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living space for biota, and altered sediment transport rates. Keep in mind the status of water quality is difficult to assess in urban areas because of the complexity of the pollutions sources. This could be from mining and deforestation, but the main cause can be attributed to urban and suburban development. This is because such land use has a domino effect that can be felt tens of kilometers away. Consistent decrease to ecological health of streams can be from many things, but most can be directly or indirectly attributed to human infrastructure and action. Urban streams tend to be “flashier” meaning they have more frequent and larger high flow events.
20:
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196:. Historically one of the most polluted freshwater lakes in the world, its salinity and toxic constituents like mercury rose to unsafe levels as large corporations begun to set up shop around the lake. High levels of salinity would be disastrous for any native freshwater marine life and pollutants like mercury are dangerous to most organisms.
645:
Rowell, H. Chandler; Enache, Mihaela D.; Quinlan, Roberto; Smith, Alison J.; Bloomfield, Jay A.; Charles, Donald F.; Effler, Steven W. (2016). "Quantitative paleolimnological inference models applied to a high-resolution biostratigraphic study of lake degradation and recovery, Onondaga Lake, New York
215:
Many water managers treat USS by directly addressing the symptoms, most commonly through channel reconfiguration that includes reshaping rock to address altered hydrology and sediment regimes. In spite of having ecological objectives, this approach has been criticized for addressing physical failures
188:
Urban stream syndrome (USS) is a consistent observed ecological degradation of streams caused by urbanization. This kind of stream degradation is commonly found in areas near or in urban areas. USS also considers hydrogeomorphology changes which are characterized by a deeper, wider catchment, reduced
412:
Wenger, Seth J.; Roy, Allison H.; Jackson, C. Rhett; Bernhardt, Emily S.; Carter, Timothy L.; Filoso, Solange; Gibson, Catherine A.; Hession, W. Cully; Kaushal, Sujay S.; MartĂ, Eugenia; Meyer, Judy L.; Palmer, Margaret A.; Paul, Michael J.; Purcell, Alison H.; RamĂrez, Alonso; Rosemond, Amy D.;
507:
Bischel, Heather N.; Lawrence, Justin E.; Halaburka, Brian J.; Plumlee, Megan H.; Bawazir, A. Salim; King, J. Phillip; McCray, John E.; Resh, Vincent H.; Luthy, Richard G. (2013). "Renewing Urban
Streams with Recycled Water for Streamflow Augmentation: Hydrologic, Water Quality, and Ecosystem
535:
Halaburka, Brian J.; Lawrence, Justin E.; Bischel, Heather N.; Hsiao, Janet; Plumlee, Megan H.; Resh, Vincent H.; Luthy, Richard G. (2013). "Economic and
Ecological Costs and Benefits of Streamflow Augmentation Using Recycled Water in a California Coastal Stream".
202:
Hydrology plays a key role in urban stream syndrome. As urbanization of these streams continue, there is in turn a decrease in the perviousness of the catchment to precipitation, which leads to a decrease in the infiltration and an increase in the
689:
Brown, Larry R.; Cuffney, Thomas F.; Coles, James F.; Fitzpatrick, Faith; McMahon, Gerard; Steuer, Jeffrey; Bell, Amanda H.; May, Jason T. (2009). "Urban streams across the USA: lessons learned from studies in 9 metropolitan areas".
764:
Laub, Brian G.; Baker, Daniel W.; Bledsoe, Brian P.; Palmer, Margaret A. (2012). "Range of variability of channel complexity in urban, restored and forested reference streams: Channel complexity and stream restoration".
207:. This can cause problems during flood discharges. For example, flood discharges in urban catchments were at least 250% higher in urban catchments than in forested catchments in New York and Texas during similar storms.
313:
Walsh, Christopher J.; Roy, Allison H.; Feminella, Jack W.; Cottingham, Peter D.; Groffman, Peter M.; Morgan, Raymond P. (2005). "The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure".
413:
Schofield, Kate A.; Sudduth, Elizabeth B.; Walsh, Christopher J. (December 2009). "Twenty-six key research questions in urban stream ecology: an assessment of the state of the science".
610:
Vietz, Geoff J.; Walsh, Christopher J.; Fletcher, Tim D. (2016). "Urban hydrogeomorphology and the urban stream syndrome: Treating the symptoms and causes of geomorphic change".
