615:
make a treaty with
Ricimer. Harken to why he hates him so much. He is born of an uncertain father, while a slavewoman was certainly his mother. Now, that he is the son of a king, he proclaims his mother's adultery. Especially he envies Ricimer because two kingdoms call him to kingship; for he is Suevian through his father and Gothic through his mother. And at the same time he remembers that in the Tartesian lands his grandfather Vallia, cast down the Vandal armies and their allies in war the Alans ... But why relate ancient flights and former defeats? He recalls his losses on the plain of Agrigentum. Ever since then he rages, because he knows that he is the true grandson of the hero at whose sight the Vandals always turned in flight . Certainly you Marcellus were no more glorious when you returned from the lands of Sicily ... Noricum holds back the Ostrogoth because he is feared; Gaul ties down the might of the Rhine because he inspires terror; because the Vandal hosts and their relatives the Alans plundered me bare, he himself then took vengeance by his own arms. But, for all that, he is only one man; who can only accept so many risks alone.
610:, to the position. Leo's motivation included pressure from the Vandals, and perhaps the removal of a potential rival at Constantinople. Meanwhile, Ricimer married Anthemius's daughter Alypia, solidifying his connection to the emperor and providing the appearance of unity between the two-halves of the Empire. The marriage was an extravagant affair with much pomp and show, and the union appears to have garnered support from the Roman population. On this occasion, Sidonius composed a lengthy panegyric to Anthemius and within it praises Ricimer; he claims that a goddess representing Italy speaks to the river god of the Tiber thus:
680:. Ricimer, under the overall command of Marcellinus, commanded a large portion of the Western forces in the expedition, but their fleet never sailed—due to Ricimer's veto—despite the West having agreed to contribute one-fourth of the total expedition's costs. Despite the other prongs of the attack making good progress at the onset, at least half of the joint armada was destroyed by Geiseric's fireships, causing Basilicus to abandon the attack against Carthage and withdraw back to Sicily. At this stage, Marcellinus was suddenly murdered while in Sicily, perhaps at the instigation of Ricimer.
767:
III, the throne was becoming less attractive to the few Romans who were eligible as generalissimos), then there had to be a generalissimo to function as a middle-man between the emperor—the impotent figurehead—and the barbarian troops, who represented real power. One is tempted, at first view, to wonder why the eastern emperors, in addition to fostering western colleagues, did not occasionally try to cultivate some well-disposed candidate for the post of generalissimo. Had Leo attempted this, perhaps the western throne might have been saved.
1232:, 373–374. From what historian James M. Flynn relates, there is reason to be suspicious about this claim by Malalas, although he also avows, "It must be admitted, however, that Leo had some reason to fear and mistrust Olybrius, whose claim to the purple on dynastic grounds was, like that of Anthemius, stronger than the claim of Leo himself; Olybrius could furthermore count on the support of Gaiseric. Leo must have welcomed an opportunity to get Olybrius away from Constantinople, just as he had previously done with Anthemius."
40:
700:. With Marcellinus dead, Geiseric recommenced his attacks upon Italy in 470, which forced Ricimer—as the sole commander in the West—to assume command of Italy's defense against the Vandals. Marcellinus had been Anthemius' favorite of the two generals, and his death served to widen the divide between the emperor and Ricimer. The tipping point of their relationship was the trial of
736:(the brother-in-law of Geiseric) to the throne in a move of conciliation, since the Vandal king had been pressing for his elevation. After months of siege and suffering from starvation, Rome surrendered and Ricimer finally entered the city. Anthemius tried to escape by disguising himself as a beggar, but the emperor was caught attempting to flee the city at the Church of
559:, who ruled their respective domains independent from imperial authority. These two generals entered into open hostilities with Ricimer and refused to recognize Ricimer's position. Ricimer ruled the West without an emperor for three months. Facing pressure from the Senate and Italian aristocracy, Ricimer named the undistinguished Senator
692:—was an unequivocal disaster that reduced Roman military might and also nearly bankrupted the Western and Eastern Empires alike, certainly dooming the Western half "to extinction" according to historian Peter Heather. Upon hearing of the disastrous defeat, the Visigoths resumed their wars of expansion against the West and the
758:
deposed precisely because of this. There were three periods in which no
Western emperor reigned at all. All Ricimer's public actions suggest that he found the Western emperor an irrelevant encumbrance, and he would probably have preferred to rule Italy directly in the name of the emperor at Constantinople.
614:
Furthermore, unconquerable
Ricimer, to whom the destiny of the state looks anxiously, his own efforts alone hardly repulse the pirate who roves across the countryside, who avoids battle, who becomes the victor by flight. Who could endure such an enemy who refuses both peace and war? For he will never
488:
on the south side of the Alps. Majorian led his field army north to fight the
Alamanni, and defeated them. Reaching an agreement with Ricimer, Majorian was proclaimed emperor on 1 April 457. Realizing Majorian's potential as a puppet, Ricimer induced Leo to give his consent to this arrangement and on
766:
Circumstances in the West demanded the existence of a supreme military commander who had a long record of intimate contact with barbarian troops; by the 470s, this virtually meant that he should be a barbarian. If a barbarian was unacceptable on the imperial throne (and, from the time of
Constantius
757:
In his seventeen-year rule of Italy
Ricimer worked through four emperors—Majorian, Severus, Anthemius, and Olybrius—in almost cavalier fashion. Each was simply cast aside when they no longer served his purpose. Indeed Majorian, the last competent military emperor who took his position seriously, was
283:
between the ruling Suevic and Gothic houses and although
Ricimer's father was identified as a Sueve, his identity is more frequently attested as Gothic by ancient writers. Such an alliance has been suggested as occurring in the year 431, but a more likely date is anterior to Wallia's death in 418.
