771:
1024:
58:
426:
524:'s squares was named after him. The Khan had the daughter of previous Khan's sister, Princess Tulunbuya, married to a Mamluk sultan, but she died in a few years. The khan instructed his merchants to lend 27,000 dinars to the Mamluk ambassador in order to finance the feast for the bride at Sarai. Soon after Öz Beg was disappointed with the Mamluk sultan's divorce with Tulunbuya and indecisiveness regarding the joint invasion of Ilkhanate. In 1323, a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and the Ilkhanate. This situation nullified the alliance and the Mamluks refused to invade the Ilkhanate. Öz Beg's next incursion coincided with
906:
554:, in 1313 and 1316. Esen Buqa warned Öz Beg that the Great Khan would overthrow him from the throne of the Horde and install another Khan from the Jochids instead. But Öz Beg's vizier convinced him not to believe this and the Khan refused to help Esen Buqa. Nevertheless, remembering their support for the rival claimant to his throne, Öz Beg tried his best to eliminate every influence and inspiration of the Yuan dynasty on the Golden Horde in the early part of his reign. The Khan's diplomatic relationship with the Yuan, however, improved in 1324. Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan granted him the
486:
699:. Successful commercial revolutions require new markets and caravans: "places where merchants find their way." Growth of wealth and increasing needs of production always stimulate population growth. This did not suffice solely in Sarai. The accretion of the dwellings in the region transformed the capital into the center of a large Muslim government, giving it the appropriate aspect and status. Öz Beg actually came to build a new city, which received the official name Saray al-Jedid or New Sarai.
292:
833:. He sent his son Fyodor to the Horde, with tribute and seeking forgiveness, in 1335; the Khan pardoned Alexander and he was given the princely yarlik to Tver once again in 1337. Unfortunately, his greatest enemy, his cousin Ivan, once more set the Horde's Khan against him with the aid of intrigue. Alexander was summoned to the Horde again and was executed at the hand of Khan Öz Beg; Tver was then pillaged and many of its citizens massacred.
460:
472:
668:(literally meaning "palace" in Turkish and Uzbek, and a hotel / inn / temporary residence in Persian and Urdu) was more quickly becoming a main commercial center and industrial trading center of the country rather than just a political center. The expression of Mongol camp mentality, following Ash and the nearby absence of some structures.
1055:, for instance, who was granted a personal audience with him in 1333, highly praised the Khan and wrote the following: "He is one of those seven kings who are the greatest and most powerful kings of the world." Historian al-Mufaddal described him as a young man of good appearance, excellent character, a fine
762:
and his brother, Alexander, fought a series of battles with Yury and intrigued against him at the Horde, culminating in Dmitry's acquisition of the yarlik of office for the grand princely throne in 1322, after he had persuaded the khan that Yury had appropriated a large portion of the tribute due to
750:
defeated Yuri at a village called
Bortenevo. Mikhail captured Yuri's wife, Konchaka, who was the Khan's sister. Unluckily, Konchaka died when she was in the custody of Mikhail; Yuri announced to the Khan that she had been poisoned by order of Mikhail. He and Yuri were summoned to the court of Golden
596:
purportedly gave his illegitimate daughter in marriage to Öz Beg but relations turned sour at the end of
Andronikos's reign, and the Mongols mounted raids on Thrace between 1320 and 1324 until the Byzantine port of Vicina Macaria was occupied by the Mongols. Andronikos's daughter, who adopted the
449:
By the will and power, the greatness and most high! Let no man insult the metropolitan church of which Peter is head, or his service or his churchman; let no man seize their property, goods or people, let no man meddle in the affairs of the church...Their laws, their churches and monasteries and
591:
that began in 1319. His armies pillaged Thrace for 40 days in 1324 and for 15 days in 1337, taking 300,000 captives. After Öz Beg's death in 1341, his successors did not continue his aggressive policy and contact with
Bulgaria lapsed. His attempt to reassert Mongol control over Serbia was
639:
that were destroyed in revenge, because of the
Christian clash against Muslims in the city. Öz Beg was friendly towards the Pope and exchanged letters and gifts. Khan Öz Beg signed a new trade treaty with the Genoese in 1339 and allowed them to rebuild the walls of
409:
as a replacement to the throne of the White Horde, but he discouraged their independence. In the long run, Islam enabled the Khan to eliminate inter-factional struggles in the Horde and to stabilize state institutions. Russian scholar
366:. His conversion is also mentioned in Russian chronicles, but without any detailed information; the standard entry notes that the khan Toqta died in the year 6821 (1313) and the new khan Öz Beg took the throne and "became a Muslim" (
389:
princes, whom he subdued severely. Öz Beg determinedly spread Islam among the Golden Horde and allowed missionary activities to expand in the surrounding regions. Öz Beg found out that his competitor was backed by the envoys of the
1380:
Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de
Constantinople (English: Great families of Greece, Albania and Constantinople: Historical and genealogical dictionary)
1349:
763:
the Horde. Yury was summoned to the Horde in Sarai for a trial but, before any formal investigation, was killed by Dmitry, November 21, 1325. Öz Beg waited to punish Dmitri and eventually he arrested the
1063:
wrote: "He was a brave and courageous man, religious and pious, revered jurists, loved scientists, listened to them, trusted them, was merciful to them, visited the sheikhs and did good deeds to them."
