510:
2245:
1788:
identify and focus on only the items that they need, which can be important in an organisation in which the same document is read by staff with very different roles and responsibilities. The white space that lined lists create can break up masses of grey paragraphs, which is more inviting to readers in many contexts. For all of these reasons, lined lists are much liked in corporate, government and administrative documents; although lined lists are less prevalent in academic (and encyclopedic) text, their use has been increasing.
1341:
1212:
188:
310:—"also", "in addition", "moreover" and "furthermore". Every sentence is additional to its predecessors, but most of us, including otherwise good writers, have got into the habit of sprinkling these terms through our writing, because they give us a vague feeling of adding to the cohesion of the text (the strength with which it all hangs together). However, only occasionally are these additive words required for textual cohesion; the flow is usually stronger without them.
667:
236:
2591:
2856:
538:
to object to them. Apart from the psychological effect on the readers, one-sentence paragraphs can result in a fragmented visual appearance. A stubby paragraph should typically be either expanded into full ideas or merged smoothly with another paragraph (most often the previous one). Very occasionally, a single-sentence paragraph might be appropriate to emphasise or summarise an idea.
171:—knowing how to do something so well that you don't have to think about it as you do it; this is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice. Remember how hard you had to concentrate on micro-managing the simultaneous subtasks of driving a car when you were a learner driver? Fortunately, automaticity soon sets in, so we can drive well even as we conduct a conversation.
202:
because writing excellent prose is within the grasp of most educated people, and has considerable life advantages. Sustained effort and fine-tuning seems more important to acquiring expertise than underlying talent. In particular, by consciously spotting and weeding out common redundancies, you'll start to become adept at turning the soggy into the crisp.
3735:. We disagree with the approach on much of this site, based as it is on traditional grammar; however, we've included the address because of its search box, which enables you to access online information on your chosen topic in several popular texts; for example, you can compare what the self-appointed authorities say about the so-called split infinitive.
498:
when they listen to you: optimising the flow of your writing is an important way of doing this. Flow comprises a number of aspects, from the smallest punctuation mark to the cohesion of the text on a large scale. Flow can make your writing smooth, clear and easy to read; a lack of flow can make it bumpy and disjointed.
3047:
Divination is the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means. A talisman is an object, typically an inscribed ring or stone, that is thought to have magic powers and to bring good luck. It would have been better to treat these two uses in separate clauses or even
569:
The need for a stronger central government with a unified currency and the ability to conduct the affairs of state, such as foreign policy (and that could bind all of the states under negotiated treaties and agreements rather than be undermined by a single state's refusal to agree to an international
497:
When you explain something in writing rather than orally, many aspects of language are removed, such as your intonation, pitch, speed, rhythm and bodily gestures. In writing, you need to make up for the absence of those speech signals, so that your readers will be just as engaged with your message as
214:
Knowledge is a rich and little-used resource for self-training, because it provides a huge reservoir of text at all stages of transformation (sometimes circuitous) from the raw and verbose into the stylish and easy to read. A good way of focusing your efforts on improving your prose is to compare two
117:
Print out your text and mark up the hard copy (highlight the places that need improvement, by circling, underlining, and handwriting improved wording in the margins). Reading hard copy is very different from reading on-screen: not only can you see printed text more clearly, but you can see more of it
75:
This tutorial is for both native and non-native speakers of
English. Writing and editing English at a professional standard presents some challenges that are blind to an editor's native language, and some that are unique to particular native languages. And some issues we cover for writing English are
1792:
Lined lists come at a cost: their very strong boundaries work against the flow of the text. This is why reviewers in the FAC room tend to object unless this formatting is used judiciously, especially at the top of an article where flow is of the essence to engage the readers. There are exceptions to
1447:
A running list is smoothly integrated into its paragraph, and will not be obvious at a glance. Occasionally, contributors to FACs are asked to change lined lists into running lists to provide greater flow and neater visual appearance. Running lists are almost ubiquitous, and we've all become skilled
617:
Each of these ideas could stand alone as a sentence. (Since the middle two ideas are particularly close, we could separate them by a semicolon rather than a full-stop.) Let's try doing this. In our chopped-up snake, the four ideas are coloured as above. We've added extra bits in black—either through
537:
tend to break up the prose, interrupting the flow: give your readers the chance to link a number of sentences into a cohesive whole; that will usually be the easiest way for them to absorb your message. Stubby paragraphs are all too common in
Knowledge articles, and reviewers in the FAC room are apt
522:
Apart from writing your
Knowledge article in sections, paragraphing is the largest scale on which you'll need to structure your text. A paragraph break allows your readers to tie up the idea that they've just read about—to "download" it more deeply into their memory—and to start afresh on a new idea
505:
in the continuity of the text, controlling the structure of your language—the mortar between the bricks large and small. While some aspects of the flow of a particular text will be the subject of widespread agreement by language experts, flow can often be achieved in more than one way; thus, there's
175:
These mechanisms enable you to raed tihs txet wtihuot mcuh torulbe at all, by cmboinng waht you see on the pgae wtih the fmailair, prcdeitalbe prtteans taht you sotre in your lnog-term meromy. (The preceding typos are an example.) It's little wonder that we let typos slip by, and the same applies to
1275:
In (2), the semicolon keeps the readers' minds focused on the same issue: the feathers. In (1), The full-stop suggested that the next sentence would take a different direction, but in (1), it didn't. The next example shows a good use of the full-stop—the second sentence addresses a different issue,
109:
button at the bottom displays your work as it will appear to readers. The difference between edit and preview modes can distance you from the writing or editing process, highlighting errors and areas that can be improved. More generally, here are five suggestions for achieving strategic distance:
3134:
Here's an example of an elaborate list from a FAC—a list of lists, in fact—that is littered with parentheses and quote marks and is illogically formatted and inconsistent. During the FAC process, this example was significantly improved; see how many areas for improvement you can identify, then hit
818:
The typical placement of the comma is in the direction of causality: after for forward causality; before for backward causality. Although punctuation is usual here in more formal registers such as that used in an encyclopedia, this can vary. For example, the following sentence is short and punchy,
681:
Just as snakes require too much working memory to read, stubby sentences limit readers to far less than the full capacity of their working memory; they usually interrupt the flow of the text, resulting in a stop-start effect. Sentences of comfortable length are typically constructed from more than
201:
Like any proficiency, skilled writing and editing comes from years of effort. Most people significantly improve their writing skills until the "near enough is good enough" frame takes over. So we relax the effort that has already brought us to a plateau of basic, everyday literacy. This is a pity,
3312:
Knowledge needs to appeal to a wide range of native and non-native speakers, many of whom are time-poor. Writing plain
English is a good way to achieve this. Many writers want to write text with an air of authority, and use longer-than-necessary and/or old-fashioned forms in the hope of appearing
1136:
appear so to you: the sentence is rather too long, and the "with" clause is, strictly speaking, ungrammatical (an apostrophe is required in actors', which is itself a little clumsy nowadays). Let's get rid of the troublesome "with" connector and give our poor readers a rest in the middle, using a
529:
make it harder for your readers to stay interested; a mass of grey text will force them to work hard to keep an ever-increasing amount of information active in their working memory as they wade through. Where it's starting to be too much of a mental juggling act for the readers, try to identify a
96:
Becoming close to a text is unavoidable if you work intensively on it; ironically, this closeness can reduce your ability to critically review the text. Editing a text as a stranger to it has distinct advantages—mainly the ability to approach it with fresh eyes, uninhibited by the intricacies of
267:
It takes concentrated practice to identify redundancy, but after a while you'll learn to test every word subconsciously against its context. Ask yourself: "Will the text lose meaning if I remove this?" and "Is there already a word in this sentence that provides the meaning?" Take this sentence:
205:
Being a
Wikipedian involves close engagement with prose, whether through writing, editing, or critiqueing. The "ten-year rule" suggests that acquiring full expertise in these tasks is not a quick process. But don't be discouraged: your efforts will also reap palpable rewards in the short term.
