404:
attractive or repulsive, depending on the mutual orientation of the molecules. When molecules are in thermal motion, as they are in the gas and liquid phase, the electrostatic force is averaged out to a large extent because the molecules thermally rotate and thus probe both repulsive and attractive parts of the electrostatic force. Random thermal motion can disrupt or overcome the electrostatic component of the van der Waals force but the averaging effect is much less pronounced for the attractive induction and dispersion forces.
53:
3925:
299:, which has only one valence electron, and they are still not strong enough to achieve an aggregate state other than gas for Xe under standard conditions. The interactions between atoms in metals can also be effectively described as van der Waals interactions and account for the observed solid aggregate state with bonding strengths comparable to covalent and ionic interactions. The strength of pairwise van der Waals type interactions is on the order of 12 kJ/mol (120 meV) for low-melting Pb (
1842:
227:. Specifically, the electron density may temporarily shift to be greater on one side of the nucleus. This shift generates a transient charge which a nearby atom can be attracted to or repelled by. The force is repulsive at very short distances, reaches zero at an equilibrium distance characteristic for each atom, or molecule, and becomes attractive for distances larger than the equilibrium distance. For individual atoms, the equilibrium distance is between 0.3
1856:
1775:
1729:
small particles such as very fine-grained dry powders (where there are no capillary forces present) even though the force of attraction is smaller in magnitude than it is for larger particles of the same substance. Such powders are said to be cohesive, meaning they are not as easily fluidized or pneumatically conveyed as their more coarse-grained counterparts. Generally, free-flow occurs with particles greater than about 250 μm.
3919:
33:
3931:
910:
518:
bodies with known volumes and numbers of atoms or molecules per unit volume, the total van der Waals force is often computed based on the "microscopic theory" as the sum over all interacting pairs. It is necessary to integrate over the total volume of the object, which makes the calculation dependent
1728:
From the expression above, it is seen that the van der Waals force decreases with decreasing size of bodies (R). Nevertheless, the strength of inertial forces, such as gravity and drag/lift, decrease to a greater extent. Consequently, the van der Waals forces become dominant for collections of very
391:
When to apply the term "van der Waals" force depends on the text. The broadest definitions include all intermolecular forces which are electrostatic in origin, namely (2), (3) and (4). Some authors, whether or not they consider other forces to be of van der Waals type, focus on (3) and (4) as these
1732:
The van der Waals force of adhesion is also dependent on the surface topography. If there are surface asperities, or protuberances, that result in a greater total area of contact between two particles or between a particle and a wall, this increases the van der Waals force of attraction as well as
403:
atoms), which means that they depend on the relative orientation of the molecules. The induction and dispersion interactions are always attractive, irrespective of orientation, but the electrostatic interaction changes sign upon rotation of the molecules. That is, the electrostatic force can be
501:
forces', 'London forces', or 'instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces'. The strength of London dispersion forces is proportional to the polarizability of the molecule, which in turn depends on the total number of electrons and the area over which they are spread. Hydrocarbons display small
267:
molecular liquids, which result as a sum of all van der Waals interactions per molecule in the molecular liquids, amount to 0.90 kJ/mol (9.3 meV) and 6.82 kJ/mol (70.7 meV), respectively, and thus approximately 15 times the value of the individual pairwise interatomic interactions (excluding
539:
1804:
that exploits the effect, and success was achieved in 2011 to create an adhesive tape on similar grounds (i.e. based on van der Waals forces). In 2011, a paper was published relating the effect to both velcro-like hairs and the presence of lipids in gecko footprints.
502:
dispersive contributions, the presence of heteroatoms lead to increased LD forces as function of their polarizability, e.g. in the sequence RI>RBr>RCl>RF. In absence of solvents weakly polarizable hydrocarbons form crystals due to dispersive forces; their
2371:
1346:
3255:
We have demonstrated that it is the CE-driven electrostatic interactions which dictate the strength of gecko adhesion, and not the van der Waals or capillary forces which are conventionally considered as the main source of gecko
1707:
1560:
231:
and 0.5 nm, depending on the atomic-specific diameter. When the interatomic distance is greater than 1.0 nm the force is not strong enough to be easily observed as it decreases as a function of distance
497:. In and between organic molecules the multitude of contacts can lead to larger contribution of dispersive attraction, particularly in the presence of heteroatoms. London dispersion forces are also known as '
446:
They are all short-range forces and hence only interactions between the nearest particles need to be considered (instead of all the particles). Van der Waals attraction is greater if the molecules are closer.
905:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&U(z;R_{1},R_{2})=-{\frac {A}{6}}\left({\frac {2R_{1}R_{2}}{z^{2}-(R_{1}+R_{2})^{2}}}+{\frac {2R_{1}R_{2}}{z^{2}-(R_{1}-R_{2})^{2}}}+\ln \left\right)\end{aligned}}}
1110:
1745:
544:
1756:
derived a much more cumbersome "exact" expression in 1970 for spherical bodies within the framework of the
Lifshitz theory while a simpler macroscopic model approximation had been made by
2871:
Autumn, Kellar; Sitti, Metin; Liang, Yiching A.; Peattie, Anne M.; Hansen, Wendy R.; Sponberg, Simon; Kenny, Thomas W.; Fearing, Ronald; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Full, Robert J. (2002).