840:
Grand Prince (duke) in 1340. Simeon was given more powers by the Khan to counter
Lithuania's growing power. Öz Beg also launched military expeditions into Lithuania, as it was clear that it threatened
770:
560:
rights to rule the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi in the Yuan sources). By the 1330s, Öz Beg had begun sending tribute to the Mongol Yuan
Emperors and received his share from Jochid possessions in
1350:
http://www.hse.ru/data/2013/03/15/1291891310/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%20-%20%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B08%20(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82).pdf
1075:, was distinguished by his intelligence, good looks and figure." He also wrote: "a young man of good appearance, good temper, an excellent Muslim and a brave man."
2111:
1087:, who is thought to have been unfriendly to Öz Beg Khan, spoke of him with great praise: "The pious prince Öz Beg... possesses divine faith and royal splendor."
450:
chapels shall be respected; whoever condemns or blames this religion, shall not be allowed to excuse himself under any pretext, but shall be punished with death.
597:
name
Bayalun, managed to escape back to the Byzantine Empire, apparently fearing her forced conversion to Islam. In the south-east of the Kingdom of Hungary,
373:
At first, many Mongol nobles were against him and organized a plot to kill the new khan. Öz Beg discovered the plot and crushed the rebels. His adoption of
2039:
501:Öz Beg maintained one of the largest armies in the world, which exceeded 300,000 warriors. He employed his military clout to conduct campaigns against the
1083:
speaks of him in the same manner: "... a brave hero, handsome in appearance, a Muslim, who destroyed many emirs and wizards." Even the
Persian historian
2106:
394:
331:
2982:
2445:
1023:
276:
754:
Following Yury's machinations, which prompted the Khan to grant the yarlik (patent of office for the title of Grand Prince of
Vladimir) to
513:
repulsed one Öz Beg's first two attempts and even invaded deep into the Jochid Ulus in 1325. Öz Beg found an ally against the Ilkhanids in
304:
2589:
910:
1544:
Howorth 1880: 172 considers her the mother of Jani Beg and "and probably also of his other sons," contradicting contemporary sources.
1461:Пашуто В. Т. Образование Литовского государства / Отв. редактор Л. В. Черепнин. – М.: Издательство АН СССР, 1959. – С. 391. – 2500 экз
2357:
2349:
825:
in 1332; that marked the true beginning of the rise of the Muscovites. Alexander, after many travails, including exile in Sweden and
319:(1291–1312). Toqta took Togrilcha's widow for wife and sent his son Öz Beg to exile in a distant region of the Golden Horde: either
887:
and its surrounding areas. In 1337, the joint Russian and Horde army penetrated to Lublin. At the request of the Galician nobleman
57:
1836:
1528:
Schamiloglu, Uli (January 2020). "Was the Chinggisid Khan an Autocrat? Reflections on the Foundations of Chinggisid Authority".
3070:
2597:
789:
were killed in Tver and a rebellion erupted there in mid-August 1327, Dmitry's successor as Prince of Tver and Grand Prince of
3075:
2653:
1557:
1408:
1227:
917:Öz Beg married several wives and concubines. It is not always possible to determine which mother gave birth to which child.
1219:
Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba TŸkles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition
2680:
2629:
2605:
2404:
2370:
2054:
3055:
2388:
2341:
1433:
830:
2422:
355:
order, Öz Beg assumed the throne upon the death of his uncle Toqta in January 1313 with the help of the former Khans'
2637:
2565:
2549:
1139:
873:
78:
441:
in which the Christian leader thanked Öz Beg for his kind treatment of Christians. Öz Beg had sent a letter to the
2621:
2581:
1655:
1400:
2645:
2573:
2479:
2315:
1630:
1051:
authors of the 14th–15th centuries described Öz Beg Khan as an able statesman and a good-hearted, caring person.
