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In linguistic text, ambiguity is the possibility of two quite different meanings with exactly the same wording. Identifying and correcting ambiguity can sharpen your writing and copy-editing skills. Ambiguity occurs in all languages, but
English is particularly prone. Unlike other Germanic languages,
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The impact on the world economy of new and rapid networks of transport and communications at the end of the 19th century was at least as dramatic as the transformation wrought by the
Internet and the deregulation and liberalization of financial markets a century later.
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The exercises below are meant to be entertaining. Often the task is a puzzle, and some of the unintended meanings can be amusing. To make it more challenging, ambiguous sentences are mixed randomly with some that are unambiguous: it would be too easy if you knew that
178:. It's simple, free, confidential, and takes about five minutes. Share your knowledge with the world, and contribute only the amount of time you choose. (Of course, you're still welcome to do the exercises without registering.)
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Does "turning to" mean "turning into" or "resorting to"? Beer drinkers could be morphing into talcum powder or they could be changing their preferred drug from alcohol to cocaine. Another example from Burton-Roberts's
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example was ambiguous. Some that are ambiguous would be perfectly fine in a larger context, and some wouldn't; but here, you're asked to consider the examples in isolation. This is a laboratory situation, if you like.
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Wrong. This is a problem that
English is particularly prone to, because it's lost most of the tags that show how the components of a sentence relate to each other. There are three possible meanings; try to think of
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much of its morphological grammar was stripped away more than a thousand years ago; so the way modern
English phrases and clauses relate to each other is complicated, and many words can function in several ways.
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Right. Did the government learn the lessons together with the people (and now wants to share those lessons with unstated entities)? Or did the government learn the lessons and now wants to share them with the
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Desha argued that a large standing army provided the advocates of a larger federal government with an excuse to increase taxes, and proposed that the standing army consist of only 6,000 men.
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Meaning 2: The current laws are designed to prevent media companies from gaining dominance in any one capital city, which those companies could do by limiting their ownership of television.
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More surprisingly to
Halperin, some gay commentators were extremely critical, seeing in his course descriptions a reversal of blatant stereotypes that excluded many homosexual men.
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is the problem. Are the dogs barking while they stand at the entrance (the verb is "bark"), or are they looking at the entrance and barking at it (the phrasal verb is "bark at")?
1427:"as"? "As" is a badly engineered word in English, often best substituted by "since" or "because" where the meaning is causal. I'm still unsure whether it means (i) protecting
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Hawking's unimpressive study habits resulted in a final examination score on the borderline between first- and second-class honours, making an oral examination necessary.
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The flagship event takes place in Delhi, where the prime minister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts.
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In technical terms, is "shared" adjectival (what kind of views? shared views); or is it verbal (a doing expression: they've already shared those views in a discussion)?
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Correct. Without a comma after "(1824–96)", there's a tugging towards the meaning that it was the only documentary on the composer that
Fischer filmed in the 1970s.
1391:, 29–30 September 2012). The wickedest thing Altman says, by the way, is: "More interesting than the book is that published by Harvard University Press ..."!
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Meaning 1: By limiting media companies' ownership of television, the current laws are designed to prevent them from gaining dominance in any one capital city.
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Correct. How to reword? One way is to make the subject not "good will toward the project" (with "good will" as the head), but "the project". Maybe this?
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Ambiguity may be removed by changing the word order, the grammar, or the punctuation, or by substituting a word that is unambiguous in the context.
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The current laws are designed to prevent media companies from gaining dominance in any one capital city by limiting their ownership of television.
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Please consider the satisfaction you might gain from joining the global effort to build the largest repository of knowledge in human history, by
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It is one of a group of closely related animals that are descended from a common ancestral line of toads and which form a species complex.
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Is she spinning clockwise or anti-clockwise? To switch, try following the shadow for a while instead; then look up to the raised leg itself.
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We enable code contributions from community and staff while protecting the quality and security of MediaWiki as it supports our projects.
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Correct. Do they survive by living on (that is, by drinking) water, or do the dwellings they live in float on water rather being on land?
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or "This is the only documentary on the famous composer Anton
Bruckner (1824–96), which was filmed in the 1970s by Hans Conrad Fischer."
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comes in visual as well as linguistic forms: the duck–rabbit illusion is a good example (the duck faces left, the rabbit faces right).
