345:
988:
6026:
6551:
6531:
6502:
6460:
6424:
6395:
6366:
6330:
6288:
6252:
6223:
6194:
6158:
6136:
6100:
6071:
6042:
6583:
5595:
4754:
1268:
has an unusually complete series of uvular consonants consisting of the stops /q/, /qʰ/ and /ɢ/, the fricatives /χ/ and /ʁ/, and the nasal /ɴ/. All of these contrast with a corresponding velar consonant of the same manner of articulation. The existence of the uvular nasal is especially unusual, even
110:
can certainly be made but are rare: they occur in some southern High-German dialects, as well as in a few
African and Native American languages. (Ejective uvular affricates occur as realizations of uvular stops in
3096:
3132:
1776:
Unlike other uvular consonants, the uvular trill is articulated without a retraction of the tongue, and therefore doesn't lower neighboring high vowels the way uvular stops commonly do.
346:
3106:
1799:. However, Modern Hebrew and some modern varieties of Arabic also both have at least one uvular fricative that is considered non-rhotic, and one that is considered rhotic.
1678:
is difficult to account for. According to Vaux (1999), they possibly hold the features , , , the last being the distinguishing feature from a palatalized velar consonant.
3116:
3101:
3086:
56:
3063:
3053:
3048:
5955:
4001:
3747:
2329:
106:, though the IPA does not provide a separate symbol for the approximant, and the symbol for the voiced fricative is used instead. Uvular
2083:
4015:
4008:
3754:
1121:
into
English, though, since English lacks this sound, this is generally pronounced as , the most similar sound that occurs in English.
998:
has no uvular consonants (at least in most major dialects), and they are largely unknown in the indigenous languages of
Australia and
4229:
3987:
3733:
2998:
5744:
4022:
3719:
5917:
5847:
5783:
5706:
3994:
3740:
2269:
1140:, and some others. In Georgian, the existence of this phoneme is debatable, since the general realization of the letter "ყ" is
6592:
6127:
5912:
5790:
5687:
5604:
4763:
4524:
4431:
3012:
2298:
2191:
2038:
5867:
5804:
5609:
4614:
4506:
4413:
3726:
2213:. Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 61–73.
1035:
1113:, against or near the uvula. The most familiar use will doubtless be in the transliteration of Arabic place names such as
6143:
5960:
5811:
5757:
5713:
5143:
5098:
4601:
4538:
4445:
3896:
3652:
6165:
5940:
5725:
5694:
5109:
5061:
5047:
4989:
4975:
4623:
4531:
4438:
3043:
6214:
5889:
5874:
5654:
5123:
4641:
4552:
4513:
4459:
4420:
4177:
2322:
2279:
2172:
2077:
1222:, except that it is articulated near the uvula. It is found in Georgian, and instead of in some dialects of German,
533:
17:
2028:
1078:
natively. However, several languages spoken in the northwest of the subcontinent have loaned uvular consonants from
6386:
5640:
5116:
4768:
4695:
4632:
4545:
4452:
3959:
3903:
3868:
3659:
3624:
6451:
6230:
6185:
5750:
5732:
4677:
3945:
3701:
3007:
2579:
2353:
2109:
140:
38:
6637:
6402:
6357:
6243:
5660:
5599:
5594:
5026:
4954:
4758:
4753:
4559:
4466:
4112:
4071:
3807:
3474:
2552:
2003:
1242:
1223:
6415:
6201:
6062:
5668:
5550:
5410:
5378:
4702:
3966:
3882:
3875:
3638:
3631:
3460:
2547:
1905:
Staroverov, Peter; Tebay, Soren (2019). "Posterior
Affricate in Mee and Consonant-Vowel Place Interactions".
1176:
6522:
6373:
6259:
5950:
5646:
5541:
5530:
5442:
5054:
4982:
4684:
4142:
3952:
3931:
3854:
3708:
3687:
3610:
3091:
2991:
2559:
2542:
2534:
2315:
2204:
2130:
Maddieson, Ian; Smith, Caroline L.; Bessell, Nicola (Summer 2001). "Aspects of the
Phonetics of Tlingit".
1807:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1618:
1584:
1550:
1516:
1482:
1448:
1414:
1380:
1346:
1312:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
953:
909:
905:
864:
821:
773:
730:
648:
601:
571:
528:
488:
448:
407:
367:
317:
276:
231:
193:
174:
52:
48:
6431:
6078:
6033:
5763:
5557:
5040:
5019:
4968:
4711:
4129:
4085:
4078:
4029:
3821:
3814:
3765:
3510:
3481:
3330:
3159:
2574:
2569:
6642:
6587:
6582:
6493:
6091:
5674:
5571:
5493:
4371:
4264:
4151:
4057:
3973:
3889:
3793:
3645:
3492:
3467:
3446:
2839:
2564:
1735:
1671:
1215:
915:
694:
412:
322:
6542:
6279:
6049:
5945:
5564:
5484:
5473:
5075:
5033:
5003:
4961:
4335:
4043:
3938:
3861:
3779:
3694:
3617:
3524:
3375:
3346:
2486:
2431:
1773:
As with most trills, uvular trills are often reduced to a single contact, especially between vowels.
