:
723:
711:
649:
535:
448:
412:
356:
352:
260:
166:
133:
118:
56:
7194:
7117:
5057:
3961:
1251:, used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India
917:
People can breathe in vegetable oil mist in the workplace. The U.S.
877:, has had all of its double bonds converted into single bonds. If a
205:
10529:
10239:
10167:
9855:
9583:
9563:
9484:
9320:
9218:
9151:
8920:
8679:
8550:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8220:
8091:
8015:
7763:
7716:
7347:
7322:
7310:
7035:
6660:
6533:
6518:
6416:
6372:
6357:
6347:
6332:
6322:
6076:
6001:
5731:
5482:
5306:
5155:
5145:
5117:
5087:
5072:
5038:
4970:
4868:
4783:
4768:
4633:
Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan, J.K., Adsule, R.N. and Kadam, S.S. (1992).
4482:, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 18 February 2014, archived from
3762:
Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010).
3567:, Table 03: Major Vegetable Oils: World Supply and Distribution at
3439:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Vegetable oil mist"
3147:
A ghani is a traditional Indian oil press, driven by a horse or ox.
2792:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAvril_Group_:_Activity_Report2014 (
2231:
1880:
1847:
1747:
1580:
1208:
1109:
1067:
958:
756:
676:
672:
594:
515:
476:
440:
400:
321:
304:
264:
256:
3366:
Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization
2210:, pet food, soap, detergent, cosmetics, and industrial chemicals.
10424:
10407:
10187:
10055:
9985:
9961:
9860:
9496:
9422:
9057:
8997:
8990:
8905:
8863:
8710:
8689:
8670:
8652:
8594:
8533:
8501:
8446:
8162:
8086:
7946:
7926:
7855:
7517:
7424:
7342:
7305:
7293:
6902:
6897:
6887:
6860:
6780:
6680:
6645:
6635:
6620:
6377:
6288:
6152:
6031:
5653:
4844:
4723:
4715:
4373:"Lipid peroxidation in culinary oils subjected to thermal stress"
3363:
Lawrence Alan Johnson; Pamela J. White; Richard Galloway (2008).
1076:
954:
660:
460:
4419:
10509:
9895:
9778:
9618:
9427:
9370:
9280:
8720:
8349:
8008:
7998:
7961:
7951:
7931:
7743:
7594:
6945:
6907:
6892:
6855:
6813:
6808:
6708:
6463:
6367:
6036:
5996:
5346:
4889:
4802:
4778:
4745:
1304:
1105:
838:
637:
621:
554:
503:
416:
396:
375:
340:
289:
4582:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023
2975:
Knothe, Gerhard; Krahl, Jürgen; Gerpen, Jon Van (2015-08-13).
2599:"How Vegetable Oils Replaced Animal Fats in the American Diet"
2169:
the rest of the oil (past around 60%) by solvent extraction.
10429:
10402:
9956:
9727:
9590:
9454:
9362:
8968:
8585:
7214:
7204:
7169:
6875:
6750:
6670:
6655:
6602:
6352:
6311:
6103:
5981:
5956:
5726:
4728:
3186:
2787:
2758:"Historical Perspectives on Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels"
2409:
The Pearson Guide to the B.Sc. (Nursing) Entrance Examination
2309:
2227:
1263:, is extracted from the flowers, leaves and stem from jambu (
1104:
One of the most widely used cooking oils, also used as fuel.
738:
684:
617:
404:
4010:
3962:
Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A (2016).
3941:"Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g"
3592:
2951:"The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)"
1349:, derived from chloroplasts, various applications in cooking
351:
of liquid fats in 1901, creating what later became known as
10108:
9925:
9613:
9516:
9469:
8888:
8599:
7966:
7956:
7631:
7154:
6882:
6850:
6095:
5275:
4827:
4812:
4773:
4755:
4740:
4420:
Tańska, M; Roszkowska, B; Skrajda, M; Dąbrowski, G (2016).
3708:"What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?"
3548:
2344:
2324:
2153:
1230:
1151:
A major food oil, often used in industrial food processing
620:
resin production. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and
528:
Enriching – adding calories and satisfaction in consumption
511:
507:
472:
as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil.
3897:"Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3764:"Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils"
945:
World production of main vegetable oils by main producers
865:
into oils of higher melting point, some of which, such as
847:
can be used as a non-toxic alternative to other solvents.
9270:
8589:
8511:
7359:
6690:
6395:
5951:
4961:
4706:
2950:
1075:
The most widely produced tropical oil, also used to make
671:
has numerous industrial uses, owing to the presence of a
499:
455:
is more widely used. Led by Brazil, many countries built
355:, leading to the development of the global production of
224:
3705:
3547:. Oilseeds: World Market and Trade. Vol. FOP 1-09.
426:
The early 20th century also saw the start of the use of
4637:
World Oilseeds – Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization
4256:"Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3414:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3256:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 20 February 2020.
420:
408:
3410:"Chapter 5 : Processing and refining edible oils"
2250:
From December 2014, all food products produced in the
675:
group on the fatty acid. Castor oil is a precursor to
27:
Oil extracted from seeds or from other parts of plants
4370:
4099:"Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
927:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3595:. United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016.
3221:
949:
Typical productivity of some oil crops, measured in
628:
as vegetable oils are not toxic to the environment,
518:. The oils serve a number of purposes in this role:
3532:
2198:Recycled oil has numerous uses, including use as a
714:, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some
4634:
3569:Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade Monthly Circular
3517:Global oil yields: Have we got it seriously wrong?
3487:
3485:
3088:B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992).
1125:A common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel
561:. Such oils include both the major cooking oils –
3706:Wong M, Requejo-Jackman C, Woolf A (April 2010).
3587:
3585:
3583:
2974:
10697:
3215:
3128:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
3034:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
1307:oil, pharmaceutical use and anti-mosquito candle
324:) "Sunlight", and B. J. Johnson Company's (now
4594:
3482:
2704:. The Soybean Processors Association of India.
2152:Seed oils are vegetable oils obtained from the
5934:
3580:
3512:
3510:
3224:"TRANSforming the Food Supply (Appendix 9iii)"
3064:"Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers"
2667:"Philip W. Drackett: Earned profits, plaudits"
2376:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
7051:
5920:
5291:
4685:
3189:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
2763:. Inform, Vol. 12(11), pp. 1103–1107 (2001).
2374:Alfred Thomas (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils".
2373:
1091:One of the most widely consumed cooking oils
919:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
443:, Germany, on 10 August 1893 on nothing but
186:
5760:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
4661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4613:
4597:Practical guide for vegetable oil processing
4571: This article incorporates text from a
3668:
2901:"Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluid Nears Market"
2898:
2621:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2406:
292:. Pagnol, p. 19, says the 6th millennium in
227:extracted from seeds or from other parts of
5834:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
3593:"US National Nutrient Database, Release 28"
3507:
3317:Practical guide to vegetable oil processing
7058:
7044:
5927:
5913:
5298:
5284:
4692:
4678:
3680:. Elsevier. pp. 79–83. Archived from
3348:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3061:
2431:
869:, will remain solid at room temperature.
667:, are thus preferred for industrial uses.
525:– as in giving pastries a crumbly texture.
193:
179:
4618:. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, England.
4437:
4396:
4181:
3987:
2597:Graham, Drew Ramsey, Tyler (2012-04-26).
2455:
2453:
557:. Oils for this purpose must have a high
4699:
4575:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
4511:Labelling Requirements for Fats and Oils
4470:
4468:
4184:Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products
3734:"Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3281:"Vegetable Oils and Fats for Edible Use"
2664:
2411:. Pearson Education India. p. 109.
1319:, used in cosmetics (skin and hair care)
1245:, a flavorless and colorless cooking oil
940:
912:
762:
204:
4480:Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising
4377:Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
4175:
4013:The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3023:
2788:Avril Group : Activity Report 2014
1164:From the seed of the African palm tree
14:
10698:
10079:
4542:Official Journal of the European Union
4360:from the original on 22 December 2022.
