53:
3225:
3214:
3093:
4244:: "the bulk of the RV represents only 5 or 6 generations of kings (and of the contemporary poets)24 of the Pūru and Bharata tribes. It contains little else before and after this “snapshot” view of contemporary Rgvedic history, as reported by these contemporary “tape recordings.” On the other hand, the whole Rgvedic period may have lasted even up to 700 years, from the infiltration of the Indo-Aryans into the subcontinent, c. 1900 B.C. (at the utmost, the time of collapse of the Indus civilization), up to c. 1200 B.C., the time of the introduction of iron which is first mentioned in the clearly post-vedic hymns of the Atharvaveda."
2414:(branches, schools). Each school likely represented an ancient community of a particular area, or kingdom. Each school followed its own canon. Multiple recensions (revisions) are known for each of the Vedas. Thus, states Witzel as well as Renou, in the 2nd millennium BCE, there was likely no canon of one broadly accepted Vedic texts, no Vedic “Scripture”, but only a canon of various texts accepted by each school. Some of these texts have survived, most lost or yet to be found. Rigveda that survives in modern times, for example, is in only one extremely well preserved school of Śåkalya, from a region called
10756:
934:
3308:(fire) on the occasion of a marriage, and the hymn prays for prosperity of the couple getting married. The second hymn wishes for their long life, kind relatives, and a numerous progeny. The third hymn is a mutual marriage pledge, between the bride and groom, by which the two bind themselves to each other. The sixth through last hymns of the first chapter in Chandogya Brahmana are ritual celebrations on the birth of a child and wishes for health, wealth, and prosperity with a profusion of cows and
4087:
12062:
3361:, variously interpreted to mean either the "last chapters, parts of the Vedas" or "the object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The central concern of the Upanishads are the connections "between parts of the human organism and cosmic realities." The Upanishads intend to create a hierarchy of connected and dependent realities, evoking a sense of unity of "the separate elements of the world and of human experience them into a single form." The concepts of
2101:, etymological compendia, were developed to preserve and clarify the original meaning of many Sanskrit words. According to Staal, as referenced by Holdrege, though the mantras may have a discursive meaning, when the mantras are recited in the Vedic rituals "they are disengaged from their original context and are employed in ways that have little or nothing to do with their meaning." The words of the mantras are "themselves sacred," and "do not constitute
12072:
12051:
155:
12509:
1367:
10502:
3130:), the Black Yajurveda intersperses the Samhita with Brahmana commentary. Of the Black Yajurveda, texts from four major schools have survived (Maitrayani, Katha, Kapisthala-Katha, Taittiriya), while of the White Yajurveda, two (Kanva and Madhyandina). The youngest layer of Yajurveda text is not related to rituals nor sacrifice, it includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of
12082:
3373:, and knowing the correspondence between Ātman and Brahman as "the fundamental principle which shapes the world" permits the creation of an integrative vision of the whole. The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions, and of the Vedic corpus, they alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishads have influenced the diverse traditions of Hinduism.
4073:
4101:
10494:
191:
7670:"The latest of the four Vedas, the Atharva-Veda, is, as we have seen, largely composed of magical texts and charms, but here and there we find cosmological hymns which anticipate the Upanishads, – hymns to Skambha, the 'Support', who is seen as the first principle which is both the material and efficient cause of the universe, to Prāna, the 'Breath of Life', to Vāc, the 'Word', and so on."
4303:) prepared from 1930 under Vishva Bandhu, and published in five volumes in 1935–1965. Its scope extends to about 400 texts, including the entire Vedic Sanskrit corpus besides some "sub-Vedic" texts. Volume I: Samhitas, Volume II: Brahmanas and Aranyakas, Volume III: Upanishads, Volume IV: Vedangas; A revised edition, extending to about 1800 pages, was published in 1973–1976.
2554:
2046:(hand signs). This provided an additional visual confirmation, and also an alternate means to check the reading integrity by the audience, in addition to the audible means. Houben and Rath note that a strong "memory culture" existed in ancient India when texts were transmitted orally, before the advent of writing in the early first millennium CE. According to
2026:(Vedic study) of sound as uttered in a Vedic recitation, mastering the texts "literally forward and backward in fully acoustic fashion." Houben and Rath note that the Vedic textual tradition cannot simply be characterized as oral, "since it also depends significantly on a memory culture." The Vedas were preserved with precision with the help of elaborate
2110:
In the
Brahmanical perspective, the sounds have their own meaning, mantras are considered as "primordial rhythms of creation", preceding the forms to which they refer. By reciting them the cosmos is regenerated, "by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base. As long as the purity of the sounds is preserved, the recitation of the
1695:; there are various dialects and locally prominent traditions of the Vedic schools. Nevertheless, it is advisable to stick to the division adopted by Max Müller because it follows the Indian tradition, conveys the historical sequence fairly accurately, and underlies the current editions, translations, and monographs on Vedic literature."
2500:(literally "mesh recitation") in which every two adjacent words in the text were first recited in their original order, then repeated in the reverse order, and finally repeated in the original order. That these methods have been effective, is attested to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the
3115:. Unlike the Samaveda which is almost entirely based on Rigveda mantras and structured as songs, the Yajurveda samhitas are in prose, and they are different from earlier Vedic texts linguistically. The Yajur Veda has been the primary source of information about sacrifices during Vedic times and associated rituals.
1518:, "wilderness texts" or "forest treaties", were composed by people who meditated in the woods as recluses and are the third part of the Vedas. The texts contain discussions and interpretations of ceremonies, from ritualistic to symbolic meta-ritualistic points of view. It is frequently read in secondary literature.
8027:, p. 3; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth , in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".
5565:, p. 3; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth , in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".
4426:
in the modern sense was Panini's grammar). These early Indian methods allowed the construction of discrete, potentially infinite generative systems. Remarkably, these early linguistic systems were codified orally, though writing was then used to develop them in some way. The formal basis for Panini's
3183:
rites to address superstitious anxiety, spells to remove maladies believed to be caused by demons, and herbs- and nature-derived potions as medicine. The text, states
Kenneth Zysk, is one of oldest surviving record of the evolutionary practices in religious medicine and reveals the "earliest forms of
2109:
sounds, "means to an end." Holdrege notes that there are scarce commentaries on the meaning of the mantras, in contrast to the number of commentaries on the
Brahmanas and Upanishads, but states that the lack of emphasis on the "discursive meaning does not necessarily imply that they are meaningless."
4546:
the ultimate reality is nothing other than the eternal words of the Vedas. They did not accept the existence of a single supreme creator god, who might have composed the Veda. According to the
Mimamsa, gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the mantras that speak their names. The power
3916:
village. Vedas are recited by these
Brahmins, and even their parrots are mentioned in the poem as those who sing the Vedic hymns. People in these Vedic villages did not eat meat, nor raise fowls. They ate rice, salad leaves boiled in ghee, pickles and vegetables. Apart from the Sanskrit Vedas there
2468:
Each of the four Vedas were shared by the numerous schools, but revised, interpolated and adapted locally, in and after the Vedic period, giving rise to various recensions of the text. Some texts were revised into the modern era, raising significant debate on parts of the text which are believed to
3430:
The
Vedangas developed towards the end of the vedic period, around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedas, composed centuries earlier, became too archaic to the people of that time. The Vedangas were sciences
3020:
In the
Samaveda, some of the Rigvedic verses are repeated. Including repetitions, there are a total of 1875 verses numbered in the Samaveda recension translated by Griffith. Two major recensions have survived, the Kauthuma/Ranayaniya and the Jaiminiya. Its purpose was liturgical, and they were the
2820:
notes that the rituals, rites and ceremonies described in these ancient texts reconstruct to a large degree the Indo-European marriage rituals observed in a region spanning the Indian subcontinent, Persia and the
European area, and some greater details are found in the Vedic era texts such as the
4329:
at pp. 1–5: "The Vedas are divided in two parts, the first is the karma-kanda, the ceremonial part, also (called) purva-kanda, and treats on ceremonies; the second part is the jnana kanda, the part which contains knowledge, also named uttara-kanda or posterior part, and unfolds the knowledge of
3016:
books. Just as in the
Rigveda, the early sections of Samaveda typically begin with hymns to Agni and Indra but shift to the abstract. Their meters shift also in a descending order. The songs in the later sections of the Samaveda have the least deviation from the hymns derived from the Rigveda.
2138:
The Vedas were written down only after 500 BCE, but only the orally transmitted texts are regarded as authoritative, given the emphasis on the exact pronunciation of the sounds. Witzel suggests that attempts to write down the Vedic texts towards the end of 1st millennium BCE were unsuccessful,
3191:
The
Atharva veda has been a primary source for information about Vedic culture, the customs and beliefs, the aspirations and frustrations of everyday Vedic life, as well as those associated with kings and governance. The text also includes hymns dealing with the two major rituals of passage –
2951:
and other gods, all arranged according to decreasing total number of hymns in each deity collection; for each deity series, the hymns progress from longer to shorter ones, but the number of hymns per book increases. Finally, the meter too is systematically arranged from jagati and tristubh to
2114:
will be efficacious, irrespective of whether their discursive meaning is understood by human beings." Frazier further notes that "later Vedic texts sought deeper understanding of the reasons the rituals worked," which indicates that the Brahmin communities considered study to be a "process of
4393:
Several authors refer to the Chinese Buddhist Monk I-Tsing, who visited India in the 7th century to retrieve Buddhist texts and gave examples of mnemonic techniques used in India: "In India there are two traditional ways in which one can attain great intellectual power. Firstly by repeatedly
3983:
Though many religious Hindus implicitly acknowledge the authority of the Vedas, this acknowledgment is often "no more than a declaration that someone considers himself a Hindu," and "most Indians today pay lip service to the Veda and have no regard for the contents of the text." Some Hindus
7754:
Maurice Bloomfield (Translator), Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42, Oxford University Press; Atharvaveda dedicates over 30 chapters to love relationships, sexuality and for conceiving a child, see e.g. chapters 1.14, 2.30, 3.25, 6.60, 6.78, 6.82, 6.130–6.132; On peaceful social and family
3172:– have survived into the modern times. The Atharvaveda was not considered as a Veda in the Vedic era, and was accepted as a Veda in late 1st millennium BCE. It was compiled last, probably around 900 BCE, although some of its material may go back to the time of the Rigveda, or earlier.
2276:
scholar, "thinks of the Veda as something to be trained and mastered to be put into practical ritual use," noticing that "it is not the meaning of the mantras that is most essential but rather the perfect mastering of their sound form." According to Galewicz, Sayana saw the purpose
1506:
are prose texts that comment on and explain the solemn rituals as well as expound on their meaning and many connected themes. Each of the Brahmanas is associated with one of the Samhitas or its recensions. The oldest dated to about 900 BCE, while the youngest Brahmanas (such as the
4473:(ca. 500 BCE), a work devoted to an etymology of Vedic words that were no longer understood by ordinary people, held that the word of the Veda was no longer perceived as meaningful "normal" speech but as a fixed sequence of sounds, whose meaning was obscure beyond recovery."
4403:
Staal: "by far the more remarkable , not merely because it is characteristically Indian and unlike anything we find elsewhere, but also because it has led to scientific discoveries that are of enduring interest and from which the contemporary West still has much to learn."
2339:. Only the perfect language of the Vedas, as in contrast to ordinary speech, can reveal these truths, which were preserved by committing them to memory. According to Mukherjee, while these truths are imparted to the student by the memorized texts, "the realization of
4635:(a hymn that is widely cited in the Upanishads as the parable of the Body and the Soul): "Two birds with fair wings, inseparable companions; Have found refuge in the same sheltering tree. One incessantly eats from the fig tree; the other, not eating, just looks on.";
5518:, pp. 2–3; Quote: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they alone of the Vedic corpus are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."
2134:
has argued for an earlier literary tradition, concluding that the Vedas bear hallmarks of a literate culture along with oral transmission, but Goody's views have been strongly criticised by Falk, Lopez Jr,. and Staal, though they have also found some support.
2054:-Watt hypothesis "according to which literacy is more reliable than orality," this tradition of oral transmission "is closely related to Indian forms of science," and "by far the more remarkable" than the relatively recent tradition of written transmission.
2291:. For Sayana, whether the mantras had meaning depended on the context of their practical usage. This conception of the Veda, as a repertoire to be mastered and performed, takes precedence over the internal meaning or "autonomous message of the hymns." Most
1557:
are largely philosophical works, some in dialogue form. They are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions. Of the Vedic corpus, they alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishads are still influential in
4394:
committing to memory the intellect is developed; secondly the alphabet fixes (to) one's ideas. By this way, after a practice of ten days or a month, a student feels his thoughts rise like a fountain, and can commit to memory whatever he has heard once."
2824:
Only one version of the Rigveda is known to have survived into the modern era. Several different versions of the Sama Veda and the Atharva Veda are known, and many different versions of the Yajur Veda have been found in different parts of South Asia.
3725:
Let drama and dance (Nātya, नाट्य) be the fifth vedic scripture. Combined with an epic story, tending to virtue, wealth, joy and spiritual freedom, it must contain the significance of every scripture, and forward every art. Thus, from all the Vedas,
2988:
consists of 1549 stanzas, taken almost entirely (except for 75 mantras) from the Rigveda. While its earliest parts are believed to date from as early as the Rigvedic period, the existing compilation dates from the post-Rigvedic Mantra period of
4518:= to grow, to become great, was originally identical with the Vedic word, that makes people prosper: words were the pricipan means to approach the gods who dwelled in a different sphere. It was not a big step from this notion of "reified
3481:
Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of
2007:. Only this tradition, embodied by a living teacher, can teach the correct pronunciation of the sounds and explain hidden meanings, in a way the "dead and entombed manuscript" cannot do. As Leela Prasad states, "According to
4758:
2517:
The Vedas were orally transmitted by memorization, and were written down only after 500 BCE, All printed editions of the Vedas that survive in the modern times are likely the version existing in about the 16th century CE.
3340:, however, neither are homogeneous in content nor in structure. They are a medley of instructions and ideas, and some include chapters of Upanishads within them. Two theories have been proposed on the origin of the word
4600:
Mookerji also refers to the Uśanā smriti (81-2), which "states that mastery of mere text of Veda is to be followed up by its meaning" by discussing the Vedanta. where-after they were able to engage in doscourses on the
3011:
The Samaveda samhita has two major parts. The first part includes four melody collections (gāna, गान) and the second part three verse “books” (ārcika, आर्चिक). A melody in the song books corresponds to a verse in the
2143:
rules explicitly forbidding the writing down of the Vedas. Due to the ephemeral nature of the manuscript material (birch bark or palm leaves), surviving manuscripts rarely surpass an age of a few hundred years. The
7384:
For 1875 total verses, see the numbering given in Ralph T. H. Griffith. Griffith's introduction mentions the recension history for his text. Repetitions may be found by consulting the cross-index in Griffith pp.
3507:"supplement, appendix" is the term applied to various ancillary works of Vedic literature, dealing mainly with details of ritual and elaborations of the texts logically and chronologically prior to them: the
3126:). The term "black" implies "the un-arranged, motley collection" of verses in Yajurveda, in contrast to the "white" (well arranged) Yajurveda. The White Yajurveda separates the Samhita from its Brahmana (the
3262:
The Brahmanas are commentaries, explanation of proper methods and meaning of Vedic Samhita rituals in the four Vedas. They also incorporate myths, legends and in some cases philosophy. Each regional Vedic
9216:
8000:, p. 39; Quote: "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
5535:, p. 39; Quote: "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
3344:. One theory holds that these texts were meant to be studied in a forest, while the other holds that the name came from these being the manuals of allegorical interpretation of sacrifices, for those in
3884:
mentions that Tamil Nadu was a land of Vedas and a place where everyone knew the Vedas. The Vedas are also considered as a text filled with deep meaning which can be understood only by scholars. The
2484:
Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity. For example, memorization of the sacred
2959:
rituals, performed with the coronation of a king, "set in motion cyclical regenerations of the universe." In terms of substance, the nature of hymns shift from praise of deities in early books to
3160:
poets. It has about 760 hymns, and about 160 of the hymns are in common with the Rigveda. Most of the verses are metrical, but some sections are in prose. Two different versions of the text – the
1511:), were complete by about 700 BCE. The Brahmanas may either form separate texts or can be partly integrated into the text of the Samhitas. They may also include the Aranyakas and Upanishads.
12118:
1613:. In other parts, they show evolution of ideas, such as from actual sacrifice to symbolic sacrifice, and of spirituality in the Upanishads. This has inspired later Hindu scholars such as
3644:("applied knowledge") is used in traditional literature to designate the subjects of certain technical works. Lists of what subjects are included in this class differ among sources. The
4480:(800-600 BCE) describe a legend about priests and it criticizes how they go about reciting verses and singing hymns without any idea what they mean or the divine principle they signify.
2317:
was considered as more important and vital to education than their mere mechanical repetition and correct pronunciation." Mookei refers to Sayana as stating that "the mastery of texts,
2793:
1500 BCE and 1200 BCE. Witzel notes that it is the Vedic period itself, where incipient lists divide the Vedic texts into three (trayī) or four branches: Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva.
4339:"As a skilled craftsman makes a car, a singer I, Mighty One! this hymn for thee have fashioned. If thou, O Agni, God, accept it gladly, may we obtain thereby the heavenly Waters". –
3980:
for example, states that "the wise man should not elect as his authority the word of the Vedas, which is full of impurity, produces but scanty and transitory fruits and is limited."
52:
3896:
mentions that the four Vedas were chanted by the priests of Ancient Tamilakam, this shows chanting of Vedas and growing sacred fires are part of the Tamil culture. Vedas are called
3809:
is a vast genre of encyclopedic Indian literature about a wide range of topics particularly myths, legends and other traditional lore. Several of these texts are named after major
4766:
3269:(school) has its own operating manual-like Brahmana text, most of which have been lost. A total of 19 Brahmana texts have survived into modern times: two associated with the
2789:"; that is, "the triple science" of reciting hymns (Rigveda), performing sacrifices (Yajurveda), and chanting songs (Samaveda). The Rig Veda most likely was composed between
4615:, "What is the ultimate limit of the earth?", "What is the center of the universe?", "What is the semen of the cosmic horse?", "What is the ultimate source of human speech?"
4177:
1400 BCE. The oldest available text is estimated to be from 1200 BCE. Philological estimates tend to date the bulk of the text to the second half of the second millennium:
3049:
consists of prose mantras. It is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the
3730:
framed the Nātya Veda. From the Rig Veda he drew forth the words, from the Sama Veda the melody, from the Yajur Veda gesture, and from the Atharva Veda the sentiment.
3296:
The substance of the Brahmana text varies with each Veda. For example, the first chapter of the Chandogya Brahmana, one of the oldest Brahmanas, includes eight ritual
2970:
There are similarities between the mythology, rituals and linguistics in Rigveda and those found in ancient central Asia, Iranian and Hindukush (Afghanistan) regions.
