7069:(though Van Til himself felt "transcendental" would be a more accurate title). The main distinction between this approach and the more classical evidentialist approach is that the presuppositionalist denies any common ground between the believer and the non-believer, except that which the non-believer denies, namely, the assumption of the truth of the theistic worldview. In other words, presuppositionalists do not believe that the existence of God can be proven by appeal to raw, uninterpreted, or "brute" facts, which have the same (theoretical) meaning to people with fundamentally different worldviews, because they deny that such a condition is even possible. They claim that the only possible proof for the existence of God is that the very same belief is the necessary condition to the intelligibility of all other human experience and action. They attempt to prove the existence of God by means of appeal to the
1208:
201:
7038:, affirms that God's existence "can be known with certainty from the created world by the natural light of human reason". In Christian faith, theologians and philosophers make a distinction between: (a) preambles of faith and (b) articles of faith. The preambles include alleged truths contained in revelation which are nevertheless demonstrable by reason, e.g., the immortality of the soul, the existence of God. The articles of faith, on the other hand, contain truths that cannot be proven or reached by reason alone and presuppose the truths of the preambles, e.g., the Holy Trinity, is not demonstrable and presupposes the existence of God.
155:
1183:
1032:
640:
753:
6978:
939:
5297:
argument. First, the people who have these experiences not only do not exhibit traditional signs of mental illness but, often, are in better mental and physical health than the general population due to the experience. Second, the experiences work. In other words, they provide a framework for navigating life that is useful and effective. All of the evidence of the positive effect's of the experience upon people's lives he, adapting a term from Derida, terms "The Trace of God": the footprints left behind that point to the impact
1130:
5904:, states that one of the proofs of the existence of God is karma; it is seen that some people in this world are happy, some are in misery. Some are rich and some are poor. The Naiyanikas explain this by the concept of karma and reincarnation. The fruit of an individual's actions does not always lie within the reach of the individual who is the agent; there ought to be, therefore, a dispenser of the fruits of actions, and this supreme dispenser is God. This belief of Nyaya, accordingly, is the same as that of
617:
5893:
supreme Being who knows the merits and demerits which persons have earned by their actions, and who functions as an instrumental cause in helping individuals reap their appropriate fruits. Thus, God affects the person's environment, even to its atoms, and for those souls who reincarnate, produces the appropriate rebirth body, all in order that the person might have the karmically appropriate experiences. Thus, there must be a theistic administrator or supervisor for karma, i.e., God.
1382:
900:
1017:
103:
6966:
576:
14596:
12501:
6420:
14629:
2093:
12491:
11031:
10651:
6432:
878:
355:
228:
845:
1411:
1232:
526:
177:
716:
812:
666:
324:
690:
915:
999:
6444:
1057:
552:
785:
8529:"Based on our real life experiences we clearly know that it was God, the Supreme Soul, Shiva, Himself, had entered into his body. It was God who had revealed the truth about the coming destruction, and of the establishment of the heavenly world which would then follow. And it was God Himself who had given the sign that he, Dada, was to be His medium and the engine for creating such a divine world."
1259:
14641:
14583:
6726:âor has allotted the same freedom to his creationsâby arguing that the two properties are contradictory. According to the argument, if God already knows the future, then humanity is destined to corroborate with his knowledge of the future and not have true free will to deviate from it. Therefore our free will contradicts an omniscient god. Another argument attacks the existence of an
5822:, says: "Deum ... naturali rationis lumine per ea quae facta sunt, hoc est per visibilia creationis opera, tanquam causam per effectus certo cognosci adeoque demostrari etiam posse, profiteor." ("I declare that by the natural light of reason, God can be certainly known and therefore his existence demonstrated through the things that are made, i.e., through the visible works of
1157:
486:
415:
6932:, commenting on Karika 57, argues that a perfect God can have no need to create a world, and if God's motive is kindness, Samkhya questions whether it is reasonable to call into existence beings who while non-existent had no suffering. Samkhya postulates that a benevolent deity ought to create only happy creatures, not an imperfect world like the real world.
7355:
evidence. If he go farther, and, after an investigation into the nature and reach of human knowledge, ending in the conclusion that the existence of God is incapable of proof, cease to believe in it on the ground that he cannot know it to be true, he is an agnostic and also an atheist, an agnostic-atheistâan atheist because an agnostic."
1283:
6669:. The argument from design claims that a complex or ordered structure must be designed. However, a god that is responsible for the creation of a universe would be at least as complicated as the universe that it creates. Therefore, it too must require a designer. And its designer would require a designer also,
6833:'s "Human Action". He referred to it as the "praxeological argument" and claimed that a perfect being would have long ago satisfied all its wants and desires and would no longer be able to take action in the present without proving that it had been unable to achieve its wants fasterâshowing it imperfect.
7154:
argues that believers should not attempt to prove the existence of God. Since he believes all such proofs are fundamentally unsound, believers should not place their confidence in them, much less resort to them in discussions with non-believers; rather, they should accept the content of revelation by
7041:
The argument that the existence of God can be known to all, even prior to exposure to any divine revelation, predates
Christianity. St. Paul made this argument when he said that pagans were without excuse because "since the creation of the world invisible nature, namely, his eternal power and deity,
5300:
Finally, he discusses how both religious experience and belief in God is, and has always been, normative among humans: people do not need to prove the existence of God. If there is no need to prove, Hinman argues, and the Trace of God (for instance, the impact of mystical experiences on them), belief
5296:
Hinman uses a wide range of studies, including ones by Robert
Wuthnow, Andrew Greeley, Mathes and Kathleen Nobel to establish that mystical experiences are life-transformative in a way that is significant, positive and lasting. He draws on additional work to add several additional major points to his
4691:
position that the question of the existence of God (per that definition) is meaningless. In this case, the concept of God is not considered meaningless; the term "God" is considered meaningless. The second view is synonymous with theological noncognitivism, and skips the step of first asking "What is
6814:
The "no reason" argument tries to show that an omnipotent and omniscient being would not have any reason to act in any way, specifically by creating the universe, because it would have no needs, wants, or desires since these very concepts are subjectively human. Since the universe exists, there is a
6643:
that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. In this view, it is accepted that some entity exists that needs no creator, and that entity is called God. This is known as the first-cause
5735:
taught that the fact of the existence of God is accepted by people without knowledge of reasons but simply by a natural impulse. That God exists, this school said, is one of the chief metaphysical principles that people accept not because they are evident in themselves or because they can be proved,
5035:
movie series. From this
Berkeley argued that the universe is based upon observation and is non-objective. However, he noted that the universe includes "ideas" not perceptible to mankind (or not always perceptible), and that there must therefore exist an omniscient superobserver, which perceives such
4999:
sense, to list certain data (or alleged data), about the world, and to suggest that the likelihoods of these data are significantly higher under one hypothesis than the other. Most of the arguments for, or against, the existence of God can be seen as pointing to particular aspects of the universe in
7253:
Isaacson argues an empirical form of strong atheism. If God is in the world (as opposed to being an abstract being), then science effectively proves there is no god. Because "the absence of evidence is overwhelming. There is no more reason to believe that a god-of-this-world exists than there is to
6695:
The omniscience paradox shows a different angle of the omnipotence paradox. "If God is omnipotent, then he should be able to change the future to an 'alternate future' that is unknown to him, conflicting with his omniscience." Similarly, an omniscient god would know the position of all atoms in the
5780:
asserted that when a person's understanding ponders over the existence of God it encounters nothing but contradictions; the impulses of people's hearts, however, are of more value than the understanding, and these proclaim clearly the truths of natural religion, namely, the existence of God and the
7354:
explains: "If a man have failed to find any good reason for believing that there is a God, it is perfectly natural and rational that he should not believe that there is a God; and if so, he is an atheist, although he assume no superhuman knowledge, but merely the ordinary human power of judging of
6927:
grounds. For instance, Samkhya argue that an unchanging God cannot be the source of an ever changing world. It says God was a necessary metaphysical assumption demanded by circumstances. The Sutras of
Samkhya endeavour to prove that the idea of God is inconceivable and self-contradictory, and some
4964:
Since God (of the kind to which the arguments relate) is neither an entity in the universe nor a mathematical object, it is not obvious what kinds of arguments/proofs are relevant to God's existence. Even if the concept of scientific proof were not problematic, the fact that there is no conclusive
5892:
A human's karmic acts result in merits and demerits. Since unconscious things generally do not move except when caused by an agent (for example, the axe moves only when swung by an agent), and since the law of karma is an unintelligent and unconscious law, Sankara argues there must be a conscious
5353:
criticized the proof from a logical standpoint: he stated that the term "God" really signifies two different terms: both idea of God, and God. Kant concluded that the proof is equivocation, based on the ambiguity of the word God. Kant also challenged the argument's assumption that existence is a
5805:
also denies the demonstrability of the existence of God. According to them, one can only know something of God by means of the vital immanence, that is, under favorable circumstances the need of the divine dormant in one's subconsciousness becomes conscious and arouses that religious feeling or
7450:
entities spreads and becomes culturally fixed because of their memorability. The concept of "minimally counterintuitive" beings that differ from the ordinary in a small number of ways (such as being invisible, able to fly, or having access to strategic and otherwise secret information) leave a
5234:
argument asserts that, from our experience of motion in the universe (motion being the transition from potentiality to actuality) we can see that there must have been an initial mover. Aquinas argued that whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another thing, so there must be an unmoved
5362:
that the greatest possible being exists. A common rebuttal to Kant's critique is that, although "existence" does add something to both the concept and the reality of God, the concept would be vastly different if its referent was an unreal Being. Another response to Kant is attributed to Alvin
5763:, and understanding. Just as sense has immediate perception of the material so has reason immediate perception of the immaterial, while the understanding brings these perceptions to a person's consciousness and unites them to one another. God's existence, then, cannot be proven (Jacobi, like
7092:
has a meaning in human culture and history that does not correspond to the beings whose existence is supported by such arguments, assuming they are valid. The real question is not whether a "most perfect being" or an "uncaused first cause" exist. The real question is whether
7109:, or any gods of any religion exist, and if so, which gods? On the other hand, many theists equate all monotheistic or henotheistic "most perfect Beings", no matter what name is assigned to them/him, as the one monotheistic God (one example would be understanding the Muslim
5276:
asserts the view that things without intelligence are ordered towards a purpose. Aquinas argued that unintelligent objects cannot be ordered unless they are done so by an intelligent being, which means that there must be an intelligent being to move objects to their ends:
5000:
this way. In almost all cases it is not seriously suggested by proponents of the arguments that they are irrefutable, merely that they make one worldview seem significantly more likely than the other. However, since an assessment of the weight of evidence depends on the
5885:âan unseen force being the metaphysical link between work and its resultâby themselves mediate the appropriate, justly deserved pleasure and pain. The fruits, according to him, then, must be administered through the action of a conscious agent, namely, a supreme being (
7189:
conclusion is that the arguments and evidence both indicate there is insufficient reason to believe that any gods exist, and that personal subjective religious experiences are indistinguishable from misapprehension; therefore one should not believe that a god exists.
8872:
In this interpretation an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future ready reference, introduce the labels 'positive atheist' for the former and 'negative atheist' for the
8837:"But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have become convinced of, because you know those from whom you learned it, and how from infancy you have known the holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus."
7411:
Psychologists observe that the majority of humans often ask existential questions such as "why we are here" and whether life has purpose. Some psychologists have posited that religious beliefs may recruit cognitive mechanisms in order to satisfy these questions.
5363:
Plantinga who explains that even if one were to grant Kant that "existence" is not a real predicate, "Necessary
Existence", which is the correct formulation of an understanding of God, is a real predicate, thus according to Plantinga Kant's argument is refuted.
4955:
put it "Even if all the data pointed to an intelligent designer, such a hypothesis is excluded from science because it is not naturalistic." This argument limits the domain of science to the empirically observable and limits the domain of God to the unprovable.
