524:, a member of a prominent Roman family, and Geiseric demanded that Olybrius succeed to the throne in Italy. Threatened on the one hand by the Vandals, on the other by Marcellinus in Dalmatia, Ricimer and the obedient Senate asked for mediation from the Eastern Roman emperor. Leo was asked to bring about a reconciliation with Geiseric and Marcellinus. Leo agreed, after which Marcellinus ceased hostilities. However, the envoys that Leo sent to Geiseric returned from Carthage without results. Geiseric claimed on behalf of his daughter-in-law that all her father's private property in Italy belonged to him, as well as the inheritance of
663:
37:
371:. Even before the army arrived, the fleet was destroyed. Majorian canceled the attack on the Vandals and had to disband the large army he had raised. In Arles he received messengers from Geiseric, with whom he agreed to make peace, which was probably a confirmation of the peace of 442. For Majorian, the failed campaign against the Vandals was a huge setback which put an end to his plans to restore the empire to its former glory, and it also undermined his position as emperor of the west.
290:
436:(461-465) was put forward as emperor by Ricimer and inaugurated by the Senate in Ravenna on 19 November 461. This appointment was not recognized by the eastern part and for the Vandals this was a valid reason to break the peace treaty with the Romans. A new war with the Vandals broke out and at the end of 461, Geiseriks' naval fleet captured the islands of
242:(457–474), emperor of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, who frequently occupied himself with the western part due to the lack of a western counterpart. The eastern emperor oversaw many ambitious political and military plans, mainly aimed at aiding the faltering Western Roman Empire and recovering its former territories. Furthermore, the Roman general
792:
The treaty has not been preserved: it can be deduced from the fragment of
Priscus (fr. 36.2) that it was not favorable to the Romans, even though another fragment (fr. 38) makes it clear that the Vandals were not recognized for their power over Sicily; it is possible that this treaty was based on the
670:
In the days allotted to him, Geiserik assembled a new fleet with a number of fireships and, aided by good winds, attacked the Roman fleet. The Roman fleet was defeated by the combination of the fireships, bad winds and surprise, with half of it destroyed. Basiliscus fled with the rest of the fleet to
552:
Emperor Libius
Severus, who was no more than a puppet of Ricimer, died on 15 August 465. His cause of death is unknown: both murder and natural causes are possible. The elevation of Olybrius, which would have been a restitution of the Theodosian dynasty, may have seemed a hopeful solution to some of
274:
of the Romans, but de facto they ruled this part of the empire to their own discretion. Since then, the
Vandals had control of part of the Mediterranean fleet and focused on piracy, at first on a small scale but becoming more and more significant over time. The Western Roman Empire lacked sufficient
597:
The attack plan that the Romans had in mind was based on the idea of having the eastern and western armies act together and attack the
Vandals simultaneously on three fronts. The eastern army had to be divided into two for this. A sizable fleet was assembled, reputedly consisting of 1,113 ships, to
548:
In 464 or 465 Marcellinus again campaigned against the
Vandals. By order of Emperor Leo I, he returned to Sicily to defend the island against the Vandals which posed a direct threat to the personal power and prestige of Ricimer, who called on Leo to persuade Marcellinus not to undertake hostilities
683:
The poor result that the Romans achieved with the large-scale operation at the end of the Vandal war must have had a major morale effect. The Roman Empire had brought all its strength to bear and had failed in its mission to destroy the Vandal Empire. According to
Heather the battle considered to
578:
In the spring of 467, Anthemius, accompanied by
Marcellinus, arrived with an army to Italy. After his accession to the throne on 12 April 467, a large-scale campaign against the Vandals was prepared, to be undertaken by an Eastern Roman fleet with land troops under the overall command of Emperor
566:
In 467, the sea attacks by the
Vandals became increasingly extensive. Geiseric's warships now also appeared off the coast of the Peloponnesus and Egypt. It was feared that there would be an attack on Alexandria that would have consequences for the grain supply of the Eastern Roman capital. This
654:, Friell and Williams, Geiseric appealed for peace and proposed a five-day armistice to give themselves time to prepare in the meantime. Heather notes that the Romans favored avoiding a naval battle, and that this may have been the reason Basiliscus hesitated to take on the Vandals to attack.