3828:"Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer"
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
2749:
2596:
2492:
2450:
2367:
1353:
679:. Castor oil may also be reacted with
10293:
10078:
9348:
7812:
7811:
7078:
7039:
5908:
5279:
4673:
4496:
4465:
3853:"Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3825:
3648:"Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3313:
3168:from the original on January 19, 2022
2926:"Cass Scenic Railroad, West Virginia"
2737:from the original on 25 February 2021
2552:"The History of Soaps and Detergents"
2539:from the original on 16 January 2013.
1383:
1177:Used in cooking, cosmetics and soaps
831:
710:Vegetable oils are also used to make
659:. Oils that are more stable, such as
10665:
7065:
7018:
5839:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
4318:"Walnut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3808:
3794:"Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3714:. The American Oil Chemists' Society
3117:
2781:
2436:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 169.
2213:Since 2002, an increasing number of
728:vegetable oils as alternative energy
718:are used in unmodified vehicles but
690:
589:, etc. – and tropical oils, such as
4641:. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
4513:, Canadian Food Inspection Agency,
4324:
3955:
3748:
2831:
2241:
1257:oil, used in culinary and cosmetics
1033:For a more comprehensive list, see
730:is growing and the availability of
451:, produced from oils or fats using
24:
9349:
7079:
5775:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
5755:Federal Land Development Authority
4588:
4121:"Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g"
4065:. The Vegetarian Health Institute.
4053:
3291:from the original on June 19, 2022
3260:from the original on 14 April 2021
3222:Trans Fat Task Force (June 2006).
2800:
2755:
2719:
2694:
2658:
2629:
2549:
2202:, as well as in the production of
1028:
347:, a German chemist introduced the
47:
25:
10722:
5819:Environmental impact of biodiesel
3278:
2665:Horstman, Barry M. (1999-05-21).
2571:
2543:
2511:
2478:Journal of Archaeological Science
1358:
776:extraction is common, though the
315:
10676:
10664:
10653:
10652:
7017:
7008:
7007:
5878:
5877:
4599:. AOCS Press, Urbana, Illinois.
4566:
3968:Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
3526:, Denis J. Murphy, August 2009,
1204:Other significant oils include:
921:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
903:
850:
10677:
8212:Outdoors & sports equipment
7886:
4548:from the original on 2017-07-26
4530:
4520:from the original on 2014-12-22
4454:from the original on 2018-03-19
4413:
4364:
4342:
4310:
4292:
4270:
4248:
4238:"Oil, sesame, salad or cooking"
4230:
4208:
4157:
4135:
4113:
4091:
4069:
4047:
4004:
3933:
3911:
3889:
3867:
3845:
3786:
3726:
3699:
3662:
3640:
3600:
3460:
3449:from the original on 2015-12-08
3431:
3420:from the original on 2022-07-09
3402:
3391:from the original on 2023-06-28
3356:
3307:
3272:
3242:
3180:
3150:
3138:from the original on 2016-05-09
3111:
3081:
3055:
3044:from the original on 2016-05-09
3017:
2995:
2968:
2957:from the original on 1999-10-12
2943:
2932:from the original on 2011-10-06
2918:
2907:from the original on 2006-09-25
2899:Linda McGraw (April 19, 2000).
2892:
2881:from the original on 2021-07-16
2863:
2770:from the original on 2018-10-04
2708:from the original on 2019-01-04
2647:from the original on 2012-09-19
2643:. Benson Ford Research Center.
2590:
2407:Parwez Saroj (September 2007).
2163:
1217:, used in cooking and cosmetics
370:was developed, and marketed by
283:
5802:Certified sustainable palm oil
4476:"Basic Labelling Requirements"
4371:H. Ramachandra Prabhu (2000).
3780:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070
3320:(Second ed.). Amsterdam.
3002:National Non-Food Crops Centre
2871:""Blooming in Oil for Flavor"
2486:
2466:
2463:. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
2425:
2400:
32:Vegetable oil (disambiguation)
13:
1:
8216:Personal protective equipment
5765:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
4504:"Common Name - Fats and Oils"
3132:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
3038:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
2434:The International Cocoa Trade
2361:
2221:
2187:in potato processing plants,
894:unsaturated trans fatty acids
744:
604:
534:Flavoring – examples include
343:of fatty acids and glycerol.
339:deduced that these fats were
5305:
4616:Oils and Fats Authentication
4577:license statement/permission
4350:"Food and cooking oil waste"
3551:. 2009-01-12. Archived from
2813:Food and Drug Administration
1301:, culinary and cosmetics use
1295:is used to manufacture soap.
1186:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1100:
1087:
1071:
957:(ha) of land per year (yr).
845:Supercritical carbon dioxide
469:Food and Drug Administration
434:and in heating oil burners.
7:
10294:
5829:Issues relating to biofuels
3669:Ozdemir F, Topuz A (2004).
3467:Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
2493:Dunham, Will (2023-02-01).
2257:
2172:
2147:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
487:
10:
10727:
5936:Non-timber forest products
5807:Deforestation by continent
5797:Biofuel policy of Malaysia
5684:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
5443:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
4614:Jee, Michael, ed. (2002).
4561:
3369:. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press.
3126:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
3032:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
2702:"World Soy Oil Production"
2176:
2141:160 °C (320 °F)
2107:227 °C (440 °F)
2039:238 °C (460 °F)
1974:232 °C (450 °F)
1937:232 °C (450 °F)
1875:235 °C (455 °F)
1842:193 °C (380 °F)
1808:212 °C (414 °F)
1775:166 °C (330 °F)
1742:216 °C (421 °F)
1708:107 °C (225 °F)
1641:216 °C (420 °F)
1608:232 °C (450 °F)
1575:175 °C (347 °F)
1542:204 °C (400 °F)
1509:208 °C (406 °F)
1476:250 °C (482 °F)
1138:Mild-flavored cooking oil
1032:
931:recommended exposure limit
923:permissible exposure limit
854:
748:
732:biodiesel around the world
703:
491:
374:as a creamed shortening –
278:
29:
10647:
10495:
10378:
10304:
10300:
10289:
10248:
10198:
10091:
10087:
10074:
9941:
9881:
9838:
9708:
9599:
9539:
9443:
9361:
9357:
9344:
9209:
9100:
9006:
8663:
8431:
8231:
7831:
7824:
7820:
7807:
7614:
7435:
7321:
7098:
7091:
7087:
7074:
7003:
6938:
6801:
6689:
6601:
6386:
6302:
6203:
6090:
5977:
5942:
5873:
5847:
5787:
5740:
5707:
5641:
5634:
5569:
5523:
5453:
5372:
5313:
5247:
5116:
5047:
5018:
5002:
4969:
4960:
4905:
4877:
4843:
4792:
4754:
4714:
4705:
4025:10.1080/09546630510035832
3826:Wolke RL (May 16, 2007).
3492:Oil Staple Crops Compared
3201:10.1007/s11746-006-5038-6
1407:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1371:
1368:
966:
632:if spilled and have high
10525:Mergers and acquisitions
10266:Research and development
8631:Chemical & hormonal
8286:Communications equipment
5770:Malaysian Palm Oil Board
4595:Gupta, Monoj K. (2007).
3314:Gupta, Monoj K. (2017).
2526:African Study Monographs
2384:10.1002/14356007.a10_173
1781:High-oleic safflower oil
969:
953:(t) of oil produced per
936:
9316:Painting and decorating
8340:Medical imaging systems
8273:Parts & peripherals
4426:Journal of Oleo Science
4356:. GOV.UK. 22 May 2018.
3024:Hossain, Amjad (2012).
2641:Popular Research Topics
2378:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2355:Vegetable oil recycling
2295:Fatty acid methyl ester
699:
482:
428:vegetable oil as a fuel
10629:State-owned enterprise
10609:Nonprofit organization
10520:Horizontal integration
8333:Scientific instruments
8296:Network infrastructure
6950:(Iberian agroforestry)
6188:Pacific mountain onion
5414:Rhynchophorus palmarum
5161:Linseed (flaxseed) oil
4056:"Smoke points of oils"
3158:"Polyunsaturated Fats"
2978:The Biodiesel Handbook
2320:List of vegetable oils
2315:List of macerated oils
2050:partially hydrogenated
1340:Pentaclethra macroloba
1035:List of vegetable oils
946:
898:coronary heart disease
720:straight vegetable oil
642:Fischer esterification
366:In the United States,
337:Michel Eugène Chevreul
259:, or fats from seeds.