5028:
of 1710, he argued that a "naked thought" cannot exist, and that a perception was a thought; therefore only minds could be proven to exist, since all else was merely an idea conveyed by a perception. This viewpoint has been used in popular fiction, including
4942:
viewed any talk of gods as literal nonsense. For the logical positivists and adherents of similar schools of thought, statements about religious or other transcendent experiences could not have a truth value, and were deemed to be without meaning, because
5747:
argues that belief in God is "properly basic"; that it is similar to statements like "I see a chair" or "I feel pain". Such beliefs are non-falsifiable and, thus, neither provable nor disprovable; they concern perceptual beliefs or indisputable mental
5206:. Aquinas did not intend to fully prove the existence of God as he is orthodoxly conceived (with all of his traditional attributes), but proposed his Five Ways as a first stage, which he built upon later in his work. Aquinas' Five Ways argued from the
5048:
epistemology. Traditional sense perception based approaches were put into question as possibly misleading due to preconceived or superimposed ideas. But though all object-cognition can be doubted, the existence of the doubter remains a fact even in
7141:
argued that objective knowledge, such as 1+1=2, is unimportant to existence. If God could rationally be proven, his existence would be unimportant to humans. It is because God cannot rationally be proven that his existence is important to us. In
6844:) and their gods ultimately come to be regarded as untrue or incorrect, all theistic religions, including contemporary ones, are therefore most likely untrue/incorrect by induction. It is implied as part of Stephen F. Roberts' popular quotation:
7073:
necessity of the beliefâindirectly (by appeal to the unavowed presuppositions of the non-believer's worldview) rather than directly (by appeal to some form of common factuality). In practice this school utilizes what have come to be known as
7078:. In these arguments they claim to demonstrate that all human experience and action (even the condition of unbelief, itself) is a proof for the existence of God, because God's existence is the necessary condition of their intelligibility.
7215:
exist. The strong atheist explicitly asserts the non-existence of gods. Some strong atheists further assert that the existence of gods is logically impossible, stating that the combination of attributes which God may be asserted to have
7121:
as different names for the same Being). Most of these arguments do not resolve the issue of which of these figures is more likely to exist. These arguments fail to make the distinction between immanent gods and a
Transcendent God.
5269:, considering the occurrence of degrees of goodness. He believed that things which are called good, must be called good in relation to a standard of goodâa maximum. There must be a maximum goodness that which causes all goodness.
4890:, God is viewed as part of the explanatory structure needed to support scientific conclusions, and any powers God possesses are, strictly speaking, of the natural orderâthat is, derived from God's place as originator of nature. (
7021:
conclusion is that there is sufficient reason to believe that god or gods exists, or that arguments do not matter as much as the "personal witness of the Holy Spirit", as argued by preeminent apologist
William Lane Craig. The
7274:
Negative atheism (also called "weak atheism" and "soft atheism") is any type of atheism other than positive, wherein a person does not believe in the existence of any deities, but does not explicitly assert there to be none.
5242:
started with the premise that it is impossible for a being to cause itself (because it would have to exist before it caused itself) and that it is impossible for there to be an infinite chain of causes, which would result in
7379:(or igtheist) usually concludes that the question of God's existence or nonexistence, like many similar questions, is usually not worth discussing because concepts like "God" are usually not sufficiently clearly defined.
6918:
school states that there is no philosophical place for a creationist God in this system. It is also argued in this text that the existence of
Ishvara (God) cannot be proved and hence cannot be admitted to exist. Classical
6644:
argument for the existence of God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Some
Christian philosophers disagree.
7335:
is true, but, per agnosticism, believes that the existence of gods is unknown or inherently unknowable. The agnostic theist may also or alternatively be agnostic regarding the properties of the god(s) they believe in.
7042:
has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made". In this Paul alludes to the proofs for a creator, later enunciated by St. Thomas and others, but that had also been explored by the Greek philosophers.
6882:
The conflicted religions argument notes that many religions give differing accounts as to what God is and what God wants; since all the contradictory accounts cannot be correct, many if not all religions must be
5258:, meaning that it is possible for them not to exist. Aquinas argued that if everything can possibly not exist, there must have been a time when nothing existed; as things exist now, there must exist a being with
6943:, decided that the evidence allegedly proving the existence of God was insufficient. They argue that there was no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there was no need for an author to compose the
5799:
theologians follow in
Schleiermacher's footsteps, and teach that the existence of God cannot be demonstrated; certainty as to this truth is only furnished to people by inner experience, feeling, and perception.
6696:
universe over its ~14 billion-year history as well as its infinite future. To know that, god's memory needs to be bigger than the infinite set of possible states in the current universe. Also, a twist on the
5403:
Another class of philosophers asserts that the proofs for the existence of God present a fairly large probability though not absolute certainty. A number of obscure points, they say, always remain; an act of
6558:âby identifying apparent contradictions between different scriptures, within a single scripture, or between scripture and known facts. To be effective this argument requires the other side to hold that its
5792:, who assumed an inner religious sense by means of which people feel religious truths. According to Schleiermacher, religion consists solely in this inner perception, and dogmatic doctrines are inessential.
6692:
entity is logically contradictory, from considering a question like: "Can God create a rock so big that He cannot move it?" or "If God is all powerful, could God create a being more powerful than Himself?"
7266:." If, on the other hand, God is an "abstract being", then it means (by definition) that god doesn't interfere in the lives of us mortals. "He doesn't answer prayers. There was no burning bush." etc.
6677:. The Ultimate 747 gambit states that God does not provide an origin of complexity, it simply assumes that complexity always existed. It also states that design fails to account for complexity, which
4822:). Much of the disagreement about "proofs" of God's existence is due to different conceptions not only of the term "God" but also the terms "proof", "truth", and "knowledge". Religious belief from
5881:, a sub-school of Vedanta, argues that the original karmic actions themselves cannot bring about the proper results at some future time; neither can super sensuous, non-intelligent qualities like
6847:
I contend that we are both atheists. I just believe in one fewer god than you do. When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why I dismiss yours.
4703:, while others have considered it to be distinct. An ignostic maintains that he cannot even say whether he is a theist or an atheist until a sufficient definition of theism is put forth.
5015:
contends that the real is whatever will not go away. If we cannot reduce talk about God to anything else, or replace it, or prove it false, then perhaps God is as real as anything else.
7298:
claimsâis unknown or unknowable. Agnosticism as a broad umbrella term does not define one's belief or disbelief in gods; agnostics may still identify themselves as theists or atheists.
14666:
14671:
8940:
8382:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005) ("the writings of leading ID proponents reveal that the designer postulated by their argument is the God of Christianity").,
8386:. A selection of writings and quotes of intelligent design supporters demonstrating this identification of the Christian god with the intelligent designer are found in the pdf
4845:
Different conclusions as to the existence of God often rest on different criteria for deciding what methods are appropriate for deciding if something is true or not, including
126:
4586:
nature of God for mere humans to define him. Robert Barron explains by analogy that it seems impossible for a two-dimensional object to conceive of three-dimensional humans.
8383:
4513:
Atheists generally maintain that arguments for the existence of God provide insufficient reason to believe. Additionally, some contend that it is possible to affirmatively
14776:
14771:
7137:, which holds that faith is simply the will to believe, and argues that if God's existence were rationally demonstrable, faith in its existence would become superfluous.
6625:
and belief in gods, the actual existence of such supernatural agents is superfluous and may be dismissed unless otherwise proven to be required to explain the phenomenon.
6750:
The anthropic argument states that if God is omniscient, omnipotent, and morally perfect, He would have created other morally perfect beings instead of imperfect humans.
5286:
Philosopher Stephen Toulmin, notable for his work in the history of ideas that features the (Rational) Warrant: a statement that connects the premises to a conclusion.
14751:
8539:
Babb, Lawrence A. (1987). Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition (Comparative Studies in Religion and Society). Oxford University Press.
6868:
arguments for the existence of God, subjective arguments against the supernatural mainly rely on the testimony or experience of witnesses, or the propositions of a
7819:
5355:
5259:
4312:
14681:
5583:
5572:
5476:, which demonstrate how naturalism is incapable of providing humans with the cognitive apparatus necessary for their knowledge to have positive epistemic status.
5024:
4582:. Despite extensive writing on the nature of God, these classical theists did not believe that God could be defined. They believed that it would contradict the
14746:
5512:
in front of all the tribes of Israel, positing an argument from empirical evidence stemming from sheer number of witnesses, thus demonstrating his existence.
9111:
7404:
Several authors have offered psychological or sociological explanations for belief in the existence of God. Many of these views have been sought to give a
6300:
4886:. In addition, according to concepts of God, God is not part of the natural order, but the ultimate creator of nature and of the scientific laws. Thus, in
2459:
8941:"Science Refutes Religion: An essay concerning How and what it means to prove God does not exist, revised edition (978-1481099882): Steve Isaacson: Books"
7163:), and therefore are ultimately unprovable. The Christian theist therefore must simply choose to start with Christianity rather than anything else, by a "
7446:. Boyer suggests that, because of evolutionary pressures, humans err on the side of attributing agency where there isn't any. In Boyer's view, belief in
6730:
god who has free will directly in arguing that the will of God himself would be bound to follow whatever God foreknows himself doing throughout eternity.
61:. Be aware that the page may be outdated and that the user in whose space this page is located may have no personal affiliation with any site other than
14691:
8624:
See Theistic Explanations of Karma, pg. 146 of Causation and Divine Intervention by BR Reichenbach, citing Uddyotakara, Nyaayavaarttika, IV, 1, 21, at
6610:
contests the existence of an omnipotent God who wants humans to believe in him by arguing that such a god would do a better job of gathering believers.
4984:
421:
6636:
for the existence of God lies with the theist rather than the atheist. The Russell's teapot analogy can be considered an extension of Occam's Razor.
5618:
7477:
module (ToMM) lead humans to suspect an agent behind every event. Natural events for which there is no obvious agent may be attributed to God (c.f.
6879:
The witness argument gives credibility to personal witnesses, contemporary and from the past, who disbelieve or strongly doubt the existence of God.
11417:
11065:
9519:
7937:
7075:
3229:
5434:. Many orthodox Protestants express themselves in the same manner, as, for instance, Dr. E. Dennert, President of the Kepler Society, in his work
200:
14741:
10625:
6886:
The disappointment argument claims that if, when asked for, there is no visible help from God, there is no reason to believe that there is a God.
5540:
4952:
2593:
138:
110:
7466:
4566:, God is characterized as the metaphysically ultimate being (the first, timeless, absolutely simple, and sovereign being, who is devoid of any
5519:. This asserts that there is sufficient historical evidence for Jesus's resurrection to support his claim to be the son of God and indicates,
7568:"God is not 'dead' in academia; it returned to life in the late 1960s". They cite "the shift from hostility towards theism in Paul Edwards's
7469:
follows Boyer in arguing that universal human cognitive process naturally produces the concept of the supernatural. Tremlin contends that an
9344:
3059:
14766:
14701:
8392:
4305:
2671:
6487:
Each of the arguments below aims to show that a particular set of gods does not existâby demonstrating them to be inherently meaningless,
12537:
364:
8665:
4965:
scientific proof of the existence, or non-existence, of God mainly demonstrates that the existence of God is not a scientific question.
14761:
14711:
13380:
9487:
5057:
3195:
9460:
8445:
3153:
13658:
12464:
7541:
7331:
is the philosophical view that encompasses both theism and agnosticism. For theism, an agnostic theist believes that the proposition
6474:
4267:
5293:
Instead of attempting to prove the existence of God, Hinman argues you can "demonstrate the rationally warranted nature of belief".
14786:
12475:
8377:
5473:
4916:, belief in a supernatural God is outside the natural domain of scientific investigation because all scientific hypotheses must be
4288:
9278:
6596:, by which persons who have never even heard of a particular revelation might be harshly punished for not following its dictates.
5971:
5328:. The argument proposes that God's existence is self-evident. The logic, depending on the formulation, reads roughly as follows:
4298:
9388:
5667:
argues that it is a principle of rationality that one should accept testimony unless there are strong reasons for not doing so.
4683:
must be presented before the question of the existence of God can be meaningfully discussed. Furthermore, if that definition is
14781:
11458:
9590:
9050:
8685:
6512:
6095:
4882:
powers. Supernatural beings may be able to conceal and reveal themselves for their own purposes, as for example in the tale of
4535:
maintains that knowledge of the existence of God is available in the "natural light of human reason". Other religions, such as
3300:
47:
This is not an encyclopedia article or the talk page for an encyclopedia article. If you find this page on any site other than
14295:
7088:. Others have said that the logical and philosophical arguments for and against the existence of God miss the point. The word
5683:(also referred to as "the priest stories") which relies on testimony of supernatural events to establish the existence of God.
4364:, since concepts of perfection are connected to notions of God. A wide variety of arguments exist which can be categorized as
14686:
14661:
9089:
8212:
8185:
8158:
8131:
8079:
5656:
Arguments from testimony rely on the testimony or experience of witnesses, possibly embodying the propositions of a specific
5568:
4597:
and his followers use the term God in a particular philosophical sense to mean the essential substance/principles of nature.