455:
Ricimer, now the strongman in the west, was indeed lord and master in Italy, but in addition to the hostile attacks in the
Mediterranean region, he had to deal with open military opposition from the generals Aegidius, Nepotianus and Marcellinus. In Marcellinus, who stayed south of Italy in
540:, Aegidius was victorious. His rebellion was not curtailed until the autumn of 465, when he was murdered. At the time, Aegidius was engaged in negotiations with the Vandal king Geiseric, attempting to build an alternative balance of western forces to challenge Ricimer's dominance.
218:
and the empire of the west. The
Vandals as a rising power posed an enormous threat to the stability of the Roman Empire. Piracy and plunder were a scourge, threatening trade throughout the Mediterranean. The Roman war effort from 466 onwards was aimed at the destruction of the
528:, whose son Gaudentius he kept as a prisoner. In pursuit of these claims, Geiseric led a major expedition against Italy and Sicily, destroying rural districts and undefended towns. Ricimer had little to say against this, his army and navy failed to stop the Vandals at sea.
234:(429–477), king of the Vandals, had played an important role since he led his people to Africa in 429. He had received that position by emerging victorious in a series of wars with the Romans. In the conflict between 461 and 468 his main opponents were:
703:. This treaty was fairly faithfully observed on both sides under his successors. A revolution in Carthage in 531 finally gave the Roman Empire, which then only existed in the East, the desired opportunity for intervention, leading to the
512:'s property as the treasure of Eudocia. He had already occupied and annexed the Mauritanian provinces, as well as Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands, and planned to preserve the marriage of his son Huneric to Eudocia.
570:
Now that not only Italy and Sicily were threatened but the trade of the entire Mediterranean, the forces of the East had to be united with those of Italy and Dalmatia against the African enemy. Leo agreed with Ricimir that
553:
the difficulties of the situation, but the fact that he was Geiseriks' candidate and relative was a reason not to accept him. A year and eight months after the death of Libius Severus, no successor was appointed.
567:
threat explains why the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I decided to no longer stand idly by. He abandoned the diplomatic path and took steps to achieve closer cooperation with the Western Roman government in Italy.
468:. However, Ricimer did not intervene militarily, because Marcellinus was supported by the Eastern Roman emperor Leo I. Nepotianus and Aetius no longer posed a danger to Ricimer after he managed to attract the
691:
Nevertheless, it took two years for Geiserik to regain enough confidence to resume his attacks on Italy. In 472, Ricimer's western regime came to terms with Geiseric, making his son's brother-in-law,
391:
foederati, who had gained a high degree of independence in exchange for supporting Majorian, turned away from Roman authority, while Ricimer received little support from the Roman army outside
536:
In 463 a confusing spectacle occurred, when Ricimer, in the name of the western emperor Libius Serverus, employed Goths to attack part of the Roman army in Gaul. When the battle was fought at
424:
of three months followed, during which the title of Western Emperor was not claimed. During this interregnum there was a political struggle for succession between Ricimer, the Eastern emperor
520:
Geiserics' concession had a clear political purpose. The Vandal monarch now emerged as the champion of the Theodosian house against Ricimer and his upstart emperor. Placidia was married to
484:
After Marcellin's departure, Sicily was again ravaged by Vandal attacks, but Ricimer's negotiations had no effect. A peace mission under the umbrella of the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo in
675:. Heraclius, who had not yet reached Carthage, returned to the Eastern Roman Empire by retracing the path he had taken, and Basiliscus returned to Constantinople with half his fleet.
407:
in Sicily resisted and refused to follow orders from Italy. The Gallic army seems to have declared Aeidius counter-emperor and in Sicily Marcellinus had ambitions in that direction.
364:). Geiseric, fearing the Roman invasion, tried to make peace with Majorian, who rejected this. Geiseric then used other means. Traitors paid by the Vandals set fire to the fleet on
583:. Anthemius appointed Marcellinus, also to counterbalance Ricimer, as second imperial general and commander-in-chief of the Western Roman troops involved in the campaign.
