272:(called a "divide" in North America) over which rainfall flows down towards the river traversing the lowest part of the valley, whereas the rain falling on the far slope of the watershed flows away to another river draining an adjacent basin. River basins vary in extent according to the configuration of the country, ranging from the insignificant drainage areas of streams rising on high ground very near the coast and flowing straight down into the sea, up to immense tracts of great continents, where rivers rising on the slopes of mountain ranges far inland have to traverse vast stretches of valleys and plains before reaching the ocean. The size of the largest river basin of any country depends on the extent of the continent in which it is situated, its position in relation to the hilly regions in which rivers generally arise and the sea into which they flow, and the distance between the
462:, and where, in consequence, the drainage is in a great measure artificial, straight channels have been formed for the rivers. Because of the perceived value in protecting these fertile, low-lying lands from inundation, additional straight channels have also been provided for the discharge of rainfall, known as drains in the fens. Even extensive modification of the course of a river combined with an enlargement of its channel often produces only a limited reduction in flood damage. Consequently, such floodworks are only commensurate with the expenditure involved where significant assets (such as a town) are under threat. Additionally, even when successful, such floodworks may simply move the problem further downstream and threaten some other town. Recent floodworks in Europe have included
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a shoal by dredging merely effects a temporary deepening, for it soon forms again from the causes which produced it. The removal, moreover, of the rocky obstructions at rapids, though increasing the depth and equalizing the flow at these places, produces a lowering of the river above the rapids by facilitating the efflux, which may result in the appearance of fresh shoals at the low stage of the river. Where, however, narrow rocky reefs or other hard shoals stretch across the bottom of a river and present obstacles to the erosion by the current of the soft materials forming the bed of the river above and below, their removal may result in permanent improvement by enabling the river to deepen its bed by natural scour.
617:, United States, found that the channelized section of the river contained only 13 species of fish, whereas the natural segment of the stream was home to 21 species of fish. The biomass of fish able to be caught in the dredged segments of the river was 80 percent less than in the natural parts of the same stream. This loss of fish diversity and abundance is thought to occur because of reduction in habitat, elimination of riffles and pools, greater fluctuation of stream levels and water temperature, and shifting substrates. The rate of recovery for a stream once it has been dredged is extremely slow, with many streams showing no significant recovery 30 to 40 years after the date of channelization.
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influence they severally exercise on the height of the floods at these places, can be ascertained. With the help of these records, and by observing the times and heights of the maximum rise of a particular flood at the stations on the various tributaries, the time of arrival and height of the top of the flood at any station on the main river can be predicted with remarkable accuracy two or more days beforehand. By communicating these particulars about a high flood to places on the lower river, weir-keepers are enabled to fully open the movable weirs beforehand to permit the passage of the flood, and riparian inhabitants receive timely warning of the impending inundation.
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only exceptional summer floods have to be excluded from meadows. Occasionally the embankments are raised high enough to retain the floods during most years, while provision is made for the escape of the rare, exceptionally high floods at special places in the embankments, where the scour of the issuing current is guarded against, and the inundation of the neighboring land is least injurious. In this manner, the increased cost of embankments raised above the highest flood-level of rare occurrence is avoided, as is the danger of breaches in the banks from an unusually high flood-rise and rapid flow, with their disastrous effects.
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solution is to restrict the width of the low-water channel, concentrate all of the flow in it, and also to fix its position so that it is scoured out every year by the floods which follow the deepest part of the bed along the line of the strongest current. This can be effected by closing subsidiary low-water channels with dikes across them, and narrowing the channel at the low stage by low-dipping cross dikes extending from the river banks down the slope and pointing slightly up-stream so as to direct the water flowing over them into a central channel.
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river. The fall available in a section of a river approximately corresponds to the slope of the country it traverses; as rivers rise close to the highest part of their basins, generally in hilly regions, their fall is rapid near their source and gradually diminishes, with occasional irregularities, until, in traversing plains along the latter part of their course, their fall usually becomes quite gentle. Accordingly, in large basins, rivers in most cases begin as
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204:(EPA) has defined hydromodification as the "alteration of the hydrologic characteristics of coastal and non-coastal waters, which in turn could cause degradation of water resources." River engineering has often resulted in unintended systematic responses, such as reduced habitat for fish and wildlife, and alterations of water temperature and
528:, despite the clearance of sediment effected by the rush through breaches. Therefore, the completion of the embankments, together with their raising, would only eventually aggravate the injuries of the inundations they have been designed to prevent, as the escape of floods from the raised river must occur sooner or later.