1787:
Placing each item on a separate line provides even stronger boundaries, making the items visually distinct. This allows readers to digest the list easily, mentally "ticking off" each item line by line, and facilitates the re-reading and comparison of items. Lined lists allow readers to easily
1348:
Much encyclopedic and academic text comprises lists. The items in a list range from the very long, such as paragraphs and sections, to the very short, such as the words in a sentence (e.g., "They treat dogs, cats and parrots"). Here, we'll focus on lists of shorter items, where the list has a
3105:). Either way is fine, but you need to choose one and stick to it throughout the list. Here, we've chosen to nominalise the verb at the start of each item, which gives it a more formal, steady-state feel, rather than the active, dynamic, "doing" sense conveyed by the straight "-ing" verbs:
1286:
The sentences are still close enough to juxtapose, but the common theme is much broader than feathers or food: it's "most emu species" ("they"). The full-stop warns readers to prepare for something different, although they'll still expect it to flow smoothly from what they've just read.
176:
our tendency to gloss over higher-level problems in text. Ironically, suppressing the very mechanisms we use to increase our capacity for processing language can help us to probe text for problems and to optimise our writing and editing skills. This is the essence of strategic distance.
118:
at once (synoptically) and grasp the product in your hands. It's quite a different environment. Some writers use a four-stage cycle of printing out a draft, marking it up, keying in the changes and editing the new version on-screen—a cycle they repeat until no further changes are needed.
83:
Though most criteria for good writing in
English are widely accepted, advocates may differ on particular technical and stylistic matters. Please take this into account: some of our advice and suggested solutions may be debatable. Feedback on how to improve the article is welcome at the
1448:
at reading them fluently—even when they're complex. Strictly speaking, the first two sentences in this paragraph are running lists, in which the lead–item boundaries fall after "list" and "provide", respectively. Let's revisit these two sentences, marking the lead–item boundary with
562:
Your readers will also want to "tie up" the information on a more frequent, smaller scale: the sentence. Sentences that are too long are too demanding on readers' working memory: give them opportunities to download what you've just told them in convenient chunks. Here's an example:
1406:
We've prepared models and examples of the main types of list—single-sentence and multisentence lists, and within these categories, running and lined lists. This is not an exhaustive list, and the guidelines here arise at least partly from personal choice. For each type, we've used
104:
from your own text by using techniques that allow you to see it afresh; that is, more like the way your readers will see it. These techniques involve the editing process, the passage of time, and the visual appearance of the text. If you're using the edit-box on a wiki, the
180:
191:
Typewriters, in general use during the 20th century, made incremental editing laborious. But many people still treat the word processor like a typewriter, particularly in their formatting, where over-capitalising and underlining were the only visual ways to highlight
300:"Low" is already relative to some norm, which here is explicitly clarified as being "for its day"; thus, "relatively" adds no useful meaning. "Still" has the sense of "all the same" or "nevertheless"; coming after "while" (= "although"), it is totally redundant.
154:
To further increase the benefit, choose sections or articles that present you with different challenges; for example, one text that is relatively easy, requiring more low-level, clerical activities, and another that requires higher-level conceptual precision.
1353:
is critical when constructing a list. This is achieved by manipulating the punctuation and line-formatting to achieve an optimal balance between allowing your readers to easily comprehend the list and providing them with a smooth, uninterrupted flow of words.
1260:
Both ideas concern the visual appearance of the birds, specifically that of their feathers. By integrating them into a single sentence, we're making this closeness obvious to the readers, and avoiding the stop–start effect of two short, successive sentences:
1070:
Consider that few readers are likely to suppose that the former schemes will be outlined in the federal government's cemeteries, canals or chimneys: there's no need to state the obvious. English grammar allows much duplication to be cut, as well. The result:
650:
We started with one sentence of 64 words. We've transformed this into three sentences that are slightly longer in total: 77 words. The reader has places to pause and consider the ideas, and the text is much easier to read even if it's a little longer.
3211:
Let's remove the parentheses, which make it complex and difficult to read; as well, there's tension between their use for a different purpose in the second item (providing an equivalent term) compared with their role in marking off examples of each
404:
when requests for assistance fall outside
Tahirih's scope, staff members attempt to locate other consultants." Another temporal item—an elaborate one—obstructs the middle of this sentence: "Iridion was released in North America on 29 May 2001, and
386:
the youngest child of a
Mexican immigrant couple, she was singing on television while still a junior high school student." Here, "Born" is assumed in the word "child"; therefore the sentence works better without the first word. "Each weapon has
2447:
Many writers get into a habit of automatically using a subset term to introduce lists—especially the term "includes". This signals to the reader that the list is incomplete—that there are other items aside from those in the list. If the list
1327:
316:—"over the years", "currently", "now", "from time to time", "to this day". Although these are more likely to be required than the additive terms, they usually add nothing to the sense, or are too vague to be useful. "They planned their
1192:
is wrong here, because it introduces a statement that contradicts the previous statement or that is surprising or unexpected coming after the previous statement. Here, replacing the contrastive link with the most common additive
395:
advantages and disadvantages." Here, "its own" repeats the meaning of "each", and thus clutters the sentence. The first three words in the next example can be removed, because they're already covered by the word "when":
1227:
When you're adding ideas together—rather than contrasting them or showing that one leads to the other—the way you integrate them will depend on how close and long they are. There are three basic ways of linking them.
1357:
Lists are binary: they typically have (i) a lead, which introduces (ii) the items. (Occasionally, the order is reversed so that the listed items come first; e.g., "Limes, sugar and water are the only ingredients".)
655:
350:—"some", "a variety of", "a number of", "several", "a few", "many", "any", "all". These items are often too vague to add useful meaning, or their meaning is already conveyed in the rest of the text; e.g., "
3824:
We don't agree with everything on these sites, but they provide valuable interactive tutorials for non-native speakers who want to improve their
English. Beware a mild commercial push in a few places.
2617:
Check the formatting where running lists are long and/or complex, especially where you've removed or pasted in items. Remember the basic formulas, which hold no matter how long or complex the items:
158:
Some of these methods improve our productivity because, ironically, they break the normal mechanisms that our brains use to swap scrutiny for speed while reading and writing. Two such mechanisms are:
1246:
The use of these methods is partly a matter of personal style, although there are cases where most readers would prefer one method over the others. Here's an example of two relatively short ideas:
618:
simple deduction to fill in the context (e.g., "the delegates identified") or to make the sentences cohere (e.g., connectors such as "In particular" and "This" that link back to previous clauses).
506:
a strong element of personal style in this aspect of writing. Inevitably, the advice that we offer here on flow will be less definitive than our advice for other characteristics of good writing.
3759:. Writer and lexicographer Michael Quinion writes about international English from a British viewpoint—indexed articles, Q&A, reviews, topical words, turns of phrase, weird words, funnies.
2990:
Check that the semantic and conceptual boundaries between the items are distinct and logical. The most common category problem arises when one item is a subset of another. Here's an example:
63:
1984:, because the items (now Criteria 1 and 2) were thought to be easier to read as stand-alone sentences. Multi-sentence lists can be running or lined; in this subsection, we treat both types.
124:
Leave your text for a few days or more, and return to it with your head unclouded by the thoughts brought up during editing; the longer the break, the more strategic distance you'll achieve.
682:
the simplest idea. These ideas need to be integrated smoothly and logically into the sentence. One of the commonest problems in FACs is sentences in which the ideas are poorly connected.
513:
Eight centuries ago, writing was such a rare and elaborate skill that it was displayed with great artistry. This
Apocalypse manuscript shows St John writing to the seven churches of Asia.