3060:
2696:
2541:
2453:
2378:
2049:
3026:
2752:
2723:
2613:
2096:
2069:
2064:
536:
425:
2533:
2331:
2074:
2059:
584:
2704:
2672:
2523:
2471:
2323:
1829:
1549:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia
1302:
Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships".
905:
900:
719:(or Ivan Daniilovich, later, Ivan I of Moscow)—against their relatives, the westward-leaning Princes of
3065:
1276:
The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual By Clifford Edmund Bosworth, p. 253.
947:
593:
17:
2557:
2515:
2498:
2432:
2412:
2396:
2158:
809:
of 50,000 Mongol-Tatars and Muscovites, which was headed by his cousin, Yury's brother and successor
308:
1740:
869:
826:
696:
547:
2463:
1177:
572:
2101:
1822:
1119:
891:, the khan sent 40,000 cavalries against King Casimir III, which was divided into the Vistula.
405:
of the eastern half of the Golden Horde, who was murdered in 1320. Öz Beg installed the Muslim
2844:
2788:
2121:
708:
437:Öz Beg was very tolerant of Christians as exemplified by a letter of thanks he received from
3050:
3045:
2744:
2736:
2216:
1289:
352:
1448:
Martin, Medieval Russia, 175; John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339,"
8:
2992:
1946:
1076:
806:
747:
69:
260:(1313–1341), under whose rule the state reached its zenith. He was succeeded by his son
1868:
1319:
1004:
954:
877:
653:
645:
485:
2814:
2146:
2086:
2181:
1553:
1429:
1404:
1323:
1223:
1099:
857:
853:
794:
736:
636:
628:
in the city. The Genoese merchants in the other towns were not molested in 1322. The
609:
179:
1071:
died, Öz Beg Khan, a man of about thirty years old, reigned after him. He professed
2728:
2688:
2141:
1369:
Christopher P. Atwood – Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 73.
1311:
1166:
861:
837:
822:
576:
540:
1315:
2822:
1547:
1217:
813:. Tver's uprising against the Horde was bloodily suppressed by the Muscovite and
790:
724:
588:
475:
442:
63:
1288:
The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir
2091:
1162:
1048:
1014:
A daughter (by Taydula Khatun?) — married to Harun Beg, son of Amir Qutlu Temür
933:
764:
759:
728:
712:
680:
633:
438:
406:
378:
154:
2835:
2809:
3039:
2896:
2827:
2134:
1952:
1845:
1114:, Bursuq, in 1115–1116, was the "emir of the troops" – Öz Beg – the ruler of
865:
529:
359:
1531:
OTTOMANS -CRIMEA -JOCHIDS Studies in Honour of Mária Ivanics. Ed. I. Zimonyi
2796:
2236:
2153:
2129:
2044:
1978:
1901:
1881:
1796:
1788:
1095:
1036:
937:
888:
740:
665:
551:
464:
398:
296:
280:
257:
253:
219:
138:
126:
48:
2241:
876:
had access to control over Galicia-Volhynia. The Lithuanians defeated the
2962:
2911:
2871:
2840:
1941:
1091:
1080:
1052:
1044:
1028:
810:
739:, (or Aleksandr) and his grandson Theodor (or Fyodor)—were all killed in
716:
692:
543:
479:
411:
324:
291:
265:
237:
1659:
1011:
A daughter (by Bayalun Khatun the Elder?) — married to Amir Ali b. Arzaq
3007:
2916:
2266:
2251:
1988:
1792:
818:
751:
Horde for a trial, after which Mikhail was beheaded in November 1318.
621:
506:
391:
312:
1390:
1388:
1102:'s "Book of Edification" that describes the events that took place in
612:
merchants and mariners, who had been harassed by Tokhta, to settle in
422:. From Öz Beg onwards, the khans of the Golden Horde were all Muslim.
2876:
2866:
2231:
2211:
2206:
2165:
1123:
1090:
The name "Öz Beg" was of Turkic origin and had been mentioned in the
991:
774:
Sign pointing to the grave of Öz Beg Khan at the exit of the city of
602:
598:
502:
459:
419:
382:
1580:
1578:
1529:
1110:. Author notes that one of the generals of the army of the ruler of
3002:
2221:
2081:
1963:
1806:
1385:
978:
972:
798:
605:
became an independent power with the support of Öz Beg after 1324.
565:
525:
471:
386:
261:
207:
192:
187:
110:
1634:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2942:
2246:
2201:
2196:
1983:
1973:
1911:
1575:
1111:
1107:
1060:
679:
and other "elaborate places" like baths, an important element of
625:
556:
415:
402:
341:
320:
272:
214:
202:
1814:
2952:
2926:
2921:
2256:
2226:
2186:
1936:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1781:
1127:
1084:
1068:
1056:
946:
Bayalun Khatun the Younger — (likely illegitimate) daughter of
841:
782:
755:
684:
676:
649:
613:
580:
532:
came with a large force; Öz Beg's army was forced to withdraw.