589:
Due to diminished tax revenues and with the key armies of the West under opposition control, Ricimer needed assistance from the East to maintain order in the West. As such, Severus, despite his docile nature, represented an obstacle to
Ricimer's power and a hindrance to any reconciliation efforts
287:
As entry into the
Western Empire's military was a frequent option for "losers of struggles for leadership among the barbarians", Ricimer's family may have entered the service of Rome. Historian Peter Heather suggests that the lack of stability among the Visigoths themselves may have incentivized
1225:
According to John
Malalas, Leo dispatched Olybrius from Constantinople to mediate a truce between Ricimer and Anthemius, but he had sent ahead a secret letter to Anthemius, urging him to kill Olybrius. Ricimer intercepted the letter, showed it to Olybrius, and had him proclaimed emperor. This
492:
Leo may not have actually wanted to see Majorian on the throne, but he was in "no position to object" since Majorian had a coalition that included the palatinate at Ravenna, Ricimer's Italian army, the Gallo-Roman general Aegidius, and Theodoric the Great. Leo also granted Ricimer the rank of
324:, whom he befriended. Historian Penny MacGeorge writes, "Majorian certainly, and Ricimer probably, had served under Aetius, and there may have been other elements to this connection, political, personal, and social, that would have brought them both close to the centers of political power."
638:
in an effort to counterbalance the authority of Ricimer. Both Leo and Anthemius had seen the difficulty Western Emperors had in maintaining control over the Western military with the existence of a single unchallenged supreme commander. Despite these potential machinations, sources such as
727:
Despite the bishop's efforts, the two were irreconcilable and began insulting one another; Anthemius called Ricimer a "skin-clad Goth", while Ricimer referred to the emperor as "an excitable Galatian". By 472, open warfare broke out between them, during which Ricimer marched on
530:
During his absence, Ricimer convinced the senate to turn against the emperor, who soon disbanded his army and returned to Italy. Learning that the emperor was in Tortona, Ricimer led a detachment there and arrested him. With the Western throne vacant, the new Eastern Emperor,
987:
Testaments to Ricimer's status and influence appear as numismatic evidence in one case; minted coins for Emperor Severus contain Ricimer's personal monogram upon the reverse side. Another example shows on a bronze plaque—housed in a Berlin museum—containing the inscription:
247:
The date of Ricimer's birth is unknown. Some scholars have dated it as late as the early 430s, which would have made him unusually young when he rose to power. A birthdate of around 418 is more likely. The names of his parents are also unknown. In his panegyric to
771:
Without a powerful figure to guide it, the Western Roman Empire experienced an even more rapid succession of emperors, none of whom was able to effectively consolidate power. The line of Western Roman Emperors ended arguably in either 476 (with Odoacer's
535:, appointed Ricimer to replace Majorian in his Italian command. Without a Western Emperor, Leo hoped to use Ricimer as his effective vice-regent in the West. Deposing Majorian on 3 August 461, Ricimer had the emperor tortured and finally beheaded.
510:
and the Visigoths—atop instituting diplomatic and economic reforms—which greatly increased Majorian's standing among the senate and army for which Sidonius produced a panegyric. Sometime in 458, Majorian staved off an Alamanni attack on
425:, Avitus found himself in an especially precarious position since disruptive events had hardly settled when Ricimer and Majorian rebelled against their former patron. The two led an army against Avitus's imperial forces commanded by the
291:
Like many Germanic figures of note, Ricimer had relational ties to other tribes, like the Burgundians. For instance, Gundobad, Ricimer's "subordinate and successor", was his nephew since his sister had married the Burgundian king
748:
Ricimer's rule lasted until his death of natural causes—apparently a hemorrhage on 19 August 472—six weeks after deposing Anthemius. His title of patrician and position as supreme commander were assumed by his nephew
566:
Although he faced open military opposition from Western generals, with the docile Severus as emperor, Ricimer was master of Rome and Italy. The principal problem facing Ricimer during Severus' reign was the lengthy
429:
Remistus, whom they defeated; Remistus was executed at Ravenna in September 456 under "obscure circumstances". Avitus fled to Gaul to gather support from his Visigothic and Gallic followers but was defeated in the
655:, brother-in-law of Leo, assumed supreme command over the joint East-West assault, with Marcellinus commanding the Western forces. The plan called for a three-pronged attack led by Basiliscus, Marcellinus, and
465:, the sources suggest he and Majorian were operating in concert to seize power; the latter would become the future emperor, while Ricimer would command the military. Since Ricimer was a Germanic tribesman of
390:
mercenaries available to him and commenced campaigns directed against "barbarian" tribes in conflict with the empire. Ricimer achieved his first important victory in 456, when he defeated the Vandals in the
578:, who was compelled to abandon Sicily. Sometime in 463, Ricimer defeated a contingent of Visigoths at Orleans, formerly an Alan stronghold. Then in 464, Ricimer commanded an army that met an invading
631:. However, needing the support of the Eastern Empire, Ricimer was forced to accept him as the price for Leo's good will and for "eastern protection against the depredations of Geiseric".