1219:
826:
778:
493:
1890:
1171:, but articulated in the same uvular position as . Few languages use this sound, but it is found in
6509:
6321:
6107:
5622:
5500:
5068:
4996:
4720:
4317:
4291:
4240:
4160:
4092:
4036:
3772:
3552:
3517:
3357:
3337:
3316:
2597:
2416:
2349:
1829:
1098:
1026:. Uvular consonants are, however, found in many Middle-Eastern and African languages, most notably
236:
6558:
6471:
6295:
5514:
4910:
4378:
4211:
4202:
4185:
4064:
3980:
3800:
3538:
3499:
3453:
3389:
2984:
2800:
2795:
2706:
1731:
1204:
869:
453:
372:
6337:
5507:
5271:
5209:
4901:
4890:
4835:
4357:
4342:
4222:
4050:
3786:
3531:
3417:
3382:
3273:
3258:
3242:
2817:
2627:
2426:
2401:
2345:
2053:
1885:
1137:
1007:
606:
179:
34:
5333:
5260:
5240:
5198:
5178:
4917:
4814:
4324:
4298:
4273:
4247:
3559:
3403:
3364:
3323:
3253:
3214:
3058:
2406:
2383:
2361:
2067:
1824:
1164:
958:
281:
103:
71:
5796:
5322:
5302:
5280:
5218:
4931:
4870:
4193:
3545:
3396:
3298:
2844:
2807:
2519:
1106:
1087:
1042:
and northwestern North
America, nearly every language has uvular stops and fricatives. Two
735:
124:
2976:
8:
6597:
5860:
5464:
5351:
5342:
5251:
5189:
4938:
4924:
4842:
4364:
3424:
3278:
3235:
2915:
2785:
2762:
2511:
2464:
2436:
2232:
1792:
1707:
1657:
1258:
1227:
1067:
653:
548:
198:
107:
91:
5883:
5313:
4879:
4828:
4807:
3566:
3410:
3268:
3248:
3202:
2780:
2613:
2421:
2378:
2249:
2139:
1767:
1719:
1200:
1180:
1125:
1039:
1019:
1011:
576:
417:
327:
6308:
5839:
5234:
5085:
4849:
4776:
4390:
3303:
3283:
3225:
3111:
2902:
2859:
2736:
2701:
2524:
2491:
2459:
2393:
2294:
2275:
2253:
2214:
2202:
2187:
2168:
2073:
2034:
2009:
1999:
1184:
1168:
1023:
783:
740:
120:
112:
6118:
5172:
4821:
3263:
3230:
3220:
2927:
2920:
2775:
2731:
2726:
2589:
2478:
2454:
2411:
2370:
2241:
1796:
1727:
1715:
1273:
1133:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1051:
995:
831:
542:
538:
1674:
consonants are , the appearance of palatalized uvulars in a few languages such as
6442:
6176:
5633:
5163:
4856:
4285:
3288:
3154:
2892:
2790:
2770:
2711:
2679:
2496:
2261:
2110:"Comparison of Languages in Contact: The Distillation Method and the Case of Bai"
1839:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1664:
1645:
1250:
1246:
1196:
1172:
1110:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1031:
1027:
1003:
999:
658:
611:
498:
458:
241:
128:
116:
99:
95:
83:
2160:
6348:
2864:
1877:
1746:
1703:
1675:
1254:
1129:
1071:
1059:
963:
874:
616:
377:
87:
79:
2228:"Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages"
2069:
A Panorama of Indian
Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume
6631:
6007:
5524:
5366:
4780:
2950:
2910:
2887:
2854:
2827:
2265:
2218:
2013:
1819:
1762:
1723:
1238:
184:
5853:
3575:
2960:
2879:
2869:
2849:
1968:
1265:
967:
920:
581:
203:
1188:
1046:
phonemes are found in various languages in northwestern Europe, including
6605:
6019:
6002:
5776:
5296:
4100:
3169:
3147:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2832:
2689:
2245:
2117:
Language and
Linguistics Monograph Series B. Frontiers in Linguistics III
1208:
987:
2143:
6484:
6012:
3310:
3164:
2748:
1834:
1806:
the uvular trill is an allophone of the voiced uvular fricative before
6270:
5772:
5013:
4946:
3832:
3588:
3192:
2937:
2743:
2694:
2654:
2649:
2636:
1780:
1743:
1739:
1660:
1231:
1192:
286:
68:
119:, or as allophonic realizations of the ejective uvular fricative in
6576:
5907:
5829:
5823:
5588:
4747:
3585:
2671:
2659:
2227:
1043:
44:
1949:
1667:
in terms of being and . Prototypical uvulars also appear to be .