2015:) has as much authority as the written Shastra," explaining that the tradition "bears the authority to clarify and provide direction in the application of knowledge."
3941:
have taken differing positions on the authority of the Vedas. Schools of Indian philosophy which acknowledge the authority of the Vedas are classified as "orthodox" (
3184:
folk healing of Indo-European antiquity". Many books of the Atharvaveda Samhita are dedicated to rituals without magic, such as to philosophical speculations and to
12111:
2804:(text on rituals, ceremonies such as newborn baby's rites of passage, coming of age, marriages, retirement and cremation, sacrifices and symbolic sacrifices), the
4418:, had completely mastered methods of linguistic theory not rediscovered again until the 1950s and the applications of modern mathematical logic to linguistics by
3523:. Naturally classified with the Veda to which each pertains, Parisista works exist for each of the four Vedas. However, only the literature associated with the
9224:
4058:
1581:
While production of Brahmanas and Aranyakas ceased with the end of the Vedic period, additional Upanishads were composed after the end of the Vedic period. The
1745:, which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless." The Vedas, for orthodox Indian theologians, are considered revelations seen by ancient
1561:
The texts considered "Vedic" in the sense of "corollaries of the Vedas" are less clearly defined, and may include numerous post-Vedic texts such as the later
4556:
The early Buddhist texts are also generally believed to be of oral tradition, with the first Pali Canon written many centuries after the death of the Buddha.
920:
2955:
The rituals became increasingly complex over time, and the king's association with them strengthened both the position of the Brahmans and the kings. The
12104:
4895:
Bloomfield, M. The Atharvaveda and the Gopatha-Brahmana, (Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde II.1.b.) Strassburg 1899; Gonda, J.
3864:
Vedas finds its earliest literary mention in the Sangam literature dated to the 5th century BCE. The Vedas were read by almost every caste in ancient
1206:
have taken differing positions on the Vedas. Schools of Indian philosophy that acknowledge the importance or primal authority of the Vedas comprise
9103:
Broo, Mans (2016), "Rites of Burial and Immersion: Hindu Ritual practices on Disposing of Sacred Texts in Vrindavan", in Myrvold, Kristina (ed.),
8654:
2272:
Holdrege notes that in Vedic learning "priority has been given to recitation over interpretation" of the Samhitas. Galewicz states that Sayana, a
9426:
Galewicz, Cezary (2011), "Why Should the Flower of Dharma be Invisible? Sayana's Vision of the Unity of the Veda", in Squarcini, Federico (ed.),
4792:
8366:
5354:
37,575 are Rigvedic. Of the remaining, 34,857 appear in the other three Samhitas, and 16,405 are known only from Brahmanas, Upanishads or Sutras
1780:
1500 and 1200 BCE, while book 10 of the Rig Veda, and the other Samhitas were composed between 1200 and 900 BCE more eastward, between the
12871:
10107:
7448:
6765:
7748:
Maurice Bloomfield (Translator), Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42, Oxford University Press; see also chapters 3.11, 3.31, 4.10, 5.30, 19.26;
5527:
Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al.), State University of New York Press,
7992:
Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al), State University of New York Press,
5251:
1677:
collection at any one time, but rather several handed down in separate Vedic schools; Upanişads are sometimes not to be distinguished from
2492:
of the same text. The texts were subsequently "proof-read" by comparing the different recited versions. Forms of recitation included the
5296:
5280:
2040:, "matching physical movements (such as nodding the head) with particular sounds and chanting in a group" and visualizing sounds by using
10030:
2723:
2572:
1464:
is used to refer only to these Samhitas, the collection of mantras. This is the oldest layer of Vedic texts, which were composed between
8940:
8121:
1483:, "to secure their benediction for success in battles or for welfare of the clan." The complete corpus of Vedic mantras as collected in
4355:
sums up mainstream estimates, according to which the Rigveda was compiled from as early as 1500 BCE over a period of several centuries.
12545:
4680:
authority by a Hindu orthodox school." This differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions.
4033:
was also recognized in the early 19th century. English translations of the Samhitas were published in the later 19th century, in the
3300:(hymns) for the ceremony of marriage and rituals at the birth of a child. The first hymn is a recitation that accompanies offering a
2221:
Yaska and Sayana, reflecting an ancient understanding, state that the Veda can be interpreted in three ways, giving "the truth about
9715:
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages
6286:
913:
8897:
10028:
Sullivan, B. M. (Summer 1994), "The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata: Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition",
9417:
Galewicz, Cezary (2004), "Changing Canons: What did Sayana think he commented upon", in Balcerowicz, Piotr; Mejor, Marek (eds.),
3984:
challenge the authority of the Vedas, thereby implicitly acknowledging its importance to the history of Hinduism, states Lipner.
3905:
6451:
5333:, "Hindus themselves often use the term to describe anything connected to the Vedas and their corollaries (e.g. Vedic culture)."
1354:, means "obtaining or finding wealth, property", while in some others it means "a bunch of grass together" as in a broom or for
6087:
3972:
Certain traditions which are often seen as being part of Hinduism also rejected the Vedas. For example, authors of the tantric
3175:
The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of magical formulas", an epithet declared to be incorrect by other scholars. The
2453:
beliefs where "there is an absolute reality that goes beyond the gods and that includes or transcends everything that exists."
1172:, which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless", revelations of sacred sounds and texts heard by ancient
9941:
3976:
tradition, like Siddha Mukundadeva, rejected the Vedas' authority. Likewise, some tantric Shaiva Agamas reject the Vedas. The
3334:
The Aranyakas layer of the Vedas include rituals, discussion of symbolic meta-rituals, as well as philosophical speculations.
3224:
2095:) of the mantras. Already at the end of the Vedic period their original meaning had become obscure for "ordinary people," and
2018:
The emphasis in this transmission is on the "proper articulation and pronunciation of the Vedic sounds", as prescribed in the
10483:
10452:
10237:
10191:
10097:
10077:
10059:
9989:
9971:
9953:
9931:
9881:
9863:
9835:
9815:
9779:
9769:
9743:
9690:
9670:
9635:
9608:
9588:
9570:
9552:
9516:
9498:
9480:
9462:
9408:
9390:
9368:
9350:
9332:
9307:
9277:
9259:
9206:
9185:
9161:
9121:
9094:
9076:
9058:
9038:
9017:
8924:
8876:
8771:
8683:
8640:
8623:
8603:
8579:
8562:
8545:
8525:
8501:
8484:
8462:
8437:
8420:
8335:
8308:
8171:
8024:
8007:
7997:
7980:
7908:
7891:
7856:
7807:
7773:
7732:
7715:
7658:
7641:
7621:
7568:
7523:
7469:
7310:
7192:
7165:
6522:
6435:
6409:
6221:
5562:
5542:
5532:
5515:
5488:
5447:
5422:
5212:
4948:
4928:
4920:
4883:
4655:
4642:
4187:
3312:. However, these verses are incomplete expositions, and their complete context emerges only with the Samhita layer of text.
2265:
the Veda is to be "inscribed in the minds and hearts of men" by memorization and recitation, while for the exponents of the
5326:
4620:, "Who gave blood, soul, spirit to the earth?", "How could the unstructured universe give origin to this structured world?"
1191:, and are considered to be "primordial rhythms of creation", preceding the forms to which they refer. By reciting them the
8196:
1901:. The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the composition of the mantra texts, with the establishment of the various
7283:
5660:
5265:
3213:
1951:
of the 14th century BCE, the only epigraphic record of Indo-Aryan contemporary to the Rigvedic period. He gives 150 BCE (
906:
8766:
Vasudha Narayanan (1994), The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual, University of South Carolina Press,
8432:
Vasudha Narayanan (1994), The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual, University of South Carolina Press,
4660:
11147:
7718:, pp. 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas".
5849:, p. 69; For oral composition and oral transmission for "many hundreds of years" before being written down, see:
675:
10362:
9908:
8191:
8072:
7692:
7585:
6926:
6775:
6546:
3486:. The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.
1948:
11979:
6490:
5205:
12892:
7047:, p. 69, "... almost all printed editions depend on the late manuscripts that are hardly older than 500 years"
2145:
1749:
after intense meditation, and texts that have been more carefully preserved since ancient times. In the Hindu Epic
8635:
BN Krishnamurti Sharma (2008), A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Motilal Banarsidass,
8037:
7289:
2301:
notes that the Rigveda, and Sayana's commentary, contain passages criticizing as fruitless mere recitation of the
11967:
11498:
10355:
The Vedas : texts, language & ritual: proceedings of the Third International Vedic Workshop, Leiden 2002
9286:
Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain (2004), "Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature", in
6944:
Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, their religion and institutions, Vol. 1
2947:
The Rigveda is structured based on clear principles. The Veda begins with a small book addressed to Agni, Indra,
2716:
2353:
is the real aim of Vedic learning, and not the mere recitation of texts. The supreme knowledge of the Absolute,
12085:
11796:
8067:
James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vedanga" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing,
643:
7547:
CL Prabhakar (1972), The Recensions of the Sukla Yajurveda, Archiv Orientální, Volume 40, Issue 1, pp. 347–353
7233:
For characterization of content and mentions of deities including Agni, Indra, Varuna, Soma, Surya, etc. see:
2130:
recension of the Yajurveda about the 1st century BCE; however oral tradition of transmission remained active.
12538:
11925:
8415:
John Carman (1989), The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli, University of Chicago Press,
8231:
3092:
1870:
1700–1100 BCE has also been given. The other three Samhitas are considered to date from the time of the
10332:
2963:
with questions such as, "what is the origin of the universe?, do even gods know the answer?", the virtue of
2313:. Mukherjee concludes that in the Rigvedic education of the mantras "the contemplation and comprehension of
1294:"aspect", "form" . This is not to be confused with the homonymous 1st and 3rd person singular perfect tense
11974:
9713:
8186:
BR Modak, The Ancillary Literature of the Atharva-Veda, New Delhi, Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan, 1993,
5510:
Wendy Doniger (1990), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press,
4267:, p. 62 This differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions.
2909:
The books were composed by poets from different priestly groups over a period of several centuries between
1926:
9645:
Mahadevan, T.M.P (1952), Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia; Dhirendra Mohan Datta (eds.),
8869:
Travellers in Faith: Studies of the Tablīghī Jamāʻat as a Transnational Islamic Movement for Faith Renewal
5749:
3893:
3431:
that focused on helping understand and interpret the Vedas that had been composed many centuries earlier.
12779:
11989:
10266:
8997:
The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
8699:
2148:
has a Rigveda manuscript from the 14th century; however, there are a number of older Veda manuscripts in
631:
10023:, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie voor Wetenschappen, North Holland Publishing Company
9534:
Kumar, Jay (2014), "Ayurveda and Early Indian Medicine", in Johnston, Lucas F.; Bauman, Whitney (eds.),
9131:
8750:
7146:
57:
Rigveda manuscript page, Mandala 1, Hymn 1 (Sukta 1), lines 1.1.1 to 1.1.9 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
12016:
11508:
11085:
10541:
10514:
10286:
8928:
3918:
3355:
The Upanishads reflect the last composed layer of texts in the Vedas. They are commonly referred to as
3233:
Manuscripts of the Vedas are in the Sanskrit language, but in many regional scripts in addition to the
2709:
2426:. The Vedic canon in its entirety consists of texts from all the various Vedic schools taken together.
2331:, perception of their meaning." Mukherjee explains that the Vedic knowledge was first perceived by the
2269:
and meditation the Vedas express a transcendental reality which can be approached with mystical means.
869:
670:
2202:
1577:, which are smriti texts. Together, the Vedas and these Sutras form part of the Vedic Sanskrit corpus.
12422:
12036:
10962:
10476:
7560:
4806:
4119:
3837:
3111:
includes about 1,875 verses, that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in
1234:, which did not regard the Vedas as authoritative, are referred to as "heterodox" or "non-orthodox" (
71:
10615:
10441:
10122:
7445:
6121:
12531:
11830:
11488:
11412:
11118:
10900:
10875:
10338:
9917:
7305:, in The Vedas – Texts, Language and Ritual, Editors: Griffiths and Houben (2004), Brill Academic,
4650:, A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads, Volume 1, Part 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
4291:
4035:
2383:
1526:
1019:
794:
789:
354:
334:
10650:
7768:
Kenneth Zysk (1993), Religious Medicine: The History and Evolution of Indian Medicine, Routledge,
7184:
3965:, which do not regard the Vedas as authorities, are referred to as "heterodox" or "non-orthodox" (
3200:. The Atharva Veda also dedicates significant portion of the text asking the meaning of a ritual.
12924:
12587:
12558:
12157:
11666:
11526:
11197:
10737:
10680:
8450:
8235:
4637:
Sources: (a) Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man,
4029:
drew attention to Vedic texts, specifically the Upanishads. The importance of Vedic Sanskrit for
1673:
These classifications are often not tenable for linguistic and formal reasons: There is not only
892:
774:
725:
11561:
1119:
traditions. The Samhitas and Brahmanas describe about daily rituals and are generally meant for
12637:
12009:
11962:
11172:
10895:
10200:
9709:
8397:
8206:
6116:
5306:
5290:
5225:
4191:
3670:
1492:
1179:
The Vedas have been orally transmitted since the 2nd millennium BCE with the help of elaborate
700:
494:
359:
35:
10461:
10373:
9760:
India: What Can It Teach Us: A Course of Lectures Delivered Before the University of Cambridge
8515:
7921:
7903:
AB Keith (2007), The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, Motilal Banarsidass,
7839:
7367:
7302:
6500:
4522:" to that "of the speech-act being looked at implicitly and explicitly as a means to an end."
12798:
12329:
12096:
12031:
11984:
11957:
11920:
11177:
10232:, vol. 1, Veda and Upanishads, Wiesnaden: Harrassowitz: A History of Indian literature,
9942:"Redefining the authority of scripture: The rejection of Vedic infallibility by Brahmo Samaj"
9731:
8944:
8673:
8593:
7869:
6459:
6425:
5759:
4923:, pp. 8–14; George M. Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press,
4030:
2298:
1574:
933:
705:
606:
31:
17:
11493:
9378:
7759:
Maurice Bloomfield (Translator), Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42, Oxford University Press;
7710:(1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
7176:
6227:
4899:: I.1 Vedic literature (Samhitas and Brahmanas); I.2 The Ritual Sutras. Wiesbaden 1975, 1977
1348:
as a common noun means "knowledge". The term in some contexts, such as hymn 10.93.11 of the
12919:
12791:
12631:
12269:
12147:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11915:
11392:
10885:
10870:
10522:
10469:
8125:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 501–513, see page 505.
7433:
6095:
5383:
4427:
methods involved the use of "auxiliary" markers, rediscovered in the 1930s by the logician
4044:
3387:(spirituality section). In an alternate classification, the early part of Vedas are called
2888:
2816:(short ritual worship-related sections) are considered by some scholars as the fifth part.
2530:
2183:
2106:
1522:
779:
344:
301:
174:
9847:
Technology, Literacy, and the Evolution of Society: Implications of the Work of Jack Goody
6539:
Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.
4676:
authorities in absolute sense and may be disobeyed, but are recognized as a deontological
4259:
authorities in absolute sense and may be disobeyed, but are recognized as a deontological
3495:
3293:, the final codification of the Brahmanas took place in pre-Buddhist times (ca. 600 BCE).
1858:. The bulk of the Rigveda Samhita was composed in the northwestern region (Punjab) of the
1597:
in philosophical and metaphorical ways to explore abstract concepts such as the Absolute (
8:
12850:
12785:
12722:
12667:
12444:
12192:
12054:
12021:
11900:
11791:
11726:
11576:
11435:
11315:
11187:
11015:
10952:
10905:
9009:
8557:
Greg Bailey (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge,
8479:
Greg Bailey (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge,
7975:
PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press,
7787:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7616:
Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin,
7500:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7483:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7350:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7177:
7116:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7074:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
6878:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
4477:
4055:
4026:
4000:
3938:
3776:
3768:
3718:
3656:
3286:
3127:
2926:
1859:
1508:
1263:
1199:
1049:
1031:
715:
315:
211:
10704:
10564:
10271:, (an alphabetic index to every line, every stanza of the Vedas published before 1906),
8111:
7886:
Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
7802:
Moriz Winternitz (2010), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
7727:
Kenneth Zysk (2012), Understanding Mantras (Editor: Harvey Alper), Motilal Banarsidass,
4943:
Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
4025:
The study of Sanskrit in the West began in the 17th century. In the early 19th century,
3366:
1602:
401:
12857:
12434:
12364:
12359:
12279:
11856:
11815:
11107:
10920:
10865:
10422:
10272:
10137:
9756:
9321:
8845:, p.101, in Jacob Neusner (ed.), Sacred Texts and Authority, Wipf and Stock Publishers.
8274:
8257:
8078:
7102:
6897:
6319:
6134:
4423:
4170:
4004:
3973:
3078:
2628:
2623:
2377:
2257:), the part of the Veda dealing with the knowledge of the absolute, gives knowledge of
2218:
is a rare commentary on the Vedas, which is also referred to by contemporary scholars.
2186:
also contributed significantly to the preservation and interpretation of Vedic texts."
1964:
1956:
1855:
1550:
1484:
685:
411:
378:
296:
12304:
11080:
11055:
7786:
7499:
7482:
7421:
7349:
7115:
7073:
6877:
6770: • Karl Potter (1998), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4,
2649:
12879:
12773:
12489:
12409:
12399:
12172:
12071:
12065:
11945:
11935:
11801:
11736:
11129:
11070:
10925:
10915:
10414:
10358:
10280:
10233:
10187:
10138:"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu"
10093:
10073:
10055:
9985:
9967:
9949:
9927:
9921:
9904:
9877:
9859:
9831:
9811:
9775:
9739:
9719:
9686:
9666:
9650:
9631:
9604:
9584:
9566:
9548:
9512:
9494:
9476:
9458:
9404:
9386:
9379:
9364:
9346:
9328:
9303:
9273:
9255:
9202:
9181:
9157:
9117:
9105:
The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions
9090:
9072:
9054:
9034:
9013:
8920:
8872:
8767:
8679:
8636:
8619:
8599:
8575:
8558:
8541:
8521:
8497:
8480:
8458:
8433:
8416:
8331:
8304:
8279:
8187:
8167:
8068:
8020:
8003:
7993:
7976:
7904:
7887:
7852:
7803:
7769:
7728:
7711:
7688:
7654:
7637:
7617:
7581:
7564:
7519:
7465:
7306:
7188:
7161:
7003:
6990:
6922:
6771:
6542:
6518:
6463:
6431:
6405:
6217:
5558:
5538:
5528:
5511:
5484:
5443:
5418:
4944:
4924:
4916:
4879:
4651:
4638:
3631:
For the Atharvaveda, there are 79 works, collected as 72 distinctly named parisistas.