1789:– which can hang on a glass surface using only one toe – to climb on sheer surfaces has been for many years mainly attributed to the van der Waals forces between these surfaces and the
2018:
Tschumper, Gregory S. (20 October 2008). "Reliable
Electronic Structure Computations for Weak Noncovalent Interactions in Clusters". In Lipkowitz, Kenny B.; Cundari, Thomas R. (eds.).
3379:
Brevik, Iver; Marachevsky, V. N.; Milton, Kimball A. (1999). "Identity of the van der Waals Force and the
Casimir Effect and the Irrelevance of These Phenomena to Sonoluminescence".
457:
dominate other weaker van der Waals interactions. In higher molecular weight alcohols, the properties of the nonpolar hydrocarbon chain(s) dominate and determine their solubility.
3511:
1007:
1398:
3178:
Prowse, Michael S.; Wilkinson, Matt; Puthoff, Michael; Mayer, George; Autumn, Kellar (February 2011). "Effects of humidity on the mechanical properties of gecko setae".
99:; they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to disturbance. The van der Waals force quickly vanishes at longer distances between interacting molecules.
311:. Accordingly, van der Waals forces can range from weak to strong interactions, and support integral structural loads when multitudes of such interactions are present.
3102:
Chen, Bin; Gao, Huajian (2010). "An alternative explanation of the effect of humidity in gecko adhesion: stiffness reduction enhances adhesion on a rough surface".
1425:
3268:
Kesel, Antonia B.; Martin, Andrew; Seidl, Tobias (19 April 2004). "Getting a grip on spider attachment: an AFM approach to microstructure adhesion in arthropods".
1120:
368:), which is the attractive interaction between a permanent multipole on one molecule with an induced multipole on another. This interaction is sometimes called
932:, which is a constant (~10 − 10 J) that depends on the material properties (it can be positive or negative in sign depending on the intervening medium), and
426:
for dielectric media, the former being the microscopic description of the latter bulk property. The first detailed calculations of this were done in 1955 by
1032:
are treated as parameters) is then a function of separation since the force on an object is the negative of the derivative of the potential energy function,
387:), which is the attractive interaction between any pair of molecules, including non-polar atoms, arising from the interactions of instantaneous multipoles.
1973:
1586:
4018:
2295:"The representation of van der Waals (vdW) interactions in molecular mechanics force fields: potential form, combination rules, and vdW parameters"
411:
is often used as an approximate model for the isotropic part of a total (repulsion plus attraction) van der Waals force as a function of distance.
243:
Van der Waals forces are often among the weakest chemical forces. For example, the pairwise attractive van der Waals interaction energy between H (
153:
is present, the distance between atoms at which the force becomes repulsive rather than attractive as the atoms approach one another is called the
2191:"Accurate and Compatible Force Fields for Molecular Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen to Simulate Gases, Electrolytes, and Heterogeneous Interfaces"
1760:
as early as 1934. Expressions for the van der Waals forces for many different geometries using the
Lifshitz theory have likewise been published.
1435:
2986:"Direct evidence of phospholipids in gecko footprints and spatula-substrate contact interface detected using surface-sensitive spectroscopy"
2248:"Thermodynamically Consistent Force Fields for the Assembly of Inorganic, Organic, and Biological Nanostructures: The INTERFACE Force Field"
2984:
Hsu, Ping Yuan; Ge, Liehui; Li, Xiaopeng; Stark, Alyssa Y.; Wesdemiotis, Chrys; Niewiarowski, Peter H.; Dhinojwala, Ali (24 August 2011).
3519:
17:
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interactions between permanent charges (in the case of molecular ions), dipoles (in the case of molecules without inversion centre),
4136:
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3744:
4167:
1808:
A later study suggested that capillary adhesion might play a role, but that hypothesis has been rejected by more recent studies.
3550:
2990:
1725:
The van der Waals forces between objects with other geometries using the
Hamaker model have been published in the literature.
531:(using London's famous 1937 equation for the dispersion interaction energy between atoms/molecules as the starting point) by:
2759:
2730:
2587:
2099:
2062:
1035:
279:
of the participating atoms. For example, the pairwise van der Waals interaction energy for more polarizable atoms such as S (
3638:
2674:
2334:"Accurate Simulation of Surfaces and Interfaces of Face-Centered Cubic Metals Using 12−6 and 9−6 Lennard-Jones Potentials"
2086:
Abrikosov, A. A.; Gorkov, L. P.; Dzyaloshinsky, I. E. (1963–1975). "6: Electromagnetic
Radiation in an Absorbing Medium".
4058:
440:
The van der Waals forces are additive in nature, consisting of several individual interactions, and cannot be saturated.
3535:
Lifshitz, E. M. (1955). "Russian title is missing" [The Theory of
Molecular Attractive Forces between Solids].
3331:
1830:
or scopula pads, enabling them to climb or hang upside-down from extremely smooth surfaces such as glass or porcelain.
3620:
3043:
Huber, Gerrit; Mantz, Hubert; Spolenak, Ralph; Mecke, Klaus; Jacobs, Karin; Gorb, Stanislav N.; Arzt, Eduard (2005).
2165:
2035:
3983:
45:
3655:
3807:
3998:
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In the limit of close-approach, the spheres are sufficiently large compared to the distance between them; i.e.,
4162:
3834:
3795:
3785:
3270:
103:
2672:
Tadmor, R. (March 2001). "The London–Van der Waals interaction energy between objects of various geometries".
3790:
2490:
Dzyaloshinskii, I. E.; Lifshitz, E. M.; Pitaevskii, Lev P. (1961). "General theory of van der Waals forces".