514:
510:
430:
363:
356:
348:
344:
2997:
2977:
2906:
2886:
2881:
2861:
2801:
1968:
1958:
1906:
1340:
Golden Horde, J.J. Saunders – the history of Mongol conquests
1158:
1115:
1072:
925:
880:
814:
802:
786:
775:
672:
641:
617:
561:
550:, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and the Emperor of the
528:'s death. However, the weather turned bad and the new Ilkhan
521:
517:
489:
374:
335:
316:
100:
2382:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
1768:
Zimonyi, I., "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa on the First Wife of Özbeg Khan,"
2947:
2901:
2261:
2191:
1103:
884:
720:
688:
629:
397:
and this fact helped deteriorate his relationship with the
338:
268:, who had been khan of the Golden Horde from 1267 to 1280.
2987:
620:
under Khan Öz Beg in 1322 as a result of a clash between
1735:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century.
829:, eventually prospered in Pskov, under the patronage of
695:. Slave trade flourished due to strengthening ties with
1002:İt Küchüjük (by Bayalun Khatun the Elder) — married to
847:
414:
wrote that in this manner was Öz Beg able to turn the
315:(r. 1280–1287). Later, he was executed by his brother
2112:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1394:
1182:
817:
forces in 1327. Öz Beg appointed Ivan to position of
546:
attempted to gain the support of Öz Beg Khan against
401:. The last of his rebellious relatives was shamanist
924:
Bulughan Khatun (c. 1312) — widow of Toghrilcha and
702:
1683:
Publishing House of Eastern literature, 1958, p.134
1360:
H. H. Howorth – History of the Mongols, d.II: pt.II
632:himself intervened and asked Öz Beg to restore the
758:and led to their father's execution by the Horde,
2107:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
3037:
1067:Al-Birzali, for example, wrote: "When this king
1059:, brave and energetic. Geographer and historian
805:—which made him its Prince—in order to escape a
2527:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
1242:Rene Grousset – Central Asia: Empire of Steppes
1033:Hic dominatur Usbech, dominus imperator de Sara
264:. He was the son of Toghrilcha and grandson of
1711:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1681:Book of Edification. transl. by Y.Krachkovsky.
1830:
1763:Èlita Zolotoj Ordy: Naučno-spravočnoe izdanie
35:
2010:
1752:Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah.
1336:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire,
1254:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire,
1250:
1248:
1572:Howorth 1880: 163, 172; Seleznëv 2009: 174.
1527:
587:of Bulgaria war against both Byzantium and
509:in 1319, 1325 and 1335. Ilkhanid commander
1837:
1823:
1728:The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa A. D. 1325–1354
1718:Mongol khiĭgėėd Evroaziĭn diplomat shastir
1593:Howorth 1880: 172–173; Seleznëv 2009: 213.
1450:Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte
1267:Л.Н.Гумилев – Великая степь и Древняя русь
1171:
1130:, was called Öz Beg Muzaffar (1210–1225).
911:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
56:
1611:Vohidov 2006: 42; Seleznëv 2009: 92, 104.
1245:
943:Kebek Khatun — daughter of Amir Nanghiday
707:Öz Beg supported the earliest princes of
1423:
1301:
1284:
1282:
1022:
904:
769:
592:unsuccessful in 1330. Byzantine Emperor
579:from 1320 to 1332. He repeatedly raided
496:
484:
470:
458:
424:
290:
1545:
1215:
767:for the murder, executing him in 1326.
14:
3038:
2457:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2416:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1428:. London: Picador. pp. 128, 135.
252:(1282–1341), was the longest-reigning
2776:
2287:
2009:
1856:
1818:
1602:Vohidov 2006: 41; Seleznëv 2009: 194.
1523:
1521:
1279:
836:Öz Beg welcomed Ivan's sons and made
2288:
2040:Administrative divisions and vassals
1035:, "Here rules Özbeg, the Emperor of
27:Khan of the Golden Horde (1313–1341)
2307:
1546:Howorth, Henry Hoyle (2008-01-01).
1397:The history of the Mongol conquests
1170:
848:Relationship with Ruthenian princes
801:—which turned him away—and then to
24:
1584:Gibb 1962: 486; Howorth 1880: 172.
1518:
1216:DeWeese, Devin (1 November 2010).
981:(r. 1342–1357) (by Taydula Khatun)
975:(r. 1341–1342) (by Taydula Khatun)
930:Bayalun Khatun the Elder (d. 1323)
831:Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania
299:, during the reign of Öz Beg Khan.