2758:
2105:." Instead, as Klostermaier notes, in their application in Vedic rituals they become
1183:. The mantras, the oldest part of the Vedas, are recited in the modern age for their
1010:
784:
754:
720:
658:
499:
383:
373:
11536:
10586:
10147:, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora; vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
7464:
Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man,
7002:
R̥gveda-sarvānukramaṇī Śaunakakr̥tāʼnuvākānukramaṇī ca, Maharṣi-Kātyayāna-viracitā,
6138:
6084:
3836:
has been among the most celebrated and popular text in the Puranic genre, and is of
3573:, consist of 18 works enumerated self-referentially in the fifth of the series (the
3348:(retired, forest-dwelling) stage of their life, according to the historic age-based
2292:
1741:
1651:("what is heard"), distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called
1195:
is regenerated, "by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base."
1156:("what is heard"), distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called
158:
12754:
12379:
12369:
12349:
12217:
12202:
12197:
11806:
11716:
11607:
11207:
11202:
11167:
11142:
11028:
10985:
10672:
10532:
10406:
10039:
9295:
8810:
The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika: Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition,
8379:
8269:
6309:
6301:
6126:
5554:
4215:, 1998, p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100 BCE.
4114:
4020:
3833:
3483:
3443:
3242:
3180:
3131:
2903:
2534:
2261:, "which fulfills all of our desires." According to Holdrege, for the exponents of
2222:
1894:
1720:
1566:
1330:
1207:
983:
954:
859:
809:
730:
695:
523:
504:
489:
441:
12843:
10990:
10295:
7756:
7751:
7745:
4547:
of the gods, then, is nothing other than the power of the mantras that name them."
4173:
separation of ca. 2000 BCE and probably that of the relevant Mitanni documents of
4047:
also presented English translations of the four Samhitas, published 1889 to 1899.
3676:
446:
12864:
12811:
12742:
12606:
12567:
12314:
12299:
12294:
12259:
12234:
12207:
12182:
12167:
12152:
12131:
12075:
11940:
11893:
11875:
11825:
11759:
11741:
11684:
11634:
11453:
11357:
11230:
11192:
11162:
11000:
10890:
10729:
10722:
10569:
10087:
9825:
9680:
9598:
9249:
9196:
9175:
9151:
9048:
8298:
8161:
7452:
6972:
6962:
6943:
6091:
5478:
5330:
4317:
4078:
3841:
3772:
3745:
3520:
3463:
3349:
3179:
layer of the text likely represents a developing 2nd millennium BCE tradition of
3053:
fire. The core text of the Yajurveda falls within the classical Mantra period of
2698:
1538:
1037:
849:
829:
804:
528:
456:
349:
10655:
10043:
9581:
The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination
9292:
History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science)
9153:
Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 5: The Philosophy of the Grammarians
5323:
1661:("what is remembered"). This indigenous system of categorization was adopted by
1111:, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). Some scholars add a fifth category – the
12914:
12830:
12697:
12554:
12479:
12459:
12439:
12414:
12404:
12389:
12374:
12344:
12309:
12289:
12239:
12229:
12224:
12212:
12187:
12177:
11910:
11846:
11689:
11033:
10910:
10880:
10715:
10133:
9874:
Poetics of conduct : oral narrative and moral being in a South Indian town
5398:
4106:
4008:
3784:
3760:
3749:
3285:. The oldest dated to about 900 BCE, while the youngest Brahmanas (such as the
3238:
3157:
3082:
3054:
2990:
2960:
2892:
2848:
2817:
2305:(words) without understanding their inner meaning or essence, the knowledge of
2161:
2076:
1980:
1960:
1930:
1898:
1633:(ज्ञान खण्ड, knowledge/spirituality-related sections, mainly the Upanishads').
1570:
1546:
1409:
1398:
1390:
1286:
1168:
1045:
839:
619:
339:
320:
85:
12254:
10579:
6130:
5442:(1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
4219:, p. 155 gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10.
3946:
3554:
is a short metrical text of two chapters, with 113 and 95 verses respectively.
2196:, which reflects the concerns about the loss of meaning of the mantras, while
1215:
1136:
12908:
12660:
12653:
12645:
12613:
12575:
12513:
12469:
12454:
12449:
12394:
12384:
12354:
12334:
12319:
12274:
12244:
12162:
12142:
12026:
11930:
11709:
11483:
11221:
11112:
11023:
10957:
10418:
10052:
The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva: A Selfless Response to an Illusory World
9723:
9654:
9287:
9171:
8116:
7842:, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, p. lxxxvii with footnote 2
7636:(2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin,
7303:
The Rigvedic religious system and its central Asian and Hindukush antecedents
6305:
4124:
3873:
3756:
3663:
2781:
Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called "
2123:
2037:
1922:
1773:
1716:
1699:
Among the widely known śrutis include the Vedas and their embedded texts—the
1666:
1553:, and others), composed between 800 BCE and the end of the Vedic period. The
1496:
1404:
Any text considered as "connected to the Vedas" or a "corollary of the Vedas"
1355:
1128:
1041:
854:
844:
819:
814:
769:
582:
558:
548:
543:
533:
518:
484:
406:
10145:
Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas
9752:
9299:
8915:
Müller, Friedrich Max (author) & Stone, Jon R. (author, editor) (2002).
7142:
4415:
4180:
4040:
3904:
in parts of South India. Marai literally means "hidden, a secret, mystery".
2437:
beliefs where only one god was worshipped but others were thought to exist,
2197:
2079:, Holdrege and other Indologists have noted that in the transmission of the
1979:
for several millennia. The authoritative transmission of the Vedas is by an
1918:
1662:
12805:
12765:
12625:
12600:
12494:
12464:
12324:
12284:
12264:
12249:
11581:
11546:
11443:
11060:
10089:
Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism
8517:
Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom: The Universal Hindu Vision and Its Edifice
8283:
7874:
7851:
Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
7556:
7515:
7372:
6977:
6967:
6948:
6216:
Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
5673:
4853:
4419:
4322:
4092:
3992:
3881:
3645:
3086:
2948:
2941:
2922:
2914:
2438:
2434:
2375:, can be obtained by taking vows of silence and obedience sense-restraint,
2355:
2179:
2008:
1976:
1890:
1871:
1844:
1793:
1614:
1445:
1394:
1124:
1120:
1115:(worship). The texts of the Upanishads discuss ideas akin to the heterodox
1103:(text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), and the
824:
759:
680:
577:
572:
553:
538:
95:
10168:
10153:
8618:
Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press,
8574:
Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press,
7323:
6681:
5200:
4297:
3686:
3674:
3623:
3616:
3604:
3594:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3548:
3533:
3501:
3472:
3464:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3167:
3161:
3071:
3024:
2783:
2738:
2494:
2475:
2407:
2004:
1952:
1765:(sages), after inspired creativity, just as a carpenter builds a chariot.
1690:
1684:
1678:
1653:
1643:
1539:
1527:
1454:
1422:
1342:
1296:
1252:
1158:
1148:
12708:
12691:
12523:
12484:
12474:
12339:
11888:
11721:
11649:
11639:
11551:
11541:
11516:
11157:
11152:
11043:
10837:
10821:
10764:
10699:
10635:
10258:
A Comprehensive History of Vedic Literature – Brahmana and Aranyaka Works
10016:
9316:
9023:
8163:
A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals
7633:
7007:
6918:
6314:
5196:
5024:
5022:
4575:
4352:
4134:
3996:
3934:
3877:
3788:
3706:
3702:
3524:
3345:
3282:
3149:
3143:
3062:
3001:
2774:
2665:
2489:
2446:
2232:
2118:
A literary tradition is traceable in post-Vedic times, after the rise of
2047:
2027:
1759:. The Vedic hymns themselves assert that they were skillfully created by
1751:
1728:
1203:
1180:
1095:(commentaries on and explanation of rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices -
1088:
1076:
1053:
939:
937:
The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the
710:
690:
638:
592:
587:
244:
182:
128:
9799:
Die Religion des Rgveda: Kompositionsanalyse der Soma-Hymnen des R̥gveda
9527:
Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature
7653:
Alex Wayman (1997), Untying the Knots in Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass,
7328:, the term for a melody applied to a metrical hymn or a song of praise,
4787:
2030:, such as memorizing the texts in eleven different modes of recitation (
12886:
12685:
11786:
11754:
11699:
11556:
11265:
11102:
11075:
10857:
10630:
8595:
The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe
8019:
Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press,
7220:
For 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses and division into ten mandalas, see:
6323:
5480:
The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination
4519:
4139:
4086:
3988:
3885:
3865:
3714:
3325:
3234:
2809:
2632:
2470:
2430:
2359:
2345:
2253:
2227:
2131:
2102:
2051:
1985:
1590:
1562:
1554:
1437:
1374:
1132:
1108:
1104:
864:
286:
273:
162:
10426:
10394:
9217:"Changing Conceptions of the Veda: From Speech-Acts to Magical Sounds"
9133:
Pattupattu – Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)
5417:
Biswas et al (1989), Cosmic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press,
5019:
3966:
3357:
2812:(text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). The
1235:
12836:
12822:
11905:
11694:
11644:
11617:
11566:
11531:
11521:
11473:
11372:
11340:
11285:
11182:
11137:
10811:
10225:
7707:
5439:
4677:
4647:
4428:
4260:
3869:
3599:
3566:
3451:
3370:
3290:
3274:
3197:
3185:
3046:
3040:
3005:
2805:
2801:
2754:
2612:
2469:
have been corrupted at a later date. The Vedas each have an Index or
1789:
1704:
1665:
and, while it is subject to some debate, it is still widely used. As
1655:
1534:
1449:
1441:
1188:
1184:
1160:
1068:
834:
764:
665:
239:
120:
8090:
8002:
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin,
5537:
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin,
4497:) "frequently do not understand what they recite" when reciting the
3942:
1211:
12679:
11950:
11769:
11764:
11654:
11591:
11571:
11402:
11238:
11065:
11038:
11005:
10947:
10847:
10842:
10816:
10741:
10625:
10497:
10410:
9446:
Religious Reading: The Place of Reading in the Practice of Religion
8837:, Princeton University Press, p.18; see also Julius Lipner (2012),
8426:
7135:
6107:
Kadvany, John (2007). "Positional Value and Linguistic Recursion".
4446:
may also mean "goal, purpose or essence," depending on the context.
3958:
3950:
3685:
3516:
3512:
3471:
3392:
3329:
3278:
3257:
3193:
3153:
3070:
2985:
2979:
2956:
2875:
2768:
2670:
2583:
2507:
2450:
2295:
are not performed in the modern era, and those that are, are rare.
2119:
1910:
1906:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1610:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1515:
1503:
1433:
1417:
1247:
1227:
1219:
1140:
1100:
1092:
1072:
1057:
626:
461:
268:
263:
234:
190:
124:
75:
10779:
10334:
An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield's A Vedic Concordance
9682:
Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory
9112:
Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013), "Nālandā",
8906:, p. 283 ("It is said that the Varna system Sanatan Hindu").
8330:
Paul Kuritz (1988), The Making of Theatre History, Prentice Hall,
6970:, Vol. 10, pp. 1–9 with footnotes (in German); For a translation,
5661:
Seer of the Fifth Veda: Kr̥ṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa in the Mahābhārata
4469:
4380:(priestly schools), as distinguished from the transmission in the
2967:(charity) in society, and other metaphysical issues in its hymns.
2796:
Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the
2206:
is the most important surviving text of the Vyākaraṇa traditions.
2187:
2085:
1645:
1150:
1096:
200:
12716:
11851:
11704:
11622:
11612:
11387:
11377:
11350:
11345:
11335:
11290:
11275:
11270:
11050:
10995:
10980:
10972:
10939:
10806:
10709:
10684:
10660:
10559:
10549:
10108:"Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state"
9926:(12th Princeton Paperback ed.), Princeton University Press,
9856:
Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia
9428:
Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia
9177:
The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought
9150:
Coward, Harold G.; Raja, K. Kunjunni; Potter, Karl, eds. (1990).
7744:
On magic spells and charms, such as those to gain better health:
7550:
6642:
4673:
4543:
4476:
The tenth through twelfth volumes of the first Prapathaka of the
4463:
4256:
3962:
3954:
3922:
3913:
3849:
3800:
3752:
texts considered as Vernacular Veda by some South Indian Hindus.
3717:". The earliest reference to such a "fifth Veda" is found in the
3710:
3652:
3540:
3508:
3459:
3435:
3425:
3388:
3362:
3321:
3270:
3176:
3112:
3108:
3066:
3058:
2884:
2841:
2813:
2797:
2748:
2568:
2563:
2545:
2502:
2388:
2314:
2273:
2207:
2192:
2175:
2170:, were part of the curriculum at ancient universities such as at
2167:
2097:
2058:
2023:
2019:
1975:
The Vedas were orally transmitted since their composition in the
1700:
1606:
1598:
1366:
1350:
1231:
1223:
1112:
1080:
1064:
799:
743:
474:
451:
436:
429:
258:
229:
107:
12508:
10645:
10501:
10375:
On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal
8411:
8409:
8360:
6603:
6515:"Educational institutions" in The Cambridge World History Vol. 5
5364:
5362:
5360:
4625:, "Where does the sun hide in the night?", "Where do gods live?"
3852:
scholars have commented on the underlying Vedanta themes in the
3000:
and 1000 BCE or "slightly later," roughly contemporary with the
2964:
2828:
The texts of the Upanishads discuss ideas akin to the heterodox
2243:), the part of the Veda dealing with ritual, gives knowledge of
1913:
discussions of their meaning, and reaches its end in the age of
1210:
specifically and are together classified as the six "orthodox" (
12748:
12736:
12673:
12593:
12127:
11883:
11861:
11674:
11627:
11586:
11468:
11458:
11397:
11305:
11248:
11243:
11097:
10784:
10620:
10606:
10591:
10491:
10395:"Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas"
8141:
8129:
8110:
7574:
7529:
7518:, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
5319:
4958:
4956:
4907:
4905:
4233:, p. 263, the whole Rig Vedic period may have lasted from
4129:
4051:
3888:
mentions that the ancestors of Velir kings where born from the
3845:
3727:
3574:
3265:
3118:
There are two major groups of texts in this Veda: the "Black" (
3085:, after c. 1200 and before 800 BCE. corresponding to the early
3022:
2929:. According to Michael Witzel, the initial codification of the
2918:
2762:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2327:
2211:
2171:
2166:
The Vedas, Vedic rituals and its ancillary sciences called the
2127:
2071:
1999:
1914:
1902:
1879:
1838:
1808:
1785:
1781:
1756:
1429:
1192:
1084:
874:
205:
12126:
8917:
The essential Max Müller: on language, mythology, and religion
8730:
7746:
Atharva Veda 2.32 Bhaishagykni, Charm to secure perfect health
7580:
Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣhads, Oxford University Press,
6427:
The Rigveda – The Earliest Religious Poetry of India, Volume 1
5981:
5945:
5217:
5215:
4975:
4973:
4971:
3383:(ritualistic section), while the Upanishads are identified as
2898:
and 10,600 verses in all, organized into ten books (Sanskrit:
2808:(commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the
2465:
were popular subjects of worship by polytheist organizations.
1471:–1200 BCE (Rig Veda book 2–9), and 1200–900 BCE for the other
992:
12730:
12619:
11779:
11774:
11478:
11448:
11382:
11362:
11300:
11280:
11253:
11092:
10694:
10640:
10596:
10574:
9946:
Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation
9067:
Bartley, Christ (2001), "Shankara", in Leaman, Oliver (ed.),
8718:
8455:
Readings in Vedic Literature: The Tradition Speaks for Itself
8406:
8051:
8049:
8047:
6251:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6056:
6054:
5357:
5141:
5139:
5137:
4630:, "What, where is the unborn support for the born universe?";
4414:
Staal argued that the ancient Indian grammarians, especially
4183:: "the hymns of the Rig-Veda are said to date from 1500 B.C."
3889:
3825:
3810:
3309:
3301:
3050:
2553:
2473:, the principal work of this kind being the general Index or
2454:
2423:
2419:
2371:
2323:
2283:
2149:
2091:
2067:
2042:
2032:
1947:–400 BCE. Witzel makes special reference to the Near Eastern
1827:
is the compiler of the Vedas, who arranged the four kinds of
1823:
1761:
1746:
1476:
1323:
1303:
1289:
1173:
747:
10322:
Bandhu, Vishva; Dev, Bhim (1963), Bhaskaran Nair, S. (ed.),
9455:
Understanding World Religions: An Interdisciplinary Approach
6720:
6239:
5737:
5629:
5627:
5054:
5052:
5039:
5037:
4953:
4902:
1621:(कर्म खण्ड, action/sacrificial ritual-related sections, the
11820:
11749:
11731:
11679:
11463:
11407:
11367:
11327:
11310:
11295:
11260:
10689:
10601:
10357:, Groningen : Forsten: Groningen Oriental Studies 20,
8540:
Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
8496:
Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
8395:
7813:
7405:
7403:
7388:
7083:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6744:
6581:
6579:
6330:
6012:
6010:
6008:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5084:
5082:
4968:
2895:
2462:
2458:
1959:
for all Vedic Sanskrit literature, and 1200 BCE (the early
1480:
1313:
1262:"to know". This is reconstructed as being derived from the
998:
969:
963:
9892:
The Rig-Vedic and Post-Rig-Vedic Polity (1500 BCE-500 BCE)
8706:
8044:
7944:
7942:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7252:
7158:
World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions
6793:
6781:
6732:
6708:
6698:
6696:
6659:
6657:
6620:
6618:
6193:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6051:
5969:
5957:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5861:
5859:
5797:
5795:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5134:
4367:, p. 92 quotes Harold G. Coward and K. Kunjunni Raja.
3369:, the essence of the individual, are central ideas in the
1866:
1500 and 1200 BCE, although a wider approximation of
10493:
10247:
Santucci, J.A. (1976), "An Outline of Vedic Literature",
10021:
The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science
8885:
7927:
7286:, Mandala 10, Hymn 117, Ralph T.H. Griffith (Translator);
6478:
6268:
6266:
6164:
6162:
6160:
5782:
5780:
5644:
5642:
5624:
5597:
5595:
5568:
5049:
5034:
3365:, the Ultimate Reality from which everything arises, and
2514:
period, without any variant readings within that school.