213:
52:
9972:Private investigation
6970:Indian forest produce
6441:Hydnocarpus wightiana
5402:Little leaf syndrome
5398:Cadang-cadang disease
5196:Rapeseed (canola) oil
4354:Food Standards Agency
4332:"Smoke Point of Oils"
3096:. FAO. Archived from
2677:E. W. Scripps Company
2193:fast food restaurants
1292:Astrocaryum aculeatum
944:
913:Occupational exposure
801:Percentage extracted
784:, and ghani (powered
763:Mechanical extraction
310:Industrial Revolution
235:, vegetable fats are
208:
51:
10540:Vertical integration
8546:Speciality chemicals
8386:Electrical equipment
8303:Consumer electronics
6213:Bare-toothed russula
5812:Southeast Asian haze
5699:Wilmar International
5531:Biodiesel production
5421:Oil palm bunch moth
4948:Vegetable shortening
4700:Edible fats and oils
4439:10.5650/jos.ess15243
4240:. FoodData Central.
3230:on February 25, 2007
2340:Seed oil controversy
867:vegetable shortening
716:vegetable oil blends
378:– as early as 1911.
372:Procter & Gamble
361:vegetable shortening
333:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
30:For other uses, see
10624:Sole proprietorship
10599:Joint-stock company
9873:Veterinary medicine
9698:Property management
9492:Passenger transport
8519:Commodity chemicals
8345:Optical instruments
8313:Video game consoles
8206:Musical instruments
8047:Media reproduction
6824:musical instruments
6082:Woodland strawberry
5708:Buyers / processors
5664:Equatorial Palm Oil
5561:Transesterification
5391:Ganoderma orbiforme
5231:Watermelon seed oil
4579:). Text taken from
3832:The Washington Post
3503:gardeningplaces.com
3130:(Second ed.).
3036:(Second ed.).
2672:The Cincinnati Post
2432:Robin Dand (1999).
1365:
1354:Composition of fats
751:Edible oil refining
453:transesterification
162:Polyunsaturated fat
157:Monounsaturated fat
10572:Putting-out system
10081:Information sector
10002:Personal services
9609:Financial services
9081:offshore platforms
8930:advanced materials
8911:Ready-mix concrete
8364:Laser construction
8324:Clocks and watches
8158:Injection moulding
8129:Other fabrication
8082:household hardware
5659:Carson Cumberbatch
5604:Girl Scout Cookies
5599:Cellulosic ethanol
5440:Red ring disease (
5433:Tirathaba rufivena
5426:Tirathaba mundella
5407:Oryctes rhinoceros
4389:10.1007/BF02873539
4336:Baseline of Health
4300:"FoodData Central"
4218:. RITO Partnership
4192:10.1002/047167849X
3980:10.4137/NMI.S32910
3574:2010-10-18 at the
3522:2016-01-31 at the
3497:2018-11-18 at the
3472:2018-10-20 at the
3118:Aziz, KMA (2012).
3011:2016-03-05 at the
2564:on July 14, 2012.
2532:(1): 19–33. 2000.
2230:products, such as
1239:, from rice grains
1223:and other nut oils
947:
929:(NIOSH) has set a
832:Solvent extraction
706:Vegetable oil fuel
214:
53:
10693:
10692:
10643:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10470:Natural resources
10315:Production-based
10285:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10223:Vocational school
10070:
10069:
10066:
10065:
9340:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9301:Electrical wiring
9287:Specialty trades
9241:Civil engineering
9096:
9095:
8770:Vulcanized rubber
8566:Cleaning products
8406:Electric lighting
8123:Surface finishing
8113:Powder metallurgy
8068:Metal fabrication
7814:Industrial sector
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7702:Rare-earth metals
7610:
7609:
7033:
7032:
5902:
5901:
5788:Policies, impacts
5783:
5782:
5536:Fat hydrogenation
5273:
5272:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
4956:
4955:
4878:Other animal fats
4818:Manteiga-da-terra
4606:978-1-893997-90-5
4201:978-0-471-38552-3
3376:978-0-12-804352-3
3327:978-1-63067-051-1
3162:Clark's Nutrition
2988:978-0-9835072-6-0
2873:Cooks Illustrated
2585:978-1-847-01075-9
2483::1141–1150 (1997)
2418:978-81-317-1338-9
2145:
2144:
1328:Passiflora edulis
1323:Passion fruit oil
1316:Mauritia flexuosa
1194:
1193:
1053:World consumption
1026:
1025:
857:Fat hydrogenation
829:
828:
786:mortar and pestle
774:Expeller pressing
691:Pet food additive
326:Colgate-Palmolive
203:
202:
16:(Redirected from
10718:
10680:
10679:
10668:
10667:
10656:
10655:
10552:Enforced breakup
10547:Decentralization
10475:Physical capital
10302:
10301:
10291:
10290:
10089:
10088:
10076:
10075:
9952:Customer service
9868:Residential care
9816:Public relations
9624:Financial advice
9601:Asset management
9396:Department store
9359:
9358:
9346:
9345:
9326:Site preparation
9174:Telecom networks
9142:Waste management
9118:Gas distribution
8802:Synthetic fibers
8529:Industrial gases
8268:Computer systems
8202:Medical supplies
7829:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7809:
7808:
7239:Animal husbandry
7210:Medicinal plants
7096:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7076:
7075:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7021:
7020:
7011:
7010:
6985:Resin extraction
6975:Mushroom hunting
6951:
6697: / etc.
6551:
6444:
6279:Saffron milk cap
6269:Parasol mushroom
6109:Fiddlehead ferns
5929:
5922:
5915:
5906:
5905:
5881:
5880:
5743:non-governmental
5639:
5638:
5388:Basal stem rot (
5300:
5293:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5191:Pumpkin seed oil
5088:Mongongo nut oil
5016:
5015:
4967:
4966:
4808:Clarified butter
4712:
4711:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4640:
4629:
4610:
4570:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4441:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4338:. Jonbarron.org.
4328:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4304:fdc.nal.usda.gov
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4242:fdc.nal.usda.gov
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4169:FoodData Central
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3823:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3759:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3675:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3578:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3546:
3536:
3530:
3514:
3505:
3489:
3480:
3478:palmoilworld.org
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3339:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3226:. Archived from
3219:
3213:
3212:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3066:. Archived from
3062:Janet Bachmann.
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3021:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2851:10.4060/cc8166en
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2816:. Archived from
2804:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2731:Days Of The Year
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2679:. Archived from
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2560:. Archived from
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2371:
2242:Product labeling
1681:Flaxseed/linseed
1366:
1357:
1337:, obtained from
1266:Acmella oleracea
1047:
1046:
964:
963:
795:
794:
457:biodiesel plants
255:are examples of
195:
188:
181:
59:
37:
36:
21:
10726:
10725:
10721:
10720:
10719:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10696:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10688:
10635:
10604:Nationalization
10491:
10461:Primary inputs
10382:
10374:
10307:
10306:Classification
10296:
10277:
10244:
10194:
10178:Social networks
10095:
10083:
10062:
10046:Business travel
9948:Administrative
9937:
9921:Amusement parks
9885:
9877:
9851:Dentist offices
9834:
9704:
9671:Pension funding
9644:Risk management
9629:Holding company
9595:
9535:
9447:
9439:
9411:Specialty store
9406:Online shopping
9353:
9332:
9205:
9092:
9002:
8659:
8617:Pharmaceuticals
8561:Aroma compounds
8497:Petroleum jelly
8427:
8416:Home appliances
8411:Electric motors
8359:spotting scopes
8320:Instrumentation
8233:
8227:
8209:Office supplies
7816:
7795:
7779:Dimension stone
7713:Other minerals
7658:Mining of ores
7606:
7431:
7317:
7264:Other livestock
7150:Permanent crops
7083:
7070:
7064:
7034:
7029:
6999:
6949:
6934:
6925:Vegetable ivory
6797:
6685:
6597:
6545:
6438:
6400:
6382:
6316:
6298:
6264:Oyster mushroom
6254:Meadow mushroom
6199:
6183:Twincrest onion
6086:
5990:
5973:
5944:Animal products
5938:
5933:
5903:
5898:
5869:
5843:
5789:
5779:
5742:
5736:
5703:
5630:
5565:
5519:
5449:
5375:
5368:
5309:
5304:
5274:
5269:
5235:
5126:Ambadi seed oil
5112:
5043:
5005:
4998:
4994:Shark liver oil
4952:
4938:Palm kernel oil
4901:
4873:
4839:
4788:
4750:
4701:
4698:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4626:
4607:
4591:
4589:Further reading
4585:, FAO, FAO.