2126:
132:
7442:(2002), based in part on his anthropological field work, treats belief in God as the result of the brain's tendency towards
5358:(of perfection) because it does not add anything to the essence of a being. If existence is not a predicate, then it is not
14706:
11058:
10058:
10033:
8938:
7574:
6985:
Conclusions on the existence of God can be divided along numerous axes, producing a variety of orthogonal classifications.
6737:("chicken or the egg") takes its assumption that things cannot exist without creators and applies it to God, setting up an
6700:
is that God's omniscience is logically contradictory, since He could not think up a puzzle or code that he could not solve.
5011:, take a view that is considered anti-realist and oppose philosophical arguments related to God's existence. For instance,
6747:, as used in literature, usually seeks to disprove the god-concept by showing that it is unverifiable by scientific tests.
10353:
7399:
6045:
5004:
that is assigned to each worldview, arguments that a theist finds convincing may seem thin to an atheist and vice versa.
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Empirical arguments depend on knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation to prove their conclusions.
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It can be defined as encompassing two related views about the existence of God. The view that a coherent definition of
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One problem posed by the question of the existence of God is that traditional beliefs usually ascribe to God various
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6741:. This attacks the premise that the universe is the second cause (after God, who is claimed to be the first cause).
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contests the idea that God created life on the basis that lifeforms, including humans, seem to exhibit poor design.
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acknowledge that belief in the existence of God may not be amenable to demonstration or refutation, but rests on
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7133:", and that faith is reliance upon the faithfulness of God. The most extreme example of this position is called
5712:
An argument for God is often made from an unlikely complete reversal in lifestyle by an individual towards God.
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1779:
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7461:(2002) makes a similar argument and adds examination of the socially coordinating aspects of shared belief. In
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taught that human reason is able to perceive the suprasensible. Jacobi distinguished three faculties: sense,
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5104:, are understood originating from three essential attributes of Krishna's form, i.e., "eternal existence" or
4947:, the philosophical basis for logical positivism, automatically excludes the possibility of the supernatural
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This argument is articulated by Vern Poythress in chapter 1 of Redeeming Science (pages 13-31). Available:
8043:
6562:, or at least to assert that a proper understanding of scripture gives rise to knowledge of God's existence.
5289:
Joseph Hinman applied Toulmin's approach in his argument for the existence of God, particularly in his book
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argues that the theism of people throughout most of recorded history and in many different places provides
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A Philosophical Analysis of Major Epistemological Approaches to the Problem of Divine Existence and Nature
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The "historical induction" argument concludes that since most theistic religions throughout history (e.g.
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11841:
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11328:
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7236:) are logically contradictory, incomprehensible, or absurd, and therefore the existence of such a god is
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9535:
7432:, and the hypnotic state a community can induce as contributing factors to the psychology of religion.
7408:
explanation of religion, though this does not necessarily mean such views are exclusive to naturalism.
7320:
is the belief that the existence or nonexistence of deities is unknown but not necessarily unknowable.
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that speak their names. In that regard, the power of the mantras is what is seen as the power of gods.
6841:
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also holds that the existence (or otherwise) of God is irrelevant to and beyond the domain of science.
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510:
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see,Theistic Explanations of Karma, pg. 146 of Causation and Divine Intervention by BR Reichenbach at
7367:
concludes the question of God's existence or nonexistence to be of little or no practical importance.
5716:, a persecutor of the early Church, became a pillar of the Church after his conversion on the road to
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Scott C. Todd, "A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate," Nature Vol. 401, Sep. 30, 1999, p. 423
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is the view of those who do not claim to know the existence of any deity but do not believe in any.
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http://www.frame-poythress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/PoythressVernRedeemingScience.pdf#page=14
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Epistemology is the branch of philosophy which studies the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge.
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have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others for thousands of years. In
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Alvin Plantinga compares the question of the existence of God to the question of the existence of
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by Harley Hahn. A logical discussion considering the existence of a traditional monotheistic God.
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Science Refutes Religion: An essay concerning How and what it means to prove God does not exist.
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contradiction, and therefore, an omnipotent god cannot exist. This argument is expounded upon by
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is the idea that eternal damnation for actions committed in a finite existence contradicts God's
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9189:. Introductory articles on philosophical arguments about the existence of God (for and against).
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4470:. In modern culture, the question of God's existence has been discussed by scientists such as
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9029:"Introduction to Agnosticism: What is Agnostic Theism? Believing in God, but not Knowing God"
7903:
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6673:. The argument for the existence of God is then a logical fallacy with or without the use of
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See, Theistic Explanations of Karma, Causation and Divine Intervention by BR Reichenbach at
7606:
Catechism of the Catholic Church, Paragraph 47; cf. Canons of the First Vatican Council, 2:2
6105:
4759:, warrant, or other such property the having of which is conducive to getting at the truth.
4692:
meant by 'God'?" before proclaiming the original question "Does God exist?" as meaningless.
4517:
the existence of God, or of certain characteristics traditionally attributed to God such as
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The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality
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stressed fear and pain, the need for a powerful parental figure, the obsessional nature of
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religion was established in 1936, when God was said to enter the body of diamond merchant
5767:, rejected the absolute value of the principle of causality), it must be felt by the mind.
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8:
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8666:"Stephen Hawking is wrong. You can't explain the universe without God | Mail Online"
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is the belief that it is impossible for humans to know whether or not any deities exist.
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is required to dismiss these difficulties. This view is maintained, among others, by the
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5547:, similarly asserts that the miraculous appearance of God, Jesus Christ, and angels to
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4612:, as found in the Islamic, Christian and Hebrew traditions. In monotheisms outside the
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Argument from Ethics, being one type of view by ontologically considered intelligence.
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suggests that the nearest analogy to the existence of God in physics are the ideas of
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developed his five arguments for God's existence. These arguments are grounded in an
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4649:, in turn, is ascribed such qualities as omniscience, omnipotence, and benevolence.
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which are seemingly paradoxical but make sense of a great deal of disparate data.
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6621:) contends that since natural (non-supernatural) theories adequately explain the
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Argument from belief in God being properly basic as presented by Alvin Plantinga.
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4593:) posits God as a force contained in every imaginable phenomenon. For example,
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things. Berkeley considered this proof of the existence of the Christian god.
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assert that God intervened in key specific moments in history, especially at
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5207:
5163:
4935:
4904:
offer the supernatural nature of God as the explanation for the inability of
4811:
4807:
4799:
4763:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4145:
4065:
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2983:
2958:
2765:
2311:
2210:
1897:
1865:
1645:
1592:
1039:
9243:
9197:, articles on philosophical arguments about the nature and existence of God.
8801:
For the proofs of God's existence by Saint Thomas Aquinas see Quinquae viae.
6947:
or a god to validate the rituals. Mimamsa argues that the gods named in the
4454:. Thinkers who have provided arguments against the existence of God include
1016:
938:
14240:
14230:
14189:
14169:
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10449:
10439:
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10304:
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10225:
10153:
10038:
9941:
9888:
7770:
God and Other Minds: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God
7447:
7435:
7351:
7225:
7156:
6829:
as its fundamental theological model. A similar argument is put forward in
6783:
that a sentient being cannot be complete or perfect. It is touched upon by
6712:
6670:
6527:
6265:
6245:
6185:
5737:
5638:
5634:
5603:
5599:
5591:
5548:
5497:
5456:
5345:
criticized the argument for proposing a definition of God which, if God is
5157:
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5008:
4879:
4776:
4738:
4707:
4609:
4503:
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2170:
1922:
1902:
1774:
1735:
1730:
1690:
1290:
1282:
1135:
8503:
7009:
concerns belief regarding the practical importance of whether God exists.
6907:
6771:
argument for the non-existence of a perfect sentient being states that if
5806:
experience in which God reveals himself. In condemnation of this view the
5106:
1381:
899:
14235:
14174:
14046:
14026:
13931:
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13828:
13808:
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13301:
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12854:
12844:
12793:
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12698:
12312:
12297:
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12172:
11718:
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10917:
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10522:
10434:
10363:
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9759:
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7002:
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6924:
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6570:
6370:
6365:
6180:
5976:
5870:
5732:
5720:. Modern day examples in Evangelical Protestantism are sometimes called "
5692:
5239:
5211:
5167:
4977:
4909:
4901:
4866:
4838:
knowledge, if rooted in deduction or personal revelation, or the second,
4789:
4696:
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4661:
4657:
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4365:
4175:
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1994:
1989:
1927:
1917:
1837:
1789:
1622:
1607:
1532:
1266:
673:
498:
11104:
9233:
The Classical Islamic Arguments for the Existence of God by Majid Fakhry
9186:
8202:
8175:
8148:
8121:
8069:
7801:
5472:
Argument from the confluence of proper function and reliability and the
2758:
102:
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13909:
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9445:
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7478:
6994:
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6940:
6869:
6727:
6689:
6516:
6356:
6215:
6019:
5796:
5657:
5505:
5463:
5321:
5320:
The ontological argument has been formulated by philosophers including
5120:
5078:
5031:
4939:
4893:
4823:
4819:
4781:
4722:
4605:
4518:
4455:
4333:
4110:
4028:
3842:
3764:
3749:
3734:
3629:
3562:
3525:
3520:
3158:
2953:
2329:
2220:
2215:
2160:
2151:
2009:
1906:
1617:
1572:
1557:
1419:
575:
8975:
4852:
whether subjective experience counts as evidence for objective reality
4380:. The existence of God is subject to lively debate in philosophy, the
14096:
14091:
13951:
13878:
13813:
13684:
13618:
13430:
13420:
13415:
13390:
13186:
12746:
12708:
12382:
12107:
11929:
11758:
11723:
11708:
11671:
11088:
11013:
10939:
10912:
10907:
10885:
10855:
10850:
10759:
10250:
10081:
9972:
9769:
9754:
9737:
9732:
9712:
9149:
God in Proof: The Story of a Search from the Ancients to the Internet
9008:
8828:
7491:
7364:
7147:
7126:
7045:
Another apologetical school of thought, including Dutch and American
7006:
6723:
6614:
6582:
6537:
6499:
factsâor that there is insufficient proof to say that they do exist.
6240:
5544:
5534:
5459:
4748:
4590:
4463:
4435:
4423:, who presented their own versions of the cosmological argument (the
4416:
4400:
4353:
4341:
4180:
3910:
3729:
3654:
3619:
3604:
3567:
2753:
2713:
2386:
1999:
1612:
1587:
1537:
1488:
1316:
559:
533:
354:
125:
13321:
8574:
6801:: which is a contradiction in terms. The argument is echoed thus in
5861:
argues that one of the proofs of the existence of God is the law of
4855:
whether either logic or evidence can rule in or out the supernatural
4849:
whether logic counts as evidence concerning the quality of existence
1705:
844:
14628:
13926:
13833:
13798:
13756:
13744:
13532:
13326:
13226:
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12927:
12811:
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10235:
9817:
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9665:
7909:
7841:
7660:
7658:
6872:
6826:
6639:
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book
6586:
5717:
5679:, contemporary and throughout the ages. A variation of this is the
5660:
5409:
5199:
5134:
5129:
5066:
4624:
4536:
4345:
4325:
4277:
4247:
3724:
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2042:
1650:
1602:
1444:
1393:
877:
811:
227:
72:
9286:
8247:
7963:
5537:, vindicates its divine authorship, and thus the existence of God.
4627:, reality is ultimately seen as a single, qualityless, changeless
1410:
1231:
998:
525:
176:
13553:
13527:
13522:
13464:
13459:
13291:
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10870:
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10294:
10205:
10053:
10000:
9936:
9830:
8755:
The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought
8637:
Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought
8303:
7387:
7263:
7212:
7208:
7186:
7180:
7134:
7118:
7106:
7094:
6990:
6936:
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6492:
5924:
5905:
5886:
5858:
5836:(1876â1969) in Hyderabad, Sindh and started to speak through him.
5752:
5676:
5523:, God's existence. This is one of several arguments known as the
5501:
5491:
5114:
5085:
5051:
5045:
4700:
4669:
4641:
4524:
4420:
4407:. Other arguments for the existence of God have been proposed by
4357:
3594:
3453:
3443:
2928:
2748:
2246:
2014:
1979:
1860:
1710:
1640:
1562:
1542:
1056:
914:
884:
793:
765:
715:
665:
583:
8610:
citing Sankara's commentary on Brahma Sutras,III, 2, 38, and 41.