2442:
2365:
2340:
1893:, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the
1385:
The term "Vedic texts" is used in two distinct meanings:
1318:
9509:
Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture
9491:
Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture
9473:
Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture
8971:
8848:
8341:
7954:
7400:
6817:
6669:
6591:
6576:
6552:
6366:
6066:
6005:
5094:
5079:
3057:
at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE – younger than the
2433:
in which numerous gods had different natural functions,
1166:("what is remembered"). Hindus consider the Vedas to be
10554:
10326:, Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute
9547:(second ed.), State University of New York Press,
8061:
7939:
7924:, Part 1, Oxford University Press, p. lxxxvi footnote 1
7591:
6834:
6805:
6693:
6654:
6630:
6615:
6354:
6174:
6145:
5921:
5871:
5856:
5792:
5607:
5166:
4169:
It is certain that the hymns of the Rig Veda post-date
1878:
1200–900 BCE. The "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the
9565:(third ed.), State University of New York Press,
9290:; Cohen, Robert S.; Renn, Jürgen; et al. (eds.),
8777:
7687:(Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge,
7264:
7240:
6892:
6890:
6517:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 122.
6263:
6157:
6039:
5777:
5725:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5639:
5592:
5580:
5557:(2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press,
5069:
5067:
5009:
5007:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4493:(a group of male Brahmin reciters who are masters of
2865:
Whether God's will created it, or whether He was mute;
2860:
Gods came later, after the creation of this universe.
1024:
30:"Veda" and "Vedic" redirect here. For other uses, see
9294:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 137–157,
9198:
The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts
9087:
Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology
8866:
8815:
8258:"Origin and Development of Ayurveda: A Brief History"
6029:
6027:
6025:
5933:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5701:
5336:
4913:
Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4050:
Rigveda manuscripts were selected for inscription in
3813:
deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. There are 18
2287:
of carrying out sacrifice," giving precedence to the
1001:
972:
10070:
Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction
9854:
Pollock, Sheldon (2011), Squarcini, Federico (ed.),
9536:
Science and Religion: One Planet, Many Possibilities
9419:
Essays in Indian Philosophy, Religion and Literature
8212:
6564:
5819:
5807:
5713:
5271:
5257:
5156:
5154:
4843:(2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09
4565:
Literally, "the meaning of the Vedas made manifest."
4068:
3748:", for example Tiruvaymoli, is a term for canonical
3696:
2867:
Only He who is its overseer in highest heaven knows,
1279:
1268:
995:
989:
966:
960:
10755:
10249:
Scholars Press for the American Academy of Religion
9801:, Wien: Institut für Indologie der Universität Wien
8959:
8475:
8473:
6887:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6284:
5684:
5483:. State University of New York Press. p. 271.
5460:
5458:
5456:
5231:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5064:
5004:
4985:
4533:
1905:all over Northern India which annotated the mantra
1689:contain older strata of language attributed to the
1475:. The Samhitas contain invocations to deities like
1428:, "collection"), are collections of metric texts ("
986:
957:
10324:Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa: A Vedic Word-Concordance
9916:
9736:Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist
9619:Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sūtra
9320:
8369:, G Jha (Translator), Oriental Book Agency, p. 368
7422:The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools
7344:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7292:, Journal of Human Values, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3–12
7056:
7028:
7026:
6342:
6022:
5993:
5892:
5765:
4820:
4728:
4461:, p. 55: "Kautas, a teacher mentioned in the
2083:, the emphasis is on the phonology of the sounds (
9401:Duty, Language and Exegesis in Prabhakara Mimamsa
8941:"Rig Veda in UNESCO Memory of the World Register"
7151:. Williams and Norgate, London. pp. 559–565.
7130:
7128:
6851:
6849:
6424:Jamison, Stephanie W.; Brereton, Joel P. (2014).
5663:Bruce M. Sullivan, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 85–86
5476:
5151:
4939:
4937:
4397:
3107:The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda
2736:The canonical division of the Vedas is fourfold (
12906:
10353:Griffiths, Arlo (2004), Houben, Jan E.M. (ed.),
9808:Upanișads. A New Translation by Patrick Olivelle
9149:
8585:
8470:
8147:
8096:
6915:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy
6861:
6609:
5453:
5111:
3395:which together are identified as the ceremonial
3289:), were complete by about 700 BCE. According to
2933:took place at the end of the Rigvedic period at
2182:. According to Deshpande, "the tradition of the
1593:, among other things, interpret and discuss the
9708:
8797:The Baul Tradition: Sahaj Vision East and West,
8202:
8159:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7703:
7701:
7677:
7509:
7335:
7174:
7023:
6423:
6210:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5302:
5286:
5221:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
9437:The interface between the written and the oral
9008:(4th revised & enlarged ed.), Delhi:
8841:, Routledge, p.77; and Brian K. Smith (2008),
8671:
8598:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 10.
8551:
8507:
7845:
7664:
7610:
7155:
7125:
6846:
5470:
4934:
2394:
2152:that are dated from the 11th century onwards.
1499:), of which 72,000 occur in the four Samhitas.
1258:"knowledge, wisdom" is derived from the root
12539:
12112:
10477:
9790:A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, part 2
9771:The Bhagavadgita in the Nationalist Discourse
9600:Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
8839:Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
8457:, S.l.: Assoc Publishing Group, p. 240,
8296:
8255:
7683:Laurie Patton (2004), Veda and Upanishad, in
6106:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5403:Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes
4289:The Vedic Sanskrit corpus is incorporated in
3859:
3787:and Vaishnavite devotional texts such as the
2952:anustubh and gayatri as the text progresses.
2717:
1609:philosophy, one of the major trends of later
914:
9964:Aspects of Manuscript Culture in South India
9827:Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India
9560:
9542:
9111:
9084:
8751:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
7825:
7819:
7698:
7179:Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History
6484:
6456:Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project
6204:
5633:
5497:
5368:
5192:
5190:
4962:
4793:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
4707:
4523:
4458:
4249:
3840:tenor. The Puranic literature wove with the
2869:He only knows, or perhaps He does not know.
2075:) of the words of the Vedas was part of the
1839:Chronology, transmission, and interpretation
1807:). The "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the
1772:was orally composed in north-western India (
10085:
10031:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
9129:
8919:. Illustrated edition. Palgrave Macmillan.
8736:
8724:
8712:
8652:
8490:
8135:
8087:, pp. 391–394 with footnotes, 416–419.
8084:
7870:The Development of the Female Mind in India
7394:
7183:. University of California Press. pp.
6336:
6060:
5987:
5963:
5951:
4422:. (Chomsky himself has said that the first
3821:(Minor Puranas), with over 400,000 verses.
3434:The six subjects of Vedanga are phonetics (
3315:
2405:The four Vedas were transmitted in various
1048:, the texts constitute the oldest layer of
12553:
12546:
12532:
12119:
12105:
10484:
10470:
10312:
10067:
9647:History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western
7971:
7969:
7541:
7141:
6993:Univ of Pennsylvania rare texts collection
5831:
5252:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
5058:
4501:, merely preserving the sound of the text.
4454:
4452:
2724:
2710:
2429:There were Vedic schools that believed in
921:
907:
51:
12640:(Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)
10352:
10321:
9997:
9939:
9844:
9644:
9625:
9443:
9285:
9214:
9116:, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
9006:The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary
8891:
8402:. Harvard University Press. pp. 2–4.
8273:
7960:
7089:
7032:
6912:
6558:
6372:
6313:
6236:, p. "Sayana, Vidyaranya’s brother".
6120:
6072:
6016:
5187:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4828:
4672:Elisa Freschi (2012): "The Vedas are not
4527:
4405:
4255:Elisa Freschi (2012): "The Vedas are not
3928:
3824:The Puranas have been influential in the
3771:but not universally within Hinduism. The
1997:), believed to be initiated by the Vedic
1448:, most of which are available in several
1432:"). There are four "Vedic" Samhitas: the
1036:'knowledge') are a large body of
10399:Journal of the American Oriental Society
10246:
10230:Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas
10207:, Everyman's Library, London: J. M. Dent
10027:
9823:
9805:
9796:
9787:
9730:
9678:
9660:
9506:
9488:
9470:
9425:
9416:
9381:The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies
8977:
8678:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 49.
8653:Chakravarty, Pradeep (18 October 2016).
8591:
8347:
8297:Frawley, David; Ranade, Subhash (2001).
8108:
8055:
7948:
7933:
7604:
7535:
7148:A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature
6908:
6906:
6840:
6828:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6750:
6738:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6675:
6663:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6585:
6257:
6245:
6187:
6168:
6151:
5927:
5886:
5865:
5801:
5743:
5618:
5601:
5464:
5181:
4979:
4439:
4437:
4216:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
3539:is a very late text associated with the
3414:
3091:
1380:
1365:
1079:. Each Veda has four subdivisions – the
932:
10199:
10086:Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011),
9979:
9876:, New York: Columbia University Press,
9853:
9845:Olson, David R.; Cole, Michael (2013),
9767:
9702:Textbook of Anthropological Linguistics
9524:
9398:
9376:
9238:
9140:
9066:
9046:
8994:
8903:
8783:
8449:
8365: • English translation:
7966:
7877:, The Calcutta Review, Volume 60, p. 27
7796:
7671:
7290:Values in the Indian Ethos: An Overview
6778:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp 610 (note 17)
6687:
6597:
6496:
6430:. Oxford University Press. p. 18.
6287:"Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna"
6272:
6233:
6045:
5975:
5786:
5731:
5707:
5586:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5379:
5377:
5105:
5088:
4854:Religious Developments in Ancient India
4449:
4311:
4309:
4264:
3925:called as Tamil Veda and Dravida Veda.
3832:(congruent with Vedic literature). The
3203:
1755:, the creation of Vedas is credited to
14:
12907:
10392:
10255:
10166:
10151:
10132:
10105:
10006:
10000:Linguistic Culture and Language Policy
9898:
9889:
9871:
9751:
9596:
9170:
8965:
8854:
8821:
7790:
7563:, Motilal Banarsidass (2011 Edition),
7503:
7486:
7409:
7353:
7270:
7258:
7246:
7119:
7077:
7060:
7044:
6881:
6512:
6383:
6381:
5939:
5915:
5846:
5825:
5719:
5695:
5574:
5413:
5411:
5342:
5043:
4863:
4824:
4722:
4539:
4277:
4263:authority by a Hindu orthodox school."
4230:
4222:
2247:, "which brings us satisfaction." The
1241:
12527:
12100:
10465:
10224:
10174:
10159:
10015:
10009:Classical Indian Philosophy: A Reader
9758:('Veda and Vedanta'), 7th lecture in
9699:
9616:
9578:
9533:
9452:
9434:
9358:
9340:
9315:
9267:
9194:
9028:
8930:(accessed: Friday May 7, 2010), p. 44
8665:
7894:, pp. 319–322, 368–383 with footnotes
7282:Original text translated in English:
7234:
7221:
7208:
7018:
6903:
6855:
6570:
6399:
6387:
6360:
6348:
6078:
5850:
5813:
5755:
5648:
5394:
5392:
5160:
5145:
4998:
4745:
4434:
4409:
4152:
3701:Some post-Vedic texts, including the
1277:The noun is from Proto-Indo-European
10181:
10049:
9961:
9345:, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell,
9247:
9114:The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism
9102:
9003:
8513:
8396:Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917).
8218:
7455:, Michael Witzel, Harvard University
7424:, Michael Witzel, Harvard University
7329:
6768:University of Kloen, Germany (2009)
6541:George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London.
6033:
5999:
5903:
5771:
5428:
5374:
5237:
5128:
5073:
5028:
5013:
4364:
4306:
3987:While Hindu reform movement such as
3912:post (a form of Vedic altar) in the
3692:), associated with the Atharvaveda.
3610:, which is also found as the second
3061:, and roughly contemporary with the
2863:Who then knows whence it has arisen?
2858:Whence, whence this creation sprang?
1989:from father to son or from teacher (
1312:) "I know". Root cognates are Greek
12081:
10371:
9363:, New York: John Wiley & Sons,
9361:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
9343:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
7012:
6378:
5408:
5266:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
4343:, Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith
4276:For a table of all Vedic texts see
4014:
2913:1500 and 1200 BCE, (the early
2891:text. It is a collection of 1,028
1636:
24:
10213:
9920:; Moore, Charles A., eds. (1957),
9738:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers,
9626:MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (2004).
9241:The Hindus: An Alternative History
9050:A Companion to Sanskrit Literature
8748:
7436:Michael Witzel, Harvard University
6404:, Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press,
5401:, "Tracing the Vedic dialects" in
5389:
4689:Lipner quotes Brockington (1981),
3391:and the commentary are called the
2387:(austerities), and discussing the
25:
12936:
10434:
9923:A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy
8700:"Ettuthokai – Puranānūru 201-400"
7173: • Translation 3:
7154: • Translation 2:
7140: • Translation 1:
5405:ed. Caillat, Paris, 1989, 97–265.
3462:), rituals and rites of passage (
2155:
12507:
12132:different cultures and languages
12080:
12070:
12061:
12060:
12049:
10754:
10500:
10492:
9421:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
9136:. Tamil University (1985 print).
9069:Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy
8933:
8909:
8860:
8833:Axel Michaels (2004), Hinduism:
8827:
8802:
8789:
8760:
8742:
8692:
8646:
8629:
8612:
8568:
8534:
8520:. Hindology Books. p. 266.
8443:
8389:
8372:
8353:
8324:
8290:
8249:
8224:
8180:
8153:
8102:
8030:
8013:
7986:
7914:
7897:
7880:
7862:
7779:
7762:
7752:Atharva Veda 4.2.36 Strijaratani
7738:
7721:
7647:
7627:
7561:The Philosophy of the Upanishads
7492:
7475:
7458:
7439:
7427:
7415:
7378:
7359:
7316:
7295:
7276:
7227:
7214:
7201:
7108:
7095:
7066:
7050:
7038:
6996:
6983:
6954:
6935:
6756:
6531:
6506:
6444:
6417:
6393:
6278:
4683:
4666:
4604:
4594:
4581:
4568:
4559:
4550:
4504:
4483:
4099:
4085:
4071:
3779:in particular extended the term
3659:), associated with the Yajurveda
3585:Kātyāyana Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa
3223:
3212:
2800:(mantras and benedictions), the
2552:
2146:Sampurnanand Sanskrit University
1768:The oldest part of the Rig Veda
1739:Hindus consider the Vedas to be
1715:. The well-known smṛtis include
1131:system, while the Aranyakas and
982:
953:
189:
153:
12050:
9628:A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
9457:, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press,
9254:, Manchester University Press,
9047:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989),
8808:Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. (1988).
6100:
5666:
5654:
5548:
5521:
5348:
5312:
5243:
4889:
4387:
4370:
4358:
4346:
4333:
4283:
4270:
3995:accept the authority of Vedas,
3681:), associated with the Samaveda
3666:), associated with the Rigveda.
3470:), time keeping and astronomy (
1970:
1491:(1907) consists of some 89,000
11975:Relations with other religions
10393:Arnold, Edward Vernon (1897),
9944:, in Patton, Laurie L. (ed.),
9940:Rambachan, Anantanand (1994),
9665:, Princeton University Press,
9377:Frazier, Jessica, ed. (2011),
9327:, Cambridge University Press,
9156:. Princeton University Press.
8867:Muhammad Khalid Masud (2000).
8148:Coward, Raja & Potter 1990
8109:Eggeling, Hans Julius (1911).
8097:Coward, Raja & Potter 1990
7057:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957
6963:Indische Studien, herausg. von
6610:Coward, Raja & Potter 1990
5386:Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)
5206:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4897:A history of Indian literature
4878:, Cambridge University Press,
4846:
4834:
4821:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957
4813:
4810:Online (accessed 8 April 2023)
4799:
4781:
4751:
4330:Brahma or the universal soul."
4197:Flood and Witzel both mention
4194:, p. 306) gives 1500–1000 BCE.
3713:, refer to themselves as the "
3458:), etymology and linguistics (
3152:is the text 'belonging to the
3137:
2902:). The hymns are dedicated to
2510:into a single text during the
1460:). In some contexts, the term
1361:
13:
1:
10297:The Vedas at sacred-texts.com
9617:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2016),
9507:Holdrege, Barbara A. (2012),
9489:Holdrege, Barbara A. (1996),
9471:Holdrege, Barbara A. (1995),
9215:Deshpande, Madhav M. (1990),
9143:The Sociology of Philosophies
9004:Apte, Vaman Shivaram (1965),
8592:Thompson, Richard L. (2007).
8548:, pp. 12–13, 134–156, 203–210
7160:. Paulist Press. p. 21.
4700:
4234:
4226:
4205:
4198:
4174:
3828:culture. They are considered
3625:Vārāha Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa
3100:, a layer of text within the
3077:. Witzel dates the Yajurveda
2994:
2934:
2910:
2790:
2521:
2057:While according to Mookerji,
1941:
1934:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1849:
1812:
1797:
1777:
1734:
1601:), and the soul or the self (
1465:
113:
100:
27:Oldest scriptures of Hinduism
10184:The Story of India Hardcover
10167:Witzel, Michael. "Vedas and
10152:Witzel, Michael. "Vedas and
10143:, in Witzel, Michael (ed.),
9982:Handbook of Oriental Studies
9704:, Concept Publishing Company
9649:, George Allen & Unwin,
9621:, Princeton University Press
9561:Klostermaier, Klaus (2007),
9543:Klostermaier, Klaus (1994),
9439:, Cambridge University Press
9085:Bhattacharya, Ashim (2006),
8999:, Princeton University Press
8799:pp. 27-36. SCB Distributors.
6452:"Cultural Heritage of Nepal"
6285:Donald S. Lopez Jr. (1995).
6109:Journal of Indian Philosophy
4229:1500–1200 BCE. According to
4007:; and social reformers like
3489:
3379:are sometimes identified as
3251:
3034:
2757:(YV, with the main division
1927:Northern Black Polished Ware
7:
10169:
10154:
10072:, Oxford University Press,
10011:, Columbia University Press
9830:. Oxford University Press.
9810:, Oxford's World Classics,
9806:Olivelle, Patrick (1998) ,
9792:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
9774:, Oxford University Press,
9718:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
9685:. Oxford University Press.
9444:Griffiths, Paul J. (1999),
9323:An Introduction to Hinduism
9251:India in a Globalized World
9221:The Adyar Library Bulleting
8303:. Lotus Press. p. 11.
8300:Ayurveda, Nature's Medicine
8038:"Sound and meaning of Veda"
7750:On finding a good husband:
7324:
7105:, Harvard University, p. 21
7101:Jamison and Witzel (1992),
6896:Jamison and Witzel (1992),
6766:Sanskrit English Dictionary
4876:An Introduction to Hinduism
4759:"Construction of the Vedas"
4576:interpretation of the Vedas
4298:
4064:
3892:of a Northern sage and the
3687:
3675:
3624:
3617:
3605:
3595:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3549:
3534:
3502:
3473:
3465:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3168:
3162:
3072:
3025:
2973:
2784:
2739:
2495:
2476:
2408:
2395:Vedic schools or recensions
2036:), using the alphabet as a
2011:, the "correct tradition" (
1691:
1685:
1679:
1654:
1644:
1617:to classify each Veda into
1540:
1528:
1455:
1423:
1343:
1297:
1274:, meaning "see" or "know."