223:
in order to restore the empire to its original territory. Armed conflicts alternated with peace talks and the two parts of the Roman Empire did not always act in unison.
623:
602:
and then sail to the coast of North Africa to link up with the eastern fleet under Basiliscus. Basiliscus would then sail directly to Carthage with the joint fleet.
352:
in Lusitania (modern Santarém, Portugal), preparations were made for a campaign against the Vandals. The emperor assembled a large force with which he set out from
575:, general in the eastern army, would become the new emperor of the west. Ricimer's support was secured by an arrangement for him to marry Anthemius' daughter.
603:
383:, the commander-in-chief of the Roman army, and then murdered on August 7. Ricimer's coup plunged the Western Roman Empire into a huge crisis. In Gaul, the
671:
Sicily, to consolidate with Marcellin's forces; their morale and supplies might have secured a victory, but Marcellinus was murdered, possibly by order of
464:
auxiliary troops. Bribes from Ricimer induced the Huns to abandon Marcellin's service and enter his. Deprived of most of his troops, Marcellinus left for
460:, Ricimer saw a danger to his position. Ricimer turned to a ruse to get this able general out of his way. Marcellin's army consisted mainly of
1357:
1342:
1287:
1256:
1200:
1172:
1153:
1134:
1102:
1083:
1064:
1030:
1011:
989:
970:
951:
914:
820:
752:
733:
329:
695:, emperor. Geiseric did not make peace with the Eastern Roman Empire until 476. He concluded a treaty with the new emperor
1352:
1326:
1308:
28:
1224:
634:
Marcellinus recaptured Sardinia with little difficulty, and Heraclius met little resistance from the Vandals in
404:
400:
243:
144:
246:, a fierce opponent of Recimer, played a prominent role from the start. The role of Western Roman emperor
802:
774:
Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, (The Modern Library, 1932), ch. XXXVI., p. 1258.
684:
have ended the Western Roman Empire's chances of survival. Without access to the resources of the former
238:, commander-in-chief of the Western Roman army and strongman in the west since his coup in 461, and
685:
662:
592:
1362:
1347:
537:
357:
122:
392:
267:
1269:
1235:
8:
1244:
152:
651:
489:
313:
284:
1322:
1304:
1283:
1252:
688:, the west could not sustain an army powerful enough to defeat its numerous enemies.
508:
were sent to Constantinople. In return, Geiseric negotiated for a certain portion of
305:
98:
94:
650:, a strategic location sixty kilometers away from Carthage. According to historians
525:
258:
at least, an Eastern Roman general, played an important role at the end of the war.
646:, but Basiliscus did not take advantage of this advantage and rested his troops at
449:
348:
campaigned in Spain to strengthen Roman authority. While his generals defeated the
317:
509:
501:
425:
325:
321:
308:
as an open violation of his treaty with the Romans, and an opportunity to invade
270:
of 439–442, North Africa largely fell into the hands of the Vandals. Formally as
239:
135:
328:
to avenge the murder of her husband. He captured Eudoxia and her two daughters,
793:
one signed in 442 (Ch. Courtois, Les Vandales et l'Afrique, Paris 1955, p.199).
696:
445:
433:
247:
220:
89:
1336:
294:
215:
64:
36:
289:
704:
635:
619:
611:
207:
626:
estimated the cost at 65,000 pounds of gold and 750,000 pounds of silver.
1249:
The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy
607:
473:
421:
384:
805:, fragment 203; Marcellinus, sa 461; Fasti vindobonenses priores, No 588
638:, and both moved to make contact with Basiliscus's forces. According to
580:
255:
214:
in North Africa on the other. This war revolved around hegemony in the
148:
379:
In August 461, Majorian returned to Italy, where he was imprisoned by
639:
615:
572:
271:
251:
139:
102:
939:
1185:
Cassiodorus, Chron., sub 491; Dracontius, Satisfactio, vv. 213-214.