271:Uzbek Khan moved his residence to
25:
3087:
1844:
1140:List of khans of the Golden Horde
1122:, the last representative of the
703:Relationship with Russian princes
691:and Islamic countries as well as
683:. Sarai attracted merchants from
1713:. New York: Facts On File, 2004.
1401:University of Pennsylvania Press
1222:. Penn State Press. p. 93.
909:Depiction of Öz Beg Khan in the
571:Öz Beg was engaged in wars with
1857:
1686:
1673:
1648:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1566:
1538:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1442:
1417:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1343:
1330:
1184:Ghiyâsuddin Mohammad Uzbak Khân
715:(or Yuri) and Yury's successor
429:Mosque of Öz Beg Khan built in
1395:Saunders, John Joseph (2001).
1295:
1270:
1261:
1236:
1209:
1200:
1152:
1018:
723:. Four of these latter rulers—
675:, it was necessary to build a
246:Giyasuddin Muhammad Uzbek Khan
13:
1:
3071:14th-century monarchs in Asia
3027:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
2724:Division of the Mongol Empire
1479:Gibb 1962: 486; Zimonyi 2005.
1316:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799
1126:Turkic dynasty, who ruled in
1094:even before the campaigns of
644:. In 1332 he had allowed the
362:and of Bulaghan (or Bayalun)
1552:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 172.
952:Orduja Khatun — daughter of
781:When the Khan's cousin, the
664:During the reign of Öz Beg,
659:
583:, partly in service of tsar
286:
136:1341 (aged 58–59)
7:
1974:Manghit / Mangudai
1656:"Oz Beg Khan's personality"
1631:"Age of power. Öz Beg Khan"
1426:The Travels of Ibn Battutah
1183:
1133:
901:Family tree of Genghis Khan
852:After Öz Beg's army killed
10:
3092:
2777:
2753:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1747:. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
1730:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1962.
1703:
1193:
948:Andronikos III Palaiologos
898:
83:Western Half (Blue Horde)
3056:Khans of the Golden Horde
3024:
2935:
2854:
2787:
2783:
2772:
2716:
2665:
2568:(1223 / 1236–40)
2514:
2491:
2474:(1257 / 1284–88)
2444:
2369:
2314:
2303:
2283:
2174:
2120:
2097:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
2032:
2028:
2005:
1920:
1867:
1863:
1852:
1803:
1786:
1778:
1750:Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.),
1726:Gibb, H. A. R. (trans.),
1172:غیاث الدین محمد اوزبک خان
936:(d. 1360) — originally a
894:
648:to establish a colony at
616:. But the Mongols sacked
537:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
233:
225:
213:
201:
178:
144:
132:
120:
116:
106:
96:
88:
77:
55:
46:
37:
36:
32:
3076:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
1737:Part II.1. London, 1880.
1694:Collection of Chronicles
1378:Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza,
1145:
1098:. This name is found in
870:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
548:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
535:Prior to and during the
454:
79:Khan of the Golden Horde
2050:Invasions and conquests
1969:Paiza / Gerege
1770:Central Asiatic Journal
1720:. Ulaanbaatar: , 2001.
1709:Atwood, Christopher P.
1027:Özbeg Khan in the 1339
671:To successfully spread
381:led to a conspiracy of
311:princes that overthrew
2707:(1260 / 1301)
2435:(1274 / 1281)
2102:Franco-Mongol alliance
1424:Battutah, Ibn (2002).
1120:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
1040:
914:
795:Alexander Mikhailovich
778:
737:Alexander Mikhailovich
731:(or Dmitri; nicknamed
493:
482:
468:
452:
434:
330:Converted to Islam by
300:
3061:Mongol Empire Muslims
1696:. Vol.1, Book 1. 1952
1026:
908:
844:dominance in Russia.
773:
497:Military and politics
488:
474:
462:
447:
428:
294:
2598:Serbia and Bulgaria
1620:Gibb 1962: 486, 489.
1382:(1983), p. 373.
1304:Central Asian Survey
1290:Thomas Walker Arnold
990:Iran Beg (father of
743:at Öz Beg's behest.
711:—his brother-in-law
478:of Turkic origin to
275:(today a village of
2845:Khagans of the Yuan
2574:Poland and Bohemia
2350:Khwarazmian Empire
2075:Society and economy
1679:Osama ibn Munqidh.
984:Khiḍr Beg (d. 1342)
969:Timur Beg (d. 1330)
807:punitive expedition
748:Mikhail Yaroslavich
463:Territories of the
395:Ayurbarwada Buyantu
70:Vasili Vereshchagin
2590:Holy Roman Empire
2045:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1772:49 (2005) 303–309.