8597:
citing Sankara's commentary on Brahma Sutras,III, 2, 38, and 41.
7899:
7655:
4751:
is, from an epistemological standpoint, distinguished from mere
895:, is the most reliable way of determining the nature of reality.
689:
551:
13818:
13739:
13469:
13128:
13118:
12816:
12718:
11768:
11661:
11540:
10993:
10540:
10103:
9690:
7429:
7421:
7290:
of certain claimsâespecially claims about the existence of any
7207:(also called "strong atheism" and "hard atheism") is a form of
7160:
7018:
6986:
6953:
6807:
6523:
6515:
contests the existence of the deity called God as described in
5882:
5850:
5811:
5760:
5421:
5081:
4988:
4831:
4752:
4539:, do not concern themselves with the existence of gods at all.
3664:
3557:
3463:
2743:
2004:
1984:
1932:
1725:
1715:
1597:
1577:
1518:
646:
6577:
by arguing that such a god should not permit the existence of
1258:
13634:
13296:
12582:
12515:
11545:
11098:
10818:
10705:
10096:
9946:
9837:
9812:
9707:
7291:
7258:
exists, or that Santa Claus or the Tooth Fairy exist, or the
7130:
7110:
6544:
6541:
6534:
6530:
5897:
5862:
5700:
5530:
5405:
5074:
4803:
4771:
4711:
4557:
4528:
4396:
4369:
4349:
3468:
2770:
1974:
1552:
784:
760:
737:
7061:), emerged in the late 1920s. This school was instituted by
5586:, similarly asserts that the finding and translation of the
5420:(1895). The opinions set forth in this work were adopted in
11126:
10324:
10107:
9977:
9634:
7866:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 357.
7255:
7171:, but should not be confused with the Van Tillian variety.
7155:
faith. Reymond's position is similar to that of his mentor
7114:
7098:
6948:
6944:
6578:
5815:
5782:
5452:
4767:
4336:
terms, such arguments involve primarily the disciplines of
2782:
1855:
1655:
946:
485:
7888:
The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva VidyÄbhĆ«áčŁaáča
7382:
Some philosophers have seen ignosticism as a variation of
6653:
Deductive arguments attempt to prove their conclusions by
5247:. Therefore, there must be a first cause, itself uncaused.
4695:
Some philosophers have seen ignosticism as a variation of
4664:
position that every other theological position (including
14667:
Wikipedians by alma mater: Brigham Young University Idaho
13479:
11208:
10694:
10464:
9951:
9851:
5911:
5551:
and others and subsequent finding and translation of the
5089:
4680:
4601:
4553:
2905:
1832:
1695:
1156:
14672:
Wikipedians by alma mater: University of Central Florida
9049:
Flint, Robert (1903). "Erroneous VIews of Agnosticism".
7459:
In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion
5482:
Argument from the "divine attributes of scientific law".
4589:
By contrast, much of Eastern religious thought (chiefly
4570:
qualities), in distinction to other conceptions such as
1505:
8778:, 2nd edition (New York: Doubleday, 1995) n. 36, p. 20.
7451:
lasting impression that spreads through word-of-mouth.
7125:
Some Christians note that the Christian faith teaches "
7102:
5584:
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
5573:
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
5379:
be set up as deductions and therefore are placed here.
5162:
For in depth analysis of the individual arguments, see
5025:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
10663:
7861:
7246:
is a common worldview associated with strong atheism.
7005:
concerns belief regarding God's conceptual coherence.
6969:
Europeans polled who "believe in a god", according to
6898:
cite various arguments for rejecting a creator-God or
5451:
proposes that certain features of the universe and of
4959:
4616:, the existence of God is discussed in similar terms.
4438:, who said that the existence of a benevolent God was
4403:, who made arguments that would now be categorized as
14617:
8663:
7572:(1967) to sympathy towards theism in the more recent
7463:
Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion
5141:
4442:
for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful; and
8301:
7906:: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant
7084:
presents an argument for the existence of God using
6759:
Inductive arguments argue their conclusions through
6722:
contests the existence of an omniscient god who has
5395:
Inductive arguments argue their conclusions through
5065:. The five eternal principles to be discussed under
14777:
Wikipedians who like Star Trek: The Next Generation
14772:
Wikipedians who like Star Trek: The Original Series
8626:
http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/reiche2.htm
8608:
http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/reiche2.htm
8595:
http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/reiche2.htm
8569:(2). Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press: 135â149 .
5643:
The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel
9201:A Collection of Arguments for the Existence of God
8921:. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2007
8620:
8618:
8616:
7390:, while others have considered it to be distinct.
5533:asserts that the revelation of its holy book, the
4873:
4814:state, since in a strict sense there can never be
4706:The term "ignosticism" was coined in the 1960s by
8998:
8996:
7893:
7855:
5092:of the Western traditions. Aspects of Krishna as
14752:Wikipedians interested in the Russian Revolution
14653:
8818:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63.
7618:Catholicism: A Journey to the Heart of the Faith
7416:emphasized the inner religious struggle between
7001:are positions of knowledge (or the lack of it).
6981:North Americans polled about religious identity.
6928:commentaries speak plainly on this subject. The
5291:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief.
4633:. Advaitin philosophy introduces the concept of
8613:
8204:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief
8177:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief
8150:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief
8123:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief
8071:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief
7957:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7686:"isms of the week: Agnosticism and Ignosticism"
6993:are positions of belief (or lack of it), while
5541:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4842:class of knowledge, if based on introspection.
2594:Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics
139:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
14682:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors participants
8993:
8207:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 104â105.
8180:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 100â103.
5826:, as the cause is known through its effects.")
5492:Arguments from historical events or personages
4908:to decide the question of God's existence. In
4446:, who argued that the existence of God can be
12531:
11059:
10679:
9650:
9272:
9248:
8017:
7992:
6468:
5039:
4645:as a way of talking about Brahman to people.
4393:Western tradition of philosophical discussion
4306:
2665:
2120:
14747:Wikipedians interested in the Ottoman Empire
8697:
8153:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 90â92.
8126:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 85â92.
7944:
7936:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7740:
7620:. The Doubleday Religious Publishing Group.
6569:contests the existence of a god who is both
5788:The same theory was advocated in Germany by
5555:establishes the existence of God. The whole
5077:alone, and often require superior proof. In
4600:In modern Western societies, the concept of
9218:Proofs of God's Existence: IslamâAhmadiyyat
8913:
8911:
8863:. New York: Barnes and Noble. pp. 14ff
8849:
8847:
8559:"Karma, causation, and divine intervention"
8556:
8326:"Plantinga 'The Ontological Argument' Text"
7831:, and the critical comment in that article.
6793:. Sartre's phrasing is that God would be a
5651:
4983:One approach, suggested by writers such as
4834:) can fall into either the first category,
12538:
12524:
11073:
11066:
11052:
10686:
10672:
10116:
9657:
9643:
9279:
9265:
9228:The Existence of GodâCatholic Encyclopedia
8883:
8881:
7167:". This position is also sometimes called
6475:
6461:
5701:Arguments grounded in personal experiences
5619:Church of Christ "With the Elijah Message"
5044:Existence in absolute truth is central to
4995:as though they were two hypotheses in the
4951:without proof. As the Christian biologist
4313:
4299:
2672:
2658:
2127:
2113:
14692:Wikipedians in the Counter-Vandalism Unit
12465:Relationship between religion and science
9165:
9146:
8839:The Holy Bible, New International Version
8810:
8474:
7900:Maria Ekstrand; Bryant, Edwin H. (2004).
7542:Relationship between religion and science
6853:
5335:It is greater to exist than not to exist.
2339:Relationship between atheism and religion
10400:
8908:
8844:
8456:
8378:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
8226:
8224:
7393:
6976:
6964:
6811:: "That which is complete is also dead."
6754:
6648:
6502:
5613:Various sects that have broken from the
5474:evolutionary argument against naturalism
4718:. The term "igtheism" was coined by the
9166:Schneider, Nathan (December 10, 2013).
8973:
8878:
8245:
8022:. Oxford University Press. p. 26.
7993:Aquinas, Thomas; Kreeft, Peter (1990).
7961:
6923:argues against the existence of God on
5972:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
5900:school, one of six orthodox schools of
5869:(III, 2, 38, and 41), a Vedantic text,
5849:accept the existence of a creator god (
5486:
5309:
4987:, is to treat (particular versions of)
4810:. Knowledge can also be described as a
4542:
14:
14742:Wikipedians interested in ancient Rome
14654:
11391:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
9677:
9483:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
9112:"Two Dozen (or so) Theistic Arguments"
8887:
8857:(1976). "The Presumption of Atheism".
8399:(PDF) by Brian Poindexter, dated 2003.
8302:Himma, Kenneth Einar (27 April 2005).
8276:
7615:
6513:argument from inconsistent revelations
5912:Arguments against the existence of God
5390:
5332:God is the greatest conceivable being.
5304:
5146:
5084:, or his intimate ontological form of
5073:cannot be established by the means of
14277:
13019:
12557:
12519:
11047:
10667:
10389:
9676:
9638:
9260:
9247:
9106:
9048:
9021:
8718:Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of 3)
8306:. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8221:
7301:
5569:Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)
5151:
4676:and many other theological concepts.
1506:Existence of God, the Heavenly Father
9168:"What Proofs about God Really Prove"
8853:
8841:. International Bible Society. 1984.
8701:The six systems of Indian philosophy
8664:Professor John Lennox (2010-09-03).
8557:Reichenbach, Bruce R. (April 1989).
7575:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6890:
5625:) claim that the message brought by
5441:
5118:aspect; "knowledge" or chit, to the
5069:, beginning with God or Isvara, the
4547:
4486:, as well as philosophers including
4289:Philosophy of religion article index
3186:Proper basis / Reformed epistemology
1477:
1455:
1405:
1376:
1353:
1330:
1301:
1277:
1253:
1226:
1202:
1177:
1124:
1106:
1078:
1026:
993:
957:
933:
909:
872:
839:
806:
710:
684:
660:
634:
594:
570:
546:
520:
458:
438:
409:
375:
349:
318:
289:
269:
246:
222:
195:
171:
149:
97:
89:
25:
14767:Wikipedians interested in Star Wars
14702:Wikipedians interested in sociology
9194:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8919:"Definitions of the term "Atheism""
8731:
8654:, Stephen Hawking, Leonard Mlodinow
7666:"The Argument From Non-Cognitivism"
7400:Evolutionary psychology of religion
7339:
7312:
7269:
7193:
6443:
5610:, establishes the existence of God.
5349:, should be impossible for humans.
5281:
4960:Nature of relevant proofs/arguments
4395:of the existence of God began with
70:. The original page is located at
23:
9206:Arguments for the Existence of God
9151:. University of California Press.
9069:
8891:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism
8748:
8639:, Pascal Boyer, Basic Books (2001)
8508:Geschichte der neueren Philosophie
8200:
8173:
8146:
8119:
8094:
8067:
7997:. Ignatius Press. pp. 65â69.
7746:Belief in God in an Age of Science
7640:
7323:
7065:, and came to be popularly called
6585:. The theist responses are called
5840:
5577:Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)
5366:
5142:Arguments for the existence of God
5088:, is equated to personal absolute
2085:Portrayals of God in popular media
469:recommend articles to edit weekly.
233:This user attends or attended the
24:
14798:
14762:Wikipedians who like Monty Python
14712:Wikipedians interested in science
10222:Attributes of God in Christianity
9223:StrongAtheism.net References page
9175:
9101:The Problems of Philosophy Series
9002:
8714:
8233:"Descartes' Ontological Argument"
8230:
7502:Christian existential apologetics
6951:have no existence apart from the
5877:who consolidated the doctrine of
5696:demonstration of God's existence.
5645:establishes the existence of God.
5559:makes the same claim for example
2540:List of irreligious organizations
14639:
14627:
14595:
14594:
14581:
12500:
12499:
12489:
11029:
10649:
8775:Catechism of the Catholic Church
7968:. Part 1, Question 2, Article 3.
7537:Spectrum of theistic probability
7370:
6939:, which is based on rituals and
6688:suggests that the concept of an
6442:
6430:
6419:
6418:
5479:Argument from Personal Identity.
5371:These two arguments follow from
5301:in God is rationally warranted.
2569:Freedom From Religion Foundation
2091:
1433:
1409:
1380:
1281:
1257:
1230:
1206:
1181:
1166:military history of ancient Rome
1163:This user is interested in the
1155:
1151:
1128:
1095:and knows the two terms are not
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258:Society for Creative Anachronism
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14787:Wikipedians who like South Park
10280:Great Architect of the Universe
9042:
9031:. Atheism.about.com. 2012-04-13
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7880:
7862:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007).