762:
Further contextualization that led to a barbarian generalissimo like Ricimer having so much influence on the Western Roman Empire is captured by historian James M. O'Flynn, who writes:
469:
religious disposition, he was ineligible for the imperial throne himself. Whether or not he wished to be emperor is unknown, but in many respects, Ricimer can be viewed as an "heir of
651:
In 468, Leo organized a grand campaign against the Vandals in North Africa, to which the East and West would commit substantial forces. The commanding general of the Thracian army,
571:—who controlled Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, the Balearics, and Sicily, while also making incursions into mainland Greece and Italy—and political opposition from the Eastern Empire.
788:
Ricimer's life was used as a subject of opera libretti in the 17th and 18th centuries, embellishing his biography with romantic and political intrigues. The earliest setting was
780:'s death), concentrating the remaining imperial power in far-off Constantinople. Historian J. B. Bury claims that Odoacer was more or less a constitutional successor to Ricimer.
643:
attest to the power and influence of Ricimer, who once wrote that Ricimer was directing governmental affairs at this time and was "second only to the Emperor Anthemius".
421:
Vandal raids and civil disaffection—due in part to famine—proved problematic for Avitus. Not only was he never recognized as Emperor of the West by the eastern Emperor
372:
Following the arrival of Avitus in Rome, Majorian gave his support, albeit reluctantly, to the new emperor. Avitus is subsequently thought to have appointed Ricimer as
361:. After being proclaimed the new emperor in 456, Avitus mounted a campaign into Italy but was defeated in the Po Valley. In the interim, Avitus had named the Visigoth
327:
Nonetheless, a power vacuum was created in the Western Empire after the events of 454 and 455, which saw the consecutive murders of Aetius and of the Western Emperor
712:) and supporter of Ricimer, whom Anthemius accused of treason and condemned to death in 470. Following the execution of Romanus by Anthemius, Ricimer moved north to
1320:: "defunctus est Ricimer XV kl. Septemb". ("Ricimer died on the 15th day before the kalends of September", i.e. 18 August; probably "XIV" (19 August) is intended).
563:
as Emperor on 19 November 461; Severus was recognized by the Senate in Rome, but the Eastern Emperor Leo I refused to acknowledge him as his Western counterpart.
506:
claims he was "the last competent emperor the west ever produced". The new emperor demonstrated his military skill via campaigns in Gaul and Hispania against the
753:. Nonetheless, Ricimer had been a figure of major significance and historians Stephen Williams and Gerard Friell put this into context with the following:
965:
Priscus gives the specific date of Majorian's death as 7 August 461; see: fragment 27, John of Antioch, fragment 203; both translated by C. D. Gordon, in
342:
proclaimed himself emperor. Petronius's reign lasted less than three months, as shortly before the Vandal sacking of Rome in 455, he too was murdered.
1284:("40 days later he died. But Olybrius ended his life in the 7th month of his reign"). Between 11 July and 19 August there were exactly 40 days using
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For nearly two years, the throne in the West remained vacant, until 14 April 467, when Leo named the Greek aristocrat and son-in-law of Marcian,
800:, 1684), which focuses on the installation of Anthemius in Rome and the promise of marriage to his daughter Domizia. A better-known setting was
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Scott, L. Robert. "Antibarbarian Sentiment and the "Barbarian" General in Roman Imperial Service: The Case of Ricimer". In: J. Harmatta (ed.):
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before the elevation of Avitus. At this point, however, the Western Empire encompassed only the Italian Peninsula and portions of southern
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The failed joint expedition against the Vandals was a "shock to Roman prestige". This combined military venture—known otherwise as the
386:, a mere fraction of the territory held by imperial Rome in previous centuries. Ricimer, nonetheless, raised an army and navy from the
1141:
Ricimer's behavior raised suspicions that he secretly wanted the expedition to fail, which it ultimately did following the disastrous
284:
Wallia's Visigothic successors were not his close relatives and may have been hostile toward the family members of the former king.
543:
Ricimer's murder of Majorian did not sit well with some portions of the military establishment, especially the commanding general in
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623:, a former rival of Ricimer. Ricimer must have initially viewed Anthemius' appointment as undermining his position, for unlike
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239:. Ricimer's death led to unrest across Italy and the establishment of a Germanic kingdom on the Italian Peninsula.
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with the main army (transported by an armada of over 1,000 ships) and then link up with Heraclius, advancing from
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History of the Later Roman Empire. From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, A.D. 395 to A.D. 565
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828:(1740). This libretto is based on Ricimer's siege of Rome and his relationship with Olybrius and their loves.
268:, King of the Visigoths, who died in 418. It has been suggested that his Suevic father may have been a son of
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Ricimer's pursuit of an "entirely Roman career", despite being "the grandson of the Visigothic king Wallia".
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Flavius Ricimer: Macht und Ohnmacht des weströmischen Heermeisters in der zweiten Hälfte des 5. Jahrhunderts
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28 December 457, Majorian's elevation to Emperor in the West was officially recognized by Constantinople.