1716:Bor, Zhu̇gdėriĭn.
1488:Howorth 1880: 172.
1470:Howorth 1880: 165.
1041:
961:Sheritumgha Khatun
915:
864:, and last of the
779:
494:
483:
469:
467:under Öz Beg Khan.
443:Metropolitan Peter
435:
323:or the country of
301:
248:, better known as
168:Sheritumgha Khatun
3066:Converts to Islam
3033:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2745:Kaidu–Kublai war
2737:Berke–Hulagu war
2729:Toluid Civil War
2510:
2509:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2082:House of Borjigin
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1813:
1812:
1804:Succeeded by
1761:Seleznëv, J. V.,
1559:978-1-60520-134-4
1410:978-0-8122-1766-7
1229:978-0-271-04445-3
1181:
1100:Osama Bin Munqidh
874:Kingdom of Poland
785:Shevkal, and his
733:The Terrible Eyes
520:; indeed, one of
243:
242:
66:before Uzbeg Khan
16:(Redirected from
3083:
2831:
2818:
2815:Töregene Khatun
2805:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2502:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2436:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2335:
2327:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2285:
2284:
2247:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2237:Sarai Batu/Berke
2142:Chagatai Khanate
2030:
2029:
2007:
2006:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1779:Preceded by
1776:
1775:
1756:Muˤizz al-ansāb.
1733:Howorth, H. H.,
1723:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1658:. Archived from
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1633:. Archived from
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:38 (1988), 9-19.
1446:
1440:
1439:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1392:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1156:
862:Galicia-Volhynia
856:and his brother
811:Ivan Daniilovich
797:, fled first to
697:Mamluk Sultanate
585:Michael Shishman
577:Byzantine Empire
303:Öz Beg's father
60:
42:
41:
39:
30:
29:
21:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3012:
2931:
2850:
2829:
2816:
2803:
2779:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2550:Volga Bulgaria
2543:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2506:
2500:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2440:
2434:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2405:Southern China
2398:
2390:
2389:Northern China
2381:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2333:
2325:
2299:
2298:
2271:
2170:
2147:House of Ögedei
2116:
2087:House of Ögedei
2055:Destructiveness
2024:
2023:
1993:
1930:
1916:
1859:
1848:
1843:
1809:
1800:
1784:
1765:, Kazan', 2009.
1721:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1692:Rashid al-Din.
1691:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1543:
1539:
1526:
1519:
1515:Gibb 1962: 488.
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:Gibb 1962: 487.
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1393:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1136:
1118:. According to
1021:
903:
897:
868:) in 1323, the
866:Rurikid dynasty
850:
791:Vladimir-Suzdal
725:Mikhail of Tver
705:
662:
608:Öz Beg allowed
499:
476:Cap of Monomakh
457:
332:Ibn Abdul Hamid
307:was one of the
289:
197:
174:
151:Bulughan Khatun
137:
125:
81:
73:
64:Mikhail of Tver
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:Oghul Qaimish
2825:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Mongol Armenia
2089:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1748:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1722:(in Mongolian)
1714:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1647:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1574:
1565:
1558:
1537:
1534:. p. 301.
1517:
1508:
1506:Gibb 1962: 488
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1441:
1435:978-0330418799
1434:
1416:
1409:
1384:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1342:
1329:
1310:(4): 531–547.
1294:
1292:, pp. 200–201.
1278:
1269:
1260:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
996:
995:
988:
985:
982:
976:
970:
963:
962:
959:
950:
944:
941:
934:Taydula Khatun
931:
928:
913:, 16th century
896:
893:
849:
846:
793:, his brother
765:Prince of Tver
713:Yury of Moscow
704:
701:
681:Muslim culture
661:
658:
634:Roman Catholic
601:and its ruler
594:Andronikos III
498:
495:
492:of Öz Beg Khan
456:
453:
439:Pope John XXII
407:Mubarak Khwaja
379:state religion
368:obesermenilsia
288:
285:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
205:
199:
198:
196:
195:
190:
184:
182:
176:
175:
173:
172:
169:
166:
165:Bayalun Khatun
163:
160:
157:
155:Taydula Khatun
152:
148:
146:
142:
141:
134:
130:
129:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
75:
74:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3088:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3028:
3023:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Chagatai Khan
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:Latin Empire
2604:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:Northern Yuan
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Imperial Seal
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:Pax Mongolica
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:Mongol Empire
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1758:Almaty, 2006.