1253:
1159:
1149:
1025:
10:
12941:
10275:: Maurice Bloomfield, 1906
9998:Schiffman, Harold (2012),
9824:Olivelle, Patrick (1999).
9768:Nagappa, Gowda K. (2011),
9663:Hinduism: Past and Present
9359:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2008),
9341:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003),
9145:, Harvard University Press
8995:Anthony, David W. (2007),
8987:
8256:Narayanaswamy, V. (1981).
6900:, Harvard University, p. 6
6880:", Harvard University, in
5477:William K. Mahony (1998).
5272:
5258:
4858:World History Encyclopedia
4574:Sayana repeats Yaska; see
4315:Edward Roer (Translator),
4018:
3919:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
3860:Vedas in Sangam literature
3798:
3794:
3635:
3606:Āpastamba Hautra Pariśiṣṭa
3535:Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa
3493:
3423:
3419:
3319:
3255:
3141:
3038:
2977:
2925:) region of the northwest
2839:
2835:
2398:
2159:
2126:, perhaps earliest in the
2089:) and not on the meaning (
1842:
1304:
1290:
1280:
1269:
1176:after intense meditation.
1063:There are four Vedas: the
183:Hindu scriptures and texts
29:
12821:
12764:
12707:
12566:
12503:
12138:
12047:
11874:
11839:
11665:
11600:
11507:
11434:
11427:
11326:
11229:
11220:
11128:
11014:
10971:
10938:
10856:
10830:
10802:
10793:
10772:
10763:
10752:
10671:
10540:
10531:
10510:
10050:Todd, Warren Lee (2013),
10044:10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.377
9980:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002),
9918:Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli
9797:Oberlies, Thomas (1998),
9788:Nakamura, Hajime (1983),
9448:, Oxford University Press
9243:, Oxford University Press
9141:Collins, Randall (2009),
8655:"Vedic route to the past"
8514:Nair, Shantha N. (2008).
8367:Chandogya Upanishad 7.1.2
6131:10.1007/s10781-007-9025-5
4807:Oxford English Dictionary
4376:Of the complete Veda, by
4327:Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad
4120:Historical Vedic religion
2856:Who can here proclaim it?
2059:understanding the meaning
1889:–500 BCE, resulting in a
1882:of the Samhitas, date to
1811:of the Samhitas, date to
1788:rivers, the heartland of
1014:
152:
145:
137:
91:
81:
72:Historical Vedic religion
67:
62:
50:
45:
12780:Luther's Large Catechism
12622:(Judaism, Christianity)
11119:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
10339:Harvard University Press
10106:Witzel, Michael (1995),
10068:Westerhoff, Jan (2009),
9903:, Discovery Publishing,
9700:Misra, Kamal K. (2000),
8166:. Concept. p. 147.
8160:Rajendra Prasad (2009).
7451:20 February 2012 at the
7175:David Christian (2011).
6960:Albert Friedrich Weber,
6651:, pp. 355, 356–357.
6485:Buswell & Lopez 2013
6306:10.1163/1568527952598800
5249:see e.g. Pokorny's 1959
4661:Rigveda Book 1, Hymn 164
4542:, p. 114: "For the
4514:, derived from the root
4408:, p. 171), quoting
4299:Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa
4292:A Vedic Word Concordance
4145:
4036:Sacred Books of the East
3755:Other texts such as the
3648:mentions four Upavedas:
3316:Aranyakas and Upanishads
2851:(Hymn of non-Eternity):
2638:Kapisthala Kahta Samhita
1854:The Vedas are among the
1821:According to tradition,
11198:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
10313:Bloomfield, M. (1907),
9890:Prasad, R.U.S. (2020),
9710:Monier-Williams, Monier
9679:Michaels, Axel (2016).
9661:Michaels, Axel (2004),
9630:. Motilal Banarsidass.
9597:Lipner, Julius (2012),
9579:Knapp, Stephen (2005),
9399:Freschi, Elisa (2012),
9300:10.1007/1-4020-2321-9_7
9270:What Do Hindus Believe?
9248:Dutt, Sagarika (2006),
9239:Doniger, Wendy (2010),
9053:, Motilal Banarsidass,
9031:India: The Ancient Past
8672:Kamil Zvelebil (1974).
8262:Ancient Science of Life
8236:Oxford University Press
8136:Wilke & Moebus 2011
8122:Encyclopædia Britannica
8085:Wilke & Moebus 2011
7395:Wilke & Moebus 2011
7156:Kenneth Kramer (1986).
6991:Sarvānukramaṇī Vivaraṇa
6973:Original Sanskrit Texts
6913:Stevenson, Jay (2000).
6400:Brodd, Jeffrey (2003),
6337:Wilke & Moebus 2011
6061:Wilke & Moebus 2011
5988:Wilke & Moebus 2011
5964:Wilke & Moebus 2011
5952:Wilke & Moebus 2011
4911:A Bhattacharya (2006),
4852:Sanujit Ghose (2011). "
4489:According to Holdrege,
4318:Shankara's Introduction
4213:Die Religion des Rgveda
4043:between 1879 and 1910.
3817:(Great Puranas) and 18
3697:"Fifth" and other Vedas
3618:Satyasāḍha Śrauta Sūtra
3550:Gobhila Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa
3407:are referred to as the
2343:" and the knowledge of
2190:(4th c. BCE) wrote the
893:Timeline of Hindu texts
726:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
12700:(Eastern Christianity)
11173:Eighteen Greater Texts
10347:Conference proceedings
10285:: CS1 maint: others (
10182:Wood, Michael (2007),
9872:Prasad, Leela (2007),
9453:Hexam, Irving (2011),
9268:Dwyer, Rachel (2013),
9195:Dalal, Roshen (2014),
9029:Avari, Burjor (2007),
6537:Sukumar Dutt (1988) .
6513:Walton, Linda (2015).
4192:Indo-Iranian languages
4011:reject its authority.
3929:Authority of the Vedas
3882:Ramachandran Nagaswamy
3742:
3352:system of human life.
3104:
2871:
2488:included up to eleven
2281:) of the Veda as the "
1862:, most likely between
1697:
1377:
1143:stages, respectively.
944:
701:Eighteen Greater Texts
36:Vedic (disambiguation)
12799:Book of Common Prayer
11926:Hindu gurus and sants
11178:Eighteen Lesser Texts
10092:, Walter de Gruyter,
9962:Rath, Saraju (2012),
9525:Jackson, W.J (2016),
9385:, London: Continuum,
9033:, London: Routledge,
8871:. BRILL. p. 50.
8399:The Mirror of Gesture
8385:. Sanskrit Documents.
7538:, p. 52 Table 3.
7446:Early Sanskritization
7434:Autochthonous Aryans?
7288:C Chatterjee (1995),
6460:University of Hamburg
6373:Olson & Cole 2013
6090:May 10, 2012, at the
5329:26 March 2009 at the
4384:, the daily services.
4225:, p. 4 mentions
4031:Indo-European studies
4019:Further information:
3978:Anandabhairava-tantra
3917:are other texts like
3723:
3602:has 3 parisistas The
3415:Post-Vedic literature
3320:Further information:
3256:Further information:
3241:(Tamil Nadu), Below:
3095:
3031:or "singer" priests.
2887:is the oldest extant
2846:
2636:Karaka Katha Samhita
2103:linguistic utterances
2038:mnemotechnical device
1967:for the Atharvaveda.
1933:gives a time span of
1671:
1381:Vedic Sanskrit corpus
1369:
936:
706:Eighteen Lesser Texts
32:Veda (disambiguation)
12792:Heidelberg Catechism
11916:Anti-Hindu sentiment
9899:Pruthi, R.K (2004),
9563:A Survey of Hinduism
9545:A Survey of Hinduism
9130:JV Chelliah (1946).
8947:on 27 September 2011
8795:Young, Mary (2014).
8203:Monier-Williams 1899
8040:. 11 September 2022.
7368:Rig-veda Repetitions
6989:For an example, see
6951:, 2nd Edition, p. 12
6466:on 18 September 2014
6390:, pp. 69–70, 76
6260:, pp. 346, 347.
5746:, pp. 249, 250.
5307:p. 1017 (3rd Column)
5303:Monier-Williams 1899
5291:p. 1017 (2nd Column)
5287:Monier-Williams 1899
5222:Monier-Williams 1899
5148:, p. chapter 8.
4874:Gavin Flood (1996),
4526:, p. 55 quotes
4045:Ralph T. H. Griffith
3949:traditions, such as
3204:Embedded Vedic texts
3150:Artharvaveda Samhita
3081:to the early Indian
2441:beliefs in a single
2184:Sanskrit grammarians
1921:and the rise of the
1523:Principal Upanishads
1218:traditions, such as
1214:) schools. However,
12895:(Roman Catholicism)
12851:Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya
12814:(Roman Catholicism)
12808:(Roman Catholicism)
12786:Augsburg Confession
12757:(Roman Catholicism)
12745:(Roman Catholicism)
12668:Nag Hammadi library
12578:(Egyptian religion)
12022:Hinduism by country
11188:Iraiyanar Akapporul
11148:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
10315:A Vedic Concordance
10268:A Vedic Concordance
10260:, Pranava Prakashan
10256:Shrava, S. (1977),
10128:on 20 February 2012
10121:(4), archived from
10007:Sharma, D. (2011),
9010:Motilal Banarsidass
8702:. 14 December 2014.
8451:Goswami, Satsvarupa
8361:Chandogya Upanishad
8359:Sanskrit original:
8138:, pp. 472–532.
8099:, pp. 105–110.
7840:Chandogya Upanishad
7757:Atharva Veda 6.3.30
7261:, pp. 150–151.
7134:Original Sanskrit:
6764: •
6729:, pp. 237–238.
6248:, pp. 346–347.
6085:An event in Kolkata
5990:, pp. 477–495.
5978:, pp. 323–324.
5954:, pp. 344–345.
5577:, pp. 100–101.
5046:, pp. 196–197.
4982:, pp. 351–357.
4841:Sanskrit literature
4478:Chandogya Upanishad
4280:, pp. 100–101.
4056:Memory of the World
4027:Arthur Schopenhauer
4001:Debendranath Tagore
3939:Indian philosophies
3844:in India, and both
3777:Gaudiya Vaishnavism
3769:Hindu denominations
3767:or "Vedic" by some
3739:, Abhinaya Darpana
3719:Chandogya Upanishad
3287:Shatapatha Brahmana
3128:Shatapatha Brahmana
3122:) and the "White" (
2927:Indian subcontinent
2490:forms of recitation
2363:, the knowledge of
2349:as revealed to the
2214:(14th c. CE) major
2028:mnemonic techniques
1925:(archaeologically,
1860:Indian subcontinent
1856:oldest sacred texts
1509:Shatapatha Brahmana
1302:, cognate to Greek
1264:Proto-Indo-European
1242:Etymology and usage
1200:Indian philosophies
1181:mnemonic techniques
1050:Sanskrit literature
716:Iraiyanar Akapporul
676:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
422:Related Hindu texts
12858:Liber AL vel Legis
12682:(Greek polytheism)
12664:(Roman polytheism)
10273:Harvard University
9984:, Brill Academic,
9901:Vedic Civilisation
9849:, Psychology Press
8739:, pp. 98–100.
7793:, pp. 275–276
7506:, pp. 272–274
7489:, pp. 270–271
7356:, pp. 269–270
7080:, pp. 257–348
6884:, pp. 261–264
6753:, pp. 29, 34.
5324:Hindu Sacred Texts
4424:generative grammar
4005:Keshub Chandra Sen
3974:Vaishnava Sahajiya
3906:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
3105:
3098:Taittiriya Samhita
3021:repertoire of the
2633:Maitrayani Samhita
2629:Taittiriya Samhita
2600:Bhanumanoupamayava
2418:, in modern north
2381:, the practice of
2050:, criticising the
1965:terminus post quem
1957:terminus ante quem
1731:, amongst others.
1389:Texts composed in
1378:
1340:The Sanskrit term
1337:) "to know", etc.
1135:are meant for the
1107:(texts discussing
945:
163:English Wikisource
12902:
12901:
12880:The Satanic Bible
12774:Guru Granth Sahib
12521:
12520:
12514:Poetry portal
12094:
12093:
11870:
11869:
11423:
11422:
11216:
11215:
11130:Sangam literature
11086:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
10934:
10933:
10750:
10749:
10372:Michael, Witzel,
10239:978-3-447-01603-2
10193:978-0-563-53915-5
10186:, BBC Worldwide,
10099:978-3-11-018159-3
10079:978-0-19-538496-3
10061:978-1-4094-6681-9
9991:978-90-04-12556-8
9973:978-90-04-21900-7
9966:, Leiden: Brill,
9955:978-0-7914-1938-0
9933:978-0-691-01958-1
9883:978-0-231-13921-2
9865:978-0-85728-430-3
9837:978-0-19-283882-7
9817:978-0-19-954025-9
9781:978-0-19-908847-8
9745:978-81-208-0423-4
9692:978-0-19-026263-1
9672:978-0-691-08953-9
9637:978-81-208-2000-5
9610:978-1-135-24060-8
9590:978-0-595-35075-9
9572:978-0-7914-7082-4
9554:978-0-7914-2109-3
9518:978-1-4384-0695-4
9500:978-0-7914-1639-6
9482:978-0-7914-1640-2
9464:978-0-310-31448-6
9410:978-90-04-22260-1
9392:978-0-8264-9966-0
9370:978-0-4709-9868-7
9352:978-1-4051-3251-0
9334:978-0-521-43878-0
9309:978-1-4020-2320-0
9279:978-1-84708-940-3
9261:978-1-84779-607-3
9208:978-81-8475-763-7
9187:978-0-7914-7336-8
9163:978-81-208-0426-5
9123:978-1-4008-4805-8
9096:978-0-595-38455-6
9078:978-0-4151-7281-3
9060:978-81-208-0063-2
9040:978-0-415-35616-9
9019:978-81-208-0567-5
8925:978-0-312-29309-3
8878:978-90-04-11622-1
8857:, pp. 15–17.
8812:p. 9. SUNY Press.
8772:978-0-87249-965-2
8727:, pp. 98–99.
8685:978-3-447-01582-0
8641:978-81-208-1575-9
8624:978-0-520-20778-3
8605:978-81-208-1919-1
8580:978-0-520-20778-3
8563:978-0-415-17281-3
8546:978-3-447-02522-5
8527:978-81-223-1020-7
8502:978-3-447-02522-5
8485:978-0-415-17281-3
8464:978-0-912776-88-0
8440:, pp. 43, 117–119
8438:978-0-87249-965-2
8421:978-0-226-09305-5
8336:978-0-13-547861-5
8310:978-0-914955-95-5
8173:978-81-8069-595-7
8025:978-0-19-535242-9
8008:978-1-59257-846-7
7998:978-0-7914-1080-6
7981:978-0-88706-139-4
7909:978-81-208-0644-3
7892:978-3-447-01603-2
7857:978-81-208-1468-4
7820:Klostermaier 1994
7808:978-81-208-0264-3
7774:978-1-56000-076-1
7733:978-81-208-0746-4
7716:978-3-447-01603-2
7659:978-81-208-1321-2
7642:978-0-14-309986-4
7622:978-0-14-309986-4
7569:978-81-208-1620-6
7524:978-81-208-1468-4
7470:978-0-595-26925-9
7412:, pp. 76–77.
7311:978-90-6980-149-0
7194:978-0-520-95067-2
7167:978-0-8091-2781-8
7092:, pp. 29–39.
6802:, pp. 35–36.
6790:, pp. 34–35.
6741:, pp. 29–31.
6717:, pp. 41–42.
6524:978-0-521-19074-9
6437:978-0-19-972078-1
6411:978-0-88489-725-5
6363:, pp. 35–36.
6222:978-81-208-1468-4
6205:Klostermaier 2007
5651:, pp. 10–11.
5634:Bhattacharya 2006
5563:978-0-19-535242-9
5543:978-1-59257-846-7
5533:978-0-7914-1080-6
5516:978-0-226-61847-0
5490:978-0-7914-3579-3
5448:978-3-447-01603-2
5423:978-0-521-34354-1
5371:, pp. 67–69.
5369:Klostermaier 1994
5108:, pp. 13–14.
5091:, pp. 41–58.
4963:Bhattacharya 2006
4949:978-3-447-01603-2
4929:978-0-19-533261-2
4921:978-0-595-38455-6
4884:978-0-521-43878-0
4831:, pp. 29–39.
4656:978-3-447-01603-2
4643:978-0-595-26925-9
4524:Klostermaier 2007
4459:Klostermaier 2007
4211:Thomas Oberlies (
4204:Anthony mentions
4039:series edited by
3735:First chapter of
3561:Kātiya Pariśiṣṭas
3442:), poetic meter (
3281:and one with the
3047:Yajurveda Samhita
2854:Who really knows?
2734:
2733:
2624:Krishna Yajurveda
2321:, is followed by
2216:Vedartha Prakasha
2005:primordial sounds
1489:Vedic Concordance
1035:
1023:
931:
930:
721:Abhirami Anthadhi
659:Sangam literature
512:Vaishnava puranas
168:
167:
16:(Redirected from
12932:
12755:Summa Theologica
12743:Ambrosian Hymnal
12548:
12541:
12534:
12525:
12524:
12512:
12511:
12121:
12114:
12107:
12098:
12097:
12084:
12083:
12074:
12064:
12063:
12053:
12052:
11963:Pilgrimage sites
11717:Ganesh Chaturthi
11432:
11431:
11227:
11226:
11208:Vedarthasamgraha
11203:Vinayagar Agaval
11168:Five Great Epics
11143:Divya Prabandham
11056:Minor Upanishads
10800:
10799:
10770:
10769:
10758:
10757:
10538:
10537:
10504:
10496:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10463:
10462:
10448:
10429:
10381:
10380:
10367:
10341:
10327:
10317:
10301:
10290:
10284:
10276:
10261:
10251:
10242:
10208:
10205:Hindu Scriptures
10196:
10178:
10172:
10163:
10157:
10148:
10142:
10129:
10127:
10112:
10102:
10082:
10064:
10046:
10024:
10012:
10003:
9994:
9976:
9958:
9936:
9913:
9895:
9886:
9868:
9850:
9841:
9820:
9802:
9793:
9784:
9764:
9748:
9727:
9705:
9696:
9675:
9657:
9641:
9622:
9613:
9593:
9575:
9557:
9539:
9530:
9521:
9503:
9485:
9467:
9449:
9440:
9431:
9422:
9413:
9395:
9384:
9373:
9355:
9337:
9326:
9312:
9282:
9272:, Granta Books,
9264:
9244:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9227:on 1 August 2020
9223:, archived from
9211:
9191:
9167:
9146:
9137:
9126:
9108:
9099:
9081:
9063:
9043:
9022:
9000:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8943:. Archived from
8937:
8931:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8864:
8858:
8852:
8846:
8835:Past and Present
8831:
8825:
8819:
8813:
8806:
8800:
8793:
8787:
8781:
8775:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8754:Internet Archive
8749:Badami, Zahira.