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519:. In 460, Majorian then prepared to lead a campaign by embarking from Spain against the Vandals of King
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357:. In return for Theodoric II's support, Avitus agreed to allow the Visigoths to enter Suevi-controlled
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Proceedings of the 7th Congress of the International Federation of the Societies of Classical Studies
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with a force of six thousand soldiers. Relations between the two deteriorated to the point that
527:, resulting in a blow to Roman prestige and to Majorian's reputation, which Ricimer exploited.
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Leo sent Anthemius to Italy with an army led by the commanding general of the Dalmatian Army,
378:, a prominent military position, but this remains unclear and it is possible that Ricimer was
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Seal of Ricimer. The inscription reads RICIMER VINCAS ("Ricimer, may you conquer") around it.
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before Avitus' fall, probably as a consequence of his earlier victories against the Vandals.
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in 455, wreaking havoc upon the Italian economy. The capital remained in disarray following
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The Life of Saint Epiphanius by Ennodius: A translation with an introduction and commentary
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732:, a siege that lasted many months. Four months into the assault on Rome, Ricimer named
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2821:. Vol. 1. Translated by W. B. Anderson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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The Fall of the Western Roman Empire: An Archaeological & Historical Perspective
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For the primary source references from antiquity, see the following: Hydatius, 176,
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Soon after assuming the Western throne, Anthemius granted Marcellinus the rank of
225:, until his death in 472, with a brief interlude in which he contested power with
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The Vandals had continuously raided the Italian coast since the assassination of
594:, he was poisoned by Ricimer, but this reconstruction is doubted on the basis of
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Ricimer gained influence over the Germanic peoples occupying Gaul, Hispania, and
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627:, Anthemius had a proven history of military success and had family ties to the
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of the Western Empire, Ricimer exercised political control through a series of
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Majorian proved to be quite a capable ruler, to such a degree that historian
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1281:"post XL dies defunctus est. Olybrius autem VII imperii mense vitam peregit"
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with Leo or Geiseric. On 14 November 465, Libius Severus died. According to
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438:, and finally executed—allegedly starved to death by Majorian and Ricimer.
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on 17 October 456. Avitus was captured, deposed, and forced to assume the
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The Rome That Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century
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From Rome to Byzantium, AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome
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The exchanges between Anthemius and Ricimer are recorded in: Ennodius,
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22:
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The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
950:(II, p. 943) supports the idea that Ricimer had received the title of
668:(military count) of Egypt. Basiliscus was to land at a distance from
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The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History
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See: John of Antioch, fragment 209.1–2; translated by C. D. Gordon,
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473:", a barbarian general who served the Roman Empire faithfully.
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writes that Avitus had sent him to Sicily to engage the Vandals,
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1201:(Washington: Catholic University of America, 1942), pp. 53–63.
1129:"secundis ab Anthemio principe habenis rempublicam gubernabat"
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on his mother's, specifying that his maternal grandfather was
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John of Antioch (fragment 209) is the source of this claim.
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assassination. After the assassinations, the Roman Senator
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It has been surmised that Ricimer was the offspring of a
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187:
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1357:
1067:PLRE, II, p. 944; also see: Sidonius Apollinaris,
476:With the throne of the Western Empire vacant, the
407:states Ricimer defeated the Vandals near Corsica.
217:general, who ruled the remaining territory of the
1197:, 51–75; translated in Sr. Genevieve Marie Cook,
911:456; Priscus, fragment 24; Sidonius Apollinaris,
3010:
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924:Originally, Leo had made Ricimer the western
724:, was asked to negotiate peace between them.
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1305:("Ricimer died on the 14th day before the
997:"Plotinus Eustathius v. c. urb. pr. fecit"
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229:. Deriving his power from his position as
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2409:
1930:
1558:
1498:
1474:
1082:Ancient sources on this matter include:
740:, where he was beheaded on 11 July 472.
676:. Marcellinus was to invade Africa from
574:In 461, Ricimer suborned the Huns under
276:, a Suevic war leader who died in 429.
2873:
2854:
2691:Merrills, Andy; Miles, Richard (2010).
2595:
2576:
2557:
2477:
2388:
2363:
2329:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2177:
2165:
2019:
1942:
1879:
1831:
1816:
1792:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1633:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1402:
1351:
783:
345:After Rome's sack, the Visigothic King
3011:
2521:
1618:
1226:contention is found in: John Malalas,
601:
2911:Bd. 2, Budapest, 1984, pp. 23ff.
2807:
2614:
2538:
2428:
2218:
1978:
1768:
1660:
1363:
1154:For the classical sources, refer to:
991:"salvis dd. nn. et patricio Ricimere"
450:
198:
114:of the Western Roman Empire from 461)
2789:Randers-Pehrson, Justine D. (1993).
2747:
2581:. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell.
2505:How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower
2346:
2317:
1990:
1606:
1302:"moritur Ricimer XIIII kal. Septem."
2652:
2395:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.
1534:
743:
441:
331:, who had been responsible for the
13:
2894:
2840:. London and New York: Routledge.
2619:. London and New York: Routledge.
2543:. London and New York: Routledge.
2351:. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan.
14:
3080:
3029:5th-century western Roman consuls
2414:. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
936:Aspar and Anthemius in the East.