4564:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4487:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4418:
4414:
4369:
4365:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4244:. 1 April 2019.
4236:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4216:"Rice bran oil"
4214:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4180:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4009:
4005:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3824:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3760:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3576:Wayback Machine
3561:
3559:
3555:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3524:Wayback Machine
3515:
3508:
3499:Wayback Machine
3490:
3483:
3474:Wayback Machine
3465:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3312:
3308:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3195:(10): 863–868.
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3094:Minor oil crops
3086:
3082:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3022:
3018:
3013:Wayback Machine
3000:
2996:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2727:"Biodiesel Day"
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2260:
2244:
2224:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2150:
1461:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1394:
1392:Polyunsaturated
1387:
1385:Monounsaturated
1380:
1373:
1363:
1356:
1343:, cosmetics use
1325:, derived from
1281:Annona muricata
1278:, derived from
1112:) of rapeseed.
1054:
1038:
1031:
1029:Particular oils
971:
939:
915:
906:
879:polyunsaturated
859:
853:
834:
765:
753:
747:
734:is increasing.
708:
702:
693:
681:epichlorohydrin
646:hydraulic fluid
607:
496:
490:
485:
345:Wilhelm Normann
318:
286:
281:
199:
60:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10724:
10714:
10713:
10711:Plant products
10708:
10706:Vegetable oils
10691:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10674:
10662:
10649:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10582:Temporary work
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10544:
10543:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10505:Centralization
10501:
10499:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10478:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10459:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10427:
10422:
10421:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10389:
10387:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10371:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10352:
10351:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10321:
10312:
10310:
10298:
10297:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:
10274:
10273:
10271:Basic research
10263:
10258:
10252:
10250:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10231:
10230:
10225:
10215:
10210:
10204:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10165:
10164:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10143:
10142:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10123:
10122:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10102:
10100:
10085:
10084:
10072:
10071:
10068:
10067:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10040:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10000:
9995:
9994:
9993:
9988:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9945:
9943:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9910:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9892:
9890:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9844:
9842:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9813:
9803:
9801:Legal services
9798:
9797:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9772:system testing
9761:
9756:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9714:
9712:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9695:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9634:Money transfer
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9605:
9603:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9545:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9521:
9520:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9507:Passenger rail
9504:
9499:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9475:Moving company
9472:
9467:
9462:
9451:
9449:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9381:Consumer goods
9378:
9376:Car dealership
9367:
9365:
9355:
9354:
9351:Service sector
9342:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9238:
9237:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9215:
9213:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9171:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9106:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9074:
9069:
9054:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9012:
9010:
9008:Heavy industry
9004:
9003:
9001:
9000:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8988:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8947:Metal refining
8944:
8943:
8942:
8940:Synthetic gems
8937:
8932:
8923:
8917:Other mineral
8915:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8861:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8807:Thermoplastics
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8687:
8682:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8633:contraceptives
8629:
8627:Blood products
8624:
8614:
8612:Fine chemicals
8609:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8492:Petrochemicals
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8437:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8393:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8352:
8342:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8317:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8293:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8275:
8270:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8256:Semiconductors
8253:
8251:Circuit boards
8248:
8237:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8210:
8207:
8204:
8199:
8196:
8191:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8118:Prefabrication
8115:
8110:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8075:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8051:Cassette tapes
8045:
8044:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8013:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7901:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7887:Vegetable oils
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7861:
7860:Dairy products
7858:
7853:
7848:
7837:
7835:
7833:Light industry
7826:
7818:
7817:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7618:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7415:Wild mushrooms
7412:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7392:
7390:Natural rubber
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7357:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7327:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7175:Tropical fruit
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7108:Arable farming
7104:
7102:
7093:
7085:
7084:
7081:Natural sector
7072:
7071:
7063:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7015:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6990:Rubber tapping
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:Forest farming
6953:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6592:Vateria indica
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:Shorea robusta
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:Honey mushroom
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6121:
6119:Mahuwa flowers
6116:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5741:Governmental /
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5694:TH Plantations
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5556:Saponification
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5429:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5410:
5400:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Grape seed oil
5148:
5143:
5141:Cottonseed oil
5138:
5133:
5131:Apple seed oil
5128:
5122:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5013:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4906:Vegetable fats
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4720:
4718:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4647:
4630:
4624:
4611:
4605:
4590:
4587:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4544:, 2011-11-21,
4529:
4495:
4464:
4412:
4363:
4341:
4323:
4309:
4291:
4269:
4247:
4229:
4207:
4200:
4174:
4156:
4134:
4112:
4090:
4068:
4046:
4003:
3954:
3932:
3910:
3888:
3866:
3844:
3807:
3785:
3768:Food Chemistry
3747:
3725:
3698:
3678:Food Chemistry
3661:
3639:
3622:
3599:
3579:
3531:
3506:
3481:
3459:
3430:
3401:
3375:
3355:
3326:
3306:
3271:
3241:
3214:
3179:
3149:
3124:Islam, Sirajul
3110:
3080:
3054:
3030:Islam, Sirajul
3016:
2994:
2987:
2967:
2942:
2917:
2891:
2862:
2830:
2799:
2780:
2748:
2718:
2693:
2657:
2628:
2589:
2570:
2550:Bellis, Mary.
2542:
2510:
2485:
2465:
2449:
2442:
2424:
2417:
2399:
2392:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Non-food crops
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:Food extrusion
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Essential oils
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:European Union
2243:
2240:
2236:hydroperoxides
2223:
2220:
2215:European Union
2208:livestock feed
2191:factories and
2177:Main article:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2149:
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2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:(extra virgin)
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1361:vegetable oils
1359:Properties of
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1302:
1299:Brazil nut oil
1296:
1284:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1218:
1215:Grape seed oil
1212:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:Sunflower seed
1114:
1113:
1108:is a variety (
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
984:
983:
980:
974:
973:
968:
938:
935:
914:
911:
905:
902:
855:Main article:
852:
849:
833:
830:
827:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
764:
761:
749:Main article:
746:
743:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
692:
689:
606:
603:
551:
550:
547:
532:
529:
526:
489:
486:
484:
481:
432:diesel engines
419:(8.2 MT), and
368:cottonseed oil
317:
316:Modern history
314:
285:
282:
280:
277:
249:grape seed oil
221:vegetable fats
217:Vegetable oils
201:
200:
198:
197:
190:
183:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
108:
107:
103:
102:
101:
100:
90:
80:
67:
66:
62:
61:
54:
44:
43:
26:
18:Vegetable oils
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10723:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10685:
10684:
10675:
10673:
10672:
10663:
10661:
10660:
10651:
10650:
10646:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10619:Privatization
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10545:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10507:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10394:
10393:Externalities
10391:
10390:
10388:
10386:
10381:
10377:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10355:
10354:Market-based
10353:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10328:
10327:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10309:
10303:
10299:
10292:
10288:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10197:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10166:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10144:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10125:Audio-visual
10124:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10082:
10077:
10073:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9944:
9940:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9897:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9884:
9883:Entertainment
9880:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9837:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9821:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9746:
9743:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9719:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9707:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9686:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9654:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9639:Payment cards
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9598:
9592:
9589:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9574:Food delivery
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9554:Drink service
9552:
9551:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9542:
9538:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9522:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9448:& Storage
9446:
9442:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9391:Grocery store
9389:
9387:
9386:General store
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9099:
9089:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9072:Rail vehicles
9070:
9068:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9046:
9045:wind turbines
9042:
9039:
9037:
9036:Machine tools
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9018:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8979:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8927:
8926:Carbon fibers
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8862:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8662:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8643:Illegal drugs
8641:
8639:
8638:Generic drugs
8636:
8634:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8556:Agrochemicals
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8539:Pure elements
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8507:Synthetic oil
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8369:Lens grinding
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8291:Mobile phones
8289:
8288:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8279:storage media
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:& optical
8230:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8062:
8061:Optical discs
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7904:Bottled water
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7825:Manufacturing
7823:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7585:Sea cucumbers
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7434:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:Dairy farming
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7155:Apples et al.