183:
Computers have transformed the writing process by facilitating continual editing; this frees writers from the need to produce a succession of entire versions on a typewriter or by hand.
580:
The comma before "such as" looks like the first of a pair surrounding an example; readers scan what follows in vain for the second comma and its announcement of the end of the example.
590:
The sentence bends disconcertingly, and readers trying to follow it lose their bearings. It's what some people call a "snake", and it needs to be chopped up into manageable portions.
2979:
English may be idiosyncratic in this respect, because we've noticed that many non-native speakers, particularly those who come from East Asian languages, over-prefer "or" in lists.
542:
492:
252:
38:
3208:
It appears to be a single-sentence list, but is not formatted as such; while it's elaborate enough for a multi-sentence format, let's format it properly as a single-sentence list.
1395:
First, we show you some examples of the basic types of list, followed by brief advice on formatting. Then we deal, category by category, with the commonest problems in listing.
3896:, with good coverage of the distinctions between British and American English, and audio samples of pronunciation in each of these two major varieties of English. (Suggested by
593:
How do we fix this sentence? The first step is to isolate the ideas. There are usually a number of places where we may erect boundaries between these ideas; here's one attempt.
478:
3022:
Museums are tourist attractions, so already the boundaries are unclear. The writer resolved the problem here by replacing "tourist attractions" with a more focused item.
1151:
Had you noticed the redundant "previously", which is covered by the past tense? And yes, a semicolon is better than a period, since the two halves are so closely linked.
3313:
more formal. In most cases, you'll get your point across more effectively by avoiding the following words and phrases (suggested replacements appear after the arrows):
670:
The power of writing has changed the world. Here, Mahatma Gandhi writes at Birla House, Mumbai in August 1942, five years before India gained independence from Britain.
3850:. Hit "English as a second language (ESL)", where grammatical/writing issues are treated one by one. This is part of Purdue University's wide-ranging site for writers.
530:
sentence around the middle of the paragraph that appears to be a departure—to step out into new territory, so to speak: make it the first sentence in a new paragraph.
2860:
A medieval depiction of a monk at work in a scriptorium, showing his materials and equipment. Until the 20th century, many people devoted their lives to copying text.
1188:
information. While Hong Kong may be a very different location from London and Manchester, it's perfectly possible to live in Hong Kong having been raised in the UK.
461:
remains one of the largest in the world." Its ... it was ... it was ... it. "It" and "was" are annoying repetitions and are easily understood through the process of
228:
Return to the "Page history" and use the "compare" function to compare that version with the current version. Compare your edits with those that were actually made.
3546:(unless you mean "having or involving several parts, elements or members", especially when it's not always the case, e.g., multiple occupancy, multiple birth; but
1281:(3) Most emu species have a grey-brown plumage of shaggy appearance. They eat a variety of native and introduced plant species, depending on seasonal availability.
3711:, information on better writing (including tips on spelling, grammar and plain English), a huge database of FAQs on the language, and a section on global English.
2847:
vote for representatives who pledge their support for the establishment of a national, independent body to determine the boundaries of congressional districts.
2814:
vote for representatives who pledge their support for the establishment of a national, independent body to determine the boundaries of congressional districts.
225:
Read this old version of the article, carefully. Think of all the changes it needs. Better, click "Printable version" and go through a printout with a red pen.
23:
2364:
Substantial indents for lined lists; we recommend no indent or only a small indent for the bullets or numbers—visually, lined lists are already very distinct.
324:
response". (Try the converse: "They planned their past response".) Often, the tense of the verb is sufficient to convey the temporal sense; e.g., "Mumbai is
3751:. An online course in English grammar, written primarily for university undergraduates but more widely applicable; it assumes no prior knowledge of grammar.
272:
While the journal had relatively low circulation numbers for its day, it still influenced popular opinion and was feared by the conservative administration.
140:
Reading your text aloud can help you to identify where commas should be inserted or removed and to check that the clauses run smoothly and grammatically.
473:
stating a word is one of the key methods of textual cohesion, because it makes the reader assume this continuing presence of a previously stated item.
374:
government-funded programs such as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid". Sometimes whether these terms are redundant depends on the larger context.
3012:
of the contents?" It may be that the writer is trying to distinguish between the graphics and the linguistic text in the bubbles; it's hard to know.
3872:. Under construction by the Writing Centre at the University of Ottawa; the site contains errors and is incomplete, but some sections may be useful.
130:
Edit the paragraphs or even the sentences in reverse order. Scrutineers of parliamentary/congressional legislation have been known to read even the
1976:
These are appropriate when the items are long and complex, and/or contain more than one sentence or clause. FA Criteria 2 and 3 used to be cast as
3601:(doctoral dissertation, University of Sydney)—contains a review of the literature on the mechanisms of reading linguistic text and music notation
576:
It is too long and complex; while there are too many ideas to be expressed in one masterful sentence, this sentence has at least three problems:
413:
in Europe on 21 September 2001." Similarly, tweaking the grammar allows us to dispense with two words in "The Centre has worked to protect women
260:
is common in Knowledge's articles: removing redundancy will not damage the meaning, and in most cases will strengthen it. Crisp, elegant writing
1391:
will you use between the items? (In other words, what combination of commas, semicolons, colons, full-stops, numbers and bullets will you use?)
1076:"Planning" expenditure is allocated to development schemes outlined by the federal government, "central" expenditure to the state governments.
77:
2380:
Subset terms frame the items of your list as part of a larger set of items. These terms need to be used with care. Common subset terms are:
3288:
This is slightly shorter for the same information, and is much easier to read because each item is consistent in language and formatting.
85:
2684:
The 1973 oil crisis had significantly increased the cost of living, domestic industry was weakening from a lack of cost-competitiveness.
2712:
The 1973 oil crisis had significantly increased the cost of living, domestic industry was weakening from a lack of cost-competitiveness
165:—the way our brains save effort by processing small pieces of information (such as letters) as larger chunks (such as whole words); and
523:
or a new aspect of the same idea. Aim for paragraphs of roughly equal size, although some variation in size is often appropriate.
58:
3864:
on the use of "the", "a" and before nouns—a basic aspect of English grammar that is a major problem for many non-native speakers.
3165:
A set of typical descriptions of the term (referred to as the "stereotype") such as "transparent", "colourless", "hydrating", etc.
1411:" to stand for all of the words in the lead; this will run directly into a three-item list, in which the items are represented by
874:
Sometimes the causality is obvious; you may be able to dispense with an explicit connector altogether, using a semicolon instead:
3695:
1162:
This is surprisingly common in FACs. Take the following sentence, which connects two ideas with the commonest contrastive link,
1123:
Coronation Street is known for its light humour and comic characters, in the vein of the traditions of northern variety shows,
3268:
a set of typical descriptions of the term, referred to as "the stereotype", e.g., "transparent", "colourless" and "hydrating";
1142:
Coronation Street is known for its light humour and comic characters, in the vein of the traditions of northern variety shows
43:
421:
from abroad." Women from abroad have clearly "come" from there, unless there might be confusion with the Centre's operation
2874:
There's a tendency among some writers to use "or" between the second-last and last items in a list, where they mean "and".
2527:"The most important" indicates that you're drawing on a larger set; telling us twice will weaken the text. This is better:
53:
3727:. A rich resource of style and grammar guides, dictionaries, free software downloads and other tools for serious editors.
2784:
Where every item of a single-sentence list starts the same way, relocate the repeated text up to the lead. For example:
1429:. Hit in the upper box to reveal the example and comments on it. Please widen your window if the display is distorted.
1977:
231:
Remember that you may be able to make the current version of that article even better; please do so if that's the case.
3610:
Miller GA (1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information.