393:, simultaneously with the gradual reduction in fall, and, consequently, in the transporting force of the current. Accordingly, under ordinary conditions, most of the materials brought down from the high lands by torrential water courses are carried forward by the main river to the sea, or partially strewn over flat
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than normal can reach choke points over a shorter period of time than they otherwise would, with a net effect of flood control in one area coming at the expense of greatly aggravated flooding in another. In addition, studies have shown that stream channelization results in declines of river fish populations.
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needs to be modeled by computer or using scale models, moulded to the configuration of the estuary under consideration and reproducing in miniature the tidal ebb and flow and fresh-water discharge over a bed of very fine sand, in which various lines of training walls can be successively inserted. The
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As rivers flow onward towards the sea, they experience a considerable diminution in their fall, and a progressive increase in the basin which they drain, owing to the successive influx of their various tributaries. Thus, their current gradually becomes more gentle and their discharge larger in volume
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Canalization secures a definite available depth for navigation; and the discharge of the river generally is amply sufficient for maintaining the impounded water level, as well as providing the necessary water for locking. Navigation, however, is liable to be stopped during the descent of high floods,
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Rivers whose discharge is liable to become quite small at their low stage, or which have a somewhat large fall, as is usual in the upper part of rivers, cannot be given an adequate depth for navigation purely by works which regulate the flow; their ordinary summer level has to be raised by impounding
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The major agency involved in the enforcement of this policy is the same Army Corps of
Engineers, which for many years was the primary promoter of wide-scale channelization. Often, in the instances where channelization is permitted, boulders may be installed in the bed of the new channel so that water
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has been cited as a cause contributing to the loss of wetlands. This straightening causes the streams to flow more rapidly, which can, in some instances, vastly increase soil erosion. It can also increase flooding downstream from the channelized area, as larger volumes of water traveling more rapidly
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A most serious objection to the formation of continuous, high embankments along rivers bringing down considerable quantities of detritus, especially near a place where their fall has been abruptly reduced by descending from mountain slopes onto alluvial plains, is the danger of their bed being raised
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Reducing the length of the channel by substituting straight cuts for a winding course is the only way in which the effective fall can be increased. This involves some loss of capacity in the channel as a whole, and in the case of a large river with a considerable flow it is very difficult to maintain
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causes the available rainfall to be much less in hot summer weather than in the winter months, so that the rivers fall to their low stage in the summer and are very liable to be in flood in the winter. In fact, with a temperate climate, the year may be divided into a warm and a cold season, extending
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in the bed of a river is due to deposit from a diminution in velocity of flow, produced by a reduction in fall and by a widening of the channel, or to a loss in concentration of the scour of the main current in passing over from one concave bank to the next on the opposite side. The lowering of such
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in a fairly large river and its tributaries at suitable points, and keeping continuous records for some time of the heights of the water at the various stations, the rise of the floods in the different tributaries, the periods they take in passing down to definite stations on the main river, and the
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Channelization of a stream may be undertaken for several reasons. One is to make a stream more suitable for navigation or for navigation by larger vessels with deep draughts. Another is to restrict water to a certain area of a stream's natural bottom lands so that the bulk of such lands can be made
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of rivers depends mainly upon their fall, also known as the gradient or slope. When two rivers of different sizes have the same fall, the larger river has the quicker flow, as its retardation by friction against its bed and banks is less in proportion to its volume than is the case with the smaller
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rising in steps up-stream, providing still-water navigation comparable to a canal; but it differs from a canal in the introduction of weirs for keeping up the water-level, in the provision for the regular discharge of the river at the weirs, and in the two sills of the locks being laid at the same
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The removal of obstructions, natural or artificial (e.g., trunks of trees, boulders and accumulations of gravel) from a river bed furnishes a simple and efficient means of increasing the discharging capacity of its channel. Such removals will consequently lower the height of floods upstream. Every
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on both sides. By placing these embankments somewhat back from the margin of the river-bed, a wide flood-channel is provided for the discharge of the river as soon as it overflows its banks, while leaving the natural channel unaltered for the ordinary flow. Low embankments may be sufficient where
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respectively; the rivers are low and moderate floods are of rare occurrence during the warm period, and the rivers are high and subject to occasional heavy floods after a considerable rainfall during the cold period in most years. The only exceptions are rivers which have their sources amongst
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The capability of a river to provide a waterway for navigation during the summer or throughout the dry season depends on the depth that can be secured in the channel at the lowest stage. The problem in the dry season is the small discharge and deficiency in scour during this period. A typical
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Engineering works to increase the navigability of rivers can only be advantageously undertaken in large rivers with a moderate fall and a fair discharge at their lowest stage, for with a large fall the current presents a great impediment to up-stream navigation, and there are generally great
809:. River engineering works are only required to prevent changes in the course of the stream, to regulate its depth, and especially to fix the low-water channel and concentrate the flow in it, so as to increase as far as practicable the navigable depth at the lowest stage of the water level.