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:Morgan, David
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1662:on 2012-03-01
1661:
1657:
1651:
1637:on 2011-04-06
1636:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
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1054:
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892:
890:
886:
883:and occupied
882:
879:
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867:
863:
860:(co-kings of
859:
855:
845:
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839:
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832:
828:
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582:
578:
574:
569:
568:in exchange.
567:
563:
559:
558:
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549:
545:
542:
541:Chagatai Khan
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
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360:Temur Qutlugh
358:
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162:Urduja Khatun
161:
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50:
45:
31:
19:
2891:
2797:Genghis Khan
2566:Kievan Rus'
2544:(1237–1300s)
2536:(1237–1300s)
2380:Western Xia
2342:Qara Khitai
2175:Major cities
2154:Golden Horde
2130:Yuan dynasty
2017:Organization
1951:
1902:Khong Tayiji
1797:Golden Horde
1787:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1727:
1717:
1710:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1650:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:the original
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1568:
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1540:
1530:
1511:
1502:
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1379:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1272:
1263:
1258:Golden Horde
1255:
1238:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1154:
1096:Genghis Khan
1089:
1066:
1042:
1032:
1003:
997:
964:
953:
919:
916:
889:Dmytro Dedko
851:
835:
780:
753:
745:
732:
706:
670:
663:
607:
570:
555:
552:Yuan dynasty
534:
500:
465:Golden Horde
448:
436:
399:Yuan dynasty
372:
367:
329:
302:
297:Golden Horde
295:Flag of the
281:Penza Oblast
270:
258:Golden Horde
249:
245:
244:
220:Golden Horde
171:Maria Khatun
159:Kabak Khatun
127:Golden Horde
82:
62:
47:
3051:1341 deaths
3046:1282 births
2872:Sartaq Khan
2841:Kublai Khan
2836:Möngke Khan
2810:Ögedei Khan
2789:Great Khans
2755:(1314–1318)
2747:(1268–1301)
2699:(1260–1323)
2683:(1253–1256)
2666:Middle East
2560:(1238–1239)
2501:(1221–1327)
2360:(1219–1256)
2352:(1219–1221)
2334:(1264–1308)
2326:(1207-1308)
2192:Azov (Azaq)
1858:Terminology
1745:The Mongols
1206:Sinor, 178.
1092:Middle East
1081:Adh-Dhahabi
1053:Ibn Battuta
1029:Dulcert map
1019:Personality
1005:amir-e ulus
998:Daughters:
955:amir-e ulus
727:, his sons
717:Ivan Kalita
693:Middle East
544:Esen Buqa I
480:Ivan Qalita
412:Lev Gumilev
325:Circassians
266:Mengu-Timur
238:Sunni Islam
97:Predecessor
3040:Categories
3008:Nogai Khan
2892:Özbeg Khan
2823:Güyük Khan
2717:Civil wars
2705:Palestine
2614:Lithuania
2534:Circassia
2267:Xacitarxan
2252:Soltaniyeh
1989:Darughachi
1801:1313–1341
1793:Blue Horde
1666:2011-11-22
1641:2011-11-22
1106:under the
1079:historian
1031:. Legend:
987:Tulun Beg
899:See also:
819:Grand Duke
622:Christians
530:Arpa Ke'un
507:Azerbaijan
392:Great Khan
313:Tode-Mengu
18:Uzbeg Khan
2877:Orda Khan
2867:Batu Khan
2731:(1260–64)
2675:(1241–43)
2673:Anatolia
2648:(1287–88)
2640:(1285–86)
2632:(1264–65)
2624:(1259–60)
2616:(1258–59)
2592:(1241–42)
2584:(1241–42)
2576:(1240–41)
2552:(1229–36)
2542:Chechnya
2482:(1300–02)
2446:Southeast
2425:(1253–56)
2407:(1235–79)
2399:(1231–60)
2391:(1211–34)
2344:(1216–18)
2332:Sakhalin
2292:Campaigns
2242:Saray-Jük
2232:Samarkand
2207:Karakorum
2166:Ilkhanate
1924:Political
1324:203044817
1178:romanized
1124:Ildegizid
992:Kildi Beg
938:Christian
827:Lithuania
746:In 1317,
660:New Sarai
646:Venetians
603:Basarab I
599:Wallachia
503:Ilkhanate
420:sultanate
383:Shamanist
309:Genghisid
305:Togrilcha
287:Biography
277:Narovchat
229:Togrilcha
107:Successor
92:1313–1341
3003:Boroldai
2983:Khubilai
2963:Bo'orchu
2936:Military
2830:(regent)
2817:(regent)
2804:(regent)
2689:Baghdad
2638:Hungary
2582:Hungary
2525:Georgia
2472:Vietnam
2324:Siberia
2222:Maragheh
2122:Khanates
2070:Religion
2065:Military
2014:Politics
1964:Kurultai
1927:Military
1807:Tini Beg
1134:See also
979:Jani Beg
973:Tini Beg
872:and the
823:Vladimir
799:Novgorod
685:European
637:churches
575:and the
573:Bulgaria
566:Mongolia
526:Abu Said
433:in 1314.