519:
on the objects' shapes. For example, the van der Waals interaction energy between spherical bodies of radii R
3737:
3448:
Dzyaloshinskii, I. D.; Lifshitz, E. M.; Pitaevskii, L. P. (1961). "General theory of van der
Waalsforces".
2816:"A new angle on clinging in geckos: incline, not substrate, triggers the deployment of the adhesive system"
427:
3045:"Evidence for capillarity contributions to gecko adhesion from single spatula nanomechanical measurements"
353:
interactions. Orientation-averaged contributions from electrostatic interactions are sometimes called the
307:), which is about one order of magnitude stronger than in Xe due to the presence of a highly polarizable
295:) atoms is 2.35 kJ/mol (24.3 meV). These van der Waals interactions are up to 40 times stronger than in H
291:
exceeds 1 kJ/mol (10 meV), and the pairwise interaction energy between even larger, more polarizable Xe (
346:
2751:
2525:
Zheng, Y.; Narayanaswamy, A. (2011). "Lifshitz Theory of van der Waals
Pressure in Dissipative Media".
957:
493:
that arise from the interactive forces between instantaneous multipoles in molecules without permanent
4053:
4043:
4033:
4008:
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2394:
323:
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1895:
415:
127:
107:
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2419:
1945:
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1890:
1816:
503:
498:
482:
477:
408:
380:
350:
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molecules equals 0.06 kJ/mol (0.6 meV) and the pairwise attractive interaction energy between O (
181:
165:
464:
interactions between unpolarized dipoles particularly in acid-base aqueous solution and between
36:
Rainwater flux from a canopy. Among the forces that govern drop formation: Van der Waals force,
3651:
An introductory description of the van der Waals force (as a sum of attractive components only)
3450:
1905:
1880:
419:
3490:
2437:
Leonhardt, Ulf; Philbin, Thomas G. (2007). "Quantum levitation by left-handed metamaterials".
4129:
4090:
1920:
358:
315:
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3802:
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3111:
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2884:
2683:
2544:
2499:
2456:
1915:
1910:
1812:
1403:
1341:{\displaystyle \ F_{\rm {VdW}}(z)=-{\frac {A}{6}}{\frac {64R_{1}^{3}R_{2}^{3}z}{^{2}^{2}}}}
490:
201:
41:
2246:
Heinz, Hendrik; Lin, Tzu-Jen; Kishore Mishra, Ratan; Emami, Fateme S. (12 February 2013).
449:
Van der Waals forces are independent of temperature except for dipole-dipole interactions.
8:
3814:
3780:
3505:. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics. Vol. 72. New York, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
494:
4114:
3463:
3402:
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3115:
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2548:
2503:
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1949:
3869:
3706:
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3414:
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3241:
3216:
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3079:
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2534:
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111:
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2068:
2058:
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1737:
515:
373:
143:
131:
64:
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3418:
2748:
Van der Waals Forces: A Handbook for
Biologists, Chemists, Engineers, and Physicists
2564:
2511:
2468:
2190:
2140:
1983:
259:
molecules equals 0.44 kJ/mol (4.6 meV). The corresponding vaporization energies of H
4141:
3881:
3854:
3701:
3693:
3659:
3467:
3406:
3348:
3340:
3287:
3236:
3228:
3189:
3150:
3139:"Changes in materials properties explain the effects of humidity on gecko adhesion"
3119:
3074:
3064:
3015:
2999:
2902:
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2620:
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2507:
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2202:
2128:
2116:
2023:
1987:
1978:
1847:
929:
224:
217:
3217:"Role of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions in gecko adhesion"
3137:
Puthoff, Jonathan B.; Prowse, Michael S.; Wilkinson, Matt; Autumn, Kellar (2010).
2476:
4119:
3993:
3864:
3498:
3193:
2624:
1900:
1757:
1749:
453:
In low molecular weight alcohols, the hydrogen-bonding properties of their polar
337:(all molecules with symmetry lower than cubic), and in general between permanent
135:
123:
115:
52:
37:
3427:
3410:
4028:
3829:
3612:
2722:
2556:
1861:
454:
423:
414:
Van der Waals forces are responsible for certain cases of pressure broadening (
365:
276:
213:
158:
119:
3123:
2611:
Schneider, Hans-Jörg (2015). "Dispersive Interactions in Solution Complexes".
2132:
2027:
1702:{\displaystyle \ F_{\rm {VdW}}(r)=-{\frac {AR_{1}R_{2}}{(R_{1}+R_{2})6r^{2}}}}
4156:
4077:
4037:
3970:
3924:
3899:
3772:
3753:
3299:
3011:
2839:
2597:
2357:
2333:
2318:
2271:
2247:
2216:
2207:
2072:
1982:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
528:
461:
342:
330:
269:
205:
96:
92:
3069:
1991:
4023:
3715:
3697:
3362:
3344:
3250:
3232:
3201:
3164:
3088:
3029:
3003:
2916:
2897:
2857:
2831:
2632:
2332:
Heinz, Hendrik; Vaia, R. A.; Farmer, B. L.; Naik, R. R. (6 November 2008).
2279:
2224:
1875:
486:
384:
354:
177:
106:, the van der Waals force plays a fundamental role in fields as diverse as
2175:
2052:
1555:{\displaystyle \ U(r;R_{1},R_{2})=-{\frac {AR_{1}R_{2}}{(R_{1}+R_{2})6r}}}
27:
Interactions between groups of atoms that do not arise from chemical bonds
4109:
3859:
2451:
1753:
465:
430:. A more general theory of van der Waals forces has also been developed.