8746:
8740:
8737:JV Chelliah 1946
8734:
8728:
8725:JV Chelliah 1946
8722:
8716:
8713:JV Chelliah 1946
8710:
8704:
8703:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8675:Tamil Literature
8669:
8663:
8662:
8650:
8644:
8633:
8627:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8589:
8583:
8572:
8566:
8555:
8549:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8511:
8505:
8504:, pp. 1–5, 12–21
8494:
8488:
8477:
8468:
8467:
8447:
8441:
8430:
8424:
8413:
8404:
8403:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8376:
8370:
8357:
8351:
8345:
8339:
8328:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8277:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8228:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8200:
8194:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8114:
8112:"Hinduism"
8106:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8065:
8059:
8058:, p. xxiii.
8053:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8028:
8017:
8011:
7990:
7984:
7973:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7937:
7931:
7925:
7918:
7912:
7901:
7895:
7884:
7878:
7866:
7860:
7849:
7843:
7836:
7823:
7817:
7811:
7800:
7794:
7783:
7777:
7766:
7760:
7742:
7736:
7725:
7719:
7705:
7696:
7681:
7675:
7668:
7662:
7651:
7645:
7631:
7625:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7589:
7578:
7572:
7554:
7548:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7527:
7513:
7507:
7496:
7490:
7479:
7473:
7462:
7456:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7419:
7413:
7407:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7363:
7357:
7346:
7333:
7327:
7320:
7314:
7301:Michael Witzel,
7299:
7293:
7280:
7274:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7250:
7244:
7238:
7231:
7225:
7218:
7212:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7182:
7171:
7152:
7132:
7123:
7112:
7106:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7070:
7064:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7000:
6994:
6987:
6981:
6958:
6952:
6941:J. Muir (1872),
6939:
6933:
6932:
6917:. Indianapolis:
6910:
6901:
6894:
6885:
6874:
6859:
6853:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6724:
6718:
6712:
6706:
6700:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6550:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6510:
6504:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6462:. Archived from
6448:
6442:
6441:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6291:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6191:
6185:
6172:
6166:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6124:
6115:(5–6): 487–520.
6104:
6098:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6020:
6014:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5890:
5884:
5869:
5863:
5854:
5844:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5790:
5784:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5682:
5681:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5637:
5631:
5622:
5616:
5605:
5599:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5555:Patrick Olivelle
5552:
5546:
5525:
5519:
5508:
5495:
5494:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5451:
5437:
5426:
5415:
5406:
5396:
5387:
5381:
5372:
5366:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5316:
5310:
5300:
5294:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5261:
5260:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5219:
5210:
5209:, 20 April 2016.
5194:
5185:
5179:
5164:
5158:
5149:
5143:
5132:
5126:
5109:
5103:
5092:
5086:
5077:
5071:
5062:
5056:
5047:
5041:
5032:
5026:
5017:
5011:
5002:
4996:
4983:
4977:
4966:
4965:, pp. 8–14.
4960:
4951:
4941:
4932:
4909:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4872:
4861:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4817:
4811:
4803:
4797:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4765:. Archived from
4755:
4749:
4743:
4726:
4720:
4694:
4691:The sacred tread
4687:
4681:
4670:
4664:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4585:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4548:
4537:
4531:
4508:
4502:
4487:
4481:
4456:
4447:
4441:
4432:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4313:
4304:
4301:
4287:
4281:
4274:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4228:
4207:
4200:
4176:
4167:
4115:Hindu philosophy
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4021:Sanskrit studies
4015:Western Indology
3997:Hindu modernists
3834:Bhagavata Purana
3740:
3690:
3680:
3627:
3620:
3608:
3598:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3552:
3537:
3505:
3484:Hindu philosophy
3476:
3468:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3243:Malayalam script
3227:
3216:
3181:magico-religious
3171:
3165:
3132:Hindu philosophy
3096:A page from the
3075:
3028:
2999:
2996:
2986:Samaveda Samhita
2939:
2936:
2912:
2904:Rigvedic deities
2879:
2792:
2787:
2742:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2701:
2650:Shukla Yajurveda
2556:
2535:Hindu scriptures
2526:
2525:
2498:
2479:
2411:
2115:understanding."
1949:Mitanni material
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1888:
1885:
1877:
1874:, approximately
1869:
1865:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1779:
1721:Bhagavata Purana
1694:
1688:
1682:
1659:
1649:
1637:Śruti and smriti
1567:Sutra literature
1543:
1531:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1426:
1412:texts includes:
1346:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1256:
1208:Hindu philosophy
1187:rather than the
1164:
1154:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
923:
916:
909:
860:Gheranda Samhita
810:Sushruta Samhita
731:Vinayagar Agaval
696:Five Great Epics
671:Divya Prabandham
602:
568:
514:
396:Other scriptures
369:
330:
311:
254:
193:
170:
169:
157:
156:
118:
115:
105:
102:
55:
43:
42:
21:
12940:
12939:
12935:
12934:
12933:
12931:
12930:
12929:
12905:
12904:
12903:
12898:
12875:(Scientologist)
12865:Book of Shadows
12817:
12812:Roman Catechism
12794:(Protestantism)
12788:(Protestantism)
12760:
12703:
12632:Samaritan Torah
12562:
12555:Religious texts
12552:
12522:
12517:
12506:
12499:
12134:
12125:
12095:
12090:
12057:
12043:
11866:
11835:
11826:Vasant Panchami
11760:Pahela Baishakh
11742:Makar Sankranti
11661:
11596:
11503:
11419:
11322:
11212:
11193:Abhirami Antati
11163:Kamba Ramayanam
11124:
11010:
10967:
10930:
10852:
10826:
10789:
10759:
10746:
10730:Vishishtadvaita
10667:
10527:
10506:
10490:
10459:
10442:"GRETIL etexts"
10440:
10437:
10378:
10365:
10331:
10294:
10278:
10277:
10265:
10240:
10216:
10214:Further reading
10211:
10194:
10140:
10134:Witzel, Michael
10125:
10110:
10100:
10080:
10062:
9992:
9974:
9956:
9934:
9911:
9884:
9866:
9838:
9818:
9782:
9746:
9693:
9673:
9638:
9611:
9591:
9573:
9555:
9519:
9501:
9483:
9465:
9411:
9393:
9371:
9353:
9335:
9310:
9280:
9262:
9230:
9228:
9209:
9188:
9164:
9124:
9097:
9079:
9061:
9041:
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8698:
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8528:
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8508:
8495:
8491:
8478:
8471:
8465:
8448:
8444:
8431:
8427:
8414:
8407:
8394:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8373:
8364:
8358:
8354:
8346:
8342:
8329:
8325:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8295:
8291:
8254:
8250:
8240:
8238:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8217:
8213:
8201:
8197:
8185:
8181:
8174:
8158:
8154:
8146:
8142:
8134:
8130:
8107:
8103:
8095:
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8083:
8079:
8066:
8062:
8054:
8045:
8036:
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8031:
8018:
8014:
8001:
7991:
7987:
7974:
7967:
7959:
7955:
7947:
7940:
7936:, p. liii.
7932:
7928:
7919:
7915:
7902:
7898:
7885:
7881:
7867:
7863:
7850:
7846:
7837:
7826:
7818:
7814:
7801:
7797:
7784:
7780:
7767:
7763:
7755:relationships:
7749:
7743:
7739:
7726:
7722:
7706:
7699:
7685:The Hindu World
7682:
7678:
7669:
7665:
7652:
7648:
7632:
7628:
7615:
7611:
7603:
7592:
7579:
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7514:
7510:
7497:
7493:
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7459:
7453:Wayback Machine
7444:
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6806:
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6786:
6782:
6769:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6725:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6701:
6694:
6690:, "237 Sayana".
6686:
6682:
6674:
6670:
6662:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6635:
6631:
6623:
6616:
6608:
6604:
6596:
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6584:
6577:
6569:
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6557:
6553:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6511:
6507:
6495:
6491:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6402:World Religions
6398:
6394:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6264:
6256:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6215:
6211:
6203:
6194:
6186:
6175:
6167:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6122:10.1.1.565.2083
6105:
6101:
6092:Wayback Machine
6083:
6079:
6071:
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6052:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6023:
6015:
6006:
5998:
5994:
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5922:
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5902:
5893:
5885:
5872:
5864:
5857:
5845:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5778:
5770:
5766:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5694:
5685:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5625:
5617:
5608:
5600:
5593:
5585:
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5573:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5536:
5526:
5522:
5509:
5498:
5491:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5454:
5438:
5429:
5416:
5409:
5397:
5390:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5331:Wayback Machine
5317:
5313:
5301:
5297:
5285:
5281:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5220:
5213:
5195:
5188:
5180:
5167:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5135:
5127:
5112:
5104:
5095:
5087:
5080:
5072:
5065:
5059:Westerhoff 2009
5057:
5050:
5042:
5035:
5031:, "apauruSeya".
5027:
5020:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4986:
4978:
4969:
4961:
4954:
4942:
4935:
4910:
4903:
4894:
4890:
4873:
4864:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4800:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4769:on 17 July 2021
4763:VedicGranth.Org
4757:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4729:
4721:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4688:
4684:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4582:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4538:
4534:
4510:Klostermaier: "
4509:
4505:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4435:
4413:
4406:Schiffman (2012
4402:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4334:
4314:
4307:
4288:
4284:
4275:
4271:
4254:
4250:
4242: 1200 BCE
4241:
4238: 1900 BCE
4237:
4168:
4153:
4148:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4079:Hinduism portal
4077:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4023:
4017:
3931:
3862:
3842:Bhakti movement
3803:
3797:
3783:to include the
3773:Bhakti movement
3763:are considered
3746:Divya Prabandha
3741:
3734:
3721:in hymn 7.1.2.
3699:
3638:
3498:
3492:
3428:
3422:
3417:
3332:
3318:
3277:, ten with the
3273:, six with the
3260:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3206:
3146:
3140:
3065:, the Rigvedic
3043:
3037:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2940:, in the early
2938: 1200 BCE
2937:
2885:Rigveda Samhita
2881:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2730:
2699:Hinduism portal
2697:
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2403:
2397:
2164:
2158:
1973:
1944:
1937:
1895:Late Bronze Age
1886:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1835:(Collections).
1815:
1804:
1800:
1737:
1639:
1605:), introducing
1468:
1383:
1364:
1244:
1052:and the oldest
1040:originating in
1038:religious texts
985:
981:
956:
952:
927:
898:
897:
888:
880:
879:
830:Divya Prabandha
805:Charaka Samhita
790:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
750:
736:
735:
691:Kamba Ramayanam
666:Saiva Tirumurai
661:
651:
650:
622:
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611:
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74:
58:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12938:
12928:
12927:
12925:Sanskrit texts
12922:
12917:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12890:
12884:
12876:
12868:
12862:
12854:
12848:
12840:
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12831:Book of Mormon
12827:
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12698:Divine Liturgy
12695:
12694:(Neoplatonism)
12689:
12683:
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12671:
12665:
12657:
12651:
12650:
12649:
12648:(Christianity)
12643:
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12641:
12635:
12634:(Samaritanism)
12617:
12611:
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10300:, Sacred Texts
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10209:
10201:Zaehner, R. C.
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10038:(1): 377–401,
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9504:
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9486:
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9435:Goody (1987),
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9192:
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9172:Coward, Harold
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8983:
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8892:Rambachan 1994
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8380:"Natyashastra"
8371:
8352:
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8340:
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8211:
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8117:Chisholm, Hugh
8101:
8089:
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7985:
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7961:Mahadevan 1952
7953:
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7674:, p. vii.
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7549:
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7508:
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7474:
7457:
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7399:
7397:, p. 381.
7387:
7377:
7365:M Bloomfield,
7358:
7334:
7332:, p. 981.
7315:
7294:
7275:
7273:, p. 151.
7263:
7251:
7249:, p. 261.
7239:
7226:
7213:
7200:
7193:
7166:
7136:Rigveda 10.129
7124:
7107:
7103:Vedic Hinduism
7094:
7090:MacDonell 2004
7082:
7065:
7049:
7037:
7033:Filliozat 2004
7022:
7011:
6995:
6982:
6953:
6934:
6927:
6921:. p. 46.
6902:
6898:Vedic Hinduism
6886:
6860:
6845:
6833:
6831:, p. 196.
6816:
6804:
6792:
6780:
6755:
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6719:
6707:
6692:
6680:
6678:, p. 338.
6668:
6653:
6641:
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6602:
6590:
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6575:
6563:
6559:Deshpande 1990
6551:
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6505:
6489:
6477:
6443:
6436:
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6392:
6377:
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6329:
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6173:
6156:
6154:, p. 328.
6144:
6099:
6077:
6075:, p. 171.
6073:Schiffman 2012
6065:
6063:, p. 479.
6050:
6048:, p. 106.
6038:
6021:
6019:, p. 122.
6017:Griffiths 1999
6004:
5992:
5980:
5968:
5966:, p. 345.
5956:
5944:
5942:, p. 125.
5932:
5930:, p. 165.
5920:
5918:, p. 286.
5908:
5891:
5889:, p. 345.
5870:
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5855:
5830:
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5806:
5804:, p. 158.
5791:
5789:, p. 454.
5776:
5764:
5748:
5736:
5734:, p. 344.
5724:
5712:
5700:
5683:
5674:"The Rig Veda"
5665:
5653:
5638:
5623:
5621:, p. 409.
5606:
5591:
5589:, p. 490.
5579:
5567:
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5496:
5489:
5469:
5452:
5427:
5407:
5399:Michael Witzel
5388:
5373:
5356:
5347:
5345:, p. 150.
5335:
5311:
5295:
5279:
5242:
5240:, p. 856.
5230:
5211:
5186:
5184:, p. 347.
5165:
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5133:
5110:
5093:
5078:
5076:, p. 128.
5063:
5061:, p. 290.
5048:
5033:
5018:
5016:, p. 887.
5003:
4984:
4967:
4952:
4933:
4901:
4888:
4862:
4845:
4833:
4829:MacDonell 2004
4827:, p. 68;
4812:
4798:
4780:
4750:
4727:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4682:
4665:
4658:, pp. 134–135;
4603:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4532:
4528:Deshpande 1990
4503:
4482:
4448:
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4396:
4386:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4341:Rigveda 5.2.11
4332:
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4269:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4220:
4209:
4208:1500–1300 BCE.
4202:
4201:1500–1200 BCE.
4195:
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4107:History portal
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3799:Main article:
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3785:Sanskrit Epics
3761:Vedanta Sutras
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3662:Architecture (
3660:
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3555:
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3039:Main article:
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2961:Nasadiya Sukta
2893:Vedic Sanskrit
2849:Nasadiya Sukta
2845:
2840:Main article:
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2821:Grhya Sūtras.
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2399:Main article:
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2319:akshara-praptī
2293:Śrauta rituals
2160:Main article:
2157:
2156:Vedic learning
2154:
2077:Vedic learning
2003:who heard the
1993:) to student (
1981:oral tradition
1972:
1969:
1931:Michael Witzel
1851:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1805: 900 BCE
1736:
1733:
1723:and the epics
1638:
1635:
1579:
1578:
1571:Shrauta Sutras
1559:
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1512:
1500:
1410:Vedic Sanskrit
1408:The corpus of
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:Iron Age India
1391:Vedic Sanskrit
1382:
1379:
1373:manuscript in
1363:
1360:
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1127:stages of the
1046:Vedic Sanskrit
1044:. Composed in
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800:Pramana Sutras
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12115:
12110:
12108:
12103:
12102:
12099:
12087:
12079:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12067:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12046:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12027:Hindu temples
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11977:
11976:
11973:
11969:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11952:
11949:
11948:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11931:Hindu studies
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11901:Denominations
11899:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11886:
11885:
11882:
11881:
11879:
11877:
11873:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11838:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11788:
11785:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11747:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11711:
11710:Vijayadashami
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11664:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11609:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11599:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11527:Simantonayana
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11514:
11512:
11510:
11506:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11437:
11433:
11430:
11426:
11416:
11415:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11329:
11325:
11319:
11318:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11241:
11240:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11232:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11219:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11135:
11133:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11120:
11116:
11114:
11113:Yoga Vasistha
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11073:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11024:Bhagavad Gita
11022:
11021:
11019:
11017:
11013:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10970:
10964:
10963:Sthapatyaveda
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10945:
10943:
10941:
10937:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10855:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10829:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10804:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10792:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10777:
10775:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10762:
10743:
10739:
10736:
10732:
10731:
10727:
10725:
10724:
10720:
10718:
10717:
10713:
10712:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10682:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10670:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10618:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10530:
10524:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10512:
10509:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10487:
10482:
10480:
10475:
10473:
10468:
10467:
10464:
10460:
10454:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10438:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10391:
10390:
10386:
10385:
10377:
10376:
10370:
10366:
10364:90-6980-149-3
10360:
10356:
10351:
10350:
10346:
10345:
10340:
10336:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10316:
10311:
10310:
10306:
10305:
10299:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10282:
10274:
10270:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10250:
10245:
10241:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10222:
10218:
10217:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10195:
10189:
10185:
10180:
10176:
10171:
10165:
10161:
10156:
10150:
10146:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10109:
10104:
10101:
10095:
10091:
10090:
10084:
10081:
10075:
10071:
10066:
10063:
10057:
10053:
10048:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10032:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10005:
10001:
9996:
9993:
9987:
9983:
9978:
9975:
9969:
9965:
9960:
9957:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9938:
9935:
9929:
9925:
9924:
9919:
9915:
9912:
9910:81-7141-875-9
9906:
9902:
9897:
9893:
9888:
9885:
9879:
9875:
9870:
9867:
9861:
9857:
9852:
9848:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9822:
9819:
9813:
9809:
9804:
9800:
9795:
9791:
9786:
9783:
9777:
9773:
9772:
9766:
9763:
9762:
9759:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9716:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9698:
9694:
9688:
9684:
9683:
9677:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9659:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9643:
9639:
9633:
9629:
9624:
9620:
9615:
9612:
9606:
9603:, Routledge,
9602:
9601:
9595:
9592:
9586:
9583:, iUniverse,
9582:
9577:
9574:
9568:
9564:
9559:
9556:
9550:
9546:
9541:
9537:
9532:
9528:
9523:
9520:
9514:
9510:
9505:
9502:
9496:
9492:
9487:
9484:
9478:
9474:
9469:
9466:
9460:
9456:
9451:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9433:
9429:
9424:
9420:
9415:
9412:
9406:
9402:
9397:
9394:
9388:
9383:
9382:
9375:
9372:
9366:
9362:
9357:
9354:
9348:
9344:
9339:
9336:
9330:
9325:
9324:
9318:
9314:
9311:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9284:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9266:
9263:
9257:
9253:
9252:
9246:
9242:
9237:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9213:
9210:
9204:
9200:
9199:
9193:
9189:
9183:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9155:
9154:
9148:
9144:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9128:
9125:
9119:
9115:
9110:
9106:
9101:
9098:
9092:
9089:, iUniverse,
9088:
9083:
9080:
9074:
9071:, Routledge,
9070:
9065:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9051:
9045:
9042:
9036:
9032:
9027:
9025:
9021:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9002:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8979:
8978:Oberlies 1998
8974:
8967:
8962:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8929:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8912:
8905:
8900:
8893:
8888:
8880:
8874:
8870:
8863:
8856:
8851:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8830:
8824:, p. 16.