1276:
has ten uvular consonants, all of which are voiceless obstruents:
1086:, especially languages that were spoken in places that were under
5680:
4884:
3440:
3142:
2644:
1691:
1102:
699:
2307:
1663:, uvular consonants are most often considered to contrast with
1641:
1079:
1015:
75:
5983:
3137:
2684:
1175:(and allophonicly in other varieties of Persian) and in some
1730:
phoneme. In many of these it has a uvular fricative (either
3006:
1795:, have a voiced uvular fricative but do not treat it as a
27:
Consonants produced with tongue near or against the uvula
2203:"Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning
2065:
1925:
1694:(especially those associated with European capitals) of
1109:, but with the middle of the tongue further back on the
982:
796:
2129:
1937:
1230:, as well as in some Dutch varieties and in standard
123:.) Uvular consonants are typically incompatible with
4785:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
1861:
Vaux, Bert (1999). "A Note on
Pharyngeal Features".
251:
43:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2209:. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).
1907:
Proceedings of the 2018 Annual
Meeting on Phonology
2260:
1975:
6629:
57:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1904:
1760:at the end of a word, as in the French example
1269:more so than the existence of the voiced stop.
332:
291:
1651:
788:
5956:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2992:
2323:
2293:. Landelijke Onderzoekschool Taalwetenschap.
1608:
1574:
1540:
1506:
1472:
1438:
1404:
1370:
1336:
1302:
1156:being influenced by this merger and becoming
991:Uvular consonants are produced near marker 9.
836:
745:
704:
422:
1670:Two variants can then be established. Since
665:
622:
503:
463:
246:
2447:
879:
382:
134:
2999:
2985:
2330:
2316:
2181:
1931:
82:, that is, further back in the mouth than
3054:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1889:
1002:, though uvular consonants separate from
925:
2225:
1943:
1856:
1854:
986:
585:
139:The uvular consonants identified by the
2288:
2200:
2159:
2047:
2026:
1993:
1981:
1955:
1919:
1101:is transcribed as in both the IPA and
14:
6630:
3224:
5981:
5463:
5162:
4878:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3190:
3025:
2980:
2311:
2103:
2101:
1998:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
1882:SIL Electronic Survey Report 2007-012
1875:
1863:Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics
1851:
1105:. It is pronounced somewhat like the
5992:
5933:
5626:
4836:
4797:
3206:
2107:
2086:from the original on 9 February 2018
1860:
1237:Uvular flaps have been reported for
1066:. Uvulars are almost unknown in the
1006:are believed to have existed in the
47:. For the distinction between ,
5961:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4815:
4775:Symbols to the right in a cell are
2271:The Sounds of the World's Languages
2167:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2072:. Mittal Publications. p. 87.
2066:Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990).
1779:Several other languages, including
1167:of , is much rarer. It is like the
983:Descriptions in different languages
705:
247:
24:
4871:
3044:International Phonetic Association
2098:
1996:A grammar of Mam, a Mayan language
1640:And the extinct Ubykh language of
1090:for long periods of time, such as
25:
6654:
6557:
6541:
6521:
6508:
6492:
6470:
6450:
6430:
6414:
6401:
6385:
6372:
6356:
6336:
6320:
6307:
6294:
6278:
6258:
6242:
6229:
6213:
6200:
6184:
6164:
6142:
6126:
6106:
6090:
6077:
6061:
6048:
6032:
5888:
5873:
5866:
5846:
5822:
5810:
5803:
5789:
5782:
5756:
5743:
5731:
5724:
5712:
5705:
5693:
5686:
5667:
5653:
5639:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5540:
5529:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5483:
5472:
5441:
5409:
5377:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5321:
5312:
5301:
5279:
5270:
5259:
5250:
5239:
5217:
5208:
5197:
5188:
5177:
5142:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5097:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4900:
4889:
4843:
4719:
4710:
4701:
4694:
4683:
4676:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4613:
4600:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4512:
4505:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4419:
4412:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4341:
4334:
4323:
4316:
4297:
4290:
4272:
4263:
4246:
4239:
4228:
4221:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4176:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4128:
4111:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3574:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3498:
3491:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3363:
3356:
3345:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3299:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2184:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
1681:
534:voiced uvular lateral approximant
6581:
6549:
6529:
6500:
6458:
6422:
6393:
6364:
6328:
6286:
6250:
6221:
6192:
6156:
6134:
6098:
6069:
6040:
6024:
5593:
4829:
4808:
4752:
3097:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
2337:
1253:family), and for the variety of
1195:of another uvular consonant. In
4850:
3008:International Phonetic Alphabet
2354:International Phonetic Alphabet
2123:
2059:
2020:
1987:
1010:and are attested in the modern
141:International Phonetic Alphabet
39:International Phonetic Alphabet
5941:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4864:
4822:
3191:
3117:IPA chart for English dialects
3026:
1961:
1913:
1898:
1869:
1571:labialized voiceless fricative
13:
1:
4857:
2153:
1605:labialized ejective fricative
1177:Northeast Caucasian languages
5951:Voiceless bidental fricative
3059:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
2226:François, Alexandre (2005).