3417:
occasionally, the "in order" is required to avoid ambiguity, and of course the negative requires all words: "in order
2510:
incomplete, take care not to double up on subset terms. Here, there's one subset term before and one after the items:
2842:
lobby for the creation of a uniform, national voting process for Congressional representatives and the President; and
344:, the ship sailed on its maiden voyage", the first word conveys the temporal fact, so "was completed" can be removed.
2806:
lobby for the creation of a uniform national voting process for Congressional representatives and the President; and
600:
The need for a stronger central government with a unified currency and the ability to conduct the affairs of state,
1344:
The art of writing has been glorified through the ages. This scene was painted by a Middle-Eastern artist in 1287.
626:
the need for a stronger central government with a unified currency and the ability to conduct the affairs of state
3172:
The semantic indicators that place the object into a general category (e.g., "natural kind", "liquid", etc.) and
583:
The parenthetical remark is so long that when it finishes readers have forgotten where they were when it started.
483:
we have prepared to sharpen your ability to identify redundancy. These exercises use sentences taken from FACs.
3275:
the semantic indicators that place the object into a general category, e.g., "natural kind" and "liquid"; and
3918:
150:
at a time will help you to keep your mind clear while writing and editing articles—especially large articles.
48:
3131:
Now your readers don't have to rejig their mental idea of the grammar to read each new item: much easier.
3059:
Keep the grammar and formatting consistent. The following list mixes two common grammatical constructions.
1349:
discernible rhythm and contains standardised signals—punctuation and new lines—to help the reader through.
509:
1048:
Does the writer want to emphasise that both spending categories occur at the same time? Surely not—here,
1018:
Academics and technical writers seem to love the last four items in this list; they should know better.
69:
2443:(avoid in encyclopedic text—it means "and the rest", and suggests that you can't be bothered to tell us)
1039:"Planning" expenditure is allocated to development schemes outlined in the federal government's plans,
603:
such as foreign policy (and that could bind all of the states under negotiated treaties and agreements
1061:"Planning" expenditure is allocated to development schemes outlined in the federal government's plans
332:
India's leading financial centre". Here, the present tense of "is" says it all. Similarly, in "After
303:
As you strengthen your ability to tighten prose, you'll find many types of redundancy. Here are six:
1793:
this, but try to keep lined lists few in number and short, or your article will be seen as "listy".
431:
For example, "The cigar smoker burns the dried leaves of the tobacco plant but does not inhale the
3897:
3839:
3086:
1468:. Occasionally, contributors to FACs are asked to change lined lists into running lists to provide
2734:
These can turn a hedgehog sentence into something more manageable. Full repetitions such as this:
2474:
No, that indicates that natural numbers can be other things as well; they can't. This is correct:
2488:
or you could indicate the relationship of the items to the set and to each other more precisely:
2296:
Any of the above without parentheses or square brackets, followed by significantly indented text.
462:
239:
Many Wikipedians have skills that would have placed them in the literary elite in medieval times.
3626:
LaBerge D and Samuels SJ (1974) Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading.
1962:
As above, some people prefer a comma, or no punctuation and no "and", instead of the semicolons.
1127:
many of the show's actors having previously worked in repertory theatre, notably the Oldham Rep.
3860:
842:
many African-Americans were not permitted to vote and the Supreme Court endorsed the injustice.
3719:. Treatment of many writing issues; part of Purdue University's wide-ranging site for writers.
847:
A comma is usually unnecessary if the causal link is in the middle of a clause. For example:
736:
we should create infrastructure that encourages contributors to improve their writing skills.
630:
foreign policy as a way of binding all of the states under negotiated treaties and agreements
429:
Words for which the meaning is easily recoverable from the context or from general knowledge.
257:
162:
146:
Conscientious people are accustomed to continuously working on a single task, but working on
3868:
3257:
the object to which the term refers, e.g., the object individuated by the chemical formula H
2939:
of the time; it can still mean that only one item applies on any one occasion. For example:
2244:
3743:. A good read, set out as short entries in alphabetical order. Some eccentricities, though!
1095:
the third chapter ("International money laundering") discussing the financing of terrorism.
685:
To integrate ideas into a sentence, we need to ask ourselves whether their relationship is
606:(rather than be undermined by a single state's refusal to agree to an international treaty)
1772:
You can use other types of numbering (see "Alternative systems of numbering lists" below).
8:
3767:. Enter a word (AmEng spelling) to search for dictionary websites that include that word.
3138:
Hit in the top box to view hints. Hit in the bottom box to view the improved version.
2251:(1906), by Swedish painter Carl Larsson (1853–1919), famous for his idyllic watercolours
1886:
Some people feel that a lined list is so visually obvious that the "and" is unnecessary
1086:
as an additive link is another common problem on WP; it's usually awkward. For example:
215:
versions of an article you know has been significantly improved. Here's how to do this:
2224:
Price stability, or low levels of inflation; this is widely regarded as a prerequisite
2184:
Price stability, or low levels of inflation; this is widely regarded as a prerequisite
469:
the subsequent clauses and are simply slotted into the gaps by the reader. Ironically,
3858:. A huge site, full of helpful advice and interactive quizzes. For example, check out
3801:
3154:
The object to which the term refers (the object individuated by the chemical formula H
2584:
In any case, it's usually unnecessary to tell us how many items we're about to read.
2280:—use if there are numerals within the items that may clash with the numbering system.
2055:
even be changed to a full-stop); this is another reason to use a multi-sentence list.
570:
treaty) led to the stronger federal government that was negotiated at the Convention.
80:
that may help you to improve your writing and editing are at the end of the article.
3846:
3715:
2036:
or low levels of inflation; this is widely regarded as a prerequisite for a healthy
1361:
Here are the basic questions that you'll need to answer when you construct a list.
1109:
There are 10 chapters in the protocol; the third ("International money laundering")
439:
smoke". We already know that smoke results from the burning of dried tobacco leaves.
3854:
3017:
Manhattan has many famous landmarks, tourist attractions, museums and universities.
2067:
sentence as follows, although it is typical to use a lined list for this. The lead
1384:, in which each item occupies a new, bulletted or numbered line (Types 4, 5 and 7)?
1146:
many of the show's actors had worked in repertory theatre, notably the Oldham Rep.
3747:
2603:
2207:
Macro-economics concerns three policy goals that have been the pre-occupation of
2169:
Macro-economics concerns three policy goals that have been the pre-occupation of
2058:
The lead contains a strong forward-link: "three policy goals". This is necessary
1981:
445:
For example, "Although not the first scheme of its kind, it was the largest when
1340:
1236:—very close ideas; when combined, the resulting sentence should not be too long.
586:
It's not obvious what's modified by the relative clause between the parentheses.
276:
Did alarm bells ring as you read it? Here, the redundancies are struck through:
3794:
3787:
1211:
660:
along the same lines, in case you want to practise chopping up long sentences.
3892:
2304:—possible. There are variations on the spelt-out numbering system, among them:
2075:
Macro-economics concerns three policy goals that have been the pre-occupation
2023:
Macro-economics concerns three policy goals that have been the pre-occupation
1608:
This is the "marked" version of the previous example: the lead is followed by
3912:
2707:
item without checking the residual formatting. Here's the original sentence.
2599:
1310:
closely connected that we might consider joining them with a comma plus and:
697:. Causal relationships are usually obvious, so we'll deal with these first.
296:
influenced popular opinion and was feared by the conservative administration.
1874:
This list is still formatted as a single sentence, so each item starts with
1610:
a colon (a "drum roll") that firmly announces the list; the item boundaries
1242:
A link with a full-stop—less close ideas, neither of which should be stubby.