8823:
8818:
8811:
8805:
8798:
8792:
8786:, p. 62.
8785:
8780:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8755:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8733:
8726:
8721:
8715:, p. 41.
8714:
8709:
8701:
8695:
8687:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8668:
8660:
8656:
8649:
8643:, pp. 128–131
8642:
8638:
8632:
8625:
8621:
8615:
8607:
8601:
8597:
8596:
8588:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8565:, pp. 442–443
8564:
8560:
8554:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8529:
8523:
8519:
8518:
8510:
8503:
8499:
8493:
8487:, pp. 437–439
8486:
8482:
8476:
8474:
8466:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8446:
8439:
8435:
8429:
8423:, pp. 259–261
8422:
8418:
8412:
8410:
8401:
8400:
8392:
8381:
8375:
8368:
8363:, Wikisource;
8362:
8356:
8349:
8348:Sullivan 1994
8344:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8312:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8293:
8285:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8252:
8237:
8233:
8227:
8220:
8215:
8208:
8204:
8199:
8193:
8192:81-215-0607-7
8189:
8183:
8175:
8169:
8165:
8164:
8156:
8150:, p. 18.
8149:
8144:
8137:
8132:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8105:
8098:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8075:, pp. 744–745
8074:
8073:0-8239-2287-1
8070:
8064:
8057:
8056:Olivelle 1999
8052:
8050:
8048:
8039:
8033:
8026:
8022:
8016:
8010:, pp. 208–210
8009:
8005:
7999:
7995:
7989:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7970:
7963:, p. 59.
7962:
7957:
7951:, p. lv.
7950:
7949:Olivelle 1998
7945:
7943:
7935:
7934:Olivelle 1998
7930:
7923:
7917:
7911:, pp. 489–490
7910:
7906:
7900:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7876:
7872:
7871:
7865:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7841:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7822:, p. 67.
7821:
7816:
7810:, pp. 175–176
7809:
7805:
7799:
7792:
7788:
7785:Witzel, M., "
7782:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7758:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:, pp. 123–129
7734:
7730:
7724:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7702:
7694:
7693:0-415-21527-7
7690:
7686:
7680:
7673:
7667:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7630:
7624:, pp. 136–137
7623:
7619:
7613:
7607:, p. 56.
7606:
7605:Michaels 2004
7601:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7587:
7586:0-19-282292-6
7583:
7577:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7553:
7544:
7537:
7536:Michaels 2004
7532:
7526:, pp. 217–219
7525:
7521:
7517:
7512:
7505:
7501:
7498:Witzel, M., "
7495:
7488:
7484:
7481:Witzel, M., "
7478:
7472:, pp. 273–274
7471:
7467:
7461:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7442:
7435:
7430:
7423:
7418:
7411:
7406:
7404:
7396:
7391:
7381:
7375:, pp. 402–464
7374:
7371:, p. 402, at
7370:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7351:
7348:Witzel, M., "
7345:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7331:
7326:
7319:
7313:, pp. 581–627
7312:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7272:
7267:
7260:
7255:
7248:
7243:
7237:, p. 77.
7236:
7230:
7224:, p. 77.
7223:
7217:
7211:, p. 77.
7210:
7204:
7196:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7180:
7169:
7163:
7159:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7137:
7131:
7129:
7122:, p. 286
7121:
7117:
7114:Witzel, M., "
7111:
7104:
7098:
7091:
7086:
7079:
7075:
7072:Witzel, M., "
7069:
7062:
7059:, p. 3;
7058:
7053:
7046:
7041:
7035:, p. 139
7034:
7029:
7027:
7020:
7015:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6992:
6986:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6938:
6930:
6928:9780028638201
6924:
6920:
6916:
6909:
6907:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6883:
6879:
6876:Witzel, M., "
6873:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6858:, p. 39.
6857:
6852:
6850:
6843:, p. 29.
6842:
6841:Mookerji 2011
6837:
6830:
6829:Mookerji 2011
6825:
6823:
6821:
6814:, p. 36.
6813:
6812:Mookerji 2011
6808:
6801:
6800:Mookerji 2011
6796:
6789:
6788:Mookerji 2011
6784:
6777:
6776:81-208-0310-8
6773:
6767:
6759:
6752:
6751:Mookerji 2011
6747:
6740:
6739:Mookerji 2011
6735:
6728:
6727:Michaels 2016
6723:
6716:
6715:Galewicz 2004
6711:
6705:, p. 41.
6704:
6703:Galewicz 2004
6699:
6697:
6689:
6684:
6677:
6676:Galewicz 2011
6672:
6666:, p. 40.
6665:
6664:Galewicz 2004
6660:
6658:
6650:
6649:Holdrege 1996
6645:
6639:, p. 30.
6638:
6637:Mookerji 2011
6633:
6627:, p. 34.
6626:
6625:Mookerji 2011
6621:
6619:
6611:
6606:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6586:Holdrege 1996
6582:
6580:
6573:, p. 49.
6572:
6567:
6561:, p. 33.
6560:
6555:
6549:. pp. 332–333
6548:
6547:81-208-0498-8
6544:
6540:
6534:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6486:
6481:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6439:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6420:
6413:
6407:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6384:
6382:
6375:, p. 15.
6374:
6369:
6362:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6315:2027.42/43799
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6275:, p. 34.
6274:
6269:
6267:
6259:
6258:Holdrege 1996
6254:
6247:
6246:Holdrege 1996
6242:
6235:
6230:
6224:, pages 80-84
6223:
6219:
6213:
6207:, p. 55.
6206:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6189:
6188:Holdrege 1996
6184:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6171:, p. 35.
6170:
6169:Mookerji 2011
6165:
6163:
6161:
6153:
6152:Galewicz 2004
6148:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6081:
6074:
6069:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6047:
6042:
6036:, p. 19.
6035:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6018:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6002:, p. 22.
6001:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5965:
5960:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5936:
5929:
5928:Holdrege 2012
5924:
5917:
5912:
5906:, p. 92.
5905:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5887:Holdrege 1996
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5867:
5866:Holdrege 1995
5862:
5860:
5853:, p. 76.
5852:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5828:, p. 68.
5827:
5822:
5815:
5810:
5803:
5802:Oberlies 1998
5798:
5796:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5774:, p. 36.
5773:
5768:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5745:
5744:Holdrege 2012
5740:
5733:
5728:
5722:, p. 68.
5721:
5716:
5710:, p. 49.
5709:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5662:
5657:
5650:
5645:
5643:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5620:
5619:Nakamura 1983
5615:
5613:
5611:
5604:, p. 30.
5603:
5602:Holdrege 1996
5598:
5596:
5588:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5545:, pp. 208–210
5544:
5540:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5467:, p. 51.
5466:
5465:Michaels 2004
5461:
5459:
5457:
5450:, pp. 424–426
5449:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:according to
5315:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5182:Holdrege 1996
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5162:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5001:, p. 82.
5000:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4980:Holdrege 1995
4976:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4957:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4898:
4892:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4826:
4823:, p. 3;
4822:
4816:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4748:, p. 37.
4747:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4725:, p. 69.
4724:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4633:Hymn 1.164.20
4629:
4624:
4619:
4618:Hymn 1.164.34
4614:
4613:Hymn 1.164.34
4607:
4597:
4590:
4584:
4577:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4412:, p. 27)
4411:
4407:
4400:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4232:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:Oberlies 1998
4214:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:Pyramid Texts
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4069:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:Paṭṭiṉappālai
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3874:archaeologist
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3838:non-dualistic
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3757:Bhagavad Gita
3753:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3677:Gāndharvaveda
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:Sthapatyaveda
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3215:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2833:
2832:-traditions.
2831:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2604:Mashaka Argya
2585:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2315:their meaning
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2200:(4th c. BCE)
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:resulting in
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:Maurya period
2121:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:vedarthajnana
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:Mahajanapadas
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1881:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Bhagavad Gita
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1667:Axel Michaels
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:Bṛhadāraṇyaka
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:metrical feet
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1285:, cognate to
1284:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Chaturashrama
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:ancient India
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
977:
950:
942:
941:
935:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
902:
901:
894:
891:
890:
884:
883:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:Shiva Samhita
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:Yoga Vasistha
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
820:Vastu Shastra
818:
816:
815:Natya Shastra
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:Brahma Sutras
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Artha Shastra
758:
756:
753:
752:
749:
745:
740:
739:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
655:
654:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
616:
615:
608:
605:
604:
603:
601:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Varaha Purana
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
513:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
426:
425:
421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
407:Bhagavad Gita
405:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
368:
367:Atharva vedic
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
329:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
253:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
224:
219:
218:
213:
210:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
192:
188:
187:
184:
181:
180:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
126:
122:
112:
109:
99:
98:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
12878:
12870:
12856:
12842:
12806:Roman Missal
12797:
12766:Early modern
12725:(Sanamahism)
12670:(Gnosticism)
12659:
12638:Deuterocanon
12605:
12601:Tao Te Ching
12599:
12581:
12505:
12445:Serbian epic
12427:
12037:Architecture
11640:Brahmacharya
11582:Samavartanam
11547:Annaprashana
11413:
11316:
11117:
11071:Dharmaśāstra
11061:Arthashastra
10896:Maitrayaniya
10794:
10728:
10721:
10714:
10636:Brahmacharya
10458:
10445:
10402:
10398:
10374:
10354:
10333:
10323:
10314:
10307:Concordances
10296:
10267:
10257:
10248:
10229:
10204:
10183:
10175:Flood (2008)
10160:Flood (2003)
10144:
10123:the original
10118:
10114:
10088:
10069:
10051:
10035:
10029:
10020:
10017:Staal, Frits
10008:
9999:
9981:
9963:
9945:
9922:
9900:
9891:
9873:
9855:
9846:
9826:
9807:
9798:
9789:
9770:
9761:
9757:
9735:
9732:Mookerji, R.
9714:
9701:
9681:
9662:
9646:
9627:
9618:
9599:
9580:
9562:
9544:
9535:
9526:
9508:
9490:
9472:
9454:
9445:
9436:
9427:
9418:
9400:
9380:
9360:
9342:
9322:
9317:Flood, Gavin
9291:
9269:
9250:
9240:
9229:, retrieved
9225:the original
9220:
9197:
9176:
9152:
9142:
9132:
9113:
9104:
9086:
9068:
9049:
9030:
9005:
8996:
8973:
8961:
8951:30 September
8949:. Retrieved
8945:the original
8935:
8916:
8911:
8904:Nagappa 2011
8899:
8887:
8868:
8862:
8850:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8817:
8809:
8804:
8796:
8791:
8784:Freschi 2012
8779:
8762:
8753:
8744:
8732:
8720:
8708:
8694:
8674:
8667:
8658:
8648:
8631:
8614:
8594:
8587:
8570:
8553:
8536:
8516:
8509:
8492:
8454:
8445:
8428:
8398:
8391:
8374:
8355:
8343:
8326:
8314:. Retrieved
8299:
8292:
8265:
8261:
8251:
8239:. Retrieved
8226:
8214:
8198:
8182:
8162:
8155:
8143:
8131:
8120:
8104:
8092:
8080:
8063:
8032:
8015:
7988:
7956:
7929:
7920:Max Müller,
7916:
7899:
7882:
7875:Google Books
7873:, p. 27, at
7868:
7864:
7847:
7838:Max Müller,
7815:
7798:
7781:
7764:
7740:
7723:
7684:
7679:
7672:Zaehner 1966
7666:
7649:
7629:
7612:
7576:
7557:Paul Deussen
7552:
7543:
7531:
7516:Paul Deussen
7511:
7494:
7477:
7460:
7441:
7429:
7417:
7390:
7380:
7373:Google Books
7366:
7361:
7318:
7297:
7284:The Rig Veda
7278:
7266:
7254:
7242:
7229:
7216:
7203:
7178:
7157:
7147:
7138:Wikisource;
7110:
7097:
7085:
7068:
7063:, p. 68
7052:
7040:
7014:
6998:
6985:
6978:Google Books
6971:
6968:Google Books
6961:
6956:
6949:Google Books
6942:
6937:
6914:
6836:
6807:
6795:
6783:
6758:
6746:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6688:Collins 2009
6683:
6671:
6644:
6632:
6605:
6598:Jackson 2016
6593:
6566:
6554:
6538:
6533:
6514:
6508:
6497:Frazier 2011
6492:
6480:
6468:. Retrieved
6464:the original
6455:
6446:
6426:
6419:
6401:
6395:
6368:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6300:(1): 21–47.
6297:
6293:
6280:
6273:Frazier 2011
6253:
6241:
6234:Jackson 2016
6229:
6212:
6147:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6080:
6068:
6046:Doniger 2010
6041:
5995:
5983:
5976:Banerji 1989
5971:
5959:
5947:
5935:
5923:
5911:
5821:
5809:
5787:Anthony 2007
5767:
5751:
5739:
5732:Frazier 2011
5727:
5715:
5708:Anthony 2007
5703:
5698:, p. 4.
5677:
5668:
5656:
5636:, p. 9.
5587:Bartley 2001
5582:
5570:
5550:
5523:
5479:
5472:
5402:
5350:
5338:
5314:
5298:
5282:
5270:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5245:
5233:
5204:
5106:Scharfe 2002
5089:Pollock 2011
4912:
4896:
4891:
4875:
4857:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4815:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4767:the original
4762:
4753:
4690:
4685:
4668:
4645:, pp. 64–69;
4632:
4628:Hymn 1.164.6
4627:
4623:Hymn 1.164.5
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:For example,
4606:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4570:
4561:
4552:
4535:
4530:, p. 4.
4515:
4511:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4468:
4462:
4443:
4420:Noam Chomsky
4399:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4326:
4323:Google Books
4316:
4296:
4290:
4285:
4272:
4265:Freschi 2012
4251:
4212:
4171:Indo-Iranian
4093:Books portal
4049:
4034:
4024:
3993:Brahmo Samaj
3986:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3933:The various
3932:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3868:. An Indian
3863:
3854:Maha Puranas
3853:
3829:
3823:
3818:
3815:Maha Puranas
3814:
3806:
3804:
3780:
3764:
3754:
3743:
3736:
3724:
3709:and certain
3700:
3671:sacred dance
3646:Charanavyuha
3641:
3639:
3622:
3613:
3609:
3593:
3582:
3558:
3547:
3532:
3500:
3499:
3480:
3450:), grammar (
3433:
3429:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3305:
3304:oblation to
3297:
3295:
3264:
3261:
3190:
3174:
3147:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3087:Kuru Kingdom
3044:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
2983:
2969:
2954:
2946:
2930:
2923:Sapta Sindhu
2915:Vedic period
2908:
2899:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2853:
2847:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2795:
2782:
2780:
2737:
2735:
2690:Caranavaidya
2606:Varshgagavya
2590:Shatyamukhya
2541:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2439:monotheistic
2435:henotheistic
2428:
2404:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2356:para Brahman
2354:
2350:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2263:karma-kandha
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:uttara-kanda
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2201:
2191:
2180:Vikramashila
2165:
2140:
2137:
2117:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2031:
2017:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1977:Vedic period
1974:
1971:Transmission
1891:Vedic period
1872:Kuru Kingdom
1853:
1845:Vedic period
1832:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1794:Kuru Kingdom
1769:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1698:
1674:
1672:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:Adi Shankara
1580:
1575:Gryha Sutras
1488:
1472:
1461:
1453:
1446:Atharva-Veda
1421:
1407:
1395:Vedic period
1384:
1370:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1295:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1198:The various
1197:
1178:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1121:Brahmacharya
1116:
1089:benedictions
1062:
948:
946:
938:
825:Panchatantra
785:Nyāya Sūtras
681:Thiruppugazh
599:
597:
565:
563:
511:
509:
479:
366:
364:
327:
325:
308:
306:
291:
251:
249:
222:
146:
96:Vedic period
40:
12920:Hindu texts
12861:(Thelemite)
12853:(Ahmadiyya)
12833:(Mormonism)
12719:(Hinduism)
12365:Old English
12360:New Zealand
12280:Indian epic
12255:Guernésiais
12158:Anglo-Welsh
12086:WikiProject
11958:Persecution
11946:Nationalism
11936:Iconography
11816:Ratha Yatra
11727:Janmashtami
11722:Rama Navami
11650:Vanaprastha
11601:Varnashrama
11577:Ritushuddhi
11562:Vidyarambha
11552:Chudakarana
11542:Nishkramana
11517:Garbhadhana
11158:Thirukkural
11153:Thiruppugal
11081:Nāradasmṛti
11044:Mahabharata
10822:Atharvaveda
10700:Vaisheshika
10587:Puruṣārthas
10405:: 203–353,
10054:, Ashgate,
10002:, Routledge
9753:Müller, Max
9538:, Routledge
9529:, Routledge
9107:, Routledge
8966:Müller 1892
8855:Lipner 2012
8822:Lipner 2012
7983:, pp. 35–36
7791:Witzel 1997
7776:, pp. x–xii
7661:, pp. 52–53
7634:Frits Staal
7504:Witzel 1997
7487:Witzel 1997
7410:Witzel 2003
7354:Witzel 1997
7271:Prasad 2020
7259:Prasad 2020
7247:Witzel 1997
7120:Witzel 1997
7078:Witzel 1997
7061:Witzel 2003
7045:Witzel 2003
6919:Alpha Books
6882:Witzel 1997
5940:Prasad 2007
5916:Pruthi 2004
5847:Witzel 2003
5826:Witzel 2003
5720:Witzel 2008
5696:Witzel 1995
5575:Witzel 2003
5425:, pp. 42–43
5343:Prasad 2020
5044:Sharma 2011
4886:, pp. 35–39
4825:Witzel 2003
4723:Witzel 2003
4540:Coward 2008
4410:Staal (1986
4353:Gavin Flood
4278:Witzel 2003
4231:Witzel 1997
4223:Witzel 1995
4135:Vedic chant
3969:) schools.