7153:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7026:
7025:
7016:
7014:
7006:
7005:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6965:Honey hunting
6963:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6721:Coconut sugar
6719:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6295:
6294:Yellow knight
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6284:Slippery jack
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:Heart of palm
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6092:Edible plants
6089:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6057:Juniper berry
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5918:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5824:Food vs. fuel
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:FELCRA Berhad
5748:
5747:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5649:Bumitama Agri
5647:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:Organisations
5633:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5614:Vegetable oil
5612:
5610:
5609:Oleochemicals
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5541:Fractionation
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:palmitic acid
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:myristic acid
5491:
5489:
5488:linoleic acid
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5371:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5266:
5265:Essential oil
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Sunflower oil
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Safflower oil
5204:
5202:
5201:Rice bran oil
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:Poppyseed oil
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:Pistachio oil
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Macadamia oil
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Cod liver oil
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Borneo tallow
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4648:0-442-00112-6
4644:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4627:
4625:1-84127-330-9
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4486:on 2015-04-06
4485:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4432:(2): 111–21.
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4279:
4273:
4257:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4217:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4165:"Oil, peanut"
4160:
4144:
4138:
4122:
4116:
4100:
4094:
4078:
4072:
4064:
4063:veghealth.com
4057:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3942:
3936:
3920:
3914:
3898:
3892:
3876:
3870:
3854:
3848:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3735:
3729:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3687:on 2020-01-16
3683:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3649:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3609:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3558:on 2013-03-09
3554:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:Feuge, R. O.
3275:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3100:on 2016-07-02
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3070:on 2006-08-24
3069:
3065:
3058:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2820:on 2006-06-17
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2784:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2683:on 2005-12-05
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:"Soybean Car"
2632:
2624:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2443:1-85573-434-6
2439:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Oleochemistry
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Fragrance oil
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2179:Yellow grease
2170:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:Rice bran oil
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1367:
1362:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:Safflower oil
1241:
1238:
1237:Rice bran oil
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1019:
1018:Sunflower oil
1016:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
996:
995:
989:
986:
985:
979:
976:
975:
965:
962:
960:
956:
952:
943:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
904:Deodorization
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:saturated fat
870:
868:
864:
863:hydrogenation
858:
851:Hydrogenation
848:
846:
842:
840:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
796:
793:
791:
790:mowrah butter
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
760:
758:
752:
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
726:. The use of
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:biodegradable
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
480:
478:
473:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
436:Rudolf Diesel
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
388:
385:
381:
380:Ginning mills
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:hydrogenation
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
313:
311:
306:
301:
299:
298:mummification
295:
291:
276:
274:
270:
269:rice bran oil
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:triglycerides
238:
234:
230:
229:edible plants
226:
222:
218:
212:
207:
196:
191:
189:
184:
182:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Saturated fat
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:Essential oil
91:
88:
84:
83:Macerated oil
81:
78:
74:
73:Vegetable oil
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
63:
58:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
10682:
10670:
10658:
10577:Spinning-off
10562:Homesteading
10515:Conglomerate
10497:Organization
10450:Raw material
10445:Intermediate
10324:
10323:
10146:Broadcasting
10051:Cruise lines
10021:Maid service
10011:Dry cleaning
9982:Maintenance
9745:Architecture
9710:Professional
9529:Self storage
9433:Distribution
9211:Construction
9056:Other heavy
8981:Formed metal
8935:Mineral wool
8857:Safety glass
8828:Fused quartz
8823:Borosilicate
8487:Paraffin wax
8442:oil refining
8421:Transformers
8187:Other goods
8173:Stonemasonry
8153:Glassblowing
8138:Blow molding
8097:Locksmithing
8073:Boilermaking
7622:Fossil fuels
7420:Fungiculture
7375:Gutta-percha
7365:Frankincense
7360:Tree tapping
7331:Silviculture
7311:Fur trapping
7222:Horticulture
7170:Stone fruits
7132:
7022:
6995:Wildcrafting
6980:Naval stores
6958: /
6946:
6915:Tendu leaves
6871:Natural dyes
6741:Gutta-percha
6693: /
6631:Frankincense
6591:
6547:
6504:Mango butter
6449:Cocoa butter
6440:
6437:Chaulmoogra
6407:Allanblackia
6390:
6338:Black pepper
6223:Birch bolete
6173:Canada onion
6158:Wild ginseng
6153:Saw palmetto
6094: /
5984: /
5889:
5882:
5674:FGV Holdings
5669:Feronia Inc.
5613:
5508:stearic acid
5441:
5431:
5424:
5412:
5405:
5389:
5384:Bagworm moth
5374:Diseases and
5359:
5354:E. guineesis
5352:
5345:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5226:Tea seed oil
5098:Pine nut oil
5073:Hazelnut oil
5003:
4928:Mango butter
4923:Cocoa butter
4823:Niter kibbeh
4636:
4615:
4596:
4581:
4573:free content
4565:
4550:, retrieved
4541:
4532:
4522:, retrieved
4510:
4498:
4488:, retrieved
4484:the original
4479:
4456:. Retrieved
4429:
4425:
4415:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4282:. Retrieved
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4250:
4241:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4210:
4183:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4115:
4103:. Retrieved
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
4049:
4019:(2): 87–94.
4016:
4012:
4006:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3945:. Retrieved
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3869:
3857:. Retrieved
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:
3798:. Retrieved
3788:
3771:
3767:
3738:. Retrieved
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3711:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3682:the original
3677:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3642:
3625:
3612:. Retrieved
3602:
3560:. Retrieved
3553:the original
3541:January 2009
3540:
3534:
3527:
3502:
3477:
3462:
3451:. Retrieved
3442:
3433:
3422:. Retrieved
3413:
3404:
3393:. Retrieved
3365:
3358:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3293:. Retrieved
3284:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3253:
3244:
3232:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3217:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3161:
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3127:
3113:
3102:. Retrieved
3098:the original
3093:
3083:
3072:. Retrieved
3068:the original
3057:
3046:. Retrieved
3033:
3019:
2997:
2981:. Elsevier.