609:
led to the stronger federal government that was negotiated at the Convention
3034:
The Mayans widely believed that tobacco has magical powers, and used it in
3008:
At first glance, the reader is justified in asking: "Isn't the comic strip
2595:
2199:
Numbering is possible instead of bullets, but only if there's a reason for
1625:
This version is unusual for such a short, simple list—it might be regarded
1239:
A link with a semicolon—reasonably close ideas; length is not as important.
187:
168:
3707:. A free online dictionary resource, with a search box for looking up the
2964:
Alternative terms for herbal tea that avoid the misleading word "tea" are
2944:
Alternative terms for herbal tea that avoid the misleading word "tea" are
1888:
as a signal that the last item follows. However, a formally treated whole
1627:
as having a "choppy" effect. Use it if you want to emphasise the list, or
743:
Researchers have identified the three genes responsible for this disease,
638:
undermined by a single state's refusal to agree to an international treaty
1612:
are semicolons, which are stronger boundaries, but commas are acceptable
1539:
Minimal punctuation and the lack of new lines allow the weakest possible
666:
642:
led to the negotiation of a stronger federal government at the Convention
2065:
You could make each item a nominal group rather than a full grammatical
1617:
The grammar has been changed so that the lead could function as a stand-
235:
3739:
1747:
This example is even more "marked" because the numbered boundaries are
17:
2935:. Using "and" doesn't necessarily mean that all items in a list apply
2053:
Item (2) comprises two segments separated by a semicolon (which could
2051:
Here, the items are large enough to make each a stand-alone sentence.
366:
built-up areas of strip development", and "The scheme does not remove
2590:
2579:
colours—grey, dark-green, light-green and tan—for optimal camouflage.
2565:
colours—grey, dark-green, light-green and tan—for optimal camouflage.
2535:
biographies are on Graham Greene, Patrick White and Ernest Hemingway.
2344:—this is not as neat as two parentheses, and slightly harder to read.
2293:
Any of the above, enclosed in square brackets—possible, but uncommon.
1879:
Commas instead of semicolons are acceptable, unless there are commas
3775:. Find out what any acronym, abbreviation, or initialism stands for.
3699:. Advice from the Undergraduate Writing Center, University of Texas.
2761:
Their new technology produced all of the required sounds, including
2739:
Their new technology produced all of the required sounds, including
2556:, specify the number of items in the lead. For example, instead of:
2518:
biographies are on Graham Greene, Patrick White and Ernest Hemingway
2060:
because the full-stops don't push the reader forwards as do colons,
358:
seawater is salty", "The highway expands to four lanes as it passes
1758:
you want to distinctly separate the items for easier comprehension;
1635:
more complex—particularly if at least one item has internal commas
1270:
on close inspection, the shafts and tips of the feathers are black.
1266:(2) Most emu species have a grey-brown plumage of shaggy appearance
1255:
On close inspection, the shafts and tips of the feathers are black.
1251:(1) Most emu species have a grey-brown plumage of shaggy appearance
3876:
3179:
The syntactic indicators (including "concrete noun", "mass noun").
2233:
Full employment, which has the potential to reduce social problems
2192:
Full employment, which has the potential to reduce social problems
2086:
Price stability, in other words, low levels of inflation; this is
833:
But lengthen the sentence and a comma may make it easier to read:
3884:
3771:
3755:
3282:
the syntactic indicators, e.g., "concrete noun" and "mass noun".
2361:, and other highlighting of numbers/letters—this can look messy.
2217:
Economic growth, a key platform for moving people out of poverty
2178:
Economic growth, a key platform for moving people out of poverty
1881:
within the items. Some people prefer to leave each item hanging
378:
Words for which the meaning is already conveyed in another word.
3599:
Eye movement and memory in the sight reading of keyboard music
3235:
because it's short and this list is already long and complex).
2025:
of many economists and policy-makers for decades. The first is
787:
can mean "at the same time as". Take the following sentence:
3838:
Free online English lessons and ESL/EFL resources. Thanks to
3831:
3731:
1876:
a lower-case letter (unless it would normally be upper case).
64:
Copy-editing essentials, part of the Military History Academy
2855:
1351:
Controlling the strength of the boundaries between the items
1065:"central" expenditure is allocated to the state governments.
1043:"central" expenditure is allocated to the state governments.
886:
the nominator should first have called in good copy-editors.
3783:. Free online dictionaries, word games, thesaurus, and more
3723:
3703:
815:
as your causal connector unless the context disambiguates.
708:
There are two types of causal links: forward and backward.
91:
3118:
all points of view to ensure that they are neutral, (iii)
3072:
all points of view to ensure that they are neutral, (iii)
986:(usually too strong—an amplified version of "and"; if you
727:
is more at home in technical contexts. Here are examples:
179:
3763:
1764:
you want to emphasise the number of items in the list; or
1536:
This is a simple list: a short sentence with short items.
1321:
and Winona LaDuke was his vice-presidential running mate.
3795:
Russ Rowlett's online Dictionary of Units of Measurement
2837:
lobby for the tighter regulation of political donations;
2798:
lobby for the tighter regulation of political donations;
2452:
complete (which is usually the case), use terms such as
2088:
widely regarded as a prerequisite for a healthy economy
2030:
growth, a key platform for moving people out of poverty
1761:
you'll later need to refer back to the items by number;
1315:
In 1996 and 2000, he was the nominee of the Green Party
1295:
In 1996 and 2000, he was the nominee of the Green Party
243:
The rest of this article deals with specific problems.
3779:
1698:
Macro-economics concerns the three policy goals of (1)
1332:
in correcting sentences with poorly integrated ideas.
914:(avoid at the start of a sentence in formal registers)
253:
Redundancy exercises: removing fluff from your writing
2077:
of many economists and policy-makers for decades. (1)
1301:
Winona LaDuke was his vice-presidential running mate.
798:
she moved with her extended family to Mumbai in 1999.
3810:
newsroom on grammar, usage and style—a weekly column
3573:
THE REMAINDER OF THIS ARTICLE IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION.
3231:—we've chosen to replace these with the single term
3880:. An online dictionary for people learning English.
1517:Macro-economics concerns the three policy goals of
1484:Here are some of the common types of running list.
1335:
1034:is a particular problem on Knowledge. For example:
794:
Dr Gupta was unaware of the underlying complexities
747:
paving the way for the development of gene therapy.
732:
Knowledge needs to raise the standards of its prose
443:
Words that should be removed in favour of ellipsis.
209:
134:
backwards to force their minds to work differently.
3817:
3658:Chase WG and Simon HA (1973) Perception in chess,
3205:There appears to be no reason to number the items.
1899:TYPE 5 (colon plus semicolons, lined and numbered)
980:(usually too strong—an amplified version of "and")
3888:. A bit of a jungle, but perhaps worth exploring.
2351:—this can cause tension with sentence boundaries.
2094:which has the potential to reduce social problems
1890:sentence (with the "and" signal) may flow better.
1648:TYPE 3 (the addition of numbers to Models 1 or 2)
501:Ironically, flow is achieved by manipulating the
222:Locate the pre-improved version. Click that link.
3910:
1725:Macro-economics concerns three policy goals: (1)
1222:Additive relationships: how close are the ideas?
1157:Confusion between additive and contrastive links
807:she moved to Mumbai, or whether she was unaware
760:. Being longer, they're usually better avoided.
39:Exercises in weeding out fluff from article text
3378:(unless you really need to stress "insideness")
3025:Another problem arises when the categories are
2780:Relocate clause-initial repetitions to the lead
767:the second. The standard backward connector is
148:more than one section, or more than one article
2209:many economists and policy-makers for decades.
2171:many economists and policy-makers for decades.
2917:. "And" is the default for lists in English:
2789:To help strengthen the US democratic process:
1586:Macro-economics concerns three policy goals:
1380:within the paragraph (Types 1–3 and 6), or a
879:This FAC suffers from faulty prose throughout
628:. In particular, they saw federal control of
3097:) and two start with straight "-ing" verbs (
2825:To help strengthen the US democratic process
2469:positive integers and non-negative integers.