2027:Steever, Sanford B. (2015).
1958:, pp. 65, 67–68, 70–71.
1876:Allen, Bryan (August 2007).
1272:The Tlingit language of the
764:section, piece, slice, sauce
662:(20th century Paris accent)
7:
3160:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
2186:(8th ed.). Routledge.
2132:Anthropological Linguistics
1813:
1742:when it follows one of the
1652:Phonological representation
1191:. It may also occur as an
797:
252:
10:
6659:
5982:
1722:, as well as sometimes in
1216:voiceless uvular fricative
916:voiceless uvular implosive
413:voiceless uvular fricative
333:
323:voiceless uvular affricate
6483:
6441:
6347:
6269:
6175:
6117:
6018:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5990:
5977:
5946:Nasal palatal approximant
5623:Co-articulated consonants
5523:
5468:
5431:
5399:
5364:
5295:
5233:
5171:
5132:
5084:
5012:
4945:
4883:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4804:
4656:
4578:
4485:
4389:
4284:
4184:
4099:
3926:
3830:
3682:
3584:
3439:
3309:
3241:
3213:
3199:
3186:
3125:
3079:
3036:
3032:
3021:
2936:
2901:
2878:
2816:
2761:
2722:
2670:
2635:
2626:
2606:
2588:
2533:
2510:
2477:
2392:
2369:
2360:
2343:
2182:Cruttenden, Alan (2014).
1994:England, Nora C. (1983).
1562:freshwater sockeye salmon
1435:labialized aspirated stop
1220:voiceless velar fricative
1070:, but have been found in
1036:native American languages
973:(allophonic with velar )
972:
827:uvular ejective fricative
789:
779:uvular ejective affricate
695:voiced uvular tap or flap
623:
494:voiced uvular approximant
423:
188:
154:
151:
148:
2289:Orkaydo, Ongaye (2013).
2201:Demolin, Didier (2001).
1845:
1830:List of phonetics topics
1469:labialized ejective stop
1264:The Enqi dialect of the
1054:dialects, a majority of
237:voiceless uvular plosive
135:Uvular consonants in IPA
4795:Non-pulmonic consonants
3927:Non-sibilant fricative
3683:Non-sibilant affricate
3049:History of the alphabet
2165:The Phonology of Danish
2030:The Dravidian Languages
1609:
1575:
1541:
1507:
1473:
1439:
1405:
1371:
1337:
1303:
1205:voiced uvular fricative
1203:is an allophone of the
926:
880:
870:voiced uvular implosive
837:
454:voiced uvular fricative
383:
373:voiced uvular affricate
131:of neighboring vowels.
127:, and they often cause
35:phonetic transcriptions
3107:Sinological extensions
2346:Articulatory phonetics
1401:labialized tenuis stop
1008:Proto-Oceanic language
992:
746:
666:
607:voiceless uvular trill
504:
464:
292:
180:voiceless uvular nasal
32:This article contains
6638:Place of articulation
2520:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2274:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1825:Place of articulation
1099:voiceless uvular stop
990:
959:uvular-released click
282:voiced uvular plosive
206:(Luobenzhuo dialect)
74:with the back of the
4579:Lateral approximant
2845:Labio-palatalization
2246:10.1353/ol.2005.0034
1878:"Bai Dialect Survey"
1107:voiceless velar stop
736:uvular ejective stop
125:advanced tongue root
78:against or near the
3203:Pulmonic consonants
2535:Double articulation
2233:Oceanic Linguistics
2108:Feng, Wang (2006).