7834:
7811:
7794:
7762:
7734:
7294:, but also other religious and
6825:, which puts forward a form of
6733:A counter-argument against the
6010:Discrimination against atheists
5729:Scottish School of Common Sense
4874:The problem of the supernatural
4732:
1442:This user's favourite novel is
1213:This user is interested in the
1188:This user is interested in the
12545:
9287:Arguments for and against the
9097:The Existence of God: Readings
9055:. C. Scribner sons. p. 50
8974:Carroll, Robert (2009-02-22).
8894:. Cambridge University Press.
7719:Those holding this range from
7713:
7704:
7678:
7634:
7609:
7600:
7588:"The Argument From Perfection"
7580:
7554:
7420:and happiness, and pointed to
7278:
7144:The Justification of Knowledge
6960:
6025:Separation of church and state
5740:obliges people to accept them.
5675:gives credibility to personal
5623:Church of Christ (Assured Way)
4652:
2559:Atheist Alliance International
2231:Separation of church and state
1362:Star Trek: The Next Generation
1339:Star Trek: The Original Series
1237:This user is interested in the
13:
1:
14782:Wikipedians who like Futurama
14278:
10790:Negative and positive atheism
10780:Implicit and explicit atheism
10059:Trinity of the Church Fathers
9240:from a Christian perspective.
9238:Arguments for God's Existence
8519:(Stöckl, loc. cit., 199 sqq.)
8020:The Thought of Thomas Aquinas
7548:
7200:Negative and positive atheism
7026:, following the teachings of
6665:is a counter-argument to the
6560:scriptural record is inerrant
6294:Atheism: The Case Against God
5949:Negative and positive atheism
5939:Implicit and explicit atheism
5615:Church of Christ (Temple Lot)
5565:Church of Christ (Temple Lot)
4672:) assumes too much about the
2554:American Humanist Association
622:This user is a member of the
332:Welcome to the Teahouse Badge
253:This user is a member of the
236:University of Central Florida
206:This user attends or attended
67:pedia
53:pedia
38:pedia
14687:Wikipedians on the Typo Team
14662:Latter Day Saint Wikipedians
14067:Ordinary language philosophy
12558:
12430:Desacralization of knowledge
10390:
9664:
8462:Science and Christian Belief
8074:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct.
7358:
7169:presuppositional apologetics
7067:Presuppositional apologetics
6935:Proponents of the school of
6594:destiny of the unevangelized
5745:Argument from a Proper Basis
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5254:asserts that all beings are
5204:infinite regression argument
5098:in original Absolute Truth,
2495:Letter to a Christian Nation
854:mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
388:This user is a member of the
160:This user believes that the
80:ki/User:Royalmate3/Userboxes
7:
14707:Wikipedian college students
14117:Contemporary utilitarianism
14032:Internalism and externalism
11842:Best of all possible worlds
11799:Eschatological verification
11356:Fine-tuning of the universe
10310:Phenomenological definition
8482:. Oxford University Press.
8422:Warrant and Proper Function
7484:
6908:
5596:Book of the Law of the Lord
5107:
4762:Knowledge in the sense of "
4411:, who formulated the first
2878:Best of all possible worlds
821:Y chromosome DNA haplogroup
557:This user is interested in
182:This user is interested in
10:
14803:
13381:Svatantrika and Prasangika
13020:
10801:Theological noncognitivism
9147:Schneider, Nathan (2013).
8410:Warranted Christian Belief
8044:"Stephen Edelston Toulmin"
7782:Warranted Christian Belief
7643:"The Principal Upanishads"
7570:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7424:as a cognitive mechanism.
7397:
7197:
7178:
7174:
6857:
6773:existence precedes essence
6745:Theological noncognitivism
6663:Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit
6141:Theological noncognitivism
5704:
5313:
5161:
5155:
5040:Outside of Western thought
4922:Non-overlapping Magisteria
4920:in the natural world. The
4736:
4689:theological noncognitivist
4551:
2777:Scripture (religious text)
2269:Discrimination/Persecution
1137:This user is interested in
625:Mormon History Association
598:This user identifies as a
511:theological noncognitivism
14575:
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14389:
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12603:Philosophy of mathematics
12593:Philosophy of information
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9295:
9254:
9249:Links to related articles
9208:from the Christian Cadre.
9187:PhilosophyOfReligion.info
9103:. New York: Macmillan Co.
8668:. London: Dailymail.co.uk
7914:Columbia University Press
7844:. iep.utm.edu. 2004-08-30
7748:. Yale University Press.
7562:The Rationality of Theism
7517:Gödel's ontological proof
7333:at least one deity exists
7251:Science Refutes Religion,
7012:
6896:Atheistic Hindu doctrines
6838:ancient Egyptian religion
6601:argument from poor design
5757:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
5557:Latter Day Saint movement
5418:The Foundations of Belief
5240:argument from first cause
5185:In the first part of his
5172:argument from contingency
4862:is accepted for existence
4714:and a founding figure of
4687:, the ignostic takes the
4608:, supreme, ultimate, and
4340:(the nature and scope of
12071:Friedrich Schleiermacher
11657:Theories about religions
11459:Inconsistent revelations
10064:Trinitarian universalism
9591:Inconsistent revelations
9095:Hick, John, ed. (1964).
8980:The Skeptic's Dictionary
8962:Science Refutes Religion
8888:Martin, Michael (2006).
8563:Philosophy East and West
8262:: CS1 maint: location (
8246:Aquinas, Thomas (1274).
7978:: CS1 maint: location (
7962:Aquinas, Thomas (1274).
7076:transcendental arguments
6779:the meaning of the term
6491:, or at odds with known
5790:Friedrich Schleiermacher
5652:Arguments from testimony
4348:(study of the nature of
3876:Friedrich Schleiermacher
3683:Philosophers of religion
2622:Disestablishmentarianism
2589:Recovering from Religion
2509:Why I Am Not a Christian
1464:This user loves to play
889:, practiced through the
360:This user is a member of
14757:Wikipedian horn players
14072:Postanalytic philosophy
14013:Experimental philosophy
10693:
10266:Godhead in Christianity
9586:Incompatible properties
8816:The Nature of Necessity
8434:The Coherence of Theism
8048:Encyclopedia Britannica
7616:Barron, Robert (2011).
7244:Metaphysical naturalism
6930:Sankhya- tattva-kaumudi
6720:argument from free will
6623:development of religion
6608:argument from nonbelief
6096:Inconsistent revelation
6090:Incompatible properties
6005:Demographics of atheism
5525:Christological argument
5375:deductions, i.e., they
4945:metaphysical naturalism
4888:Aristotelian philosophy
3296:Incompatible properties
2617:Countries by irreligion
2584:Rational Response Squad
2574:Humanists International
2467:The Demon-Haunted World
1748:In particular religions
1360:Royalmate3 is a fan of
1337:Royalmate3 is a fan of
758:This user is glad that
64:Wiki
50:Wiki
35:Wiki
14205:Social constructionism
13217:Hellenistic philosophy
12633:Theoretical philosophy
12608:Philosophy of religion
12598:Philosophy of language
11935:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
11075:Philosophy of religion
10955:Naturalistic pantheism
9134:Cite journal requires
9005:"What is Agnosticism?"
8686:SÄáčkhyapravacana SĆ«tra
8395:June 27, 2008, at the
8304:"Ontological Argument"
8277:Kreeft, Peter (2009).
8018:Davies, Brian (1992).
7820:The Probability of God
7641:Hebbar, Neria Harish.
7028:Saint Paul the Apostle
6982:
6974:
6909:SÄáčkhyapravacana SĆ«tra
6849:
6842:ancient Greek religion
5857:do not. The school of
5808:Oath Against Modernism
5803:Modernist Christianity
5681:argument from miracles
5515:The argument from the
5508:and the giving of the
5455:are the product of an
5383:Argument from Meaning.
5338:Therefore, God exists.
5007:Philosophers, such as
4818:knowledge proper (see
4774:" can be divided into
4743:Sociology of knowledge
4450:from the existence of
4382:philosophy of religion
3740:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
2697:Philosophy of religion
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725:This user has visited
695:This user believes in
502:, and concurs that an
428:Counter-Vandalism Unit
185:Unitarian Universalism
14588:Philosophy portal
14107:Scientific skepticism
14087:Reformed epistemology
12613:Philosophy of science
12470:Faith and rationality
12425:Criticism of religion
12363:Robert Merrihew Adams
12353:Nicholas Wolterstorff
11556:Divine command theory
10092:Fate of the unlearned
10044:Shield of the Trinity
9561:Fate of the unlearned
9170:. Killing the Buddha.
8698:Rajadhyaksha (1959).
8252:. Part 1, Question 2.
8097:"On Rational Warrant"
7904:Hare Krishna movement
7394:Psychological aspects
7286:is the view that the
7211:that asserts that no
7036:First Vatican Council
6980:
6968:
6845:
6790:Being and Nothingness
6735:Cosmological argument
6068:Fate of the unlearned
6046:Arguments for atheism
6000:Criticism of religion
5865:. In a commentary to
5778:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5722:Born-Again Christians
5631:One Mighty and Strong
5608:One Mighty and Strong
5517:Resurrection of Jesus
5431:Revue des deux Mondes
5274:teleological argument
5224:teleological argument
5180:teleological argument
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4660:or "igtheism" is the
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4238:Criticism of religion
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4151:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3640:Secular Shrine Theory
3474:Divine command theory
3271:Fate of the unlearned
2646:Irreligion by country
2516:Why I Am Not a Muslim
2302:Negative and positive
2297:Implicit and explicit
2181:Criticism of religion
980:understanding of the
920:This user knows that
850:This user belongs to
817:This user belongs to
365:Guild of Copy Editors
14732:Agnostic Wikipedians
14697:Ignostic Wikipedians
14008:Critical rationalism
13715:Edo neo-Confucianism
13559:Acintya bheda abheda
13538:Renaissance humanism
13249:School of the Sextii
12623:Practical philosophy
12618:Political philosophy
12460:Religious philosophy
11940:Pico della Mirandola
11905:Anselm of Canterbury
11837:Augustinian theodicy
11749:Religious skepticism
11082:Concepts in religion
10962:Philosophical theism
9084:, Black Swan, 2007 (
8358:. Intelligent Design
8356:"Intelligent Design"
7886:Sudesh Narang (1984)
7864:A survey of Hinduism
7032:Saint Thomas Aquinas
6854:Subjective arguments
6667:argument from design
6657:from true premises.
6394:Criticism of atheism
6385:Atheism and religion
6336:The System of Nature
6221:Christopher Hitchens
5590:, also known as the
5487:Subjective arguments
5428:, the editor of the
5426:Ferdinand BrunetiĂšre
5316:Ontological argument
5310:Ontological argument
5220:argument from degree
5202:and make use of the
5176:argument from degree
4780:knowledge, based on
4614:Abrahamic traditions
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4417:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
4413:ontological argument
4328:for and against the
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4268:Religion and science
4258:History of religions
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3705:Anselm of Canterbury
3427:Theories of religion
2502:The System of Nature
2288:Forms and variations
2191:Organized secularism
1635:Specific conceptions
1388:Good news, everyone!
1264:This user plays the
449:does not give a fuck
14737:Atheist Wikipedians
14727:Russian Wikipedians
13579:Nimbarka Sampradaya
13490:Korean Confucianism
13237:Academic Skepticism
12445:History of religion
12146:Friedrich Nietzsche
12023:Gottfried W Leibniz
12018:Nicolas Malebranche
11950:King James VI and I
11230:Abrahamic religions
10945:Classical pantheism
10626:Slavic Native Faith
10049:Trinitarian formula
9986:Father of Greatness
9869:Abrahamic religions
9372:Fine-tuned universe
8768:Vatican Council I,
8464:. pp. 108â122.