2042:full employment, which has the potential to
1932:Macro-economics concerns three policy goals:
1834:Macro-economics concerns three policy goals:
967:Usually avoid the following additive links:
723:. They're largely interchangeable, although
196:
3732:The American Heritage Book of English Usage
1614:where there are no commas within the items.
783:can refer to time down to the present, and
715:the second. Typical forward connectors are
3491:(scientists should get this ugly duckling
3147:The vector consists of several components:
1104:(and unnecessary repetition). Rewrite as:
676:Smoothly integrating ideas into a sentence
348:Vague terms of size, number and proportion
2575:The company's land-mines are produced in
2561:The company's land-mines are produced in
1462:is smoothly integrated into its paragraph
1202:She was raised in London and Manchester,
1171:She was raised in London and Manchester,
855:the surveys failed to reveal the problem.
246:
3835:: VERY USEFUL multiple-choice exercises.
2854:
2589:
2548:Rather than using a vague term, such as
2243:
2106:TYPE 7 (lined and bulletted or numbered)
1637:(where semicolons will avoid confusion).
1622:The "Oxford" punctuation is always used.
1339:
1210:
892:If you don't need a word, don't use it!
763:In a backward link, the first statement
665:
508:
288:low circulation numbers for its day, it
234:
186:
178:
3877:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
3249:The vector consists of four components:
1056:; it's better just to use a semicolon:
711:In a forward link, the first statement
14:
3911:
3788:The International System of Units (SI)
3686:
3620:
3305:
3122:the copyright of the images, and (iv)
3076:the copyright of the images, and (iv)
2257:Alternative systems of numbering lists
1767:the sequence of the items is at issue.
1091:There are 10 chapters in the protocol
24:User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a
3604:
3591:
3215:The language needs to be consistent (
2714:, and government revenues were waning
1799:TYPE 4 (colon plus semicolons, lined)
803:It's unclear whether she was unaware
541:You may wish to try your hand at our
425:abroad to protect women in a country.
3893:Oxford advanced learner's dictionary
3652:
3528:(unless "more than 50%" is intended)
2314:Firstly,... Secondly,... Thirdly,...
2080:Economic growth, a key platform for
990:use it, drop the "also" if possible)
3636:
3194:Let's specify the number of items (
3126:the material into logical sections.
3085:Two of the four items start with a
3080:the material into logical sections.
2483:positive and non-negative integers.
1401:
1290:This next example is satisfactory:
779:because, but they need extra care.
30:
2368:
2347:Number/letter plus dot and space:
1548:inserting a "serial" comma before
547:in manipulating paragraph length.
31:
3930:
3709:Compact Oxford English Dictionary
3674:
3054:Consistent grammar and formatting
3029:different, usually conceptually:
2319:Firstly,... Second,... Third,....
2301:first(ly), second(ly), third(ly),
486:
3642:Ross PE (2006) The expert mind,
2598:(1758–1843), the great American
2069:still finishes with a full-stop.
1629:where the individual items are:
1336:Improving your listing technique
1008:(ungainly and usually redundant)
824:The President lost the election
453:introduced to South Africa, and
210:Knowledge as a training resource
97:creating it in the first place.
3818:For second-language Wikipedians
3748:The Internet Grammar of English
2309:First,... Second,... Third,...;
1466:will not be obvious at a glance
1024:Two poorly used additives on WP
517:
264:the elimination of redundancy.
2701:); the writer has removed the
2201:doing this; here's an example.
838:The President won the election
477:You may wish to undertake the
219:Click the "Page history" link.
92:Attaining "strategic distance"
13:
1:
3905:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3691:
3684:
3681:All of these links are free.
3679:
3672:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3550:"cited in multiple articles")
3316:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3110:Preparing a FAC involves (i)
3064:Preparing a FAC involves (i)
1994:TYPE 6 (running and numbered)
1541:boundaries between the items.
1206:went on to live in Hong Kong.
1175:went on to live in Hong Kong.
1014:(tired and usually redundant)
1002:(tired and usually redundant)
996:(tired and usually redundant)
869:failed to reveal the problem.
115:Change the visual appearance.
34:Self-help writing tutorials:
3855:Guide to grammar and writing
2820:would be easier to read as:
2460:instead. Here's an example.
2269:Roman numerals, lower case:
2082:moving people out of poverty
1184:the first; it just provides
811:the move. It's safer to use
550:
128:Change your normal sequence.
7:
2340:Closing parenthesis alone:
2284:Roman letters, upper case:
2275:Roman letters, lower case:
2249:The model writing postcards
1559:TYPE 2 (colon + semicolons)
1113:the financing of terrorism.
777:—are often used instead of
10:
3935:
3114:the text many times, (ii)
3068:the text many times, (ii)
2299:English words plus comma:
1883:without final punctuation.
1132:Uncomfortable to read? It
535:short, "stubby" paragraphs
490:
480:series of graded exercises
250:
76:true for other languages.
44:Advanced editing exercises
3764:OneLook dictionary search
3198:), rather than the vague
1490:TYPE 1 (nothing + commas)
1452:and colouring the items.
1052:is a poor substitute for
933:nevertheless/nonetheless,
819:and thus needs no comma:
765:is caused by or led to by
624:The delegates identified
493:Exercises in textual flow
197:Longer-term self-training
144:Alternate your work-flow.
54:Build your linking skills
3898:User:The Duke of Waltham
3740:The Guardian style guide
3135:Show to see the hints.
2771:four-voice music samples
2749:four-voice music samples
1980:, and were changed to a
1755:the list is complicated;
1749:visually more intrusive.
1477:neater visual appearance
1326:You may wish to try our
1180:The second idea doesn't
1118:Here's another example:
758:for this/these reason(s)
752:Other forward links are
59:Using hyphens and dashes
3473:or another construction
2995:He was responsible for
1971:Multiple-sentence lists
1752:Numbers are useful if:
1306:However, the ideas are
1197:—will fix the problem:
860:could be changed into:
3842:for pointing me to it.
3780:Merriam-Webster Online
2862:
2724:Unnecessary repetition
2607:
2501:non-negative integers.
2252:
2062:semicolons and commas.
2044:reduce social problems
1345:
1216:
671:
514:
298:
280:While the journal had
274:
247:Eliminating redundancy
240:
193:
184:
73:
3861:this interactive quiz
3696:Eliminating Wordiness
3243:SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENT
2858:
2593:
2543:Vagueness in the lead
2247:
2226:for a healthy economy
2186:for a healthy economy
1982:multi-sentence format
1435:Single-sentence lists
1369:(Types 1–5 below) or
1343:
1215:Spelling at its worst
1214:
984:not only ... but also
925:(usually better than
669:
512:
278:
270:
238:
190:
182:
32:
3919:User essays on style
3660:Cognitive Psychology
3628:Cognitive Psychology
3612:Psychological Review
3556:due to the fact that
3120:the justification of
929:in formal registers)
769:because. Two others—
636:had frequently been
527:Over-long paragraphs
138:Read the text aloud.
3840:The Duke of Waltham
3687:For all Wikipedians
3644:Scientific American
3306:Misplaced formality
3124:the organisation of
3112:the copy-editing of
3095:the organisation of
3078:the organisation of
2756:can be reduced to:
2602:, textbook author,
2533:The most important
2516:The most important
1365:Will it comprise a
978:as well/as well as,
2863:
2608:
2400:in formal writing)
2253:
1371:multiple sentences
1346:
1217:
713:causes or leads to
672:
557:Chopping up snakes
515:
400:In those instances
241:
194:
185:
102:strategic distance
49:Spot the ambiguity
3847:The Owl at Purdue
3716:The Owl at Purdue
2985:Category problems
2612:Formatting errors
2604:spelling reformer
2436:most importantly,
2263:Arabic numerals:
2092:Full employment,
2034:price stability,
898:Contrastive links
258:Redundant wording
22:(Redirected from
3926:
3906:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3857:
3849:
3837:
3833:The English Page
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3756:World Wide Words
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3597:Souter T (2001)
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3496:
3495:of their system)
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2113:
2107:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2045:
2039:
2032:. The second is
2031:
2026:
2019:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1978:single sentences
1973:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1789:
1783:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1402:Basic categories
1373:(Types 6 and 7)?