2750:"D. N. Libivs Severvs P. F. AVG"
1309:of September", i.e. 19 August);
994:, on one side and on the other,
551:, and the commanding general in
299:
156:
2695:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
2617:Europe's Barbarians, AD 200–600
2463:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
2366:"Flavius: A Nicety of Protocol"
2339:
1261:
1248:
1235:
1219:
1204:
1185:
1148:
1135:
1114:
1111:See: Sidonius, Pan. II, 352–382
1105:
1076:
1061:
1048:
1003:
981:
972:
959:
939:
918:
901:
884:
871:
862:
696:expanded their kingdom towards
480:invaded Italy. They moved from
855:. The name "Flavius" became a
842:
774:deposition of Romulus Augustus
1:
3034:5th-century Visigothic people
831:
204:
53:
2748:Oost, Stewart Irvin (1970).
2634:Kulikowski, Michael (2019).
2503:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009).
1326:
1160:
1098:
1009:For the ancient texts, see:
7:
2459:Frassetto, Michael (2003).
1313:Fasti vindobonenses priores
978:Also see: PLRE, II, p. 944.
877:See: Sidonius Apollinaris,
704:, the imperial chancellor (
308:, Ricimer served under the
10:
3085:
2926:Julius Majorianus Augustus
2900:Anders, Friedrich (2010).
2729:O'Flynn, James M. (1983).
2710:Mitchell, Stephen (2007).
2294:Williams & Friell 1999
2154:Williams & Friell 1999
2139:Williams & Friell 1999
414:
242:
64:19 August 472 (aged c. 54)
20:
2997:
2983:
2971:
2966:
2951:
2935:
2922:
2917:
2672:MacGeorge, Penny (2002).
2035:Merrills & Miles 2010
1012:Fasti Vindobonenses Prior
738:Santa Maria in Trastevere
411:The revolt against Avitus
260:on his father's side and
256:claimed that Ricimer was
252:, given in 468, the poet
221:from 456 after defeating
118:
98:
90:
78:
68:
60:
49:
37:
30:
2874:Wolfram, Herwig (1997).
2855:Wolfram, Herwig (1988).
2808:Seeck, Otto von (1920).
2478:Gillett, Andrew (1995).
1084:Theophanes the Confessor
1039:, 236; Paulus Diaconus,
1029:464; Marcellinus Comes,
859:by the late 4th century.
836:
690:Battle of Cape Bon (468)
647:Campaign in North Africa
539:Libius Severus (461–465)
515:and a Vandal assault on
21:Not to be confused with
3044:Early Germanic warriors
2596:Heather, Peter (2005).
2577:Heather, Peter (1996).
2539:Grant, Michael (1998).
2410:Christie, Neil (2011).
2347:Bury, John B. (1923) .
930:, joining him with the
794:Ricimero re de' Vandali
684:Consequences of failure
569:war against the Vandals
210:– 19 August 472) was a
3039:Western Roman generals
2615:James, Edward (2014).
2480:"The Birth of Ricimer"
2455:8, 2009, pp. 9ff.
2364:Cameron, Alan (1988).
1311:
1301:
1290:
1280:
1228:
1212:
1193:
1191:Related in: Ennodius,
1170:
1128:
1122:
1088:
1069:
1058:, 1280, quoted in Oost
1041:
1035:
1021:
1011:
996:
990:
952:
932:
926:
769:
760:
706:
661:
617:
495:
457:
443:
417:Roman civil war of 456
2558:Halsall, Guy (2007).
2522:Gordon, C.D. (1966).
810:Flavio Anicio Olibrio
764:
755:
612:
484:and managed to reach
436:bishopric of Piacenza
91:Years of service
2904:. Frankfurt am Main.
2857:History of the Goths
2429:Elton, Hugh (2018).
1868:Randers-Pehrson 1993
1781:Randers-Pehrson 1993
784:Appearances in opera
596:Sidonius Apollinaris
393:Battle of Agrigentum
306:Sidonius Apollinaris
254:Sidonius Apollinaris
219:Western Roman Empire
126:Battle of Agrigentum
73:Western Roman Empire
2754:Classical Philology
2674:Late Roman Warlords
2192:, pp. 118–119.
2180:, pp. 416–418.
2168:, pp. 403–406.
2112:, pp. 116–117.
2100:, pp. 115–116.
2049:, pp. 235–236.
1981:, pp. 351–352.
1921:, pp. 111–112.
1909:, pp. 215–216.
1882:, pp. 266–267.
1819:, pp. 264–265.
1807:, pp. 356–357.
1711:, pp. 390–391.
1597:, pp. 183–184.
1585:, pp. 216–217.
1513:, pp. 333–334.
1465:, pp. 178–179.
1405:, pp. 380–384.
814:Francesco Gasparini
718:Epiphanius of Pavia
708:magister officiorum
657:Heraclius of Edessa
602:Anthemius (467–472)
432:Battle of Placentia
227:Procopius Anthemius
3069:Theodosian dynasty
2991:Western Roman Army
2918:Political offices
2653:Lee, A.D. (2013).
1969:, p. 228–230.
1286:inclusive counting
1143:Battle of Cape Bon
1099:Synopsis historion
1019:464; Cassiodorus,
629:Theodosian Dynasty
451:Majorian (457–461)
318:comes domesticorum
200:[ˈrɪkɪmɛr]
3007:
3006:
2998:Succeeded by
2986:Supreme Commander
2980:
2967:Military offices
2952:Succeeded by
2828:978-0-67499-327-3
2819:Poems and Letters
2817:Sidonius (1936).