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Whether and how you rephrase this depends on the context. The example comes from a promotional page for Noel Burton-Roberts's book
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So, "This is the only documentary on the famous composer Anton
Bruckner (1824–96), filmed in the 1970s by Hans Conrad Fischer,"
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System 2 in
Kahneman’s scheme is our slow, deliberate, analytical, and consciously effortful mode of reasoning about the world.
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This is the only documentary ever on the famous composer Anton
Bruckner (1824–96) filmed in the 1970s by Hans Conrad Fischer.
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Correct. Was it the course descriptions or the blatant stereotypes that excluded many homosexual men? I'm still unsure.
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Correct. Was the undertaking to maximise free speech by minimising racial-hatred protections; or did the government
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The government retreated from its undertaking to maximise free speech by minimising racial-hatred protections.
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Yes. There are three possible meanings; try to identify them in your mind before clicking on "Extra" below.
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1512:“and the project – a remarkable feat of altruism – could hardly be enjoying higher levels of good will”
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MediaWiki supports our projects. I've pointed this out, but the Wikimedia Foundation still hadn't fixed
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Meaning 1: In that video she spoke about the idea of information patterns that can't physically exist.
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Instructions: Decide whether this is ambiguous or not; then click on your decision. (If you think it
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tasty meals"). There can be grammatical ambiguity, beyond the scope of individual words: "we asked
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or if you like: The nearby Epsilon Aurigae is an eclipsing binary with an unusually long period.
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The scenes in which Mulder infiltrates the facility were shot at a real United States airbase.
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ambiguous, try to identify the two meanings in your mind, and then click open the box labelled
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Correct. Does "someone" mean a particular person in Sacramento, or any person in Sacramento?
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She spoke about the idea of information patterns that can't physically exist in that video.
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The ambiguous phrase is adapted from an option descriptor in WP's editor preferences page (
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Meaning 1: Critical attention has focused on patterns of media consumption and engagement
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One of his fellow judges, Sir Robin Dunn, described him as the worst judge since the war.
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No, there's uncertainty about "ever" and how it relates to the last part of the sentence.
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Critical attention has focused on changing patterns of media consumption and engagement.
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Meaning 1: Nearby is Epsilon Aurigae, an eclipsing binary with an unusually long period.
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Some of the examples in the lead are adapted from a book by Noel Burton-Roberts, from a
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English does have unfortunate engineering faults, such as the idiomatic ambiguity in "I
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Meaning 2: Account for the number of dinner guests when judging how much lamb to cook.
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1348:, New York, Penguin, 2005, p. 793. Sadly, Judt died in 2010 at the age of only 61.
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Take the ornament off the chair that is by the door and put it in the living room.
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Take the ornament that is on the chair and put it by the door in the living room.
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ambiguous, first think through what the alternative meanings are.) Then click on
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the cup she had chipped"). Hyphens (and en dashes) can make a difference ("a sen
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Correct. Is Epsilon Aurigae nearby something else, just mentioned previously?
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Nearby Epsilon Aurigae is an eclipsing binary with an unusually long period.
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If you think there's no possible double meaning, click on the box labelled
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For each exercise, we ask you to decide whether the sentence is ambiguous.
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Meaning 2: This function will add any pages you move to your watchlist.
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The same word, for example, can often serve as a noun or a verb ("Union
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Meaning 1: This function will add to your watchlist any pages you move.
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Put the ornament onto the chair that is by the door in the living room.
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the information patterns that can't physically exist within that video
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The government is ready to share the lessons learned with the people.
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Epsilon Aurigae is an eclipsing binary with an unusually long period.
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Correct. Who's doing the limiting? The laws or the media companies?
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Wrong. This is contextual ambiguity, surrounding the word "include".
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Everyone in San Francisco is thinking about someone in Sacramento.
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Uh-oh. Which two things could be "a remarkable feat of altruism"?
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The difference is whether the verbal item is "add" or "add to".
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d President Obama", referring to four rather than two people).
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from that undertaking by minimising racial-hatred protections?
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Put the ornament on the chair by the door in the living room.
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Copy-editing essentials, part of the Military History Academy
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Meaning 1: They have shared their views on the euro crisis.
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Correct. Was it found next to the hotel (on the passageway
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A white vase, or two silhouette profiles facing each other?
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Wrong, I'm afraid. The nub of the ambiguity is "changing".
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Try thinking it through again; then click on the next box.