1320:
1300:
1269:
1254:
1235:
1224:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1145:
1126:
1112:
1094:
1085:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
985:
979:
973:
963:
950:
940:
934:
928:
924:
919:
913:
900:
885:
868:
854:
841:
827:
814:
797:
789:
788:
786:
782:
776:
772:
759:
755:
746:
735:
726:
722:
718:
705:
678:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
610:
607:
604:
601:
559:
459:
451:
437:
419:
411:
402:
393:
385:
372:
364:
356:
342:
330:
322:
294:
286:
100:You can achieve
27:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3909:
3908:
3891:
3885:Your dictionary
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3830:
3820:
3806:Notes from the
3800:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3657:
3653:
3641:
3637:
3625:
3621:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3516:the majority of
3514:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3461:notwithstanding
3459:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3158:O, for example)
3157:
3152:
3146:
3141:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:the checking of
3115:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:the checking of
3090:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:the checking of
3069:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3018:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2972:herbal infusion
2968:
2955:
2952:herbal infusion
2948:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:and eventually
2766:
2762:
2752:
2748:
2747:and eventually
2744:
2740:
2730:Hanging hyphens
2722:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2689:This is wrong (
2685:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2610:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2427:among which are
2426:
2421:
2418:, for example,
2417:
2412:
2408:, in particular
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2369:Common problems
2348:
2341:
2335:Not recommended
2327:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2040:. The third is
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1953:full employment
1951:
1949:
1945:price stability
1943:
1941:
1937:economic growth
1935:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1862:full employment
1860:
1852:price stability
1850:
1842:economic growth
1840:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1748:
1743:
1738:full employment
1737:
1734:price stability
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1717:
1711:full employment
1710:
1707:price stability
1706:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1619:alone sentence.
1618:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1598:full employment
1597:
1594:price stability
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1529:full employment
1528:
1525:price stability
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1457:A running list
1440:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1367:single sentence
1338:
1322:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1252:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1110:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
983:
977:
971:
961:
946:
945:
939:in/by contrast,
938:
932:
926:
922:
917:
911:
896:
895:
891:
887:
880:
870:
866:
856:
852:
843:
839:
829:
825:
812:
799:
795:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
768:
757:
753:
748:
744:
737:
733:
724:
720:
716:
701:
700:
674:
663:
654:We've prepared
646:
641:
637:
634:foreign policy
633:
629:
625:
613:
608:
605:
602:
599:
572:
555:
553:
520:
495:
489:
455:
447:
433:
415:
407:
398:
389:
381:
368:
360:
352:
338:
334:The Kroonland's
326:
318:
290:
282:
255:
249:
212:
199:
94:
29:
28:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
3932:
3922:
3921:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3851:
3843:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3808:New York Times
3803:After Deadline
3798:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:Acronym Finder
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3685:
3676:
3675:External links
3673:
3668:
3667:
3651:
3635:
3619:
3603:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3552:
3530:
3512:
3497:
3475:
3457:
3442:
3427:
3380:
3362:
3347:
3332:
3307:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3144:
3143:
3129:
3128:
3109:
3087:nominalisation
3083:
3082:
3063:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3006:
3005:
2994:
2977:
2976:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2943:
2868:"And" and "or"
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2776:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2738:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2653:
2633:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2520:, among others
2514:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2431:among them ...
2424:
2415:
2410:
2404:, particularly
2401:
2396:(preferred to
2391:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2352:
2345:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2271:(i) (ii) (iii)
2267:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2181:
2159:
2102:
2101:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2013:
1990:
1989:
1964:
1963:
1923:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1796:
1795:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1688:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1577:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1508:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1456:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:"running" list
1374:
1337:
1334:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
981:
975:
965:
964:
948:Additive links
943:
942:
941:(very pointed)
936:
930:
920:
915:
889:
888:
878:
872:
871:
864:
858:
857:
851:
845:
844:
837:
831:
830:
823:
801:
800:
793:
750:
749:
742:
739:
738:
731:
648:
647:
632:; until then,
622:
615:
614:
597:
588:
587:
584:
581:
574:
573:
567:
552:
549:
519:
516:
488:
487:Achieving flow
485:
475:
474:
440:
426:
380:For example, "
375:
345:
314:Temporal terms
311:
308:Additive terms
248:
245:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
211:
208:
198:
195:
173:
172:
166:
152:
151:
141:
135:
125:
122:Take time out.
119:
93:
90:
78:External links
67:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3931:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:Better Editor
3721:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3301:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3088:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3003:in Megatokyo.
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2600:lexicographer
2597:
2594:The house of
2592:
2588:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2544:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:If your list
2491:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:—less common.
2283:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2098:
2097:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2018:
2011:
1998:LEAD. First,
1995:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1928:
1921:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1693:
1686:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1582:
1575:
1547:
1544:We recommend
1543:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1513:
1506:
1485:
1471:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1442:Running lists
1438:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:What kind of
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:Will it be a
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1183:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:Far too much
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1010:
1006:additionally,
1004:
998:
992:
989:
982:
976:
970:
969:
968:
960:
959:
958:
956:
951:
949:
937:
935:(less common)
931:
921:
916:
910:
909:
908:
906:
901:
899:
893:
884:
877:
876:
875:
863:
862:
861:
850:
849:
848:
836:
835:
834:
822:
821:
820:
816:
810:
806:
792:
791:
790:
766:
761:
741:
740:
730:
729:
728:
714:
709:
706:
704:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
677:
668:
664:
661:
659:
658:
652:
645:
621:
620:
619:
612:
596:
595:
594:
591:
585:
582:
579:
578:
577:
571:
566:
565:
564:
560:
558:
548:
546:
545:
539:
536:
531:
528:
524:
511:
507:
504:
499:
494:
484:
482:
481:
472:
468:
465:; both words
464:
460:
458:
452:
450:
444:
441:
438:
436:
430:
427:
424:
420:
418:
412:
410:
403:
401:
394:
392:
384:
379:
376:
373:
371:
365:
363:
357:
355:
349:
346:
343:
341:
340:was completed
335:
331:
329:
323:
321:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
304:
301:
297:
295:
293:
287:
285:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
254:
244:
237:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
216:
207:
203:
189:
181:
177:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
149:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
103:
98:
89:
87:
81:
79:
72:
71:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
40:
37:
36:
35:
25:
19:
3904:
3869:HyperGrammar
3832:
3823:
3807:
3802:
3708:
3680:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3523:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3468:
3465:(yuck) —>
3460:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3392:in order for
3391:
3383:
3373:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3299:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3256:
3248:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3099:copy-editing
3084:
3066:copy-editing
3058:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3009:
3007:
2997:the contents
2989:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2851:
2822:
2818:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2755:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2596:Noah Webster
2586:
2583:
2569:
2563:a variety of
2547:
2542:
2539:
2526:
2507:
2505:
2487:
2473:
2449:
2446:
2413:, especially
2379:
2375:Subset terms
2374:
2372:
2358:
2354:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2206:
2204:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2137:
2132:
2104:
2103:
2073:
2072:
2021:
2016:
2014:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1897:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1742:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1646:
1603:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1557:
1545:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1488:
1483:
1473:greater flow
1469:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1382:"lined" list
1381:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1274:
1259:
1245:
1232:A link with
1226:
1221:
1218:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1133:
1131:
1117:
1101:
1099:
1082:
1080:
1069:
1047:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1012:in addition,
1000:furthermore,
987:
966:
954:
953:The typical
952:
947:
944:
904:
902:
897:
894:
890:
882:
873:
865:The surveys
859:
846:
832:
828:he's a fool.