2800:978-0-80612-511-4
2740:978-0-88864-031-4
2721:978-1-40510-856-0
2702:978-1-44431-807-4
2683:978-0-19-925244-2
2664:978-0-74862-790-5
2645:978-0-67466-013-7
2626:978-0-58277-296-0
2607:978-0-19515-954-7
2588:978-0-63116-536-1
2569:978-0-52143-543-7
2514:978-0-30013-719-4
2470:978-1-57607-263-9
2440:978-1-10845-631-9
2421:978-0-34075-966-0
2402:978-1-56159-239-5
1933:, pp. 43–44.
1292:Paschale campanum
1243:The Age of Attila
1180:The Age of Attila
1054:See: Cassiodrus,
848:Sometimes called
798:Carlo Pallavicino
584:Battle of Bergamo
397:Battle of Corsica
340:Petronius Maximus
281:marriage alliance
149:
148:
136:Battle of Bergamo
131:Battle of Corsica
112:military dictator
3076:
3049:Magistri militum
2978:
2972:Preceded by
2923:Preceded by
2915:
2914:
2889:
2870:
2851:
2832:
2813:
2804:
2785:
2744:
2725:
2706:
2687:
2668:
2649:
2630:
2611:
2592:
2573:
2554:
2550:978-041514-753-8
2535:
2518:
2499:
2474:
2444:
2425:
2406:
2385:
2360:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1844:Goldsworthy 2009
1841:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1805:Goldsworthy 2009
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1571:Goldsworthy 2009
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1523:Goldsworthy 2009
1520:
1514:
1511:Goldsworthy 2009
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1354:, p. 26–33.
1349:
1343:
1337:
1321:
1316:
1304:
1295:
1283:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1024:
1014:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
985:
979:
976:
970:
963:
957:
955:
953:magister militum
943:
937:
935:
929:
922:
916:
905:
899:
888:
882:
875:
869:
866:
860:
846:
826:Niccolò Jommelli
744:Death and legacy
711:
667:
498:
496:magister militum
460:
458:magister militum
446:
444:Magister militum
427:magister militum
367:magister militum
337:
333:magister militum
310:magister militum
232:magister militum
209:
206:
202:
197:
190:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
104:Magister militum
80:
55:
42:
28:
27:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2962:
2958:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2897:
2895:Further reading
2892:
2886:
2867:
2848:
2829:
2801:
2741:
2722:
2703:
2684:
2665:
2646:
2627:
2608:
2589:
2570:
2551:
2515:
2471:
2441:
2422:
2403:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1745:Kulikowski 2019
1743:
1739:
1733:Kulikowski 2019
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1649:Kulikowski 2019
1647:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1583:Kulikowski 2019
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1547:Kulikowski 2019
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1213:Vita Epiphanius
1209:
1205:
1194:Vita Epiphanius
1190:
1186:
1176:John of Antioch
1171:Historia Romana
1166:Paul the Deacon
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1123:Vita Epiphanius
1120:See: Ennodius,
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1042:Historia Romana
1033:464; Jordanes,
1008:
1004:
986:
982:
977:
973:
964:
960:
944:
940:
923:
919:
906:
902:
892:Valentinian III
889:
885:
876:
872:
867:
863:
847:
843:
839:
834:
786:
776:) or 480 (with
746:
722:bishop of Milan
686:
649:
604:
541:
463:Northern Africa
453:
448:
419:
413:
335:
329:Valentinian III
302:
245:
237:puppet emperors
207:
195:
188:
159:
155:
145:
45:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3064:Suebian people
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2950:
2934:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2852:
2846:
2833:
2827:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2786:
2766:10.1086/365648
2760:(4): 228–240.
2745:
2739:
2726:
2720:
2707:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2669:
2663:
2650:
2644:
2631:
2625:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2555:
2549:
2536:
2519:
2513:
2500:
2490:(3): 380–384.
2475:
2469:
2456:
2445:
2439:
2426:
2420:
2407:
2401:
2386:
2361:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2320:, p. 408.
2310:
2308:, p. 132.
2298:
2296:, p. 184.
2286:
2284:, p. 253.
2274:
2272:, p. 184.
2262:
2260:, p. 278.
2247:
2245:, p. 121.
2235:
2233:, p. 120.
2223:
2221:, p. 216.
2211:
2209:, p. 119.
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2156:, p. 175.
2143:
2141:, p. 174.
2126:
2124:, p. 239.
2122:MacGeorge 2002
2114:
2102:
2090:
2088:, p. 116.
2075:
2073:, p. 237.
2071:MacGeorge 2002
2063:
2061:, p. 236.
2059:MacGeorge 2002
2051:
2047:MacGeorge 2002
2039:
2037:, p. 121.
2024:
2022:, p. 272.
2007:
2005:, p. 114.
1995:
1993:, p. 229.
1983:
1971:
1967:MacGeorge 2002
1959:
1957:, p. 230.
1955:MacGeorge 2002
1947:
1945:, p. 266.
1935:
1923:
1911:
1907:MacGeorge 2002
1899:
1897:, p. 111.
1884:
1872:
1870:, p. 195.
1860:
1858:, p. 107.
1848:
1846:, p. 357.