2977:
2970:
2959:. Retrieved
2945:
2934:. Retrieved
2920:
2909:. Retrieved
2894:
2883:. Retrieved
2872:
2865:
2854:. Retrieved
2843:FAODocuments
2842:
2833:
2822:. Retrieved
2818:the original
2811:
2808:"Canola oil"
2802:
2790:, p. 58
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2710:. Retrieved
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2670:
2660:
2649:. Retrieved
2640:
2631:
2606:. Retrieved
2603:The Atlantic
2602:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2562:the original
2555:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:Ehud Galili
2468:
2460:
2433:
2427:
2408:
2402:
2375:
2369:
2350:Vernonia oil
2275:Decorticator
2249:
2245:
2225:
2212:
2197:
2182:
2167:
2164:Pre-pressing
2151:
1960:
1952:
1885:hydrogenated
1652:hydrogenated
1360:
1347:Solarium oil
1338:
1326:
1314:
1290:
1279:
1276:Graviola oil
1269:), contains
1264:
1221:Hazelnut oil
1203:
1195:
1039:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
948:
916:
907:
891:
871:
860:
843:
835:
766:
754:
736:
709:
694:
654:
611:
608:
552:
502:, including
497:
474:
465:
425:
389:
384:hydrogenated
365:
330:
319:
302:
287:
284:In antiquity
272:
253:cocoa butter
236:
220:
216:
215:
209:A bottle of
72:
10614:Partnership
10594:Cooperative
10567:Outsourcing
10557:Freelancing
10435:Commodities
10139:Video games
10114:Periodicals
9991:Landscaping
9926:Fairgrounds
9828:Advertising
9749:engineering
9733:Bookkeeping
9688:Real estate
9681:Reinsurance
9579:Restaurants
9549:Foodservice
9541:Hospitality
9524:Warehousing
9512:Ridesharing
9502:Car rentals
9234:Residential
9169:Remediation
9052:Automobiles
8874:Earthenware
8843:Glass fiber
8838:Float glass
8648:Supplements
8622:Antibiotics
8524:Fertilizers
8482:Mineral oil
8457:Diesel fuel
8440:Coal &
8400:fiber optic
8374:Microscopes
8328:GPS devices
8308:Televisions
8241:Electronics
8232:Electrical
8178:Woodworking
8133:3D printing
8092:Gunsmithing
8056:Phonographs
8041:Typesetting
8021:Bookbinding
7984:Dressmaking
7979:Accessories
7911:Soft drinks
7846:Animal feed
7637:Natural gas
7525:Aquaculture
7508:Sea urchins
7380:Maple syrup
7254:Fur farming
7244:Beef cattle
7180:Viticulture
7128:Fiber crops
7100:Agriculture
6930:Willow bark
6761:Maple syrup
6756:Maple sugar
6731:Fruit syrup
6714:chewing gum
6704:Birch syrup
6561:Shea butter
6233:Chanterelle
6178:Crow garlic
6168:Bear garlic
6163:Wild onions
6141:filé powder
6062:Lingonberry
6047:Huckleberry
5790:and debates
5594:Bioplastics
5471:lauric acid
5466:Palm kernel
5361:E. oleifera
5338:A. speciosa
5260:Cooking oil
5221:Soybean oil
5176:Perilla oil
5166:Mustard oil
5029:Avocado oil
4989:Seaweed oil
4971:Marine oils
4943:Shea butter
4918:Coconut oil
4854:Chicken fat
4833:Urfa butter
4284:6 September
4262:6 September
4171:. usda.gov.
4149:6 September
4127:6 September
4105:6 September
4083:6 September
3947:6 September
3925:6 September
3903:6 September
3881:6 September
3859:6 September
3800:6 September
3740:6 September
3718:26 December
3654:6 September
3614:7 September
3443:www.cdc.gov
3254:www.fda.gov
2756:Knothe, G.
2270:Cholesterol
2265:Algaculture
2200:direct fuel
2185:deep fryers
1727:14.3
1421:α-Linolenic
1399:Smoke point
1395:fatty acids
1388:fatty acids
1381:fatty acids
1335:Pracaxi oil
1227:Linseed oil
1157:Palm kernel
1057:metric tons
1050:Oil source
1008:Soybean oil
988:Coconut oil
778:screw press
770:health-food
665:mineral oil
614:drying oils
559:flash point
500:animal fats
494:Cooking oil
411:(10.9 MT),
407:(16.6 MT),
245:Soybean oil
233:animal fats
124:Cooking oil
10700:Categories
10487:Technology
10457:Innovation
10418:Well-being
10228:University
10161:Television
10098:Mass media
10093:Publishing
9931:Nightclubs
9840:Healthcare
9811:Consulting
9806:Management
9754:Inspection
9738:Tax advice
9718:Accounting
9649:Securities
9465:Intermodal
9401:Mail order
9296:Demolition
9229:Industrial
9224:Commercial
9147:Collection
8998:Cast metal
8884:Refractory
8852:fiberglass
8848:Glass wool
8811:thermosets
8787:Engineered
8716:Engineered
8711:Sawmilling
8605:Toiletries
8576:Explosives
8396:Electrical
8379:Telescopes
8246:Components
8004:Shoemaking
7722:Phosphorus
7615:Geological
7565:Microalgae
7408:Pine resin
7395:Palm sugar
7370:Gum arabic
7284:Beekeeping
7123:Vegetables
7068:industries
6841:Birch beer
6836:Birch bark
6793:Spruce gum
6776:akpeteshie
6766:Palm sugar
6736:Gum arabic
6726:Date sugar
6676:Turpentine
6556:Sandalwood
6459:Eucalyptus
6454:Eucalyptol
6343:Brazil nut
6218:Bay bolete
6072:Strawberry
6027:Cocoa bean
6022:Breadfruit
6012:Blackberry
5986:tree fruit
5891:by country
5848:By country
5689:Sime Darby
5546:Hydrolysis
5498:oleic acid
5454:Components
5255:Plant oils
5211:Sesame oil
5171:Peanut oil
5136:Castor oil
5108:Walnut oil
5083:Marula oil
5068:Cashew oil
5058:Almond oil
5004:Vegetable
4552:2013-11-26
4524:2015-04-08
4490:2015-04-08
4458:2018-03-19
4383:(1): 1–5.
4222:22 January
4054:Melina V.
3691:15 January
3562:2009-01-29
3453:2015-11-27
3424:2021-07-04
3395:2021-07-04
3234:2007-01-09
3142:2016-05-08
3104:2006-11-12
3074:2006-07-31
3048:2016-05-08
2961:2018-07-30
2936:2011-11-01
2911:2006-09-29
2885:2021-07-16
2856:2023-12-13
2824:2006-07-31
2774:2007-07-11
2712:2019-01-04
2687:2006-10-22
2651:2006-10-23
2608:2023-07-18
2504:2023-07-18
2393:3527306730
2362:References
2290:Fatty acid
2280:Deodorizer
2222:Shelf life
2189:snack food
2113:Walnut oil
1714:Grape seed
1647:Cottonseed
1614:Cottonseed
1482:Brazil nut
1372:Processing
1311:Buriti oil
1287:Tucumã oil
1271:spilanthol
1249:Sesame oil
1144:Cottonseed
998:Canola oil
972:(t/ha/yr)
792:in India:
745:Production
669:Castor oil
626:insulators
605:Industrial
587:cottonseed
523:Shortening
492:See also:
445:peanut oil
423:(3.2 MT).
415:(8.4 MT),
392:Henry Ford
353:trans fats
308:Britain's
211:peanut oil
143:Components
114:Drying oil
41:Plant oils
10589:Ownership
10535:Monopsony
10413:Pollution
10398:Community
10308:standards
10213:Secondary
10200:Education
10183:Streaming
9856:Hospitals
9847:Medicine
9823:Marketing
9759:Surveying
9723:Assurance
9693:Brokerage
9656:Insurance
9584:Teahouses
9569:Fast food
9460:Air cargo
9445:Transport
9428:Brokerage
9418:Wholesale
9306:Elevators
9291:Cabinetry
9219:Buildings
9199:Telephone
9194:Satellite
9162:Recycling
9157:Hazardous
9123:Renewable
9102:Utilities
9063:Aerospace
9031:Hydraulic
9021:Conveyors
9016:Machinery
8921:Abrasives
8879:Porcelain
8833:Soda-lime
8792:Specialty
8782:Commodity
8743:Cardboard
8726:Composite
8664:Materials
8581:Fireworks
8571:Cosmetics
8551:Adhesives
8433:Chemicals
8391:Batteries
8263:Computers
8198:Jewellery
8184:Furniture
8168:Sintering
8148:Extrusion
8102:Machining
8078:Builders'
8031:Engraving
8026:Embossing
8009:Tailoring
7994:Hatmaking
7894:Beverages
7877:Preserved
7774:Limestone
7744:Quarrying
7717:Gemstones
7687:Palladium
7652:Tar sands
7647:Petroleum
7642:Oil shale
7488:Swordfish
7448:Anchovies
7289:Cochineal
6960:gardening
6920:Thatching
6771:Palm wine
6616:Birch tar
6544:Sal-seed
6469:Japan wax
6422:Candlenut
6363:Malva nut
6328:Areca nut
6249:Matsutake
6205:Mushrooms
6146:root beer
6136:Sassafras
6124:Sago palm
6067:Raspberry
6052:Jackfruit
6017:Blueberry
5969:Wild game
5860:Indonesia
5720:GreenPalm
5679:IOI Group
5642:Producers
5582:by region
5577:Biodiesel
5524:Processes
5331:A. maripa
5315:Oil palms
5181:Pequi oil
5118:Seed oils
5093:Pecan oil
5063:Argan oil
5034:Olive oil
4984:Krill oil
4933:Margarine
4895:Whale oil
4864:Goose fat
4716:Pork fats
4657:cite book
3974:: 59–64.