8432:Richard Swinburne,
8279:Socrates Meets Kant
7802:Beale/Howson debate
7473:device (ADD) and a
6769:atheist-existential
6761:inductive reasoning
6755:Inductive arguments
6698:omnipotence paradox
6686:omnipotence paradox
6655:deductive reasoning
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6503:Empirical arguments
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5260:necessary existence
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4884:Baucis and Philemon
4440:logically necessary
3941:Friedrich Nietzsche
3828:Gottfried W Leibniz
3823:Nicolas Malebranche
3755:King James VI and I
3322:Omnipotence paradox
3087:Fine-tuned universe
2974:Process-theological
2523:Why I Am an Atheist
2098:Religion portal
1513:Part of a series on
883:This user believes
701:assuming good faith
645:This user supports
394:Knowledge Typo Team
297:This user has made
14200:Post-structuralism
14102:Scientific realism
14057:Quinean naturalism
14037:Logical positivism
13993:Analytical Marxism
13212:Peripatetic school
13124:Chinese naturalism
12651:Aesthetic response
12578:Applied philosophy
12455:Religious language
12435:Ethics in religion
12393:William Lane Craig
12268:Charles Hartshorne
12008:Desiderius Erasmus
11910:Augustine of Hippo
11852:Inconsistent triad
11814:Apophatic theology
11809:Logical positivism
11791:Religious language
11411:Watchmaker analogy
11376:Necessary existent
11152:Conceptions of God
11112:Intelligent design
10896:Ethical monotheism
10728:Conceptions of God
10588:Abrahamic prophecy
10518:Ayyavazhi theology
10290:Apophatic theology
9679:Conceptions of God
9424:Necessary existent
9377:Intelligent Design
9367:Existential choice
9335:Kalam cosmological
8476:Swinburne, Richard
8458:Polkinghorne, John
8281:. Ignatius Press.
7995:Summa of the Summa
7742:Polkinghorne, John
7512:Existence of Jesus
7507:Efficacy of prayer
7440:Religion Explained
7307:Strong agnosticism
7302:Strong agnosticism
7049:thinkers (such as
6983:
6975:
6860:Anecdotal evidence
6613:The argument from
6301:Breaking the Spell
6236:Michael Lou Martin
6062:Evil God challenge
5967:History of atheism
5875:Indian philosopher
5707:Anecdotal evidence
5449:Intelligent design
5447:The hypothesis of
5267:argued from degree
5262:, regarded as God.
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4860:object of the mind
4727:The New Skepticism
4716:Humanistic Judaism
4508:David Bentley Hart
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4243:Ethics in religion
4201:William Lane Craig
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2830:Religious language
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2739:Intelligent design
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2460:Breaking the Spell
2206:Secular liberalism
1416:This user watches
1242:Russian Revolution
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791:This user prefers
329:This user got the
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13988:Analytic feminism
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13922:Kierkegaardianism
13884:Transcendentalism
13844:Neo-scholasticism
13690:Classical Realism
13667:
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13254:Neopythagoreanism
13011:
13010:
13007:
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12628:Social philosophy
12513:
12512:
12413:
12412:
12373:Peter van Inwagen
12358:Richard Swinburne
12303:George I Mavrodes
12163:Vladimir Solovyov
12103:SĂžren Kierkegaard
12028:William Wollaston
11975:William of Ockham
11955:Marcion of Sinope
11857:Irenaean theodicy
11847:Euthyphro dilemma
11774:Transcendentalism
11603:Womanist theology
11593:Feminist theology
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11496:
11288:
11287:
11174:Divine simplicity
11094:Euthyphro dilemma
11041:
11040:
10999:Theistic finitism
10925:Nontrinitarianism
10775:Christian atheism
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10660:
10643:
10642:
10639:
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10381:
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10377:
10376:
10272:Latter Day Saints
10241:Divine simplicity
10162:
10161:
10019:Consubstantiality
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9994:
9846:
9845:
9790:Theistic finitism
9632:
9631:
9595:No limits fallacy
9488:Responses to evil
9414:Mystical idealism
9382:Ontogenetic depth
9090:978-0-552-77429-1
8732:Neville, Robert.
8420:Alvin Plantinga,
8408:Alvin Plantinga,
8345:(Stuttgart, 1908)
8231:Nolan, Lawrence.
8214:978-0-9824087-1-1
8187:978-0-9824087-1-1
8160:978-0-9824087-1-1
8133:978-0-9824087-1-1
8081:978-0-9824087-1-1
7827:its criticism in
7260:Loch Ness Monster
7152:Robert L. Reymond
7139:SĂžren Kierkegaard
7063:Cornelius Van Til
7059:Herman Dooyeweerd
7055:Benjamin Warfield
6679:natural selection
6485:
6484:
6450:
6438:
6436:Philosophy portal
6426:
6414:
6401:
6400:
6278:
6277:
6271:Victor J. Stenger
6162:Lists of atheists
5834:Lekhraj Kripalani
5688:majority argument
5124:; and "bliss" or
5112:, related to the
5002:prior probability
4971:quantum mechanics
4967:John Polkinghorne
4926:Stephen Jay Gould
4924:view proposed by
4906:empirical methods
4725:in his 1992 book
4548:Definition of God
4488:Richard Swinburne
4434:, respectively);
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4322:
4223:
4222:
4171:Peter van Inwagen
4156:Richard Swinburne
4096:George I Mavrodes
3956:Vladimir Solovyov
3906:SĂžren Kierkegaard
3833:William Wollaston
3780:William of Ockham
3760:Marcion of Sinope
3670:Transcendentalism
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3307:No limits fallacy
3238:Arguments against
3196:Responses to evil
3112:Mystical idealism
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2895:
2820:Euthyphro dilemma
2682:
2681:
2549:American Atheists
2453:The Age of Reason
2397:List of agnostics
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2279:Lists of atheists
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2033:Euthyphro dilemma
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14112:Transactionalism
14062:Normative ethics
14042:Legal positivism
14018:Falsificationism
14003:Consequentialism
13998:Communitarianism
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13839:New Confucianism
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13259:Second Sophistic
13244:Middle Platonism
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12727:Consequentialism
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12261:Reinhold Niebuhr
12221:Bertrand Russell
12216:George Santayana
12113:Albrecht Ritschl
12098:Ludwig Feuerbach
11888:
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11884:(by date active)
11744:Process theology
11489:Russell's teapot
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11294:Existence of God
11204:Process theology
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11142:Theological veto
11105:religious belief
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10814:Classical theism
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9289:existence of God
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8201:Hinman, Joseph.
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7825:Stephen D. Unwin
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7471:agency detection
7444:agency detection
7345:Agnostic atheism
7340:Agnostic atheism
7318:Weak agnosticism
7313:Weak agnosticism
7270:Negative atheism
7205:Positive atheism
7194:Positive atheism
6911:
6831:Ludwig von Mises
6785:Jean-Paul Sartre
6739:infinite regress
6675:special pleading
6641:The Grand Design
6632:argues that the
6630:Russell's teapot
6477:
6470:
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6445:
6441:
6434:
6429:
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6376:Secular humanism
6353:
6352:
6329:God Is Not Great
6322:The God Delusion
6315:The End of Faith
6261:Bertrand Russell
6206:Ludwig Feuerbach
6158:
6157:
6136:Russell's teapot
6091:
6084:Hitchens's razor
6069:
5995:Atheist feminism
5916:
5915:
5902:Hindu philosophy
5847:Hindu philosophy
5845:Most schools of
5755:, the School of
5673:witness argument
5627:John the Baptist
5543:, also known as
5510:Ten Commandments
5360:necessarily true
5282:Rational Warrant
5245:infinite regress
5188:Summa Theologica
5110:
5071:Ultimate Reality
4985:Stephen D. Unwin
4720:secular humanist
4564:Classical theism
4468:Bertrand Russell
4330:existence of God
4315:
4308:
4301:
4263:Natural theology
4206:Ali Akbar Rashad
4054:Reinhold Niebuhr
4004:Bertrand Russell
3999:George Santayana
3916:Albrecht Ritschl
3901:Ludwig Feuerbach
3688:
3687:
3333:Russell's teapot
3323:
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3291:Hitchens's razor
3134:Nyayakusumanjali
3005:
3004:
2944:Form of the Good
2911:
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2793:Theological veto
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2760:Religious belief
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2488:God Is Not Great
2481:The God Delusion
2474:The End of Faith
2382:Agnostic atheism
2345:Existence of God
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2201:Secular humanism
2176:Anti-clericalism
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2115:
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2095:
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1751:
1666:Form of the Good
1548:Classical theism
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1486:This user plays
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1092:agnostic atheist
1089:This user is an
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1063:This user is of
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1037:This user is of
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1008:English-American
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14023:Foundationalism
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13730:Foundationalism
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13629:Illuminationism
13614:Aristotelianism
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13589:Vishishtadvaita
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13202:Megarian school
13197:Eretrian school
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13099:Agriculturalism
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12772:Incompatibilism
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12405:Alexander Pruss
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12093:William Whewell
12081:Georg W F Hegel
12076:Karl C F Krause
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12053:Johann G Herder
12043:Baron d'Holbach
11993:Augustin Calmet
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11829:Problem of evil
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11819:Verificationism
11785:
11493:
11439:Atheist's Wager
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11122:Problem of evil
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11035:Religion portal
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10901:Post-monotheism
10829:Christian deism
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10655:Religion portal
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10246:Divine presence
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9571:God of the gaps
9541:Atheist's Wager
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9212:Is There a God?
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9076:Richard Dawkins
9072:
9070:Further reading
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8735:Religious truth
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8480:Is there a God?