817:
808:
804:
802:
764:
762:
751:
734:; therefore,
712:
710:
707:
703:Causal links
702:
699:
694:
690:
686:
684:
680:
675:
673:
662:
656:
653:
649:
623:
616:
598:
592:
589:
575:
568:
561:
556:
554:
543:
540:
534:
532:
526:
525:
521:
518:Paragraphing
502:
500:
496:
479:
476:
470:
466:
456:
454:
448:
446:
442:
434:
432:
428:
422:
416:
414:
409:subsequently
408:
406:
399:
397:
390:
388:
382:
377:
369:
367:
361:
359:
353:
351:
347:
339:
337:
336:fitting out
333:
327:
325:
319:
317:
313:
307:
302:
299:
291:
289:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
261:
256:
242:
213:
204:
200:
174:
169:automaticity
157:
153:
147:
143:
137:
131:
127:
121:
114:
107:Show preview
106:
101:
99:
95:
82:
74:
68:
33:
3384:in order to
3217:for example
3048:sentences.
3036:divinations
3001:comic strip
2959:should be:
2745:three-voice
2606:and editor.
2458:consists of
2359:italicising
2286:(A) (B) (C)
2277:(a) (b) (c)
2265:(1) (2) (3)
1781:Lined lists
1137:semicolon:
974:(ambiguous)
907:links are:
905:contrastive
754:accordingly
691:contrastive
533:Similarly,
491:Main page:
251:Main page:
3704:Ask Oxford
3583:References
3103:justifying
3074:justifying
2495:are either
2329:Formatting
2002:. Second,
1736:; and (3)
1709:, and (3)
1681:; and (3)
1661:, and (3)
1632:longer; or
1550:the "and".
1389:boundaries
1186:additional
1182:contradict
883:therefore,
467:hover over
284:relatively
18:User:Tony1
3446:thereupon
3439:until now
3229:including
3040:talismans
2828:, you can
2741:two-voice
2570:make it:
2497:positive
2454:comprises
2441:..., etc.
2394:, such as
2389:including
2028:economic
2006:. Third,
1728:economic
1701:economic
1672:LEAD: (1)
1588:economic
1519:economic
1329:exercises
1111:discusses
994:moreover,
957:link is:
840:, because
717:therefore
657:exercises
551:Sentences
435:resulting
328:currently
3913:Category
3633::293–323
3534:multiple
3501:prior to
3431:hitherto
2481:comprise
2385:includes
2349:1. 2. 3.
2342:1) 2) 3)
2163:EXAMPLES
2017:EXAMPLES
1652:LEAD (1)
955:additive
923:although
918:however,
903:Typical
687:additive
544:exercise
463:ellipsis
417:who come
163:chunking
86:talkpage
3564:because
3479:utilise
3469:despite
3336:amongst
3221:such as
3200:several
2811:you can
2803:you can
2795:you can
2554:various
2550:several
2467:include
2355:Bolding
2038:economy
1927:EXAMPLE
1829:EXAMPLE
1802:LEAD:
1692:EXAMPLE
1581:EXAMPLE
1512:EXAMPLE
826:because
813:because
805:because
640:. This
391:its own
262:demands
3649::46–53
3647:295(2)
3617::81–97
3560:—>
3509:before
3366:within
3321:whilst
2966:tisane
2946:tisane
2894:EITHER
2892:means
2767:three-
2090:. (3)
2084:. (2)
1732:; (2)
1730:growth
1705:, (2)
1703:growth
1677:; (2)
1657:, (2)
1596:; and
1590:growth
1570:; and
1562:LEAD:
1546:always
1527:, and
1521:growth
1501:, and
1464:, and
1276:food:
1134:should
1050:while
927:though
809:during
695:causal
503:breaks
449:it was
320:future
3665::5–18
3538:—>
3520:—>
3505:—>
3483:—>
3450:—>
3435:—>
3425:to" )
3398:just
3396:—>
3370:—>
3355:—>
3344:among
3340:—>
3329:while
3325:—>
3233:e.g.,
3212:item.
3188:HINTS
2422:e.g.,
2138:LEAD.
2110:LEAD.
1948:; and
1914:; and
1902:LEAD:
1855:; and
1815:; and
1493:LEAD
1193:link—
1041:while
1031:While
972:while
853:Thus,
781:Since
771:since
292:still
192:text.
132:words
16:<
3542:many
3524:most
3454:then
3415:very
3351:upon
3227:and
3196:four
3101:and
3093:and
3038:and
3010:part
2999:and
2929:and
2763:two-
2672:and
2646:and
2626:and
2577:four
2429:and
2406:and
2398:like
2387:and
2231:(3)
2222:(2)
2215:(1)
2152:(3)
2146:(2)
2140:(1)
1950:(3)
1942:(2)
1934:(1)
1916:(3)
1910:(2)
1904:(1)
1475:and
1423:and
1409:LEAD
1125:with
1093:with
1083:With
988:must
867:thus
796:, as
773:and
756:and
745:thus
725:thus
721:thus
719:and
423:from
383:Born
362:some
70:edit
3548:not
3493:out
3487:use
3423:not
3419:not
3409:for
3405:and
3388:and
3225:etc
3027:too
2969:and
2937:all
2886:or
2552:or
2456:or
2420:or
1234:and
1204:and
1195:and
1190:But
1173:but
1164:but
1102:ing
1054:and
962:and
912:but
693:or
471:not
370:any
354:All
88:.
3915::
3615:63
3401:to
3374:in
3359:on
3261:O;
3223:,
3219:,
2974:.
2954:.
2949:or
2923:,
2910:OR
2902:OR
2880:,
2765:,
2743:,
2695:,
2666:,
2660:,
2640:,
2508:is
2499:or
2450:is
2357:,
2156:.
2134:OR
2010:.
1920:.
1740:.
1719:OR
1685:.
1668:OR
1592:;
1574:.
1566:;
1523:,
1505:.
1497:,
1417:,
1308:so
1166:.
881:;
785:as
775:as
689:,
457:it
3900:)
3663:4
3631:6
3413:(
3259:2
3202:.
3156:2
3089:(
3042:.
2932:C
2926:B
2920:A
2914:C
2906:B
2898:A
2889:C
2883:B
2877:A
2831::
2773:.
2751:.
2716:.
2704:C
2698:B
2692:A
2678:.
2675:D
2669:C
2663:B
2657:A
2652:.
2649:C
2643:B
2637:A
2632:.
2629:B
2623:A
2522:.
2235:.
2228:.
2219:.
2194:.
2188:.
2180:.
2154:C
2150:.
2148:B
2144:.
2142:A
2129:.
2127:C
2125:*
2123:.
2121:B
2119:*
2117:.
2115:A
2112:*
2096:.
2046:.
2008:C
2004:B
2000:A
1956:.
1940:;
1918:C
1912:B
1908:;
1906:A
1865:.
1845:;
1821:.
1819:C
1813:B
1809:;
1807:A
1713:.
1683:C
1679:B
1675:A
1665:.
1663:C
1659:B
1655:A
1600:.
1572:C
1568:B
1564:A
1531:.
1503:C
1499:B
1495:A
1479:.
1470:/
1459:/
1450:/
1426:C
1420:B
1414:A
1407:"
1318:,
1298:;
1268:;
1253:.
1144:;
1063:;
644:.
611:.
396:"
26:)
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