3774:: 59–65.
3385:491265615
3344:cite book
3336:974497799
3295:March 13,
3172:March 13,
2928:. GWWCA.
2557:About.com
2232:peroxides
2228:oxidation
2204:biodiesel
2158:endosperm
2117:unrefined
2080:Sunflower
1805:very high
1748:Hemp seed
1739:very high
1378:Saturated
1374:treatment
1261:Jambú oil
1255:Açaí palm
1199:viscosity
1055:(million
887:oxidation
883:rancidity
814:Expellers
782:ram press
724:viscosity
712:biodiesel
650:lubricant
599:rice bran
579:safflower
575:sunflower
555:fry foods
449:biodiesel
413:Argentina
357:margarine
331:In 1780,
300:process.
261:Olive oil
257:seed oils
167:Trans fat
134:Biodiesel
119:Oil paint
57:Olive oil
10659:Category
10530:Monopoly
10482:Services
10261:Language
10256:Creative
10240:Tutoring
10218:Tertiary
10188:Websites
10168:Internet
10119:Software
10105:Written
10026:Pet care
9986:Janitors
9976:security
9967:Staffing
9896:Gambling
9789:Interior
9770:, &
9764:Physical
9676:Property
9564:Catering
9497:Airlines
9485:Trucking
9321:Plumbing
9276:Dredging
9251:Railways
9184:Internet
9179:Cable TV
9113:Electric
9058:vehicles
8957:Aluminum
8864:Ceramics
8777:Plastics
8690:Currying
8680:deliming
8653:Vaccines
8595:Perfumes
8534:Pigments
8477:Kerosene
8472:Jet fuel
8467:Gasoline
8462:Fuel oil
8194:Bicycles
8108:smithing
8016:Printing
7974:Clothing
7942:Spinning
7922:Textiles
7872:Prepared
7692:Platinum
7662:Aluminum
7590:Scallops
7503:Lobsters
7478:Mackerel
7458:Sardines
7425:Truffles
7401:, &
7348:Firewood
7323:Forestry
7133:Oilseeds
7013:Category
6829:textiles
6661:Pine tar
6626:Creosote
6576:Tea-tree
6571:Tea-seed
6539:Pongamia
6529:Phulwara
6514:Nagkesar
6509:Murumuru
6484:Kpangnan
6432:Carnauba
6373:Pine nut
6358:Hazelnut
6348:Cinnamon
6333:Bay leaf
6323:Allspice
6245:(reishi)
6077:Tamarind
6042:Gambooge
6002:Bilberry
5884:Category
5865:Malaysia
5855:Colombia
5732:Unilever
5570:Products
5483:Palm oil
5461:Mesocarp
5307:Palm oil
5251:See also
5156:Hemp oil
5146:Corn oil
5039:Palm oil
4869:Schmaltz
4859:Duck fat
4784:Tail fat
4769:Dripping
4546:archived
4515:archived
4452:Archived
4448:26782307
4407:23105229
4358:Archived
4041:18445488
4033:16019622
3998:27559299
3837:March 5,
3712:Aocs.org
3572:Archived
3528:aocs.org
3520:Archived
3495:Archived
3470:Archived
3447:Archived
3418:Archived
3389:Archived
3289:Archived
3285:usda.gov
3264:14 April
3258:Archived
3209:59940212
3166:Archived
3136:Archived
3090:"Illipe"
3042:Archived
3009:Archived
2955:Archived
2930:Archived
2905:Archived
2903:. USDA.
2879:Archived
2765:Archived
2735:Archived
2706:Archived
2645:Archived
2617:cite web
2534:Archived
2258:See also
2173:Used oil
2148:Seed oil
1430:Linoleic
1209:Corn oil
1110:cultivar
1097:Rapeseed
978:Palm oil
959:Oil palm
757:oil mill
687:resins.
677:Nylon 11
673:hydroxyl
567:rapeseed
516:schmaltz
488:Culinary
477:palm oil
441:Augsburg
401:palm oil
387:rancid.
322:Unilever
305:Palm oil
265:palm oil
237:mixtures
10683:Outline
10671:Commons
10425:Funding
10408:Culture
10385:outputs
10295:Related
10235:Testing
10208:Primary
10173:Hosting
10056:Tourism
10042:Travel
10038:Poverty
10016:Funeral
9998:Repairs
9962:Renting
9957:Leasing
9916:Arcades
9912:Venues
9888:leisure
9861:Nursing
9794:Product
9784:Fashion
9768:product
9614:Banking
9423:Auction
9281:Harbors
9261:Tunnels
9246:Bridges
9152:Dumping
9088:Weapons
8906:Plaster
8797:Pellets
8685:Tanning
8671:Leather
8502:Propane
8447:Bitumen
8350:Cameras
8190:Baggage
8163:Pottery
8143:Drawing
8087:Cutlery
7952:Carpets
7947:Weaving
7927:Carding
7856:Canning
7784:Granite
7707:Uranium
7697:Lithium
7570:Seaweed
7555:Oysters
7550:Mussels
7545:Abalone
7540:Tilapia
7535:Catfish
7518:Whaling
7473:Pollock
7468:Haddock
7453:Herring
7443:Fishing
7436:Aquatic
7343:Logging
7306:Hunting
7294:Shellac
7279:Poultry
7227:Flowers
7160:Berries
7143:Tobacco
7118:Legumes
7113:Cereals
7024:Commons
6939:Related
6903:Tanbark
6898:Shellac
6888:Quinine
6861:Gambier
6781:ogogoro
6681:Varnish
6646:Lacquer
6636:Gamboge
6621:Camphor
6611:Benzoin
6521: (
6427:Capuacu
6412:Babassu
6378:Vanilla
6289:Truffle
6274:Red cap
6243:Lingzhi
6032:Coconut
6007:Binukaw
5982:Berries
5654:Cargill
5619:cooking
5551:Milling
5513:stearin
5324:Attalea
4885:Blubber
4845:Poultry
4724:Fatback
4562:Sources
4398:3453543
3989:4988453
3120:"Ghani"
2499:Reuters
2461:Haaretz
2045:Soybean
2012:Soybean
1548:Coconut
1448:Avocado
1313:, from
1289:, from
1229:, from
1170:Coconut
1084:Soybean
1077:biofuel
955:hectare
825:40–43%
822:Solvent
817:34–37%
809:20–30%
661:ben oil
591:coconut
563:soybean
461:biofuel
294:Jericho
279:History
231:. Like
10510:Cartel
10383:&
10380:Inputs
10319:ANZSIC
10096:&
10006:Beauty
9974:&
9901:Online
9886:&
9779:Design
9747:&
9661:Health
9619:Credit
9591:Hotels
9371:Retail
9266:Canals
9189:Mobile
9135:Sewage
9109:Power
9079:&
9065:&
9043:&
8991:Forged
8986:Rolled
8969:Alloys
8962:Copper
8928:&
8901:Mortar
8896:Cement
8850:&
8809:&
8760:Rubber
8753:Tissue
8738:Sizing
8721:Lumber
8706:Drying
8694:oiling
8692:&
8678:&
8676:Liming
8588:&
8586:Paints
8402:cables
8398:&
8357:&
8277:Blank
8106:Other
8080:&
8036:Secure
7999:Sewing
7962:Linens
7937:Prints
7932:Dyeing
7908:Liquor
7882:Sweets
7851:Baking
7789:Marble
7769:Gypsum
7749:Gravel
7737:Sulfur
7727:Potash
7682:Silver
7667:Copper
7600:Shrimp
7595:Salmon
7560:Pearls
7385:Mastic
7355:Rattan
7336:Bamboo
7259:Horses
7215:Spices
7205:Olives
7190:Coffee
7165:Citrus
7092:Biotic
7066:Major
6947:Dehesa
6908:tannin
6893:Rattan
6856:Forage
6819:edible
6814:Bamboo
6809:Amadou
6788:Rubber
6709:Chicle
6651:Mastic
6603:Resins
6586:Ucuuba
6581:Tucuma
6566:Tamanu
6523:kernel
6494:Mafura
6464:Illipe
6417:Bacuri
6368:Nutmeg
6312:spices
6037:Durian
5997:Banana
5347:Elaeis
4890:Muktuk
4803:Butter
4779:Tallow
4760:mutton
4746:Lardon
4645:
4622:
4603:
4446:
4405:
4395:
4198:
4039:
4031:
3996:
3986:
3383:
3373:
3334:
3324:
3207:
3026:"Kalu"
2985:
2741:30 May
2583:
2474:et al.