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by deposit, producing a rise in the flood-level, and necessitating a raising of the embankments if inundations are to be prevented. Longitudinal sections of the Po River, taken in 1874 and 1901, show that its bed was materially raised during this period from the confluence of the
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and less subject to abrupt variations; and, consequently, they become more suitable for navigation. Eventually, large rivers, under favorable conditions, often furnish important natural highways for inland navigation in the lower portion of their course, as, for instance, the
601:. Wetlands are an excellent habitat for many forms of wildlife, and additionally serve as a "filter" for much of the world's surface fresh water. Another is the fact that channelized streams are almost invariably straightened. For example, the channelization of Florida's
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available for agriculture. A third reason is flood control, with the idea of giving a stream a sufficiently large and deep channel so that flooding beyond those limits will be minimal or nonexistent, at least on a routine basis. One major reason is to reduce natural
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The irregular flow of rivers throughout their course forms one of the main difficulties in devising works for mitigating inundations or for increasing the navigable capabilities of rivers. In tropical countries subject to periodical rains, the rivers are in
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Where portions of a riverside town are situated below the maximum flood-level, or when it is important to protect land adjoining a river from inundations, the overflow of the river must be diverted into a flood-dam or confined within continuous
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which have permitted development on floodplains. This exposes the properties on the floodplain to flood, and the substitution of concrete for natural strata speeds the run-off of water, which increases the danger of flooding downstream. In the
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impediment to the flow, in proportion to its extent, raises the level of the river above it so as to produce the additional artificial fall necessary to convey the flow through the restricted channel, thereby reducing the total available fall.
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Human intervention sometimes inadvertently modifies the course or characteristics of a river, for example by introducing obstructions such as mining refuse, sluice gates for mills, fish-traps, unduly wide piers for bridges and solid
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Beginning in the late 20th century, the river engineering discipline has been more focused on repairing hydromodified degradations and accounting for potential systematic response to planned alterations by considering fluvial
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from the outside corners where it flows rapidly due to a change in direction. Unlike sand and gravel, the topsoil that is eroded does not get deposited on the inside of the next corner of the river. It simply washes away.
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Improvements can be divided into those that are aimed at improving the flow of the river, particularly in flood conditions, and those that aim to hold back the flow, primarily for navigation purposes, although
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are proportionate to the extent of their basins and the amount of rain which, after falling over these basins, reaches the river channels in the bottom of the valleys, by which it is conveyed to the sea.
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above its tidal limit, have been rendered navigable by canalization, and several fairly large rivers have thereby provided a good depth for vessels for considerable distances inland. Thus the canalized
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and raise the flood-level in the channel just below its termination. Nevertheless, where the available fall is exceptionally small, as in land originally reclaimed from the sea, such as the
English
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which in many cases rise above the locks; and it is necessarily arrested in cold climates on all rivers by long, severe frosts, and especially by ice. Many small rivers, like the
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variations in water level, and when the discharge becomes very small in the dry season. It is impossible to maintain a sufficient depth of water in the low-water channel.
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gave the Army Corps a specific mandate to include environmental protection in its mission, and in 1996 it authorized the Corps to undertake restoration projects. The U.S.