396:
173:
2310:
1427:, so that equation (1) for the potential energy function simplifies to:
59:
cloth makes use of van der Waals force to remove dirt without scratches.
3393:
3155:
3138:
2155:
1885:
334:
209:
164:
The van der Waals forces are usually described as a combination of the
157:; this phenomenon results from the mutual repulsion between the atoms'
139:
88:
56:
3672:
TED Talk on biomimicry, including applications of van der Waals force.
2960:"Biologically inspired adhesive tape can be reused thousands of times"
2349:
2263:
1815:
surfaces is mainly determined by electrostatic interaction (caused by
3844:
3819:
2154:
Hirschfelder, Joseph O.; Curtiss, Charles F.; Bird, R. Byron (1954).
1823:
1744:. A more rigorous approach accounting for these effects, called the "
400:
338:
308:
228:
68:
3918:
3678:"The influence of humidity on the attachment ability of the spider
3426:
Dzyaloshinskii, I. D.; Lifshitz, E. M.; Pitaevskii, Lev P. (1961).
3323:"The influence of humidity on the attachment ability of the spider
1855:
1827:
1801:
1774:
509:
326:
that prevents close contact of atoms, or the collapse of molecules.
304:
244:
212:
bonding in that they are caused by correlations in the fluctuating
197:
84:
2539:
184:
whose rotational orientations are dynamically averaged over time.
3722:
2936:
2085:
288:
3447:
3425:
2489:
1811:
A 2014 study has shown that gecko adhesion to smooth Teflon and
1736:
The microscopic theory assumes pairwise additivity. It neglects
303:) and on the order of 32 kJ/mol (330 meV) for high-melting Pt (
280:
252:
192:
Van der Waals forces include attraction and repulsions between
169:
1786:
1778:
1014:
369:
292:
150:
32:
3136:
3177:
2245:
1794:
300:
193:
80:
3930:
3551:"The Theory of Molecular Attractive Forces between Solids"
3215:
Izadi, H.; Stewart, K. M. E.; Penlidis, A. (9 July 2014).
2189:
Wang, Shiyi; Hou, Kaiyi; Heinz, Hendrik (10 August 2021).
1950:"How do microfiber cloths work? | The science of cleaning"
275:
The strength of van der Waals bonds increases with higher
2393:
Tao, Jianmin; Perdew, John; Ruzsinszky, Adrienn (2013).
1793:, or microscopic projections, which cover the hair-like
3686:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3378:
3042:
2870:
2820:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2153:
2022:. Vol. 26. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 39–90.
2007:(6th ed.). University of Virginia. pp. 12–13.
1105:{\displaystyle \ F_{\rm {VdW}}(z)=-{\frac {d}{dz}}U(z)}
176:
between permanent dipoles and induced dipoles, and the
3321:
Wolff, Jonas O.; Gorb, Stanislav N. (7 January 2012).
2088:
Methods of Quantum Field Theory in Statistical Physics
460:
Van der Waalsforces are also responsible for the weak
433:
The main characteristics of van der Waals forces are:
2716:
1589:
1438:
1406:
1370:
1123:
1038:
960:
542:
527:
and with smooth surfaces was approximated in 1937 by
437:
They are weaker than normal covalent and ionic bonds.
422:. The London–van der Waals forces are related to the
392:
are the components which act over the longest range.
3214:
2873:"Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae"
1837:
2392:
2331:
936:is the center-to-center distance; i.e., the sum of
3482:
2524:
2003:Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles M. (2016).
1701:
1554:
1419:
1392:
1340:
1104:
1001:
904:
3537:Zhurnal Éksperimental'noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki
3430:[General theory of van der Waals forces]
2814:Russell, Anthony P.; Higham, Timothy. E. (2009).
2807:
4154:
3267:
2436:
2050:
510:Van der Waals forces between macroscopic objects
3261:
3049:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2877:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1763:
3480:
2002:
79:) is a distance-dependent interaction between
3738:
3656:"Robert Full: Learning from the gecko's tail"
3606:
3600:Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science
2932:"Gecko-like glue is said to be stickiest yet"
2813:
2983:
2188:
506:is a measure of the dispersive interaction.
485:, named after the German-American physicist
395:All intermolecular/van der Waals forces are
223:The force results from a transient shift in
2929:
2577:
1826:, some spiders have similar setae on their
3745:
3731:
3104:International Journal of Applied Mechanics
2977:
2571:
2195:Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
1819:), not van der Waals or capillary forces.
1733:the tendency for mechanical interlocking.
471:
3705:
3676:Wolff, J. O.; Gorb, S. N. (18 May 2011).
3675:
3392:
3352:
3320:
3240:
3154:
3078:
3068:
3019:
2906:
2896:
2847:
2745:
2610:
2582:. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House.
2538:
2450:
2402:International Journal of Modern Physics B
2206:
2057:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2017:
418:) of spectral lines and the formation of
322:A repulsive component resulting from the
95:, these attractions do not result from a
4137:Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
3548:
3534:
3497:
2420:"New way to levitate objects discovered"
2299:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2114:
2079:
1944:
1773:
443:They have no directional characteristic.
51:
31:
3481:Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1960).
3101:
2292:
1800:There were efforts in 2008 to create a
1018:between two spheres of constant radii (
130:. It also underlies many properties of
14:
4155:
3636:
3221:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
2991:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
2671:
2395:"Long range Van der Waals interaction"
216:of nearby particles (a consequence of
3726:
3428:"Общая теория ван-дер-ваальсовых сил"
2957:
2930:Steenhuysen, Julie (8 October 2008).