2440:
2415:
2390:
2072:13.4:1
1980:Sesame
1971:15.6:1
1934:61.6:1
1910:Peanut
1872:45.5:1
1718:
1515:Canola
1473:12.5:1
1305:Carapa
1131:Peanut
1106:Canola
1062:Notes
839:hexane
798:Method
657:rancid
638:oxygen
622:dammar
597:, and
583:peanut
571:canola
544:almond
540:sesame
514:, and
504:butter
417:Brazil
397:Windex
376:Crisco
341:esters
290:Israel
267:, and
251:, and
223:, are
10465:Labor
10440:Final
10430:Goods
10403:Crime
10348:UKSIC
10338:NAICS
10249:Other
10156:Radio
10134:Music
10109:Books
9942:Other
9908:Sport
9728:Audit
9559:Cafés
9517:Taxis
9455:Cargo
9363:Sales
9256:Roads
9130:Water
9077:Ships
9067:space
9041:Power
9026:Heavy
8974:Steel
8869:Brick
8818:Glass
8765:Tires
8733:Paper
7863:Flour
7759:Chalk
7580:Clams
7576:Both
7513:Squid
7498:Crabs
7483:Shark
7399:syrup
7232:Seeds
7185:Cocoa
7138:Sugar
6876:henna
6851:Ferns
6802:Other
6751:Latex
6671:Rosin
6666:Pitch
6656:Myrrh
6641:Kauri
6499:Mahua
6489:Kusum
6479:Kombo
6474:Kokum
6396:waxes
6353:Clove
6259:Morel
6193:Ramps
6129:queen
6104:Betel
6096:roots
5957:Honey
5727:Neste
5587:Neste
5376:pests
5020:Fruit
4794:Dairy
4729:Lardo
4518:(PDF)
4507:(PDF)
4059:(PDF)
4037:S2CID
3685:(PDF)
3674:(PDF)
3634:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3545:(PDF)
3205:S2CID
3122:. In
3028:. In
2768:(PDF)
2761:(PDF)
2587:p. 22
2537:(PDF)
2522:(PDF)
2310:Lipid
2104:128:1
2036:7.3:1
2004:138:1
1928:0.318
1814:Olive
1772:2.5:1
1705:0.2:1
1673:1.5:1
1566:0.019
1506:419:1
1460:52–66
1441:ratio
1439:ω−6:3
1435:(ω−6)
1426:(ω−3)
1417:Total
1414:(ω−9)
1409:Oleic
1405:Total
1233:seeds
1183:Olive
1101:18.24
1088:41.28
1072:41.31
1012:0.45
1002:0.75
970:Yield
967:Crop
937:Yield
806:Ghani
739:NNFCC
685:epoxy
634:flash
618:alkyd
542:, or
536:olive
405:China
219:, or
65:Types
10368:TRBC
10358:GICS
10333:NACE
10326:ISIC
10151:News
10129:Film
9666:Life
9480:Rail
9470:Mail
9311:HVAC
9271:Dams
8952:Iron
8889:Tile
8748:Pulp
8701:Wood
8600:Soap
8590:inks
8452:Coke
8221:Toys
7989:Furs
7967:Rope
7957:Lace
7915:Wine
7899:Beer
7867:Meat
7841:Food
7764:Clay
7754:Sand
7732:Salt
7677:Gold
7672:Iron
7632:Peat
7627:Coal
7530:Carp
7493:Tuna
7403:wine
7299:Silk
7274:Wool
7200:Nuts
6883:Peat
6866:Moss
6846:Cork
6746:Kino
6534:Pilu
6519:Palm
6307:Nuts
5962:pine
5952:Furs
5624:fuel
5051:oils
5022:oils
5010:List
5006:oils
4962:Oils
4847:fats
4828:Smen
4813:Ghee
4796:fats
4774:Suet
4762:fats
4756:Beef
4741:Lard
4734:Salo
4707:Fats
4663:link
4643:ISBN
4620:ISBN
4601:ISBN
4444:PMID
4403:PMID
4286:2017
4264:2017
4224:2021
4196:ISBN
4151:2017
4129:2017
4107:2017
4085:2017
4029:PMID
3994:PMID
3949:2017
3927:2017
3905:2017
3883:2017
3861:2017
3839:2011
3802:2017
3742:2017
3720:2019
3693:2020
3656:2017
3616:2017
3549:USDA
3381:OCLC
3371:ISBN
3350:link
3332:OCLC
3322:ISBN
3297:2019
3266:2021
3174:2019
2983:ISBN
2794:help
2743:2015
2623:link
2581:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2345:Soap
2325:Neem
2234:and
2154:seed
2135:52.9
2132:10.4
2129:63.3
2126:22.2
2123:22.8
2101:20.5
2098:0.16
2095:20.7
2092:62.9
2089:63.4
2086:8.99
2069:34.9
2063:37.6
2060:42.5
2057:43.0
2054:14.9
2027:57.7
2024:22.6
2021:22.8
2018:15.6
2001:41.3
1995:41.7
1992:39.3
1989:39.7
1986:14.2
1968:34.4
1961:36.6
1957:38.4
1953:38.4
1931:19.6
1925:19.9
1922:55.4
1919:57.1
1916:16.2
1888:88.2
1881:Palm
1857:37.0
1854:49.3
1848:Palm
1839:14:1
1830:10.5
1827:71.3
1824:73.0
1821:13.8
1802:12.8
1796:12.8
1793:75.2
1790:75.2
1769:54.0
1766:22.0
1763:82.0
1736:74.7
1733:0.15
1730:74.9
1724:14.8
1721:10.4
1696:67.8
1690:18.4
1656:93.6
1638:54:1
1629:51.9
1623:17.8
1620:25.9
1605:58:1
1596:54.7
1593:27.3
1590:27.6
1587:12.9
1581:Corn
1572:88:1
1569:1.68
1554:82.5
1536:18.6
1530:28.1
1527:61.8
1524:63.3
1503:41.9
1497:42.0
1494:31.3
1491:32.7
1488:24.8
1470:12.5
1464:13.5
1457:70.6
1454:11.6
1433:acid
1424:acid
1412:acid
1369:Type
1231:flax
1187:2.84
1174:3.48
1161:4.85
1148:4.99
1135:4.82
1122:9.91
1068:Palm
1022:0.6
992:1.4
982:4.0
951:tons
737:The
700:Fuel
648:and
595:palm
512:lard
508:ghee
483:Uses
359:and
225:oils
129:Fuel
106:Uses
97:list
87:list
77:list
10363:ICB
10343:SIC
10031:Sex
8512:Tar
8355:Gun
7463:Cod
7269:Pig
7195:Tea
6695:gum
6691:Sap
6391:Oil
6228:Cep
5715:AAK
5476:oil
5049:Nut
4434:doi
4393:PMC
4385:doi
4188:doi
4021:doi
3984:PMC
3976:doi
3776:doi
3772:120
3197:doi
2847:doi
2380:doi
2138:5:1
2120:9.1
2066:2.6
1998:0.3
1965:2.2
1891:5.7
1869:9.1
1866:0.2
1863:9.3
1836:9.8
1833:0.7
1787:7.5
1760:9.0
1757:9.0
1754:7.0
1687:9.0
1670:0.3
1667:0.2
1664:0.6
1659:1.5
1563:1.7
1557:6.3
1539:2:1
1533:9.1
1521:7.4
1500:0.1
1042:SVO
663:or
546:oil
430:in
273:oil
239:of
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4659:}}
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