1793:varieties of Arabic
1690:is used in certain
1503:voiceless fricative
1281:
1280:Uvulars in Tlingit
1259:Battambang province
1068:Indian subcontinent
654:voiced uvular trill
199:voiced uvular nasal
5133:Lateral fricative
4779:, to the left are
4486:Lateral fricative
3274:Postalveolar
3259:Linguolabial
3102:Naming conventions
3065:Journal of the IPA
2291:A Grammar of Konso
2207:in Belgian French"
1768:uvular approximant
1537:ejective fricative
1279:
1218:is similar to the
1201:voiced uvular stop
1040:Caucasus mountains
1038:. In parts of the
1020:uvular approximant
1012:Formosan languages
993:
577:voiced uvular flap
418:Peninsular Spanish
86:. Uvulars may be
6643:Uvular consonants
6625:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6568:
6567:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5926:
5925:
5751:Uvular–epiglottal
5618:
5617:
5580:
5579:
4791:
4790:
4739:
4738:
4657:Lateral tap/flap
3254:Labiodental
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3112:World Orthography
2974:
2973:
2860:Pharyngealization
2757:
2756:
2622:
2621:
2580:Uvular–epiglottal
2473:
2472:
2300:978-94-6093-109-3
2193:978-1-4441-8309-2
2040:978-1-136-91164-4
1932:Cruttenden (2014)
1638:
1637:
1228:colloquial Arabic
1185:Pacific Northwest
1169:voiced velar stop
1165:voiced equivalent
1144:. This is due to
980:
979:
18:Uvular consonants
16:(Redirected from
6650:
6609:
6585:
6562:
6561:
6553:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6533:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6475:
6474:
6462:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6435:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6406:
6405:
6397:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6377:
6376:
6368:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6341:
6340:
6332:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6312:
6311:
6299:
6298:
6290:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6263:
6262:
6254:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6234:
6233:
6225:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6205:
6204:
6196:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6169:
6168:
6160:
6159:
6147:
6146:
6138:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6111:
6110:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6082:
6081:
6073:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6053:
6052:
6044:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6028:
6027:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5979:
5978:
5931:
5930:
5892:
5877:
5870:
5850:
5826:
5814:
5807:
5793:
5786:
5760:
5747:
5735:
5728:
5719:Labial–retroflex
5716:
5709:
5697:
5690:
5671:
5661:Labial–retroflex
5657:
5643:
5627:
5597:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5544:
5533:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5487:
5476:
5447:
5415:
5383:
5354:
5347:
5338:
5327:
5318:
5307:
5285:
5276:
5265:
5256:
5245:
5223:
5214:
5203:
5194:
5183:
5169:bottom: uvular)
5146:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5101:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4904:
4893:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4786:
4756:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4698:
4687:
4680:
4644:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4604:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4516:
4509:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4423:
4416:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4345:
4338:
4327:
4320:
4301:
4294:
4276:
4267:
4250:
4243:
4232:
4225:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4180:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4132:
4115:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3578:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3502:
3495:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3367:
3360:
3349:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3188:
3187:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2928:Voice onset time
2633:
2632:
2553:Labial–retroflex
2445:
2444:
2367:
2366:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2285:
2262:Ladefoged, Peter
2257:
2222:
2206:
2197:
2178:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1840:Retracted vowels
1809:
1797:rhotic consonant
1759:
1755:
1751:
1665:velar consonants
1634:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1282:
1278:
1274:Alaska Panhandle
1243:Trans–New Guinea
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1004:velar consonants
955:
948:
945:
942:
935:
931:
911:
907:
900:
897:
894:
887:
866:
859:
856:
853:
846:
842:
823:
816:
813:
810:
803:
795:
794:
775:
768:
765:
762:
755:
751:
732:
725:
722:
719:
712:
711:
686:
683:
680:
673:
650:
643:
640:
637:
630:
603:
596:
593:
590:
573:
566:
563:
560:
530:
523:
520:
517:
510:
490:
483:
480:
477:
470:
450:
443:
440:
437:
430:
409:
402:
399:
396:
389:
369:
362:
359:
356:
351:
350:
349:
348:
339:
338:
319:
312:
309:
308:because I return
306:
299:
278:
271:
268:
265:
258:
250:
249:
233:
226:
223:
220:
195:
176:
146:
145:
84:velar consonants
54:
50:
21:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6617:
6607:
6606:unrounded
6602:
6564:
6563:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6491:
6477:
6476:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6449:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6355:
6343:
6342:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6319:
6314:
6313:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6277:
6265:
6264:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6206:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6183:
6171:
6170:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6149:
6148:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6125:
6113:
6112:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6060:
6055:
6054:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6031:
6025:
5986:
5965:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5895:Labial–alveolar
5893:
5886:
5881:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5851:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5827:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5808:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5753:
5748:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5701:
5700:Labial–alveolar
5698:
5691:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5650:
5649:
5647:Labial–alveolar
5644:
5636:
5619:
5614:
5444:
5412:
5400:Voiced lateral
5380:
5355:
5344:
5335:
5324:
5315:
5304:
5282:
5273:
5262:
5253:
5242:
5220:
5211:
5200:
5191:
5180:
5168:
5166:
4784:
4773:
3279:Retroflex
3195:
3174:
3133:ASCII encodings
3121:
3075:
3028:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2975:
2970:
2932:
2897:
2874:
2819:
2812:
2753:
2718:
2666:
2618:
2602:
2584:
2548:Labial–alveolar
2529:
2506:
2487:Alveolo-palatal
2469:
2443:
2432:Palato-alveolar
2388:
2356:
2350:Co-articulation
2339:
2336:
2301:
2282:
2194:
2175:
2156:
2151:
2128:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2006:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1969:"Phoible 2.0 -"