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Try thinking it through again; then click on the next box.
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Try thinking it through again; then click on the next box.
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Try thinking it through again; then click on the next box.
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ambiguous. The crux of the problem lies in the word "by".
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This function will add pages you move to your watchlist.
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Wrong. How does "learned" fit into the sentence, exactly?
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Include the dinner guests when preparing the roast lamb.
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Feedback on how to improve these exercises is welcome on
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ass teacher" is a class teacher who is senior, but "a sen
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It's the only ambiguity in Andrew Lih's excellent piece
69:"), and many words have multiple meanings ("prostitutes
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Meaning 2: They share the same view on the euro crisis.
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Analysing sentences: an introduction to English syntax
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Analysing sentences: an introduction to English syntax
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MediaWiki supports our projects, or (ii) protecting
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Meaning 3: Put the guests in the oven with the lamb.
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Meaning 1: Ask the guests to help with the cooking.
1340:Nope, it's quite clear. This quotation comes from
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408:Some of Bangkok's poorest people live on water.
207:Exercises in weeding out fluff from article text
172:Visitors—why not register as a Knowledge editor?
296:at the right of whichever decision you've made.
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1022:Meaning 2: Critical attention has focused on
425:ambiguous. The ambiguity lies in "live on":
555:ambiguous. The ambiguity lies in "shared".
538:They have shared views on the euro crisis.
380:of Daniel Kahneman's transformative work,
1383:'s review of David M Halperin's new book
284:The missing iPod was found by the hotel.
146:ass teacher" teaches a senior class; see
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1346:Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945
1187:Meaning 2: She spoke about the idea of
773:Sorry, the sentence is perfectly clear.
736:Sorry, the sentence is perfectly clear.
396:Sorry, the sentence is perfectly clear.
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906:Here are the three possible meanings:
1439:at the time of writing this exercise.
1076:Beer drinkers are turning to powder.
63:increased unemployment", "we saw her
1565:Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1558:About.com on grammar and composition
1366:Wrong! What was doing the excluding?
1169:Wrong! Did she appear in that video?
1217:Wrong! Cross-matching is the issue.
1130:Please proceed to the next example.
1057:Please proceed to the next example.
763:Please proceed to the next example.
726:Please proceed to the next example.
516:Please proceed to the next example.
386:Please proceed to the next example.
195:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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193:-affiliated website, and from the
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1461:ambiguous. The fork lies in "by".
699:, 3rd ed., Pearson Longman, 2010.
428:Some of Bangkok's poorest people
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608:Wrong: the problem is "Nearby".
1568:(particularly sections 3 and 4)
1409:Well, the problem word is "as".
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641:Meaning 2: Epsilon Aurigae is
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1140:Sorry, the sentence is clear.
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661:The dogs barked at the gate.
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202:Self-help writing tutorials:
128:drug-dealing"; "she secretly
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676:Think again and click below.
674:Wrong: the problem is "at".
618:Think again and click below.
347:can mean location or agency.
339:the hotel), or was it found
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176:becoming a registered editor
75:to the pope", "the children
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526:Nope: it's perfectly clear!
372:True. This is adapted from
317:The missing iPod was found
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343:an employee of the hotel?