2293:Halgren, Thomas A. (September 1992).
2157:Molecular theory of gases and liquids
954:(the distance between the surfaces):
318:have several possible contributions:
2675:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
2372:"Intermolecular Van der Waals force"
1580:
1429:
1114:
533:
3597:
3485:Electrodynamics of Continuous Media
2660:Transactions of the Faraday Society
2338:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
236:approximately with the 7th power (~
24:
3752:
3509:
3503:Theory of Van der Waals Attraction
3372:
3332:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2020:Reviews in Computational Chemistry
1979:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1605:
1602:
1599:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1054:
1051:
1048:
341:. These interactions also include
25:
4179:
3630:
3609:Intermolecular and Surface Forces
2958:Quick, Darren (6 November 2011).
2719:Intermolecular and Surface Forces
2578:Sethi, M. S.; Satake, M. (1992).
2117:"Van der Waals Radii of Elements"
1002:{\displaystyle \ z=R_{1}+R_{2}+r}
168:between "instantaneously induced
3929:
3923:
3917:
3639:"What are van der Waals forces?"
3607:Israelachvili, Jacob N. (1992).
3549:Lifshitz, E. M. (January 1956).
3512:"Van der Waals dispersion force"
1854:
1840:
3472:10.1070/PU1961v004n02ABEH003330
3314:
3208:
3171:
3143:Journal of Experimental Biology
3130:
3095:
3036:
2951:
2923:
2864:
2794:
2781:
2768:
2739:
2710:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2604:
2518:
2512:10.1070/PU1961v004n02ABEH003330
2483:
2430:
2412:
2386:
2364:
2325:
2286:
2239:
2054:Quantum mechanics in a nutshell
4168:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
3518:. Holmgren Lab. Archived from
3271:Smart Materials and Structures
2717:Israelachvili J. (1985–2004).
2182:
2147:
2108:
2044:
2011:
1996:
1967:
1938:
1680:
1654:
1617:
1611:
1540:
1514:
1477:
1445:
1326:
1316:
1289:
1273:
1264:
1254:
1227:
1211:
1151:
1145:
1099:
1093:
1066:
1060:
877:
850:
826:
799:
758:
731:
675:
648:
583:
551:
381:London dispersion interactions
155:van der Waals contact distance
104:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
13:
1:
3489:. Oxford: Pergamon. pp.
2613:Accounts of Chemical Research
1932:
187:
3641:. Frostburg State University
3593:. Western Oregon University.
3194:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.036
2625:10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00111
1764:Use by geckos and arthropods
1393:{\displaystyle \ r\ll R_{1}}
102:Named after Dutch physicist
46:Plateau–Rayleigh instability
7:
3411:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3948
1833:
1715:
1568:
1354:
918:
10:
4184:
3835:Metal–ligand multiple bond
3292:10.1088/0964-1726/13/3/009
2752:Cambridge University Press
2696:10.1088/0953-8984/13/9/101
2557:10.1103/PhysRevA.83.042504
1797:found on their footpads.
1767:
475:
399:(except those between two
379:Dispersion (usually named
18:Van der Waals interactions
4099:
4076:
4007:
3969:
3949:
3938:
3915:
3898:
3880:
3771:
3760:
3682:(Araneae, Philodromidae)"
3436:Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
3327:(Araneae, Philodromidae)"
3124:10.1142/s1758825110000433
2746:Parsegian, V. A. (2006).
2649:, 4(10), 1058–1072 (1937)
2469:10.1088/1367-2630/9/8/254
2051:Mahan, Gerald D. (2009).
2028:10.1002/9780470399545.ch2
364:Induction (also known as
324:Pauli exclusion principle
3587:"London force animation"
2208:10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01132
2115:Batsanov, S. S. (2001).
1926:Wringing of gauge blocks
1896:Noncovalent interactions
1781:climbing a glass surface
483:London dispersion forces
416:van der Waals broadening
329:Attractive or repulsive
166:London dispersion forces
128:condensed matter physics
108:supramolecular chemistry
97:chemical electronic bond
3564:(1): 73. Archived from
3381:Physical Review Letters
3070:10.1073/pnas.0506328102
2133:10.1023/A:1011625728803
1992:10.1351/goldbook.V06597
1891:Lennard-Jones potential
1817:contact electrification
478:London dispersion force
472:London dispersion force
420:van der Waals molecules
409:Lennard-Jones potential
3698:10.1098/rspb.2011.0505
3451:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
3345:10.1098/rspb.2011.0505
3233:10.1098/rsif.2014.0371
3004:10.1098/rsif.2011.0370
2898:10.1073/pnas.192252799
2832:10.1098/rspb.2009.0946
2492:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
2439:New Journal of Physics
1906:Van der Waals molecule
1881:Dispersion (chemistry)
1782:
1738:many-body interactions
1703:
1556:
1421:
1394:
1342:
1106:
1003:
906:
357:or Keesom force after
255:) atoms in different O
247:) atoms in different H
60:
49:
4163:Intermolecular forces
3637:Senese, Fred (1999).