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8397:Wayback Machine
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7350:The theologian
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7329:Agnostic theism
7326:
7324:Agnostic theism
7315:
7304:
7281:
7272:
7234:omnibenevolence
7202:
7196:
7183:
7177:
7082:Alvin Plantinga
7024:Catholic Church
7015:
6963:
6893:
6891:Hindu arguments
6864:Similar to the
6862:
6856:
6797:who is also an
6757:
6709:omnibenevolence
6705:problem of hell
6651:
6634:burden of proof
6628:The analogy of
6567:problem of evil
6505:
6481:
6403:
6402:
6350:
6349:Related stances
6342:
6341:
6308:De rerum natura
6288:
6280:
6279:
6231:Lawrence Krauss
6226:Baron d'Holbach
6191:Richard Dawkins
6176:Mikhail Bakunin
6155:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6131:Problem of Hell
6126:Problem of evil
6116:Parody religion
6089:
6079:God of the gaps
6067:
6052:Atheist's wager
6043:
6035:
6034:
5990:
5982:
5981:
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5953:
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5914:
5879:Advaita Vedanta
5843:
5841:Hindu arguments
5820:Catholic Church
5709:
5703:
5654:
5588:Plates of Laban
5494:
5489:
5444:
5442:Other arguments
5393:
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5367:Other arguments
5318:
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5307:
5284:
5252:necessary being
5216:necessary being
5183:
5160:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5101:sat chit ananda
5095:svayam bhagavan
5042:
5020:George Berkeley
4962:
4900:Some religious
4876:
4798:knowledge from
4745:
4737:Main articles:
4735:
4655:
4630:nirguna Brahman
4621:Advaita Vedanta
4568:anthropomorphic
4560:
4552:Main articles:
4550:
4545:
4533:Catholic Church
4492:Alvin Plantinga
4480:Richard Dawkins
4476:Francis Collins
4472:Stephen Hawking
4386:popular culture
4362:theory of value
4360:) and also the
4319:
4283:
4282:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4216:Alexander Pruss
4196:Jean-Luc Marion
4186:Herman Philipse
4141:Alvin Plantinga
4136:Dewi Z Phillips
4081:Walter Kaufmann
4071:Frithjof Schuon
4044:Rudolf Bultmann
4034:Pavel Florensky
4014:Sergei Bulgakov
3981:Joseph Maréchal
3961:Ernst Troeltsch
3946:Harald HĂžffding
3926:Usman dan Fodio
3896:William Whewell
3886:Georg W F Hegel
3881:Karl C F Krause
3858:Johann G Herder
3848:Baron d'Holbach
3798:Augustin Calmet
3685:
3675:
3674:
3645:Shendao shejiao
3429:
3419:
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3281:God of the gaps
3251:Atheist's wager
2939:Divinely simple
2924:Anthropopathism
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2851:Problem of evil
2835:Verificationism
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2771:Religious faith
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671:This user is a
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602:Cultural Mormon
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18:User:Royalmate3
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14155:Existentialism
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14150:Deconstruction
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13983:Applied ethics
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13889:Utilitarianism
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13787:Transcendental
13784:
13779:
13774:
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13754:
13753:
13752:
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13727:
13725:Existentialism
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13550:
13548:
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13513:Augustinianism
13510:
13504:
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13426:Zoroastrianism
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13269:Church Fathers
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12784:Libertarianism
12781:
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12779:
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12588:Metaphilosophy
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12418:Related topics
12415:
12414:
12411:
12410:
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12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12378:Daniel Dennett
12375:
12370:
12368:Ravi Zacharias
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12333:William L Rowe
12329:
12327:
12319:
12318:
12316:
12315:
12310:
12308:William Alston
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12264:
12263:
12258:
12256:Gabriel Marcel
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12212:
12210:
12204:
12203:
12201:
12200:
12195:
12193:Ernst Cassirer
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
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12159:
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12123:
12121:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12088:Thomas Carlyle
12084:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12067:
12065:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12013:Baruch Spinoza
12010:
12005:
12000:
11998:René Descartes
11995:
11989:
11987:
11981:
11980:
11978:
11977:
11972:
11970:Thomas Aquinas
11967:
11962:
11957:
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11937:
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11786:
11784:
11783:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
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11751:
11746:
11741:
11739:Possibilianism
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11695:
11694:
11689:
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11664:
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11615:Fundamentalism
11612:
11607:
11606:
11605:
11600:
11590:
11589:
11588:
11583:
11576:Existentialism
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
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11523:
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11513:
11507:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11495:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11469:Noncognitivism
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11430:
11428:
11424:
11423:
11421:
11420:
11418:Transcendental
11415:
11414:
11413:
11408:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11386:Pascal's wager
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11337:
11336:
11331:
11321:
11316:
11314:Christological
11311:
11305:
11303:
11296:
11290:
11289:
11286:
11285:
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11282:
11277:
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11056:
11048:
11039:
11038:
11028:
11025:
11024:
11022:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11009:Trinitarianism
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10975:
10974:
10964:
10959:
10958:
10957:
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10947:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10921:
10920:
10910:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10898:
10888:
10883:
10881:Liberal theism
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10846:Dipolar theism
10843:
10842:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10805:
10804:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10785:Jewish atheism
10782:
10777:
10772:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10741:
10740:
10735:
10725:
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10702:
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10611:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10584:
10582:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10572:
10567:
10565:Predestination
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10537:
10535:
10529:
10528:
10526:
10525:
10520:
10514:
10512:
10506:
10505:
10503:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10420:Biblical canon
10417:
10412:
10406:
10404:
10394:
10393:
10383:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10372:
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10317:
10312:
10307:
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10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10276:
10275:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10218:
10216:
10215:Other concepts
10212:
10211:
10209:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10172:
10170:
10164:
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10136:
10131:
10126:
10120:
10118:
10111:
10110:
10101:
10100:
10099:
10089:
10087:Apocalypticism
10084:
10078:
10076:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10005:
10003:
10001:Trinitarianism
9997:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9989:
9975:
9970:
9964:
9962:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9928:
9926:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9918:
9916:Zoroastrianism
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9892:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9865:
9863:
9856:
9848:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9748:Urmonotheismus
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9693:
9683:
9682:
9670:
9669:
9662:
9661:
9654:
9647:
9639:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9604:Noncognitivism
9601:
9596:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9546:Creator of God
9543:
9538:
9532:
9530:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9522:
9520:Transcendental
9517:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9473:Pascal's wager
9470:
9469:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9438:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9385:
9384:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9327:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9315:
9308:Christological
9305:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9284:
9283:
9276:
9269:
9261:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9242:
9241:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9209:
9203:
9198:
9190:
9184:
9177:
9176:External links
9174:
9173:
9172:
9163:
9157:
9144:
9136:|journal=
9119:Calvin College
9104:
9093:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9041:
9020:
8992:
8966:
8954:
8931:
8907:
8900:
8877:
8843:
8821:
8803:
8794:
8780:
8761:
8758:. p. 114.
8750:Coward, Harold
8741:
8724:
8721:. p. 243.
8707:
8690:
8678:
8656:
8641:
8629:
8612:
8599:
8586:
8549:
8532:
8521:
8512:
8510:, II, 82 sqq.)
8495:
8488:
8467:
8449:
8437:
8425:
8413:
8401:
8368:
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8338:
8317:
8294:
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8238:
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8193:
8186:
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8159:
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8112:
8087:
8080:
8060:
8035:
8028:
8010:
8003:
7985:
7943:
7922:
7892:
7879:
7872:
7854:
7833:
7810:
7793:
7761:
7754:
7733:
7712:
7703:
7677:
7654:
7633:
7626:
7608:
7599:
7579:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7527:Pascal's Wager
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7475:theory of mind
7395:
7392:
7372:
7369:
7360:
7357:
7341:
7338:
7325:
7322:
7314:
7311:
7303:
7300:
7280:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7198:Main article:
7195:
7192:
7179:Main article:
7176:
7173:
7117:, and Chinese
7071:transcendental
7051:Abraham Kuyper
7014:
7011:
6962:
6959:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6834:
6812:
6803:Salman Rushdie
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6742:
6731:
6716:
6701:
6693:
6682:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6637:
6626:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6575:omnibenevolent
6563:
6549:Book of Mormon
6504:
6501:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6439:
6427:
6415:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6388:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6360:
6359:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6211:A. C. Grayling
6208:
6203:
6198:
6196:Daniel Dennett
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6171:Julian Baggini
6165:
6164:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6057:Creator of God
6054:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6015:Secular ethics
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5913:
5910:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5830:Brahma Kumaris
5827:
5810:formulated by
5800:
5793:
5786:
5768:
5749:
5741:
5725:
5714:Paul of Tarsus
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5684:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5611:
5553:Book of Mormon
5538:
5528:
5513:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5470:
5467:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5414:Arthur Balfour
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5368:
5365:
5343:Thomas Aquinas
5340:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5326:René Descartes
5314:Main article:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5263:
5248:
5236:
5193:Thomas Aquinas
5156:Main article:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5055:traditions of
5041:
5038:
5013:Charles Taylor
4961:
4958:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4734:
4731:
4674:concept of God
4654:
4651:
4636:saguna Brahman
4610:personal being
4595:Baruch Spinoza
4580:Process Theism
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4500:Daniel Dennett
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:Related topics
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4211:Yujin Nagasawa
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Ravi Zacharias
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:William L Rowe
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:William Alston
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4049:Gabriel Marcel
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3976:Ernst Cassirer
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Thomas Carlyle
3888:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:Baruch Spinoza
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:René Descartes
3800:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3775:Thomas Aquinas
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Fundamentalism
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3494:Existentialism
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3316:Noncognitivism
3313:
3308:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Creator of God
3253:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3230:Transcendental
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Pascal's wager
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3021:Christological
3018:
3010:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2840:eschatological
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Ethical egoism
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2627:Secular ethics
2624:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2608:Related topics
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:Secularization
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:Related topics
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1838:Zoroastrianism
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:Types of faith
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1286:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:Ottoman Empire
1211:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1002:
992:
988:
987:
974:
956:
952:
951:
942:
932:
928:
927:
926:is the future.
918:
908:
904:
903:
896:
881:
871:
867:
866:
859:
848:
838:
834:
833:
826:
815:
805:
801:
800:
789:
777:
773:
772:
767:isn't a planet
756:
746:
742:
741:
723:
709:
705:
704:
693:
683:
679:
678:
669:
659:
655:
654:
643:
633:
630:
629:
620:
607:
606:
593:
589:
588:
579:
569:
565:
564:
555:
545:
541:
540:
529:
519:
515:
514:
490:
478:
471:
470:
463:
457:
453:
452:
445:
437:
433:
432:
418:
408:
401:
400:
386:
374:
370:
369:
358:
348:
344:
343:
327:
317:
310:
309:
294:
288:
284:
283:
274:
268:
264:
263:
251:
245:
241:
240:
231:
221:
217:
216:
204:
194:
190:
189:
180:
170:
166:
165:
158:
148:
144:
143:
129:
119:
115:
114:
107:
96:
93:
86:
85:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14799:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14659:
14657:
14647:
14637:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14624:
14621:
14602:
14601:
14592:
14590:
14589:
14578:
14577:
14574:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14532:
14530:
14528:Miscellaneous
14526:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14453:
14450:
14449:
14448:
14445:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14434:
14432:
14430:
14426:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14396:
14394:
14392:
14388:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14343:
14341:
14339:
14335:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14310:
14308:
14306:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14293:
14289:
14281:
14280:
14276:
14272:
14254:
14253:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14228:
14226:
14224:Miscellaneous
14222:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14210:Structuralism
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14195:Postmodernism
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14185:Phenomenology
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14142:
14140:
14138:
14134:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14122:Vienna Circle
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14052:Moral realism
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13976:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13963:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13916:
13913:
13912:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13902:
13900:
13896:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13854:Phenomenology
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13794:Individualism
13792:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13759:
13758:
13755:
13751:
13748:
13747:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13693:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13682:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13670:
13660:
13659:Judeo-Islamic
13657:
13656:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13636:
13635:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
13632:
13630:
13627:
13625:
13622:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13612:
13611:
13609:
13607:
13603:
13597:
13594:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13584:Shuddhadvaita
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13556:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13545:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13518:Scholasticism
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13505:
13503:
13501:
13497:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13457:
13455:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13442:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13413:
13411:
13409:
13405:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13352:
13349:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13336:
13335:
13332:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13289:
13288:
13285:
13284:
13282:
13280:
13276:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13219:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13157:
13156:
13153:
13152:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13141:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13096:
13094:
13092:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13079:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13037:
13035:
13033:
13029:
13025:
13018:
13014:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12969:Conceptualism
12967:
12965:
12962:
12961:
12959:
12957:
12953:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12933:
12931:
12929:
12925:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12898:Particularism
12896:
12894:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12886:
12882:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12865:Functionalism
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12850:Eliminativism
12848:
12846:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12838:
12834:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12799:
12797:
12795:
12791:
12785:
12782:
12778:
12775:
12774:
12773:
12770:
12766:
12763:
12762:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12755:Compatibilism
12753:
12752:
12750:
12748:
12744:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12716:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12694:Particularism
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12668:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12640:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12575:
12573:
12571:
12567:
12563:
12556:
12552:
12548:
12541:
12536:
12534:
12529:
12527:
12522:
12521:
12518:
12506:
12498:
12496:
12492:
12488:
12487:
12484:
12478:
12477:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12422:
12420:
12416:
12406:
12403:
12402:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12348:Anthony Kenny
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12330:
12328:
12320:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12273:Mircea Eliade
12271:
12269:
12266:
12265:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12205:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12160:
12157:
12156:William James
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12136:Ernst Haeckel
12134:
12133:
12131:
12125:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12085:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12060:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12048:Immanuel Kant
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12003:Blaise Pascal
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11990:
11988:
11986:
11982:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11902:
11900:
11898:
11893:
11889:
11886:
11881:
11874:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11830:
11826:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11804:Language game
11802:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11788:
11782:
11781:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11679:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11632:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11594:
11591:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11578:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11504:
11500:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11474:Occam's razor
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11429:
11425:
11419:
11416:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11403:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11326:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11319:Consciousness
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11291:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11221:
11215:
11214:Unmoved mover
11212:
11210:
11209:Supreme Being
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11161:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11149:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11106:
11102:
11101:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11069:
11064:
11062:
11057:
11055:
11050:
11049:
11046:
11036:
11032:
11026:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10919:
10916:
10915:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10876:Kathenotheism
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10809:Binitarianism
10807:
10803:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10739:
10738:Gender of God
10736:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10729:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10700:
10696:
10689:
10684:
10682:
10677:
10675:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10656:
10652:
10646:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10619:
10615:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10598:Denominations
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10571:
10570:Last Judgment
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10542:
10539:
10538:
10536:
10534:
10530:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10388:
10384:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10337:
10331:
10330:Unmoved mover
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10273:
10269:
10268:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10231:Binitarianism
10229:
10227:
10223:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10165:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10115:
10109:
10105:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10071:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9998:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9963:
9959:
9953:
9952:Supreme Being
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9923:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9839:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9827:
9824:
9823:Gender of God
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9808:
9806:
9802:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9749:
9746:
9745:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9728:Kathenotheism
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9660:
9655:
9653:
9648:
9646:
9641:
9640:
9637:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9609:Occam's Razor
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9527:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9425:
9422:
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9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9325:Consciousness
9323:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9282:
9277:
9275:
9270:
9268:
9263:
9262:
9259:
9253:
9246:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9169:
9164:
9160:
9158:9780520269071
9154:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9128:
9120:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9054:
9053:
9045:
9030:
9024:
9010:
9006:
8999:
8997:
8982:. skepdic.com
8981:
8977:
8976:"agnosticism"
8970:
8963:
8958:
8942:
8935:
8920:
8914:
8912:
8903:
8901:0-521-84270-0
8897:
8893:
8892:
8884:
8882:
8874:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8850:
8848:
8840:
8833:
8830:
8825:
8817:
8813:
8807:
8798:
8792:
8789:
8784:
8777:
8776:
8772:2; quoted in
8771:
8765:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8745:
8738:. p. 51.