387:Buddhist
342:Bukharan
262:Tini Beg
234:Religion
208:Borjigin
193:Tini Beg
188:Jani Beg
111:Tini Beg
2973:Boroqul
2968:Guo Kan
2958:Negudar
2943:Subutai
2843: (
2681:Alamut
2654:Serbia
2646:Poland
2630:Thrace
2622:Poland
2558:Alania
2423:Yunnan
2358:Persia
2316:Central
2295:Battles
2202:Bolghar
2197:Bukhara
2182:Almalik
1984:Kheshig
1912:Tarkhan
1704:Sources
1194:Reflist
1180::
1167:Persian
1163:Kypchak
1112:Hamadan
1108:Seljuqs
1077:Turkmen
1061:Al-Ayni
1049:Persian
1008:Isa Beg
958:Isa Beg
920:Wives:
709:Muscovy
652:on the
626:Muslims
610:Genoese
557:de jure
418:into a
416:khanate
403:Ilbasan
351:of the
321:Khorazm
273:Mukhsha
256:of the
215:Dynasty
40:
2953:Muqali
2927:Ghazan
2922:Arghun
2912:Hulegu
2802:Tolui
2778:People
2739:(1262)
2697:Syria
2691:(1258)
2656:(1291)
2608:(1242)
2600:(1242)
2516:Europe
2499:India
2480:Burma
2466:(1293)
2455:Burma
2433:Japan
2414:Tibet
2397:Korea
2257:Tabriz
2227:Qarshi
2187:Avarga
2033:Topics
1937:Jarlig
1897:Jinong
1892:Khanum
1887:Khatun
1877:Khagan
1869:Titles
1782:Tokhta
1556:
1432:
1407:
1322:
1226:
1128:Tabriz
1085:Wassaf
1069:Tokhta
1057:Muslim
965:Sons:
895:Family
881:boyars
858:Andrey
854:Lev II
842:Mongol
838:Simeon
787:Tatars
783:baskak
760:Dmitry
756:Moscow
735:) and
729:Dmitry
677:mosque
650:Tanais
614:Crimea
589:Serbia
581:Thrace
515:Mamluk
511:Chupan
431:Crimea
364:khatun
357:vizier
353:Yasavi
349:sheikh
345:sayyid
226:Father
145:Spouse
33:Öz Beg
2998:Kadan
2993:Bayan
2978:Jelme
2917:Abaqa
2907:Kebek
2887:Toqta
2882:Berke
2862:Jochi
2855:Khans
2492:South
2464:Java
2217:Majar
2159:Wings
1979:Tümen
1959:Yassa
1942:Örtöö
1907:Noyan
1320:S2CID
1159:Turki
1146:Notes
1116:Mosul
1073:Islam
1043:Many
926:Toqta
815:Tatar
803:Pskov
776:Aktau
741:Sarai
689:Asian
673:Islam
666:Sarai
642:Caffa
618:Sudak
562:China
522:Cairo
518:Egypt
490:Paiza
455:Reign
377:as a
375:Islam
336:Sunni
317:Toqta
250:Özbeg
203:House
180:Issue
139:Sarai
101:Toqta
89:Reign
68:, by
38:اوزبک
2948:Jebe
2902:Duwa
2371:East
2308:Asia
2262:Ukek
2212:Dadu
2020:Life
1947:Orda
1882:Khan
1795:and
1789:Khan
1554:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1338:see:
1256:see:
1224:ISBN
1165:and
1104:Iran
1047:and
1045:Arab
1037:Sara
885:Kiev
878:Rus'
721:Tver
630:Pope
624:and
564:and
385:and
347:and
339:Sufi
334:, a
254:khan
133:Died
124:1282
121:Born
49:Khan
2988:Aju
1791:of
1754:3.
1312:doi
821:of
654:Don
505:in
370:).
283:).
279:in
3042::
1743:.
1577:^
1520:^
1403:.
1399:.
1387:^
1318:.
1308:38
1306:.
1281:^
1247:^
1175:,
1169::
1039:".
687:,
656:.
539:,
327:.
2847:)
1838:e
1831:t
1824:v
1669:.
1644:.
1562:.
1438:.
1413:.
1326:.
1314::
1232:.
1161:/
994:)
940:?
72:.
20:)
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