928:
692:
647:
599:
521:
505:
465:
441:
429:
396:
345:
333:
301:
231:
126:
114:
598:
carry an army of 100,000 men. Marcellinus, was ordered to conquer
320:, who wrote a chronicle a century later, Geiseric was summoned by
1052:
672:
497:
493:
437:
380:
235:
211:
131:
118:
1251:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
643:
457:
365:
1280:
Sidonius: Poems and Letters, Vol. I: Poems, Letters, Book I-II
469:
388:
361:
349:
1042:
1040:
904:
902:
869:
Hydatius, chronicles 216; Priscus, fr. 10 (in De leg. Rom.).
666:
The Vandal Empire after its victory over the Romans in 468.
353:
309:
1122:
1071:
1001:
999:
1037:
899:
485:
461:
415:
368:
360:, where his fleet was moored at Portus Illicitanus (near
950:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris1980 (
254:(467-472), on the other hand, was considerably greater.
996:
206:
was a long-term conflict between the two halves of the
1141:
1090:
1018:
531:
452:
from the Romans and raided mainland Italy and Greece.
312:
with his fleet. The city was plundered for two weeks (
945:
740:
642:, Basiliscus' fleet dispersed the Vandal fleet near
543:
1188:
1160:
977:
958:
808:
250:(461–465) was minimal, while that of his successor
606:, another general, would gather eastern forces in
1063:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFriellWilliams2005 (
339:
1334:
721:
618:estimated the cost of the expedition at 130,000
860:Hydatius, chronicles 208; Anderson 2012, pg. 25
561:
1133:sfn error: no target: CITEREFO'Flynn1983 (
1058:
913:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOstrogorsky1956 (
515:
344:In 460, the Roman army under the then emperor
842:Hodgkin, Thomas (1892). "Book II, Chapter VI"
678:
657:
1271:The Eastern Empire: Theodosius to Anastasius
1240:, pag. 5 t/m 32, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1128:
908:
629:
1319:Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire
1243:
1152:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeather2006 (
1101:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeather2007 (
1082:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeather2007 (
1046:
1029:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeather2007 (
783:Priscus, fr. 36.1; Hydatius, Chron., p. 32
751:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeather2008 (
556:
293:Geiseric sacking Rome in 455, painted by
1277:
819:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFlynn1983 (
661:
288:
1282:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1226:The War with the Vandals (A.D. 461‑468)
1199:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurn1923 (
1171:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBury1923 (
1147:
1096:
1077:
1024:
1010:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBury1923 (
988:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBury1923 (
969:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBury1958 (
746:
614:, and then attack by land at Carthage.
488:was more successful. The ladies of the
476:foederati to him with generous favors.
275:resources to effectively counter this.
1335:
732:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLee2008 (
416:Vandal occupation of the Western Isles
1274:pag 33-22, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1237:The Fall of the Western Empire 425-76
814:
765:Johannes Malalas, Chronographia 14:26
492:house returned from their captivity.
479:
1194:
1166:
1005:
983:
964:
16:Roman war against the Vandal Kingdom
946:Jones, Martindale & Morris 1980
727:
532:Ricimers' campaign against Aegidius
324:, the wife of the murdered emperor
13:
14:
1374:
586:
544:Battle for Sicily and Interregnum
374:
35:
29:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
1358:Wars involving Germanic peoples
1343:Wars involving the Roman Empire
1210:
1179:
1109:
921:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
851:Priscus of Panium, fragments 29
845:
836:
833:Priscus, fr. 14, De leg. ghent.
278:
226:
896:John M. O'Flyn (1983), pg. 116
827:
796:
786:
777:
768:
759:
340:Destruction of the Roman fleet
1:
887:Hydatius, Chronicles 220, 224
710:
715:
562:Invasion of the Peloponnesus
500:, was saved, but her mother
7:
1303:, Oxford University Press,
1221:History of the Later Empire
516:Vandal claim to the emperor
336:, when they tried to flee.
10:
1379:
1059:Friell & Williams 2005
679:Aftermath and consequences
658:The Defense of the Vandals
590:
282:
261:
1321:, University of Alberta,
187:
158:
108:
83:
47:
34:
26:
21:
1353:460s in the Roman Empire
1278:Anderson, W.B. (2012) .