1967:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1944:François (2005)
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1891:10.1.1.692.4221
1874:
1870:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1816:
1684:
1654:
1632:
1630:down (feathers)
1629:
1626:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1173:Iranian Persian
1056:German dialects
985:
946:
943:
940:
929:
898:
895:
892:
857:
854:
851:
840:
814:
812:being/existence
811:
808:
766:
763:
760:
749:
723:
720:
717:
684:
681:
678:
661:
641:
638:
635:
614:
594:
591:
588:
564:
561:
558:
521:
518:
515:
481:
478:
475:
441:
438:
435:
400:
397:
394:
360:
357:
354:
344:
343:
342:
310:
307:
304:
269:
266:
263:
224:
221:
218:
137:
62:
61:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6656:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6579:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6548:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6506:
6499:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6428:
6421:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6399:
6392:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6370:
6363:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6334:
6327:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6292:
6285:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6227:
6220:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6198:
6191:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6162:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6140:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6104:
6097:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6075:
6068:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6046:
6039:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5894:
5887:
5882:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5844:
5838:
5828:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5801:
5797:Labial–palatal
5795:
5788:
5781:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5762:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5666:
5665:
5659:
5652:
5651:
5645:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5470:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5432:Nasal lateral
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5348:
5339:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5310:
5308:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5277:
5268:
5266:
5257:
5248:
5246:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5206:
5204:
5195:
5186:
5184:
5175:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4717:
4715:
4708:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4638:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4620:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4208:
4206:
4199:
4197:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4148:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3343:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Bilabial
3246:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3080:Special topics
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2865:Glottalization
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Palatalization
2837:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2598:Velopharyngeal
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Labial–palatal
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2543:Labial–coronal
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2417:Denti-alveolar
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2280:
2266:Maddieson, Ian
2258:
2240:(2): 443–504.
2223:
2198:
2192:
2179:
2173:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2122:
2097:
2078:
2058:
2054:Watters (2005)
2046:
2039:
2019:
2004:
1986:
1982:Orkaydo (2013)
1974:
1960:
1956:Demolin (2001)
1948:
1936:
1934:, p. 221.
1924:
1912:
1897:
1868:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1683:
1682:Uvular rhotics
1680:
1653:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1624:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1548:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1446:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1412:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1378:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1344:
1334:
1333:aspirated stop
1330:
1329:
1318:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1152:and therefore
1128:, is found in
1060:Dutch dialects
984:
981:
978:
977:
974:
971:
961:
956:
950:
949:
938:
936:
923:
918:
913:
902:
901:
890:
888:
877:
872:
867:
861:
860:
849:
847:
834:
829:
824:
818:
817:
806:
804:
786:
781:
776:
770:
769:
758:
756:
743:
738:
733:
727:
726:
715:
713:
702:
697:
692:
688:
687:
676:
674:
663:
656:
651:
645:
644:
633:
631:
620:
609:
604:
598:
597:
586:
584:
579:
574:
568:
567:
556:
554:
546:
536:
531:
525:
524:
513:
511:
501:
496:
491:
485:
484:
473:
471:
461:
456:
451:
445:
444:
433:
431:
420:
415:
410:
404:
403:
392:
390:
380:
375:
370:
364:
363:
352:
340:
330:
325:
320:
314:
313:
302:
300:
289:
284:
279:
273:
272:
261:
259:
244:
239:
234:
228:
227:
216:
214:
207:
201:
196:
190:
189:
187:
182:
177:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
150:
136:
133:
55:⟩, see
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6655:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6612:
6611:
6610: rounded
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6560:
6544:
6537:
6524:
6517:
6511:
6495:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6473:
6466:
6453:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6417:
6410:
6404:
6388:
6381:
6375:
6359:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6323:
6316:
6310:
6303:
6297:
6281:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6245:
6238:
6232:
6216:
6209:
6203:
6187:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6129:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6093:
6086:
6080:
6064:
6057:
6051:
6035:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5891:
5885:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5849:
5841:
5834:
5832:
5825:
5813:
5806:
5798:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5774:
5765:
5764:Labial–uvular
5759:
5752:
5746:
5734:
5727:
5715:
5708:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5662:
5656:
5648:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Case variants
3090:
3088:
3087:Cursive forms
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Uvularization
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:Labialization
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Coronal–velar
2573:
2571:
2570:Labial–uvular
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2281:0-631-19815-6
2277:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2174:9780198242680
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:Basbøll, Hans
2158:
2157:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2085:
2081:
2079:9788170992141
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2033:. Routledge.