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which joins it below. But even these rivers are liable to have their flow modified by the influx of tributaries subject to different conditions, so that the Rhone below
216:. Fluvial geomorphology is the study of how rivers change their form over time. Fluvial geomorphology is the cumulation of a number of sciences including open channel
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with the intention of producing some defined benefit. People have intervened in the natural course and behaviour of rivers since before recorded history—to manage the
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of wetlands" policy, whereby a stream channelization project in one place must be offset by the creation of new wetlands in another, a process known as "mitigation."
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For the reasons cited above, in recent years stream channelization has been greatly curtailed in the U.S., and in some instances even partially reversed. In 1990 the
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plains during floods; the size of the materials forming the bed of the river or borne along by the stream is gradually reduced on proceeding seawards, so that in the
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has to be provided alongside the weir, or in a side channel, to provide for the passage of vessels. A river is thereby converted into a succession of fairly level
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they bring down in flood-time, derived mainly from the disintegration of the surface layers of the hills and slopes in the upper parts of the valleys by glaciers,
478:. By impeding flow these measures can raise the flood-level upstream. Regulations for the management of rivers may include stringent prohibitions with regard to
1037:
Congdon, James C. (1971). "Fish populations of channelized and unchannelized sections of the
Chariton River, Missouri". In Schneberger, E.; Funk, J.E. (eds.).
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The needs of navigation may also require that a stable, continuous, navigable channel is prolonged from the navigable river to deep water at the mouth of the
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models should be capable of furnishing valuable indications of the respective effects and comparative merits of the different schemes proposed for works.
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The possibility to secure uniformity of depth in a river by lowering the shoals obstructing the channel depends on the nature of the shoals. A soft
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ecology. River engineering practitioners attempt to understand fluvial geomorphology, implement a physical alteration, and maintain public safety.
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has a more uniform discharge than most rivers, as the summer floods of the Arve are counteracted to a great extent by the low stage of the
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level instead of the upper sill being raised above the lower one to the extent of the rise at the lock, as usual on canals.
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In the UK, problems of flooding of domestic properties around the turn of the 21st century have been blamed on inadequate
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encompasses the systematic response to alterations to riverine and non-riverine water bodies such as coastal waters (
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895:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1993. pp. 6–90. EPA-840-B-92-002B.
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concerns broader than immediate human benefit. Some river engineering projects have focused exclusively on the
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490:, which are frequently blocked up by leaves and floating rubbish, reduction in the number and width of bridge
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flowing into the Rhone at Lyon, which has its floods in the winter when the Arve, on the contrary, is low.
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369:, so that torrents with a rapid fall near the sources of rivers can carry down rocks, boulders and large
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of natural floodplains and winding courses, so that floodwater is held back and released more slowly.
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with a very variable flow, and end as gently flowing rivers with a comparatively regular discharge.
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1985, 151, 1, 63–69, The Royal
Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).
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channel. Even if the cut is preserved by protecting the banks, it is liable to produce changes
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1051:"The Ecological Effects of Channelization (The Impact of River Channelization)." Brooker, M.P.
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feet (3.2 metres) from its tidal limit up to Paris, a distance of 135 miles, and a depth of 6
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Another serious obstacle encountered in river engineering consists in the large quantity of
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Guidance
Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters
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National
Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification
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a straight cut owing to the tendency of the current to erode the banks and form again a
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velocity is slowed, and channels may be deliberately curved as well. In 1990 the U.S.
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1066:"Memorandum of Agreement regarding Mitigation under CWA Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines"
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and filling operations. Permits are issued by the Army Corps with EPA participation.
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regulates certain aspects of channelization by requiring non-Federal entities (i.e.
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Channelization has several predictable and negative effects. One of them is loss of
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and the compulsory raising of their gates for the passage of floods, the removal of
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1068:. U.S. Department of the Army and Environmental Protection Agency. 6 February 1990.
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on the inside of the corners where the water flows slowly, and cuts sand, gravel,
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170:. From the late 20th century, the practice of river engineering has responded to
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in Italy, for instance, pebbles and gravel are found for about 140 miles below
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997:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 374–385.
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Study of human intervention in the course, characteristics, or flow of rivers
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Hinnant, Lee (1970). "Kissimmee River". In Marth, Del; Marth, Marty (eds.).
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regions, where the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year,
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River morphology and stream restoration references - Wildland
Hydrology
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1041:. North Central Division, American Fisheries Society. pp. 52–62.