212:Advanced editing exercises
222:Build your linking skills
227:Using hyphens and dashes
1516:"Can Knowledge Survive"
382:Thinking, Fast and Slow
101:); and "The chicken is
1533:Constructive ambiguity
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1385:How To Be Gay
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1084:Not ambiguous
1080:
1077:
1056:
1050:Not ambiguous
1046:
1043:
1035:
1026:
1025:how to change
1021:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
994:Not ambiguous
990:
987:
979:
973:
969:
963:
960:
959:
958:
945:
938:Not ambiguous
934:
931:
923:
915:
912:
909:
908:
907:
880:Not ambiguous
876:
873:
860:
840:Not ambiguous
836:
833:
825:
817:
814:
811:
810:
809:
793:Not ambiguous
789:
786:
778:
762:
756:Not ambiguous
752:
749:
741:
725:
719:Not ambiguous
715:
712:
704:
698:
694:
691:
675:
669:Not ambiguous
665:
662:
654:
645:
640:
639:
638:
632:
631:
630:
617:
614:
609:
603:Not ambiguous
599:
596:
583:
574:
571:
570:
569:
556:
554:
546:Not ambiguous
542:
539:
531:
515:
509:Not ambiguous
505:
502:
494:
488:
485:
472:
466:Not ambiguous
462:
459:
451:
435:
432:
426:
424:
416:Not ambiguous
412:
409:
401:
385:
383:
379:
377:
367:Not ambiguous
363:
360:
352:
346:
342:
338:
324:
321:
315:
313:
305:Not ambiguous
301:
298:
295:
291:
285:
272:
266:
262:
258:
255:
254:Not ambiguous
251:
248:
247:
240:
239:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
199:
196:
192:
186:
184:
183:the talk page
179:
177:
173:
169:
166:
160:
157:
154:
149:
144:
138:
132:
126:
120:
114:
108:
105:
100:
96:
91:
85:
79:
73:
67:
61:
55:
47:
39:
32:
28:
19:
1564:
1555:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1488:
1472:
1458:
1447:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1399:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1356:
1345:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1295:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1207:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1179:
1159:
1156:
1143:
1127:
1117:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1078:
1075:
1054:
1044:
1041:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1008:
988:
985:
977:
971:
967:
956:
943:
932:
929:
921:
905:
874:
871:
858:
834:
831:
823:
807:
787:
784:
776:
760:
750:
747:
739:
723:
713:
710:
702:
696:
689:
686:
673:
663:
660:
652:
643:
636:
628:
612:
610:
607:
597:
594:
581:
567:
552:
550:
540:
537:
529:
513:
503:
500:
492:
486:
483:
470:
460:
457:
449:
430:
427:
422:
420:
410:
407:
399:
381:
375:
371:
361:
358:
350:
344:
340:
336:
319:
316:
311:
309:
299:
293:
289:
286:
283:
270:
264:
260:
253:
244:Instructions
236:
216:
201:
194:
190:
187:
180:
171:
170:
164:
161:
158:
152:
142:
136:
130:
124:
118:
112:
109:
104:ready to eat
103:
98:
94:
89:
83:
77:
71:
65:
59:
56:
52:
1251:You got it.
378:book review
323:the hotel.
1423:"as" or a
1148:Fourth set
957:Correct.
946:ambiguous.
942:Wrong: it
586:Second set
310:Sorry, it
148:MOS:HYPHEN
119:too highly
18:User:Tony1
1504:Ambiguous
1480:Fifth set
1467:Ambiguous
1415:Ambiguous
1372:Ambiguous
1342:Tony Judt
1336:Ambiguous
1291:Ambiguous
1257:Ambiguous
1223:Ambiguous
1180:Correct.
1175:Ambiguous
1136:Ambiguous
1094:Ambiguous
1063:Ambiguous
1004:Ambiguous
972:Watchlist
952:Ambiguous
891:Ambiguous
863:Third set
850:Ambiguous
803:Ambiguous
769:Ambiguous
732:Ambiguous
682:Ambiguous
624:Ambiguous
563:Ambiguous
522:Ambiguous
479:Ambiguous
442:Ambiguous
392:Ambiguous
331:Ambiguous
275:First set
265:Ambiguous
31:Ambiguity
1576:Category
1527:See also
1009:Right.
384:(2012).
131:replaced
125:sanction
87:old Joe
1473:retreat
1433:because
1421:because
1128:True.
1055:True.
855:people?
761:True.
724:True.
551:No, it
434:water.
431:live on
421:No, it
60:demands
1285:Wrong!
1088:Wrong!
808:Yup.
644:nearby
613:Nearby
143:ior-cl
137:ior cl
72:appeal
1429:while
1425:while
974:tab).
901:Extra
885:each.
687:Yes.
165:every
153:or an
113:can't
16:<
1563:The
1330:True
294:show
238:edit
78:made
66:duck
1518:in
1457:It
191:NYT
97:or
93:" (
90:was
84:how
1578::
1485:AA
1459:is
944:is
690:At
553:is
423:is
374:a
345:By
341:by
337:by
320:by
312:is
290:is
261:is
185:.
1444:Z
1396:Y
1387:(
1353:X
1313:W
1269:V
1235:U
1201:T
1191:.
1153:S
1111:R
1103:.
1072:Q
1038:P
1019:.
982:O
926:N
868:M
828:L
781:K
744:J
707:I
657:H
591:G
534:F
497:E
454:D
404:C
355:B
280:A
267:.
256:.
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