686:Roman province of Africa
630:The attack of the Romans
624:Ioannes Laurentius Lydus
593:Battle of Cape Bon (468)
410:
300:In 455, the Vandal king
210:on the one hand and the
878:Kulikowski 2019, p. 220
557:Continuation of the war
667:
579:Leo's brother-in-law,
304:saw the usurpation of
297:
109:Commanders and leaders
665:
292:
188:Casualties and losses
1315:John Michael O'Flynn
705:Vandal War (533–534)
204:Vandal War (461–468)
22:Vandal War (461–468)
1301:Late Roman Warlords
1245:Kulikowski, Michael
1080:, pp. 401–402.
1061:, pp. 261–262.
1008:, pp. 336–337.
153:Heraclius of Edessa
42:Map of Roman Empire
668:
652:Michael Kulikowski
480:Peace negotiations
298:
285:Sack of Rome (455)
266:After the earlier
1289:978-0-674-99327-3
1258:978-0-67466-013-7
200:
199:
99:East Roman Empire
95:West Roman Empire
79:
78:
1370:
1316:
1298:
1293:
1267:
1262:
1233:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1003:
994:
993:
981:
975:
974:
962:
956:
955:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
918:
909:Ostrogorsky 1956
906:
897:
894:
888:
885:
879:
876:
870:
867:
861:
858:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
824:
812:
806:
800:
794:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
757:
756:
744:
738:
737:
725:
450:Balearic Islands
318:Johannes Malalas
316:). According to
180:Modern estimate:
49:
48:
39:
19:
18:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1297:Penny MacGeorge
1296:
1290:
1265:
1259:
1231:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1047:Kulikowski 2019
1045:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1004:
997:
987:
982:
978:
968:
963:
959:
949:
944:
940:
927:
926:
922:
912:
907:
900:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
873:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
818:
813:
809:
803:John of Antioch
801:
797:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
769:
764:
760:
750:
745:
741:
731:
726:
722:
718:
713:
681:
660:
632:
610:, disembark at
595:
589:
564:
559:
546:
534:
518:
510:Valentinian III
504:and her sister
496:, the bride of
482:
418:
413:
395:. The generals
377:
342:
326:Valentinian III
287:
281:
264:
229:
182:
178:
176:
172:
170:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
125:
121:
117:
101:
97:
67:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1363:Vandal Kingdom
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:460s conflicts
1345:
1331:
1330:
1312:
1294:
1288:
1275:
1263:
1257:
1241:
1229:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1197:, p. 124.
1187:
1178:
1169:, p. 124.
1159:
1150:, p. 406.
1140:
1131:, p. 117.
1121:
1108:
1099:, p. 310.
1089:
1070:
1051:
1049:, p. 224.
1036:
1027:, p. 402.
1017:
995:
986:, p. 336.
976:
967:, p. 337.
957:
948:, p. 213.
938:
920:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:, p. 111.
807:
795:
785:
776:
767:
758:
739:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
680:
677:
659:
656:
631:
628:
591:Main article:
588:
587:Plan of Attack
585:
563:
560:
558:
555:
545:
542:
533:
530:
517:
514:
481:
478:
434:Libius Severus
417:
414:
412:
409:
376:
375:Ricimer's coup
373:
358:Carthaginensis
341:
338:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
263:
260:
248:Libius Severus
228:
225:
221:Vandal Kingdom
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
129:
111:
110:
106:
105:
92:
90:Vandal Kingdom
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:Vandal victory
73:
69:
68:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1375:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1328:
1327:0-88864-031-5
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1309:0-19-925244-0
1306:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1232:Peter Heather
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1002:
1000:
991:
985:
980:
972:
966:
961:
953:
947:
942:
935:
930:
924:
916:
911:, p. 61.
910:
905:
903:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
822:
816:
811:
804:
799:
789:
780:
771:
762:
754:
749:, p. 25.
748:
743:
735:
730:, p. 48.
729:
724:
720:
708:
706:
702:
701:Eternal Peace
698:
694:
689:
687:
676:
674:
664:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
584:
582:
576:
574:
568:
554:
550:
549:against him.