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when rebuilt, and the substitution of movable weirs for solid weirs.
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551:. One of the most heavily channelized areas in the United States is
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which studies human intervention in the course, characteristics, or
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Much of it was done under the auspices or overall direction of the
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is often an important factor. The former is known in the US as
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and have hardly any flow during the rest of the year, while in
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the flow with weirs at intervals across the channel, while a
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and the
Southern United States the term for this measure is
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907:"Nonpoint Source: Hydromodification and Habitat Alteration"
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feet (2.06 metres) up to
Montereau, 62 miles higher up.
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from May to
October and from November to April in the
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and the outlet into the sea of the river draining it.
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is extensively channelized with concrete embankments.
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governments, private parties) to obtain permits for
665:"Canalization" redirects here. For other uses, see
555:, where every major stream with one exception (the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1132:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Civil Works Program
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326:mountains clad with perpetual snow and are fed by
268:of a river is the expanse of country bounded by a
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559:) has been partially or completely channelized.
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166:times, rivers have been used as a source of
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422:and the latter is generally referred to as
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1111:United States. Clean Water Act. Sec. 404,
983:Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis (1911). "
260:basin is the largest in the United States.
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1768:International scale of river difficulty
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1080:Water Resources Development Act of 1990
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1143:Web Archives (archived 2002-08-13)
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926:(Report). EPA. 2007. EPA 841-B-07-002.
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837:. The interaction of river flow and
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621:Modern policy in the United States
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1039:Stream Channelization–A Symposium
1016:. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press.
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295:Flood control structures at the
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202:Environmental Protection Agency
182:of natural characteristics and
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676:A channelized section of the
667:Canalization (disambiguation)
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482:, requirements for enlarging
240:The size of rivers above any
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2091:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2041:Hydrological transport model
1935:Storm Water Management Model
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2214:Riparian-zone restoration
2114:
1976:
1948:
1849:
1821:
1753:
1575:
1442:
1359:
1281:
1192:
1053:The Geographical Journal,
361:and rain. The power of a
236:Characteristics of rivers
2394:Countries without rivers
2369:Rivers by discharge rate
2081:Runoff model (reservoir)
2046:Infiltration (hydrology)
697:Meeker County, Minnesota
627:United States Government
538:Midwestern United States
228:, physical geology, and
2066:River Continuum Concept
1831:Agricultural wastewater
994:Encyclopædia Britannica
909:. EPA. 24 October 2016.
2389:River name etymologies
2316:Hydraulic civilization
2174:Floodplain restoration
1950:Point source pollution
1725:Sedimentary structures
793:
715:
708:Johann Gottfried Tulla
699:
684:
661:Canalization of rivers
446:
444:Danville, Pennsylvania
300:
261:
200:) and lakes. The U.S.
132:
2001:Discharge (hydrology)
1963:Industrial wastewater
1444:Sedimentary processes
1012:The Rivers of Florida
772:
705:
690:
675:
437:
294:
255:
154:, to protect against
126:
2106:Volumetric flow rate
1690:Riffle-pool sequence
609:A 1971 study of the
438:Channelized stream (
45:improve this article
2280:Whitewater kayaking
2275:Whitewater canoeing
2076:Runoff curve number
1920:Flood pulse concept
1141:Library of Congress
323:Northern hemisphere
138:is a discipline of
60:"River engineering"
2306:Aquatic toxicology
2219:Stream restoration
2184:Infiltration basin
2036:Hydrological model
1552:Sediment transport
1375:Estavelle/Inversac
1253:Subterranean river
794:
716:
700:
685:
549:Corps of Engineers
546:United States Army
447:
301:
262:
222:sediment transport
206:sediment transport
133:
2402:
2401:
2379:Whitewater rivers
2285:Whitewater slalom
2116:River engineering
2016:Groundwater model
1977:River measurement
1905:Flood forecasting
1720:Sedimentary basin
1577:Fluvial landforms
1482:Bed material load
1258:River bifurcation
985:River Engineering
533:planning controls
258:Mississippi River
190:Hydromodification
140:civil engineering
136:River engineering
129:Los Angeles River
121:
120:
113:
95:
2447:
2430:River regulation
2364:Rivers by length
2199:River morphology
2101:Wetted perimeter
2006:Drainage density
1517:Headward erosion
1346:Perennial stream
1218:Blackwater river
1171:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1076:
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1049:
1043:
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1034:
1028:
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1005:
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998:
976:
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928:
927:
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889:
862:
857:
856:
760:
759:
755:
750:
749:
745:
682:Sioux City, Iowa
416:power generation
116:
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96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2455:
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2446:
2445:
2444:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2374:Drainage basins
2355:
2289:
2228:
2204:Retention basin
2164:Erosion control
2159:Detention basin
2110:
2026:Hjulström curve
1978:
1972:
1944:
1888:Non-water flood
1845:
1817:
1763:Helicoidal flow
1749:
1650:Fluvial terrace
1645:Floating island
1571:
1446:
1438:
1429:Rhythmic spring
1363:
1355:
1336:Stream gradient
1277:
1263:River ecosystem
1228:Channel pattern
1196:
1188:
1175:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1078:United States.