1836:
1834:, p. 265.
1821:
1809:
1797:
1795:, p. 263.
1785:
1783:, p. 194.
1773:
1761:
1759:, p. 106.
1749:
1747:, p. 219.
1737:
1735:, p. 218.
1725:
1723:, p. 391.
1713:
1701:
1699:, p. 390.
1689:
1687:, p. 201.
1685:MacGeorge 2002
1677:
1675:, p. 200.
1673:MacGeorge 2002
1665:
1663:, p. 212.
1653:
1651:, p. 217.
1638:
1636:, p. 261.
1623:
1621:, p. 115.
1611:
1609:, p. 236.
1599:
1595:MacGeorge 2002
1587:
1575:
1573:, p. 355.
1563:
1561:, p. 205.
1551:
1549:, p. 216.
1539:
1537:, p. 121.
1527:
1525:, p. 354.
1515:
1503:
1501:, p. 112.
1491:
1489:, p. 189.
1487:MacGeorge 2002
1479:
1467:
1463:MacGeorge 2002
1455:
1453:, p. 199.
1443:
1431:
1429:, p. 382.
1419:
1417:, p. 179.
1415:MacGeorge 2002
1407:
1392:
1390:, p. 178.
1388:MacGeorge 2002
1380:
1378:, p. 306.
1376:Frassetto 2003
1368:
1356:
1344:
1342:, p. 305.
1340:Frassetto 2003
1331:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1229:Chronographica
1218:
1203:
1184:
1147:
1134:
1113:
1104:
1075:
1073:, II, 317–318.
1060:
1047:
1002:
980:
971:
958:
938:
917:
900:
883:
870:
861:
857:courtesy title
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
822:Leonardo Vinci
818:Nicola Porpora
806:Pietro Pariati
785:
782:
745:
742:
685:
682:
648:
645:
625:Libius Severus
603:
600:
561:Libius Severus
540:
537:
452:
449:
447:
440:
415:Main article:
412:
409:
315:alongside the
313:Flavius Aetius
301:
298:
244:
241:
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
122:
120:
116:
115:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3081:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2976:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2885:0-520-08511-6
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2866:0-520-05259-5
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2847:0-415-15403-0
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:Flomen, Max.
2446:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1931:Christie 2011
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1771:, p. 54.
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1559:Mitchell 2007
1555:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1499:Mitchell 2007
1495:
1488:
1483:
1477:, p. 83.
1476:
1475:Sidonius 1936
1471:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1441:, p. 33.
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1366:, p. 77.
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1256:Age of Attila
1251:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:Chronographia
1085:
1079:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1006:
998:
992:
984:
975:
968:
967:Age of Attila
962:
954:
949:
948:
942:
934:
928:
921:
914:
910:
904:
897:
893:
887:
881:, v, 266–268.
880:
874:
865:
858:
854:
852:
845:
841:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:Apostolo Zeno
799:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
768:
763:
759:
754:
752:
741:
739:
735:
731:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
709:
703:
699:
695:
691:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
658:
654:
644:
642:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
616:
611:
609:
599:
597:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
504:Michael Grant
500:
497:
490:
487:
486:Lake Maggiore
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
459:
445:
439:
437:
433:
428:
424:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
334:
330:
325:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
307:
304:According to
300:Rise to power
297:
295:
289:
285:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
240:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
201:
193:
192:
183:
153:
142:
141:Siege of Rome
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
83:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
24:
19:
2984:
2944:
2938:Roman consul
2936:
2931:Leo Augustus
2908:
2901:
2875:
2856:
2837:
2818:
2809:
2790:
2757:
2753:
2730:
2711:
2692:
2673:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2597:
2578:
2559:
2540:
2523:
2504:
2487:
2483:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2430:
2411:
2390:
2376:(1): 26–33.
2373:
2369:
2348:
2340:Bibliography
2330:Cauthen 2001
2325:
2313:
2306:O'Flynn 1983
2301:
2289:
2282:Wolfram 1997
2277:
2270:Wolfram 1997
2265:
2258:Halsall 2007
2243:O'Flynn 1983
2238:
2231:O'Flynn 1983
2226:
2214:
2207:O'Flynn 1983
2190:O'Flynn 1983
2185:
2178:Heather 2005
2173:
2166:Heather 2005
2161:
2117:
2110:O'Flynn 1983
2105:
2098:O'Flynn 1983
2093:
2086:O'Flynn 1983
2066:
2054:
2042:
2020:Halsall 2007
2003:O'Flynn 1983
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1943:Halsall 2007
1938:
1926:
1919:O'Flynn 1983
1914:
1902:
1895:O'Flynn 1983
1880:Halsall 2007
1875:
1863:
1856:O'Flynn 1983
1851:
1839:
1832:Halsall 2007
1817:Halsall 2007
1812:
1800:
1793:Halsall 2007
1788:
1776:
1764:
1757:O'Flynn 1983
1752:
1740:
1728:
1721:Heather 2005
1716:
1709:Heather 2005
1704:
1697:Heather 2005
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1634:Halsall 2007
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1451:Heather 1996
1446:
1439:Wolfram 1988
1434:
1427:Gillett 1995
1422:
1410:
1403:Gillett 1995
1383:
1371:
1359:
1352:Cameron 1988
1347:
1335:
1273:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1221:
1206:
1198:
1187:
1179:
1164:, 1289; and
1150:
1137:
1116:
1107:
1078:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1005:
983:
974:
966:
961:
945:
941:
920:
912:
908:
903:
886:
878:
873:
864:
849:
844:
824:(1728), and
809:
808:'s libretto
793:
790:Matteo Noris
787:
778:Julius Nepos
770:
765:
761:
756:
747:
726:
687:
674:Tripolitania
650:
633:
618:
613:
605:
588:
582:host at the
573:
565:
542:
529:
501:
491:
475:
454:
426:
420:
379:
373:
371:
366:
347:Theodoric II
344:
332:
326:
316:
309:
303:
290:
286:
278:
246:
230:
151:
150:
119:Battles/wars
108:
102:
18:
3019:410s births
2693:The Vandals
1619:Gordon 1966
1269:Cassiodorus
1156:Cassiodorus
1092:, AM 5947;
969:, pp. 116f.