3591:Intermolecular Forces
3547:English translation:
3516:Life Science Glossary
3446:English translation:
1921:Van der Waals surface
1777:
1768:Further information:
1704:
1557:
1422:
1420:{\displaystyle R_{2}}
1395:
1343:
1107:
1004:
907:
491:intermolecular forces
359:Willem Hendrik Keesom
316:intermolecular forces
202:intermolecular forces
55:
35:
3825:Coordinate (dipolar)
2804:, 69, 155–164 (1934)
1984:van der Waals forces
1916:Van der Waals strain
1911:Van der Waals radius
1813:polydimethylsiloxane
1748:", was developed by
1587:
1436:
1404:
1368:
1121:
1036:
958:
540:
466:biological molecules
3999:C–H···O interaction
3781:Electron deficiency
3464:1961SvPhU...4..153D
3403:1999PhRvL..82.3948B
3284:2004SMaS...13..512K
3116:2010IJAM....2....1C
3061:2005PNAS..10216293H
3055:(45): 16293–16296.
2889:2002PNAS...9912252A
2826:(1673): 3705–3709.
2802:Kolloid-Zeitschrift
2776:Soviet Physics—JETP
2688:2001JPCM...13L.195T
2549:2011PhRvA..83d2504Z
2504:1961SvPhU...4..153D
2461:2007NJPh....9..254L
2344:(44): 17281–17290.
2311:10.1021/ja00046a032
2160:. New York: Wiley.
2121:Inorganic Materials
1205:
1190:
930:Hamaker coefficient
204:. They differ from
200:, as well as other
144:polar and non-polar
77:van de Waals' force
73:van der Waals force
3984:Resonance-assisted
3680:Philodromus dispar
3325:Philodromus dispar
3181:Acta Biomaterialia
3156:10.1242/jeb.047654
2092:Dover Publications
1954:Explain that Stuff
1871:Arthropod adhesion
1783:
1770:Arthropod adhesion
1746:macroscopic theory
1699:
1552:
1417:
1390:
1338:
1191:
1176:
1102:
1012:The van der Waals
999:
902:
900:
355:Keesom interaction
180:between permanent
138:, including their
112:structural biology
61:
50:
4150:
4149:
4101:Electron counting
4072:
4071:
3961:London dispersion
3913:
3912:
3890:Metal aromaticity
3692:(1726): 139–143.
3662:. 1 February 2009
3387:(20): 3948–3951.
3339:(1726): 139–143.
3149:(21): 3699–3704.
2800:B. V. Derjaguin,
2789:Physical Review B
2761:978-0-521-83906-8
2732:978-0-12-375181-2
2589:978-81-7141-163-4
2527:Physical Review A
2350:10.1021/jp801931d
2305:(20): 7827–7843.
2264:10.1021/la3038846
2101:978-0-486-63228-5
2064:978-0-691-13713-1
1723:
1722:
1697:
1592:
1576:
1575:
1550:
1441:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1336:
1168:
1126:
1088:
1041:
963:
926:
925:
887:
768:
685:
600:
495:multipole moments
374:Peter J. W. Debye
309:free electron gas
182:molecular dipoles
132:organic compounds
65:molecular physics
16:(Redirected from
4175:
4142:Jemmis mno rules
3994:Dihydrogen bonds
3947:
3946:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3855:Hyperconjugation
3769:
3768:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3626:
3603:
3594:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3555:
3544:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3506:
3499:Langbein, Dieter
3494:
3488:
3475:
3443:
3433:
3422:
3396:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3244:
3227:(98): 20140371.
3212:
3206:
3205:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3072:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2791:, 2, 3371 (1970)
2785:
2779:
2774:E. M. Lifshitz,
2772:
2766:
2765:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2682:(9): L195–L202.
2669:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2619:(7): 1815–1822.
2608:
2602:
2601:
2580:Chemical bonding
2575:
2569:
2568:
2542:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2454:
2452:quant-ph/0608115
2434:
2428:
2427:
2426:. 6 August 2007.
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2258:(6): 1754–1765.
2243:
2237:
2236:
2210:
2201:(8): 5198–5213.
2186:
2180:
2179:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1942:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1848:Chemistry portal
1845:
1844:
1843:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1627:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1590:
1581:
1578:with the force:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1371:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1300:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1184:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1089:
1087:
1076:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
992:
991:
979:
978:
961:
920:
911:
909:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
892:
888:
886:
885:
884:
875:
874:
862:
861:
846:
845:
835:
834:
833:
824:
823:
811:
810:
795:
794:
784:
769:
767:
766:
765:
756:
755:
743:
742:
727:
726:
716:
715:
714:
705:
704:
691:
686:
684:
683:
682:
673:
672:
660:
659:
644:
643:
633:
632:
631:
622:
621:
608:
601:
593:
582:
581:
569:
568:
546:
534:
504:sublimation heat
225:electron density
218:quantum dynamics
136:molecular solids
21:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4095:
4068:
4011:
4003:
3965:
3952:
3942:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3909:
3894:
3876:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3665:
3663:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3623:
3602:. p. 4.43.
3585:
3574:
3572:
3571:on 13 July 2019
3568:
3553:
3525:
3523:
3522:on 24 July 2019
3431:
3375:
3373:Further reading
3370:
3319:
3315:
3266:
3262:
3213:
3209:
3176:
3172:
3135:
3131:
3100:
3096:
3041:
3037:
2998:(69): 657–664.
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2928:
2924:
2883:(19): 12252–6.
2869:
2865:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2715:
2711:
2670:
2666:
2662:33, 8–26 (1937)
2657:
2653:
2645:H. C. Hamaker,
2644:
2640:
2609:
2605:
2590:
2576:
2572:
2523:
2519:
2488:
2484:
2435:
2431:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2330:
2326:
2291:
2287:
2244:
2240:
2187:
2183:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2084:
2080:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1948:(2 July 2008).