2032:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1946:, p. 44.
1945:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1920:Basbøll (2005
1916:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Uvularization
1818:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:Modern Hebrew
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1596:canvas, denim
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1460:people, tribe
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:ejective stop
1366:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1148:merging with
1139:
1138:Cusco Quechua
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:, the uvular
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:may occur in
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
989:
975:
969:
965:
962:
960:
957:
952:
951:
939:
937:
934:
932:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
904:
903:
891:
889:
886:
884:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
863:
862:
850:
848:
845:
843:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
820:
819:
807:
805:
802:
800:
792:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
772:
771:
759:
757:
754:
752:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
729:
728:
716:
714:
709:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
689:
677:
675:
672:
670:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
647:
646:
634:
632:
629:
627:
621:
618:
613:
610:
608:
605:
600:
599:
587:
583:
580:
578:
575:
570:
569:
557:
555:
553:
552:
547:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
527:
526:
514:
512:
509:
507:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
487:
486:
474:
472:
469:
467:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
447:
446:
434:
432:
429:
427:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
406:
405:
393:
391:
388:
386:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
366:
365:
353:
347:
341:
336:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
316:
315:
303:
301:
298:
296:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
275:
274:
262:
260:
257:
255:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
230:
229:
217:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
197:
192:
191:
186:
183:
181:
178:
173:
172:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
147:
144:
142:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
58:
46:
42:
40:
36:
19:
6603:
5880:Labial–velar
5830:
5817:Labial–velar
5738:Labial–velar
5675:Labial–velar
5621:
5167:(top: velar;
4863:
4794:
4774:
3293:
3201:
3068:
3064:
2880:Tongue shape
2870:Nasalization
2850:Velarization
2820:articulation
2590:Pathological
2565:Labial–velar
2501:
2448:Active place
2427:Postalveolar
2402:Linguolabial
2338:Articulation
2290:
2270:
2237:
2231:
2210:
2183:
2164:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2088:. Retrieved
2068:
2061:
2049:
2029:
2022:
1995:
1989:
1977:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1881:
1871:
1862:
1801:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1766:, or even a
1761:
1685:
1669:
1655:
1639:
1619:
1610:
1585:
1576:
1551:
1542:
1517:
1508:
1483:
1474:
1449:
1440:
1416:
1407:
1381:
1372:
1347:
1338:
1313:
1304:
1288:Orthographic
1271:
1266:Bai language
1263:
1236:
1213:
1162:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1096:
994:
927:
882:
838:
798:
790:
747:
707:
668:
625:
550:
505:
465:
425:
384:
334:
294:
253:
210:
163:Orthography
152:Description
138:
104:approximants
64:
63:
51:and ⟨
33:
5842:approximant
5777:approximant
4101:Approximant
3170:IPA Braille
3148:Kirshenbaum
2690:Approximant
2407:Interdental
2384:Labiodental
2138:: 140–141.