541:
539:
529:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
408:
406:
403:in Spain and
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
372:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
296:
295:Karl Bryullov
291:
286:
276:
273:
269:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
222:
217:
216:Mediterranean
213:
209:
205:
195:
192:
191:
186:
181:
175:
169:
166:
164:15,000-25,000
163:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
82:
74:
71:
70:
66:
65:Mediterranean
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1318:
1300:
1279:
1270:
1248:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1211:Bibliography
1190:
1181:
1162:
1148:Heather 2006
1143:
1129:O'Flynn 1983
1124:
1116:
1111:
1097:Heather 2007
1092:
1078:Heather 2007
1073:
1054:
1025:Heather 2007
1020:
979:
960:
941:
933:
923:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
810:
798:
788:
779:
770:
761:
747:Heather 2008
742:
723:
700:
690:
682:
669:
636:Tripolitania
633:
612:Tripolitania
596:
577:
569:
565:
551:
547:
535:
519:
483:
454:
419:
378:
343:
314:Sack of Rome
299:
279:Sack of Rome
265:
230:
227:Main figures
208:Roman Empire
203:
201:
179:
173:
167:
145:Marcellinus
84:Belligerents
41:
1115:Procopius,
432:. Finally,
422:interregnum
405:Marcellinus
244:Marcellinus
177:1,113 ships
171:100,000 men
1337:Categories
1217:Bury, J.B.
934:Chronicles
815:Flynn 1983
711:References
581:Basiliscus
490:Theodosian
474:Burgundian
401:Nepotianus
385:Burgundian
268:Vandal War
256:Basiliscus
183:50,000 men
168:Procopius:
149:Basiliscus
1195:Burn 1923
1167:Bury 1923
1006:Bury 1923
984:Bury 1923
965:Bury 1958
716:Citations
699:entitled
640:Procopius
622:of gold;
616:Procopius
604:Heraclius
573:Anthemius
399:in Gaul,
272:foederati
252:Anthemius
174:Cedrenus:
140:Anthemius
103:Foederati
1317:(1983),
1299:(2002),
1268:(2008),
1266:A.D. Lee
1247:(2019).
1234:(2008),
1219:(1923),
1119:1, 6, 25
929:Hydatius
728:Lee 2008
693:Olybrius
648:Cape Bon
600:Sardinia
522:Olybrius
506:Placidia
466:Dalmatia
448:and the
442:Sardinia
430:Geiseric
397:Aegidius
346:Majorian
334:Placidia
302:Geiseric
232:Geiseric
159:Strength
127:Aegidius
115:Geiseric
60:Location
27:Part of
673:Ricimer
538:Orleans
502:Eudoxia
498:Huneric
494:Eudocia
438:Corsica
381:Ricimer
330:Eudocia
322:Eudoxia
306:Maximus
262:Prelude
236:Ricimer
212:Vandals
193:Unknown
132:Ricimer
119:Hunerik
55:461–468
1325:
1307:
1286:
1255:
1117:Vand.
644:Sicily
620:pounds
526:Aetius
470:Gothic
458:Sicily
428:, and
389:Gothic
366:13 May
196:50,000
72:Result
608:Egypt
446:Malta
426:Leo I
411:Start
393:Italy
362:Elche
350:Suebi
240:Leo I
136:Leo I
123:Gento
1323:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1201:help
1173:help
1154:help
1135:help
1103:help
1084:help
1065:help
1031:help
1012:help
990:help
971:help
952:help
936:234
915:help
821:help
753:help
734:help
697:Zeno
472:and
387:and
354:Gaul
332:and
310:Rome
202:The
52:Date
486:462
462:Hun
420:An
369:460
356:to
1339::
1223:,
1039:^
998:^
932:,
901:^
707:.
444:,
440:,
1329:.
1311:.
1292:.
1261:.
1203:)
1175:)
1156:)
1137:)
1105:)
1086:)
1067:)
1033:)
1014:)
992:)
973:)
954:)
917:)
823:)
755:)
736:)
142:,
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