192:
Urban streams also suffer from chemical alterations due to pollutants and waste being uncleanly dumped back into rivers and lakes. An example of this is
828:
351:"Recycled water for augmenting urban streams in mediterranean-climate regions: a potential approach for riparian ecosystem enhancement"
180:
runoff. Streamflow augmentation to restore habitat and aesthetics is also an option, and recycled water can be used for this purpose.
349:
Lawrence, Justin E.; Pavia, Christopher P. W.; Kaing, Sereyvicheth; Bischel, Heather N.; Luthy, Richard G.; Resh, Vincent H. (2014).
45:. Often times, urban streams are low-lying points in the landscape that characterize catchment urbanization. Urban streams are often
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257:"Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems"
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401:(Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 2007. EPA 841-B-07-002.
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projects in an attempt to correct the problems caused by alteration, using techniques such as
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Higher levels of urbanization typically mean a greater presence of urban stream syndrome.
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National
Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification
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Governments may alter the flow or course of an urban stream to prevent localized
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Restoring
Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers, and Citizens
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makes flow management in the rehabilitation of urban streams problematic.
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and other species, caused downstream flooding due to alterations of
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Formerly natural waterway flowing through heavily populated area
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Suspended
Sediment and Discharge in a West London River
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in the system without improving ecological conditions.
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Progress in
Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
581:"Water Quality in Urban Streams: What We Can Expect"
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Journal of the North
American Benthological Society
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Journal of the North
American Benthological Society
316:
Journal of the North
American Benthological Society
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117:, or other means. Some urban streams, such as the
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481:"Rolling Back Pavement to Expose Watery Havens"
829:Ecosystem Effects of Urban Stream Restoration
825:- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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458:California Department of Water Resources.
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795:Riley, Ann L.; Leopold, Luna B. (1998).
743:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114040
731:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
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538:Environmental Science & Technology
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255:Violin, Christy R. (September 2011).
109:materials, diverting the stream into
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156:are key stressors to urban streams.
460:"Urban Streams Restoration Program"
13:
585:Water Pollution Control Federation
479:Revkin, Andrew C. (16 July 2009).
14:
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510:Environmental Engineering Science
801:. Washington, DC: Island Press.
779:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02763.x
727:"Streams in the Urban Landscape"
73:Some urban streams, such as the
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226:Nationwide Urban Runoff Program
152:, temperature (and light), and
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579:Duda, Alfred M. (July 1982).
355:Hydrological Sciences Journal
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119:subterranean rivers of London
850:Hydrology and urban planning
376:10.1080/02626667.2013.818221
228:(NURP) – US research program
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164:Some communities have begun
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860:Environmental engineering
668:10.1007/s10933-015-9877-8
648:Journal of Paleolimnology
232:Nonpoint source pollution
85:for substantial distances
725:Paul, Michael J (2001).
624:10.1177/0309133315605048
261:Ecological Applications
172:and fixing stream bank
508:Services Management".
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43:heavily populated area
37:is a formerly natural
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522:10.1089/ees.2012.0201
184:Urban stream syndrome
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41:that flows through a
26:, an urban stream in
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823:Urban Waters Program
660:2016JPall..55..241R
550:2013EnST...4710735H
544:(19): 10735–10743.
367:2014HydSJ..59..488L
273:2011EcoAp..21.1932V
160:Restoration efforts
150:available nutrients
767:Freshwater Biology
753:– via JSTOR.
599:– via JSTOR.
299:– via JSTOR.
237:Subterranean river
166:stream restoration
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28:Orange, New Jersey
880:Fluvial landforms
808:978-1-55963-042-9
558:10.1021/es305011z
281:10.1890/10-1551.1
95:river engineering
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170:daylighting
99:stream beds
83:underground
65:Description
844:Categories
465:2009-07-11
243:References
178:stormwater
57:outflows.
875:Hydrology
676:130414481
632:131397867
385:129362661
211:Treatment
142:Toxicants
137:Stressors
107:hardscape
105:or other
97:: lining
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646:(USA)".
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297:21939035
289:41416629
220:See also
111:culverts
103:concrete
91:flooding
79:Tasmania
47:polluted
39:waterway
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737:: 335.
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492:19 July
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174:erosion
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381:S2CID
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285:JSTOR
146:ionic
101:with
803:ISBN
562:PMID
494:2009
293:PMID
123:fish
113:and
53:and
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