1946:Woodford, Chris
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1901:Synthetic setae
1860:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1785:The ability of
1772:
1766:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1380:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:. This yields:
1080:
1075:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1024:
987:
983:
974:
970:
959:
956:
955:
949:
942:
928:where A is the
899:
898:
880:
876:
870:
866:
857:
853:
841:
837:
836:
829:
825:
819:
815:
806:
802:
790:
786:
785:
783:
779:
761:
757:
751:
747:
738:
734:
722:
718:
717:
710:
706:
700:
696:
692:
690:
678:
674:
668:
664:
655:
651:
639:
635:
634:
627:
623:
617:
613:
609:
607:
606:
602:
592:
577:
573:
564:
560:
543:
541:
538:
537:
526:
522:
512:
480:
474:
298:
286:
266:
262:
258:
250:
190:
159:electron clouds
124:surface science
116:polymer science
38:surface tension
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4181:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4106:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3944:
3940:Intermolecular
3936:
3935:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3777:
3775:
3766:
3762:Intramolecular
3758:
3757:
3754:Chemical bonds
3750:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3673:
3652:
3632:
3631:External links
3629:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3613:Academic Press
3604:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3558:Soviet Physics
3539:(in Russian).
3532:
3510:Lefers, Mark.
3507:
3495:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3438:(in Russian).
3423:
3394:hep-th/9810062
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3313:
3278:(3): 512–518.
3260:
3207:
3188:(2): 733–738.
3170:
3129:
3094:
3035:
2976:
2950:
2922:
2863:
2806:
2793:
2780:
2778:, 2, 73 (1956)
2767:
2760:
2738:
2731:
2723:Academic Press
2709:
2664:
2651:
2638:
2603:
2588:
2570:
2517:
2482:
2429:
2411:
2385:
2363:
2324:
2285:
2238:
2181:
2166:
2146:
2127:(9): 871–885.
2107:
2100:
2078:
2063:
2043:
2036:
2010:
1995:
1966:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:Biology portal
1851:
1835:
1832:
1765:
1762:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1414:
1410:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1283:
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1266:
1260:
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1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1029:
1022:
998:
995:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
966:
947:
940:
924:
923:
914:
912:
896:
891:
883:
879:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
852:
849:
844:
840:
832:
828:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
798:
793:
789:
782:
778:
775:
772:
764:
760:
754:
750:
746:
741:
737:
733:
730:
725:
721:
713:
709:
703:
699:
695:
689:
681:
677:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
647:
642:
638:
630:
626:
620:
616:
612:
605:
599:
596:
591:
588:
585:
580:
576:
572:
567:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
545:
524:
520:
511:
508:
476:Main article:
473:
470:
455:hydroxyl group
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
428:E. M. Lifshitz
424:Casimir effect
389:
388:
377:
362:
343:hydrogen bonds
327:
314:More broadly,
296:
284:
277:polarizability
270:covalent bonds
264:
260:
256:
248:
189:
186:
120:nanotechnology
93:covalent bonds
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4180:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Hückel's rule
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4078:Bond cleavage
4075:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Intercalation
4042:
4039:
4035:
4034:Metallophilic
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3951:Van der Waals
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3622:9780123751812
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2787:D. Langbein,
2784:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2533:(4): 042504.
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2424:Science Daily
2421:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2167:0-471-40065-3
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2037:9780470399545
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1798:
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1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1472:
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1464:
1459:
1455:
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1448:
1442:
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1431:
1428:
1412:
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1381:
1377:
1374:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1043:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
996:
993:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
964:
953:
946:
939:
935:
931:
922:
915:
913:
894:
889:
881:
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
847:
842:
838:
830:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
796:
791:
787:
780:
776:
773:
770:
762:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
728:
723:
719:
711:
707:
701:
697:
693:
687:
679:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
645:
640:
636:
628:
624:
618:
614:
610:
603:
597:
594:
589:
586:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
554:
548:
536:
535:
532:
530:
517:
507:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
469:
467:
463:
462:hydrogen bond
458:
456:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
405:
402:
398:
393:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:electrostatic
328:
325:
321:
320:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
294:
290:
282:
278:
273:
271:
254:
246:
241:
239:
235:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
214:polarizations
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4120:Baird's rule
3950:
3840:Charge-shift
3803:Hypervalence
3689:
3685:
3679:
3664:. Retrieved
3643:. Retrieved
3608:
3599:
3598:Lyklema, J.
3590:
3573:. Retrieved
3566:the original
3561:
3557:
3540:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3515:
3502:
3484:
3455:
3449:
3439:
3435:
3384:
3380:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3254:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3052:
3048:
3038:
2995:
2989:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2935:
2925:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2775:
2770:
2747:
2741:
2718:
2712:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2579:
2573:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2366:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2156:
2149:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2087:
2081:
2053:
2046:
2019:
2013:
2005:Biochemistry
2004:
1998:
1977:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1940:
1876:Cold welding
1821:
1810:
1807:
1799:
1784:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1713:
1577:
1566:
1363:
1352:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1011:
951:
944:
937:
933:
927:
916:
513:
487:Fritz London
481:
459:
452:
432:
413:
406:
394:
390:
385:Fritz London
372:force after
366:polarization
313:
283:) atoms in H
274:
242:
237:
233:
222:
191:
178:Keesom force
174:Debye forces
163:
154:
149:If no other
148:
101:
76:
72:
62:
29:
4110:Aromaticity
4086:Heterolysis
4064:Salt bridge
4009:Noncovalent
3979:Low-barrier
3860:Aromaticity
3850:Conjugation
3830:Pi backbond
2658:London, F.