8737:
8736:
8728:
8720:
8719:
8711:
8704:. p. 95.
8703:
8702:
8694:
8687:
8682:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8609:
8603:
8596:
8590:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8545:0-7069-2563-7
8542:
8536:
8530:
8525:
8516:
8509:
8505:
8499:
8491:
8489:0-19-823545-3
8485:
8481:
8477:
8471:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8405:
8398:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8389:Horse's Mouth
8385:
8380:
8379:
8372:
8357:
8351:
8342:
8327:
8321:
8305:
8298:
8290:
8288:9781586173487
8284:
8280:
8273:
8265:
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8251:
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8234:
8227:
8225:
8216:
8210:
8206:
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8197:
8189:
8183:
8179:
8178:
8170:
8162:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8143:
8135:
8129:
8125:
8124:
8116:
8102:
8098:
8091:
8083:
8077:
8073:
8072:
8064:
8049:
8045:
8039:
8031:
8029:9780191520440
8025:
8021:
8014:
8006:
8004:9780898703009
8000:
7996:
7989:
7981:
7975:
7967:
7966:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7939:
7933:
7925:
7923:0-231-12256-X
7919:
7916:. p. 7.
7915:
7911:
7907:
7905:
7896:
7889:
7883:
7875:
7873:0-7914-7081-4
7869:
7865:
7858:
7843:
7842:"iep.utm.edu"
7837:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7803:
7800:See e.g. the
7797:
7791:
7790:0-19-513193-2
7787:
7783:
7779:
7778:0-8014-9735-3
7775:
7771:
7765:
7757:
7755:0-300-07294-5
7751:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7716:
7707:
7691:
7690:The Economist
7687:
7681:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7644:
7637:
7629:
7627:9780307720511
7623:
7619:
7612:
7603:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7567:
7566:Quentin Smith
7563:
7557:
7553:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7426:Sigmund Freud
7423:
7419:
7415:
7414:William James
7409:
7407:
7401:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7380:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7356:
7353:
7348:
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7334:
7330:
7321:
7319:
7310:
7308:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7276:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7254:believe that
7252:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7230:transcendence
7227:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7191:
7188:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7165:leap of faith
7162:
7158:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
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7100:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7020:
7010:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6979:
6972:
6971:Eurobarometer
6967:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6933:
6931:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6913:
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6910:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6861:
6848:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6791:
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6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6749:
6746:
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6740:
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6732:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6619:Occam's razor
6616:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6519:âsuch as the
6518:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6489:contradictory
6478:
6473:
6471:
6466:
6464:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6449:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6425:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6346:
6345:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6256:Michel Onfray
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6201:Denis Diderot
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
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6166:
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6159:
6151:
6150:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Occam's razor
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6030:State atheism
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
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5992:
5986:
5985:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
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5964:
5958:
5957:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
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5930:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5867:Brahma Sutras
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5766:
5765:Immanuel Kant
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5453:living things
5450:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5436:Ist Gott tot?
5433:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5351:Immanuel Kant
5348:
5344:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5232:unmoved mover
5229:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5208:unmoved mover
5205:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5164:unmoved mover
5159:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5047:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4957:
4954:
4953:Scott C. Todd
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4936:Rudolf Carnap
4933:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4828:enlightenment
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:psychological
4809:
4808:self-evidence
4805:
4801:
4800:introspection
4797:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4764:understanding
4760:
4758:
4757:justification
4754:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4685:unfalsifiable
4682:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4587:
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4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4444:Immanuel Kant
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4334:philosophical
4331:
4327:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Anthony Kenny
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Mircea Eliade
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:William James
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Ernst Haeckel
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Immanuel Kant
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Blaise Pascal
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3693:
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3309:
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3304:
3302:Inconsistency
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3160:
3157:
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3150:
3147:
3146:
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3142:
3140:
3139:Occam's Razor
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
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3065:
3061:
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3056:
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3050:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Consciousness
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:Arguments for
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:Unmoved mover
2987:
2985:
2984:Supreme Being
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Occasionalism
2957:
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2801:
2794:
2791:
2789:
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2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Reincarnation
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Enlightenment
2732:
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2707:
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2222:
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2211:Secular state
2209:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
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2024:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
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2001:
1998:
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1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
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1963:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1938:Transcendence
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
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1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1866:Hongjun Laozu
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Yungdrung Bon
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
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1816:
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1811:
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1724:
1722:
1719:
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1709:
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1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Supreme Being
1694:
1692:
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1687:
1684:
1682:
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1672:
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1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Kathenotheism
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
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1579:
1576:
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1397:
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1293:
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1204:
1195:
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1098:
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1080:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:This user is
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
985:
984:
979:
978:near-complete
975:
967:
963:
960:
959:
949:
948:
944:This user is
943:
940:
936:
935:
925:
919:
916:
912:
911:
901:
897:
894:
888:
887:
882:
879:
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874:
865:
860:
857:
856:
849:
846:
842:
841:
832:
827:
824:
823:
816:
813:
809:
808:
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790:
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786:
781:
780:
770:
769:
764:
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754:
750:
749:
739:
735:
734:
728:
724:
722:
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713:
712:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
686:
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675:
670:
667:
663:
662:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
636:
627:
626:
621:
618:
614:
613:
605:
604:
597:
596:
586:
585:
580:
577:
573:
572:
562:
561:
556:
553:
549:
548:
538:
537:
530:
527:
523:
522:
512:
508:
506:
505:unfalsifiable
501:
500:
495:
491:
489:
487:
482:
481:
477:
468:
464:
461:
460:
450:
446:
444:
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412:
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387:
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367:
366:
359:
356:
352:
351:
342:
339:
334:
333:
328:
325:
321:
320:
316:
307:to Knowledge.
306:
304:contributions
303:
295:
292:
291:
281:
280:
275:
272:
271:
261:
260:
252:
249:
248:
238:
237:
232:
229:
225:
224:
214:
212:
205:
202:
198:
197:
187:
186:
181:
178:
174:
173:
164:is NOT closed
163:
159:
156:
152:
151:
141:
140:
134:
130:
127:
123:
122:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
92:
91:
82:
60:
45:
43:
30:
28:
27:
19:
14593:
14579:
14250:
14241:Postcritique
14231:Kyoto School
14190:Posthumanism
14170:Hermeneutics
14025: /
13966:Contemporary
13942:Newtonianism
13905:Cartesianism
13864:Reductionism
13700:Conservatism
13695:Collectivism
13633:
13361:SarvÄstivadÄ
13339:Anekantavada
13264:Neoplatonism
13232:Epicureanism
13165:Pythagoreans
13104:Confucianism
13070:Contemporary
13060:Early modern
12964:Anti-realism
12918:Universalism
12875:Subjectivism
12671:Epistemology
12474:
12293:Martin Lings
12246:Emil Brunner
12236:Paul Tillich
12226:Martin Buber
12141:W K Clifford
12118:Afrikan Spir
12033:Thomas Chubb
11985:Early modern
11965:Adi Shankara
11878:Philosophers
11862:Natural evil
11778:
11754:Spiritualism
11729:Perennialism
11682:Metaphysical
11526:Antireligion
11401:Teleological
11324:Cosmological
11275:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
11240:Christianity
11199:Personal god
11019:Unitarianism
10989:Spiritualism
10465:Hamartiology
10450:Ecclesiology
10440:Pneumatology
10349:Christianity
10340:Names of God
10315:Philo's view
10305:Personal god
10285:Great Spirit
10224: /
10181:Christianity
10039:Perichoresis
9942:Emanationism
9884:Christianity
9874:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
9852:Singular god
9825:
9785:Spiritualism
9493:Teleological
9345:Metaphysical
9330:Cosmological
9318:Resurrection
9193:
9148:
9127:cite journal
9100:
9096:
9079:
9057:. Retrieved
9051:
9044:
9033:. Retrieved
9023:
9012:. Retrieved
8984:. Retrieved
8979:
8969:
8961:
8957:
8945:. Retrieved
8943:. Amazon.com
8934:
8923:. Retrieved
8890:
8871:
8865:. Retrieved
8859:
8855:Flew, Antony
8838:
8824:
8815:
8806:
8797:
8783:
8773:
8769:
8764:
8754:
8744:
8734:
8727:
8717:
8710:
8700:
8693:
8681:
8670:. Retrieved
8659:
8649:
8644:
8636:
8632:
8602:
8589:
8578:. Retrieved
8566:
8562:
8552:
8535:
8524:
8515:
8507:
8498:
8479:
8470:
8461:
8452:
8440:
8433:
8428:
8421:
8416:
8409:
8404:
8388:
8384:Ruling p. 26
8376:
8371:
8360:. Retrieved
8350:
8341:
8330:. Retrieved
8320:
8308:. Retrieved
8297:
8278:
8272:
8248:
8241:
8203:
8196:
8176:
8169:
8149:
8142:
8122:
8115:
8104:. Retrieved
8100:
8090:
8070:
8063:
8051:. Retrieved
8047:
8038:
8019:
8013:
7994:
7988:
7964:
7901:
7895:
7887:
7882:
7863:
7857:
7846:. Retrieved
7836:
7824:
7818:
7813:
7796:
7781:
7769:
7764:
7745:
7736:
7715:
7706:
7696:December 19,
7694:. Retrieved
7692:. 2010-07-28
7689:
7680:
7669:. Retrieved
7646:. Retrieved
7636:
7617:
7611:
7602:
7591:. Retrieved
7582:
7573:
7569:
7561:
7556:
7467:Todd Tremlin
7462:
7458:
7453:
7448:supernatural
7439:
7436:Pascal Boyer
7434:
7410:
7406:naturalistic
7403:
7381:
7374:
7362:
7352:Robert Flint
7349:
7343:
7332:
7327:
7316:
7305:
7296:metaphysical
7282:
7273:
7250:
7248:
7237:
7226:omnipresence
7203:
7184:
7157:Gordon Clark
7143:
7124:
7113:, Christian
7089:
7080:
7044:
7040:
7016:
6984:
6952:
6934:
6929:
6925:metaphysical
6905:
6899:
6894:
6875:in general.
6863:
6846:
6822:God's Debris
6820:
6819:in the book
6806:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6780:
6777:follows from
6758:
6713:omnipresence
6681:can explain.
6671:ad infinitum
6652:
6640:
6506:
6486:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6266:Peter Singer
6246:Jean Meslier
6186:Albert Camus
5895:
5891:
5844:
5795:Many modern
5771:
5738:common sense
5736:but because
5691:
5655:
5639:W. A. Draves
5635:Otto Fetting
5604:James Strang
5600:Voree plates
5592:Brass Plates
5549:Joseph Smith
5520:
5498:Christianity
5435:
5429:
5417:
5416:in his book
5394:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5347:transcendent
5341:
5319:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5197:Aristotelian
5186:
5184:
5158:Quinque viae
5133:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5063:Adi Shankara
5056:
5050:
5043:
5030:
5023:
5017:
5009:Wittgenstein
5006:
4982:
4975:
4963:
4948:
4930:
4899:
4891:
4880:supernatural
4877:
4869:can justify.
4844:
4839:
4836:a posteriori
4835:
4816:a posteriori
4815:
4793:
4777:a posteriori
4775:
4761:
4746:
4739:Epistemology
4733:Epistemology
4726:
4708:Sherwin Wine
4705:
4694:
4678:
4656:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4618:
4606:monotheistic
4599:
4588:
4584:transcendent
4561:
4523:
4514:
4512:
4504:Edward Feser
4425:
4405:cosmological
4390:
4366:metaphysical
4338:epistemology
4324:
4086:Martin Lings
4076:J. L. Mackie
4039:Emil Brunner
4024:Paul Tillich
4009:Martin Buber
3990:Contemporary
3936:W K Clifford
3921:Afrikan Spir
3867:19th-century
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8580:2009-12-29
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7034:, and the
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6941:orthopraxy
6883:incorrect.
6866:subjective
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6517:scriptures
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8964:, pg. 24
8952:, pg. 15
8814:(1974).
8648:p. 172,
8478:(1997).
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7768:see his
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9088:
8898:
8788:Romans
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8285:
8211:
8184:
8157:
8130:
8078:
8026:
8001:
7920:
7870:
7788:
7776:
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7624:
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4506:, and
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