3935:Hindu sects
3908:mentions a
3890:Sacred fire
3878:epigraphist
3819:Upa Puranas
3789:Pancharatra
3737:Nātyaśāstra
3707:Natyasastra
3703:Mahabharata
3577:Caraṇavyūha
3525:Atharvaveda
3409:jnana-kanda
3397:karma-kanda
3385:jnana-kanda
3381:karma-kanda
3346:Vanaprastha
3283:Atharvaveda
3144:Atharvaveda
3138:Atharvaveda
3063:Atharvaveda
3002:Atharvaveda
2998: 1200
2785:trayī vidyā
2775:Atharvaveda
2666:Atharvaveda
2447:agnosticism
2422:, south of
2311:Parabrahman
2267:jnana-kanda
2254:jnana-kanda
2241:karma-kanda
2237:pūrva-kāņda
2233:parabrahman
1938: 1500
1887: 1000
1816: 1000
1801: 1200
1752:Mahabharata
1729:Mahabharata
1631:jnana-kanda
1619:karma-kanda
1469: 1500
1393:during the
1362:Vedic texts
1356:ritual fire
1238:) schools.
1204:Hindu sects
1137:Vānaprastha
1077:Atharvaveda
940:Atharvaveda
870:Vedantasara
795:Yoga Sutras
711:Aathichoodi
644:Historicity
639:Mahabharata
632:Historicity
328:Yajur vedic
245:Atharvaveda
129:Atharvaveda
117: 1200
106:–1200 BCE (
104: 1500
63:Information
12909:Categories
12887:Geniocracy
12883:(Satanist)
12839:(Tenrikyo)
12688:(Hinduism)
12686:Upanishads
12656:(Hinduism)
12628:(Judaism)
12616:(Buddhist)
12584:(Hinduism)
12490:Vietnamese
12410:Rajasthani
12400:Portuguese
12173:Australian
11787:Kumbh Mela
11755:Gudi Padwa
11700:Durga Puja
11685:Shivaratri
11557:Karnavedha
11537:Namakarana
11499:Tirthatana
11266:Dattatreya
11103:Subhashita
11076:Manusmriti
10953:Dhanurveda
10886:Taittiriya
10871:Kaushitaki
10858:Upanishads
10631:Aparigraha
10533:Philosophy
10446:Goettingen
9858:, Anthem,
8927:. Source:
8582:, p. xxxix
8268:(1): 1–7.
8241:7 December
8205:, p.
7588:, pp. 1–17
7235:Avari 2007
7222:Avari 2007
7209:Avari 2007
7143:Max Müller
7019:Staal 1986
6856:Flood 1996
6571:Misra 2000
6499:, p.
6470:4 November
6388:Avari 2007
6361:Lopez 2016
6349:Goody 1987
5851:Avari 2007
5814:Kumar 2014
5758:, p.
5756:Dalal 2014
5678:Wikisource
5649:Knapp 2005
5161:Dwyer 2013
5146:Hexam 2011
4999:Flood 1996
4746:Flood 1996
4701:References
4663:Wikisource
4589:Upanishads
4520:speech-act
4378:pāțha-śālā
4240: – c.
4181:Max Müller
4140:Brahminism
3989:Arya Samaj
3886:Purananuru
3866:Tamil Nadu
3715:fifth Veda
3684:Medicine (
3669:Music and
3657:Dhanurveda
3581:) and the
3405:Upanishads
3371:Upanishads
3326:Upanishads
3235:Devanagari
3163:Paippalāda
3069:, and the
2993:, between
2878:10.129.6–7
2810:Upanishads
2686:Brahmavada
2674:Paippalada
2656:Madhyandin
2610:Shakugitre
2544:and their
2522:Four Vedas
2496:jaṭā-pāṭha
2471:Anukramani
2431:polytheism
2346:paramatman
2259:Parabrahma
2203:Aṣṭādhyāyī
2132:Jack Goody
2013:sampradaya
1986:sampradaya
1945: 500
1850:Chronology
1843:See also:
1831:into four
1818:–500 BCE.
1803: – c.
1776:) between
1742:apauruṣeyā
1735:Authorship
1705:Upanishads
1669:explains:
1663:Max Müller
1641:Vedas are
1591:Upanishads
1569:, such as
1563:Upanishads
1555:Upanishads
1485:Bloomfield
1450:recensions
1438:Yajur-Veda
1420:(Sanskrit
1375:Devanagari
1316:, English
1169:apauruṣeya
1146:Vedas are
1133:Upanishads
1109:meditation
1105:Upanishads
1054:scriptures
865:Panchadasi
850:Swara yoga
686:Tirukkuṟaḷ
500:Markandeya
345:Taittiriya
309:Sama vedic
302:Kaushitaki
287:Upanishads
274:Upanishads
119:–900 BCE (
12893:Catechism
12889:(Raelian)
12872:Dianetics
12837:Ofudesaki
12676:(Judaism)
12614:Tripiṭaka
12590:(Jainism)
12568:Antiquity
12423:Classical
12419:Sanskrit
12380:Pakistani
12370:Old Norse
12350:Malayalam
12218:Cantonese
12203:Byzantine
12198:Bulgarian
12010:Theosophy
11941:Mythology
11921:Criticism
11889:Etymology
11847:Svādhyāya
11746:New Year
11695:Navaratri
11667:Festivals
11645:Grihastha
11618:Kshatriya
11592:Antyeshti
11567:Upanayana
11532:Jatakarma
11522:Pumsavana
11509:Sanskaras
11474:Naivedhya
11428:Practices
11373:Mahavidya
11341:Saraswati
11328:Goddesses
11286:Kartikeya
11183:Athichudi
11138:Tirumurai
10991:Vyākaraṇa
10958:Natyaveda
10906:Chandogya
10831:Divisions
10812:Yajurveda
10419:0003-0279
10226:Gonda, J.
10219:Overviews
10170:Upaniṣads
10155:Upaniṣads
9734:(2011) ,
9724:685239912
9655:929704391
9403:, Brill,
8659:The Hindu
8316:6 January
8232:"Upaveda"
8219:Apte 1965
7708:Jan Gonda
7330:Apte 1965
7207:see e.g.
6117:CiteSeerX
6096:Frontline
6034:Rath 2012
6000:Rath 2012
5904:Broo 2016
5772:Dutt 2006
5440:Jan Gonda
5238:Apte 1965
5201:"nastika"
5129:Wood 2007
5074:Todd 2013
5029:Apte 1965
5014:Apte 1965
4819:see e.g.
4678:epistemic
4648:Jan Gonda
4491:srotriyas
4429:Emil Post
4365:Broo 2016
4261:epistemic
4061:in 2007.
3945:). Other
3870:historian
3640:The term
3600:Yajurveda
3569:Kātyāyana
3517:Aranyakas
3513:Brahmanas
3503:Pariśiṣṭa
3496:Pariśiṣṭa
3490:Parisista
3454:Vyākaraṇa
3401:Aranyakas
3393:Brahmanas
3377:Aranyakas
3342:Aranyakas
3338:Aranyakas
3291:Jan Gonda
3275:Yajurveda
3252:Brahmanas
3245:(Kerala).
3198:cremation
3186:theosophy
3169:Śaunakīya
3102:Yajurveda
3041:Yajurveda
3035:Yajurveda
3006:Yajurveda
2944:kingdom.
2917:) in the
2806:Brahmanas
2802:Aranyakas
2755:Yajurveda
2688:Devadarsa
2613:Jaiminiya
2598:Goulgulvi
2573:Bhashkala
2299:Mukherjee
2289:Yajurveda
2162:Svādhyāya
1953:Patañjali
1880:redaction
1809:redaction
1790:Aryavarta
1713:Aranyakas
1709:Brahmanas
1686:Brāhmaṇas
1680:Āraṇyakas
1627:Brahmanas
1587:Aranyakas
1583:Brahmanas
1558:Hinduism.
1535:Chandogya
1516:Aranyakas
1504:Brahmanas
1442:Sama-Veda
1333:ве́дать (
1329:"I see",
1189:semantics
1185:phonology
1125:Gr̥hastha
1101:Aranyakas
1093:Brahmanas
1069:Yajurveda
1020:romanized
835:Tirumurai
765:Kamasutra
524:Bhagavata
505:Bhavishya
490:Brahmānda
447:Vyakarana
316:Chandogya
292:Rig vedic
252:Divisions
240:Yajurveda
159:The Vedas
147:Full text
121:Yajurveda
12867:(Wiccan)
12847:(Baha'i)
12739:(Shinto)
12709:Medieval
12680:Theogony
12610:(Taoist)
12607:Zhuangzi
12435:Scottish
12315:Kashmiri
12305:Jèrriais
12300:Javanese
12295:Japanese
12260:Gujarati
12235:Estonian
12208:Canadian
12183:Biblical
12168:Assamese
12153:American
12148:Albanian
12066:Category
12017:Glossary
11985:Buddhism
11951:Hindutva
11911:Calendar
11792:Haridwar
11770:Vaisakhi
11765:Puthandu
11655:Sannyasa
11572:Keshanta
11403:Shashthi
11239:Trimurti
11066:Nitisara
11039:Ramayana
11034:Itihasas
11006:Jyotisha
10948:Ayurveda
10940:Upavedas
10921:Mandukya
10866:Aitareya
10848:Aranyaka
10843:Brahmana
10817:Samaveda
10742:Charvaka
10542:Concepts
10523:Timeline
10515:Glossary
10498:Hinduism
10455:, Curlie
10387:Journals
10281:citation
10228:(1975),
10203:(1966),
10136:(1997),
10019:(1986),
9755:(1892),
9712:(1899).
9319:(1996),
9174:(2008).
8843:Hinduism
8774:, p. 194
8626:, p. xli
8453:(1976),
8284:22556454
7644:, p. 135
7449:Archived
7385:491–499.
7145:(1859).
7008:11549595
6139:52885600
6088:Archived
5384:Brahmana
5327:Archived
5263:²; Rix'
5259:u̯(e)id-
5197:"astika"
4931:, p. 285
4499:Samhitas
4065:See also
4059:Register
3959:Buddhism
3951:Charvaka
3733:—
3688:Āyurveda
3509:Samhitas
3399:, while
3389:Samhitas
3330:Aranyaka
3279:Samaveda
3258:Brahmana
3194:marriage
3166:and the
3158:Angirasa
3154:Atharvan
3083:Iron Age
3073:Sāmaveda
3004:and the
2980:Samaveda
2974:Samaveda
2957:Rajasuya
2900:mandalas
2876:Rig Veda
2814:Upasanas
2798:Samhitas
2769:Samaveda
2744:) viz.,
2671:Shaunaka
2588:Ranayana
2584:Samaveda
2531:a series
2529:Part of
2512:Brahmana
2508:redacted
2451:monistic
2210:scholar
2168:Vedangas
2120:Buddhism
2098:niruktas
2081:Samhitas
2009:Shankara
1961:Iron Age
1911:Brahmana
1907:samhitas
1899:Iron Age
1897:and the
1833:Samhitas
1792:and the
1784:and the
1725:Ramayana
1711:and the
1701:Samhitas
1692:Saṃhitās
1623:Samhitas
1611:Hinduism
1595:Samhitas
1565:and the
1551:Aitareya
1473:Samhitas
1434:Rig-Veda
1418:Samhitas
1291:(ϝ)εἶδος
1248:Sanskrit
1228:Buddhism
1220:Charvaka
1141:Sannyasa
1113:Upāsanās
1081:Samhitas
1075:and the
1073:Samaveda
1058:Hinduism
1011:Sanskrit
887:Timeline
744:Shastras
627:Ramayana
529:Naradiya
462:Jyotisha
430:Vedangas
379:Mandukya
297:Aitareya
269:Aranyaka
264:Brahmana
235:Samaveda
175:a series
173:Part of
125:Samaveda
82:Language
76:Hinduism
68:Religion
12751:(Islam)
12733:(Islam)
12717:Puranas
12692:Enneads
12480:Turkish
12460:Spanish
12440:Serbian
12415:Russian
12405:Punjabi
12390:Persian
12375:Ottoman
12345:Marathi
12310:Kannada
12290:Italian
12240:Finnish
12230:English
12225:Cornish
12213:Chinese
12193:Bosnian
12188:British
12178:Bengali
12055:Outline
12005:Sikhism
12000:Judaism
11995:Jainism
11876:Related
11852:Namaste
11705:Ramlila
11635:Ashrama
11623:Vaishya
11613:Brahmin
11436:Worship
11388:Rukmini
11378:Matrika
11351:Parvati
11346:Lakshmi
11336:Tridevi
11291:Krishna
11276:Hanuman
11271:Ganesha
11222:Deities
11108:Tantras
11098:Stotras
11051:Puranas
10996:Nirukta
10986:Chandas
10981:Shiksha
10973:Vedanga
10926:Prashna
10916:Mundaka
10838:Samhita
10807:Rigveda
10738:Nāstika
10723:Advaita
10710:Vedanta
10705:Mīmāṃsā
10685:Samkhya
10673:Schools
10661:Akrodha
10580:Saṃsāra
10560:Ishvara
10550:Brahman
8988:Sources
8338:, p. 68
8275:3336651
8119:(ed.).
7859:, p. 63
7695:, p. 38
7571:, p. 23
6980:, p. 14
6600:, ch.3.
6324:3270278
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5226:p. 1015
4674:deontic
4544:Mimamsa
4512:Brahman
4464:Nirukta
4257:deontic
3967:nāstika
3963:Jainism
3955:Ajivika
3947:śramaṇa
3923:Tevaram
3914:Brahmin
3902:Vaymoli
3850:Advaita
3830:Vaidika
3807:Puranas
3801:Puranas
3795:Puranas
3759:or the
3711:Puranas
3653:Archery
3642:upaveda
3636:Upaveda
3621:', the
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3541:Rigveda
3474:Jyotiṣa
3460:Nirukta
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3420:Vedanga
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3358:Vedānta
3350:Ashrama
3322:Vedanta
3271:Rigveda
3237:. Top:
3177:Samhita
3120:Krishna
3113:Rigveda
3109:samhita
3067:Khilani
3059:Rigveda
2931:Rigveda
2842:Rigveda
2836:Rigveda
2830:sramana
2749:Rigveda
2640:Kathaka
2608:Kuthuma
2594:Bhaguri
2569:Shakala
2564:Rigveda
2546:Shakhas
2503:Rigveda
2389:Vedanta
2274:Mimamsa
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2208:Mimamsa
2198:Pāṇinis
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2107:magical
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1430:mantras
1424:saṃhitā
1371:Rigveda
1351:Rigveda
1331:Russian
1310:(w)oida
1305:(ϝ)οἶδα
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1232:Jainism
1224:Ajivika
1216:śramaṇa
1117:sramana
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1091:), the
1085:mantras
1065:Rigveda
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620:Itihasa
475:Puranas
452:Nirukta
442:Chandas
437:Shiksha
412:Tantras
384:Prashna
374:Mundaka
259:Samhita
230:Rigveda
108:Rigveda
12823:Modern
12776:(Sikh)
12749:Hadith
12737:Kojiki
12674:Talmud
12626:Tanakh
12594:Avesta
12588:Agamas
12470:Telugu
12455:Slovak
12450:Sindhi
12395:Polish
12385:Pashto
12355:Nepali
12335:Latino
12320:Korean
12275:Indian
12270:Hebrew
12245:French
12163:Arabic
12143:Afghan
12128:Poetry
12076:Portal
11980:Baháʼí
11884:Hindus
11862:Tilaka
11831:Others
11807:Ujjain
11802:Prayag
11797:Nashik
11737:Pongal
11675:Diwali
11628:Shudra
11587:Vivaha
11494:Dhyāna
11469:Bhajan
11459:Bhakti
11444:Temple
11398:Shakti
11306:Varuna
11249:Vishnu
11244:Brahma
11093:Sutras
11029:Agamas
10785:Smriti
10716:Dvaita
10681:Āstika
10626:Asteya
10621:Ahimsa
10607:Moksha
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2919:Punjab
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2682:Jalada
2680:Jajala
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2333:rishis
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2245:dharma
2228:dharma
2172:Taxila
2141:smriti
2043:mudras
2033:pathas
2022:, the
2000:rishis
1919:Panini
1915:Buddha
1786:Ganges
1782:Yamuna
1774:Punjab
1762:Rishis
1757:Brahma
1707:, the
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1270:*weyd-
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1212:āstika
1193:cosmos
1161:smr̥ti
1097:Yajñas
1071:, the
1067:, the
875:Stotra
748:sutras
583:Skanda
559:Matsya
544:Vamana
534:Garuda
519:Vishnu
485:Brahma
402:Agamas
360:Maitri
206:Smriti
201:Shruti
138:Verses
92:Period
12915:Vedas
12731:Quran
12620:Bible
12582:Vedas
12495:Welsh
12465:Tamil
12428:Vedic
12325:Latin
12285:Irish
12265:Hindi
12250:Greek
11990:Islam
11968:India
11857:Bindi
11840:Other
11780:Ugadi
11775:Vishu
11608:Varna
11489:Tapas
11479:Yajna
11449:Murti
11383:Radha
11363:Durga
11358:Bhumi
11301:Surya
11281:Indra
11254:Shiva
11016:Other
11001:Kalpa
10891:Katha
10795:Vedas
10780:Śruti
10765:Texts
10695:Nyaya
10651:Damah
10641:Satya
10597:Artha
10575:Karma
10565:Atman
10519:Index
10453:Vedas
10423:JSTOR
10379:(PDF)
10141:(PDF)
10126:(PDF)
10111:(PDF)
8383:(PDF)
8115:. In
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4444:Artha
4146:Notes
3999:like
3898:Maṛai
3826:Hindu
3811:Hindu
3750:Tamil
3596:Kṛṣṇa
3466:Kalpa
3438:Śikṣā
3367:Ātman
3310:artha
3302:Yajna
3079:hymns
3051:yajna
2896:hymns
2889:Indic
2678:Mauda
2592:Vyasa
2542:Vedas
2506:, as
2486:Vedas
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2337:munis
2328:bodha
2324:artha
2284:artha
2279:artha
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1646:śruti
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1493:padas
1477:Indra
1456:śākhā
1327:videō
1324:Latin
1287:Greek
1266:root
1250:word
1174:sages
1151:śruti
1026:Vēdaḥ
949:Vedas
578:Linga
573:Shiva
554:Kurma
539:Padma
457:Kalpa
350:Katha
223:Vedas
46:Vedas
18:Vedic
12723:Puya
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12485:Urdu
12475:Thai
12340:Manx
12032:List
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11821:Teej
11750:Bihu
11732:Onam
11680:Holi
11484:Homa
11464:Japa
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11414:more
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11317:more
11311:Vayu
11296:Rama
11261:Agni
11231:Gods
10911:Kena
10881:Isha
10690:Yoga
10656:Dayā
10646:Dāna
10616:Niti
10602:Kama
10570:Maya
10415:ISSN
10359:ISBN
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951:(
943:.
922:e
915:t
908:v
131:)
38:.
20:)
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