1959:11 February
1742:retardation
516:macroscopic
489:, are weak
397:anisotropic
351:pi-stacking
335:quadrupoles
75:(sometimes
4157:Categories
4038:aurophilic
4019:Mechanical
3458:(2): 153.
3110:(1): 1–9.
2498:(2): 153.
2445:(8): 254.
1933:References
1886:Gecko feet
1824:arthropods
1822:Among the
499:dispersion
339:multipoles
188:Definition
140:solubility
57:Microfiber
4130:spherical
4091:Homolysis
4054:Cation–pi
4029:Chalcogen
3989:Symmetric
3845:Hapticity
3666:5 October
3526:2 October
3308:250841250
3300:0964-1726
3256:adhesion.
3012:1742-5689
2969:5 October
2964:New Atlas
2943:5 October
2840:0962-8452
2704:250790137
2598:912437861
2540:1011.5433
2358:1932-7447
2319:0002-7863
2272:0743-7463
2233:235823673
2217:1549-9618
2073:226037727
1758:Derjaguin
1752:in 1956.
1624:−
1484:−
1378:≪
1303:−
1287:−
1225:−
1158:−
1073:−
864:−
848:−
797:−
777:
745:−
729:−
646:−
590:−
401:noble gas
347:cation-pi
198:molecules
87:. Unlike
85:molecules
69:chemistry
4059:Anion–pi
4049:Stacking
3971:Hydrogen
3882:Metallic
3773:Covalent
3765:(strong)
3716:21593034
3575:8 August
3543:(1): 94.
3501:(1974).
3419:14762105
3363:21593034
3251:25008078
3202:20920615
3165:20952618
3089:16260737
3030:21865250
2917:12198184
2858:19656797
2633:26083908
2565:64619547
2374:. NT-MDT
2280:23276161
2252:Langmuir
2225:34255965
2141:52088903
1834:See also
1828:scopulae
1802:dry glue
1791:spatulae
1754:Langbein
1750:Lifshitz
305:platinum
289:sulfides
245:hydrogen
206:covalent
42:cohesion
4024:Halogen
3870:bicyclo
3815:Agostic
3707:3223641
3645:1 March
3491:368–376
3460:Bibcode
3399:Bibcode
3354:3223641
3280:Bibcode
3242:4233685
3112:Bibcode
3080:1283435
3057:Bibcode
3021:3284128
2937:Reuters
2885:Bibcode
2849:2817305
2684:Bibcode
2647:Physica
2545:Bibcode
2500:Bibcode
2457:Bibcode
529:Hamaker
170:dipoles
146:media.
4125:Möbius
3953:forces
3943:(weak)
3714:
3704:
3619:
3442:(381).
3417:
3361:
3351:
3306:
3298:
3249:
3239:
3200:
3163:
3087:
3077:
3028:
3018:
3010:
2915:
2908:129431
2905:
2856:
2846:
2838:
2758:
2729:
2702:
2631:
2596:
2586:
2563:
2477:463815
2475:
2378:30 May
2356:
2317:
2278:
2270:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2176:534717
2174:
2164:
2139:
2098:
2071:
2061:
2034:
1787:geckos
1591:
1440:
1372:
1125:
1040:
962:
950:, and
383:after
349:, and
287:S and
281:sulfur
253:oxygen
126:, and
71:, the
4103:rules
4012:other
3900:Ionic
3808:3c–4e
3796:8c–2e
3791:4c–2e
3786:3c–2e
3569:(PDF)
3554:(PDF)
3432:(PDF)
3415:S2CID
3389:arXiv
3304:S2CID
2700:S2CID
2561:S2CID
2535:arXiv
2473:S2CID
2447:arXiv
2398:(PDF)
2229:S2CID
2137:S2CID
1974:IUPAC
1795:setae
1779:Gecko
1015:force
523:and R
370:Debye
293:xenon
263:and O
210:ionic
194:atoms
151:force
89:ionic
81:atoms
3865:homo
3820:Bent
3712:PMID
3668:2016
3647:2010
3617:ISBN
3577:2020
3528:2017
3359:PMID
3296:ISSN
3247:PMID
3198:PMID
3161:PMID
3085:PMID
3026:PMID
3008:ISSN
2971:2016
2945:2016
2913:PMID
2854:PMID
2836:ISSN
2756:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2629:PMID
2594:OCLC
2584:ISBN
2380:2024
2354:ISSN
2315:ISSN
2276:PMID
2268:ISSN
2221:PMID
2213:ISSN
2172:OCLC
2162:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2069:OCLC
2059:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1961:2022
1740:and
1025:and
514:For
407:The
301:lead
208:and
134:and
67:and
3702:PMC
3694:doi
3690:279
3660:TED
3468:doi
3407:doi
3349:PMC
3341:doi
3337:279
3288:doi
3237:PMC
3229:doi
3190:doi
3151:doi
3147:213
3120:doi
3075:PMC
3065:doi
3053:102
3016:PMC
3000:doi
2903:PMC
2893:doi
2844:PMC
2828:doi
2824:276
2692:doi
2621:doi
2553:doi
2508:doi
2465:doi
2346:doi
2342:112
2307:doi
2303:114
2260:doi
2203:doi
2129:doi
2024:doi
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