730:Rome itself
694:Burgundians
621:Marcellinus
592:Cassiodorus
576:Marcellinus
557:Marcellinus
399:. Although
349:proclaimed
274:Hermegarius
3024:472 deaths
3013:Categories
2960:Apollonius
2219:Elton 2018
1979:Seeck 1920
1769:Grant 1998
1661:Elton 2018
1364:James 2014
915:, ii, 367.
896:Geiseric's
832:References
653:Basiliscus
262:Visigothic
208: 418
85:Roman army
69:Allegiance
23:Richomeres
3059:Regicides
2947:Patricius
2782:162306022
2579:The Goths
2318:Bury 1923
1991:Oost 1970
1607:Bury 1923
1327:Citations
1258:, p. 122f
1245:, p. 122f
1216:, 67, 53.
1161:Chronicon
1056:Chronicle
927:patricius
812:, set by
665:militaris
636:patrician
608:Anthemius
525:Cartagena
250:Anthemius
212:Romanized
3054:Patricii
3001:Gundobad
2995:457–472
2975:Remistus
2382:41540754
1535:Lee 2013
1274:Chronica
1174:, xv.2;
1102:, I.606.
1094:Cedrenus
1022:Chronica
933:patricii
820:(1711),
816:(1708),
796:(set by
751:Gundobad
734:Olybrius
670:Carthage
641:Ennodius
553:Dalmatia
549:Aegidius
521:Gaiseric
517:Campania
478:Alamanni
471:Stilicho
405:Hydatius
395:and the
388:Germanic
363:Remistus
359:Hispania
322:Majorian
270:Hermeric
215:Germanic
109:de facto
79:Service/
2496:4436388
2453:Hirundo
2370:Latomus
1307:kalends
1070:Carmina
1045:, xv.1.
913:Carmina
879:Carmina
853:Ricimer
851:Flavius
702:Romanus
508:Vandals
423:Marcian
401:Priscus
294:Gondioc
243:Lineage
152:Ricimer
32:Ricimer
2988:of the
2979:In 456
2955:Magnus
2882:
2863:
2844:
2825:
2797:
2780:
2774:268600
2772:
2737:
2718:
2699:
2680:
2661:
2642:
2623:
2604:
2585:
2566:
2547:
2532:182501
2530:
2511:
2494:
2467:
2451:. In:
2437:
2418:
2399:
2380:
2357:537268
2355:
1276:472 AD
1126:, 51:
1036:Getica
678:Sicily
659:, the
513:Raetia
482:Raetia
351:Avitus
336:'s
266:Wallia
258:Suevic
223:Avitus
196:Latin:
191:-im-ər
81:branch
2945:with
2778:S2CID
2770:JSTOR
2492:JSTOR
2378:JSTOR
1267:See:
837:Notes
714:Milan
698:Arles
663:comes
533:Leo I
467:Arian
380:comes
375:comes
94:?–472
2880:ISBN
2861:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2659:ISBN
2640:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2528:OCLC
2509:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2353:OCLC
1031:s.a.
1027:s.a.
1017:s.a.
947:PLRE
909:s.a.
804:and
580:Alan
545:Gaul
384:Gaul
355:Gaul
189:RISS
99:Rank
61:Died
50:Born
2942:459
2762:doi
1318:472
1297:473
792:'s
499:.
455:As
369:.
365:as
56:418
3015::
2776:.
2768:.
2758:65
2756:.
2752:.
2488:44
2486:.
2482:.
2374:47
2372:.
2368:.
2250:^
2197:^
2146:^
2129:^
2078:^
2027:^
2010:^
1887:^
1824:^
1641:^
1626:^
1395:^
1299::
1288:;
1278::
1271:,
1168:,
1158:,
1096:,
1086:,
1025:,
1015:,
1000:.
720:,
555:,
547:,
296:.
205:c.
203:;
194:,
179:ər
54:c.
2957:,
2928:,
2888:.
2869:.
2850:.
2831:.
2803:.
2784:.
2764::
2743:.
2724:.
2705:.
2686:.
2667:.
2648:.
2629:.
2610:.
2591:.
2572:.
2553:.
2534:.
2517:.
2498:.
2473:.
2443:.
2424:.
2405:.
2384:.
2359:.
2332:.
1145:.
1132:.
182:/
176:m
173:ɪ
170:s
167:ɪ
164:r
161:ˈ
158:/
154:(
107:(
25:.
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