1686:The uvular
1672:palatalized
1494:cooking pot
1392:screech owl
1299:tenuis stop
1285:Description
1209:velar nasal
1088:Muslim rule
1018:, while a
1000:the Pacific
968:paralexical
72:articulated
6632:Categories
6593:full chart
6119:Near-close
5913:full chart
5835:(variable)
5605:full chart
5088:affricate
4764:full chart
4393:affricate
3193:Consonants
3165:IPA number
3027:IPA topics
2818:Secondary
2808:Percussive
2776:Ingressive
2749:Continuant
2154:References
2090:13 January
2005:0292729278
1835:Guttural R
1726:, for the
1708:Portuguese
1528:fingernail
1324:tree spine
1257:spoken in
1207:after the
1187:, such as
1179:, notably
545:speakers)
129:retraction
108:affricates
92:fricatives
69:consonants
6443:Near-open
6177:Close-mid
5861:Implosive
5854:Velarized
5773:Fricative
5525:Voiceless
5465:Implosive
5014:Fricative
4947:Affricate
4781:voiceless
3833:fricative
3831:Sibilant
3589:affricate
3236:Laryngeal
3126:Encodings
2938:Phonation
2916:Aspirated
2911:Voiceless
2786:Implosive
2771:Egressive
2763:Airstream
2744:Occlusive
2695:Semivowel
2655:Fricative
2650:Affricate
2637:Obstruent
2512:Laryngeal
2465:Subapical
2437:Retroflex
2254:131668754
2219:0777-3692
2014:748935484
1886:CiteSeerX
1791:and some
1781:Inuktitut
1744:voiceless
1740:allophone
1736:voiceless
1720:Norwegian
1661:phonology
1232:Afrikaans
1193:allophone
1189:Kwakʼwala
1181:Tabasaran
1082:and even
1034:, and in
328:Kabardian
287:Inuktitut
160:Language
6604:Legend:
6598:template
6577:IPA help
6349:Open-mid
5918:template
5908:IPA help
5884:Ejective
5856:alveolar
5610:template
5589:IPA help
4880:Ejective
4769:template
4748:IPA help
4186:Tap/flap
3586:Sibilant
3269:Alveolar
2833:Rounding
2801:Ejective
2796:Pulmonic
2781:Ejective
2707:Tap/flap
2672:Sonorant
2660:Sibilant
2614:Bidental
2422:Alveolar
2379:Bilabial
2268:(1996).
2211:'r-atics
2163:(2005).
2144:30028779
2084:Archived
1814:See also
1738:) as an
1692:dialects
1658:featural
1126:ejective
1044:uvular R
1024:Arrernte
896:mandible
784:Georgian
592:hibiscus
543:American
169:Meaning
155:Example
121:Georgian
113:Lillooet
49:/ /
45:Help:IPA
6608:•
6008:Central
5840:Lateral
5681:Plosive
5469:Voiced
5367:lateral
5365:Tenuis
5356:
5086:Lateral
4391:Lateral
3441:Plosive
3304:Glottal
3284:Palatal
3226:Coronal
3143:X-SAMPA
2951:Breathy
2737:Lateral
2702:Vibrant
2645:Plosive
2525:Glottal
2492:Palatal
2460:Laminal
2394:Coronal
1804:Lakhota
1716:Swedish
1426:octopus
1224:Spanish
1134:Tlingit
1103:X-SAMPA
1092:Punjabi
1084:Persian
1076:Kusunda
1058:, some
1052:Occitan
1050:, some
996:English
832:Tlingit
741:Quechua
700:Yiddish
617:Belgian
539:English
479:to stay
267:a story
256:iṣṣatun
65:Uvulars
37:in the
6586:
5984:Vowels
5833:-sound
5598:
5235:Voiced
5173:Tenuis
4777:voiced
4757:
3748:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
3294:Uvular
3264:Dental
3243:Manner
3231:Dorsal
3221:Labial
2961:Creaky
2921:Tenuis
2888:Sulcal
2732:Rhotic
2727:Liquid
2628:Manner
2502:Uvular
2479:Dorsal
2455:Apical
2412:Dental
2371:Labial
2297:
2278:
2252:
2217:
2190:
2171:
2142:
2076:
2037:
2012:
2002:
1909:. LSA.
1888:
1789:Uyghur
1785:Abkhaz
1763:maître
1732:voiced
1728:rhotic
1712:Danish
1700:German
1696:French
1646:twenty
1642:Turkey
1358:basket
1294:Gloss
1247:Hamtai
1226:, and
1199:, the
1197:Kazakh
1183:, and
1163:, the
1080:Arabic
1064:Danish
1062:, and
1048:French
1032:Somali
1028:Arabic
1016:Taiwan
976:'yes'
721:bridge
659:French
612:French
541:(some
499:Danish
459:French
439:skinny
242:Arabic
117:Kazakh
100:trills
96:nasals
76:tongue
53:
6588:audio
6020:Close
6003:Front
5934:Other
5868:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
5634:Nasal
5600:audio
5297:Nasal
5164:Click
4759:audio
4286:Trill
3755:d̠ɹ̠˔
3311:Nasal
3289:Velar
3215:Place
3138:SAMPA
3013:chart
2966:Stiff
2956:Slack
2946:Modal
2903:Voice
2893:Domed
2791:Click
2712:Trill
2685:Vowel
2680:Nasal
2607:Other
2497:Velar
2362:Place
2250:S2CID
2140:JSTOR
2113:(PDF)
1846:Notes
1756:, or
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1704:Dutch
1688:trill
1676:Ubykh
1588:astáa
1579:astáa
1255:Khmer
1251:Angan
1130:Ubykh
1115:Qatar
1111:velum
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358:grave
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102:, or
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3069:JIPA
2295:ISBN
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2215:ISSN
2188:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2092:2017
2074:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2010:OCLC
2000:ISBN
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