1077:
1073:
1064:
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1046:
1035:
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1024:
1006:
1002:
971:
969:
968:
931:
922:
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914:
905:
904:
900:
891:
890:
886:
881:
858:
851:
848:
831:
829:Estuarine works
767:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
742:
670:
663:
643:Clean Water Act
623:
603:Kissimmee River
595:
584:, and precious
565:
542:channelization.
517:
432:
411:
238:
152:water resources
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2267:
2265:Stone skipping
2262:
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2201:
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2166:
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2156:
2151:
2149:Drop structure
2146:
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2136:
2131:
2129:Balancing lake
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Playfair's law
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Exner equation
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Bradshaw model
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
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1971:
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1927:
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1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1883:Urban flooding
1875:
1870:
1868:Crevasse splay
1865:
1863:100-year flood
1859:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1823:Surface runoff
1819:
1818:
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1810:
1805:
1803:Stream capture
1800:
1795:
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1785:
1780:
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1759:
1757:
1751:
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1748:
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1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:Rock-cut basin
1712:
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1557:Suspended load
1554:
1549:
1547:Secondary flow
1544:
1539:
1537:Retrogradation
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Dissolved load
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1434:Spring horizon
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Mineral spring
1416:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:list in the US
1397:
1387:
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1377:
1371:
1369:
1357:
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1328:
1326:Stream channel
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1318:
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1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
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1275:
1270:
1265:
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1255:
1250:
1248:Drainage basin
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Alluvial river
1204:
1202:
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1189:
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1159:
1151:
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1144:
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1127:
1126:External links
1124:
1121:
1120:
1113:33 U.S.C.
1104:
1096:33 U.S.C.
1084:33 U.S.C.
1071:
1057:
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1029:
1022:
1000:
989:Chisholm, Hugh
929:
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611:Chariton River
594:
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553:West Tennessee
516:
513:
497:By installing
431:
430:Channelization
428:
420:channelization
410:
407:
336:Lake of Geneva
297:Thames Barrier
237:
234:
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33:
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24:
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2420:Riparian zone
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2255:River surfing
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1979:and modelling
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1940:Return period
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1900:Flood control
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1895:Flood barrier
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1527:Palaeochannel
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1513:
1510:
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1487:Granular flow
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1234:
1233:Channel types
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1213:Braided river
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1023:0-910923-70-1
1019:
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986:
980:
979:public domain
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873:Flood control
871:
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791:
787:
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782:Vistula River
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648:
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640:
634:
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629:published a "
628:
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612:
607:
604:
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593:Disadvantages
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
560:
558:
557:Hatchie River
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172:environmental
169:
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164:Ancient Roman
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115:
112:
104:
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2384:Flash floods
2336:River cruise
2233:River sports
2115:
2086:Stream gauge
2071:Rouse number
2061:Relief ratio
1910:Flood-meadow
1841:Urban runoff
1755:Fluvial flow
1740:River valley
1710:River island
1675:Meander scar
1590:Alluvial fan
1532:Progradation
1407:Karst spring
1351:Winterbourne
1306:Chalk stream
1268:River source
1243:Distributary
1107:
1074:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1011:
1003:
992:
901:
887:
868:Bridge scour
860:Water portal
832:
823:
815:
811:
795:
730:
717:
635:
624:
613:in northern
608:
596:
566:
541:
530:
518:
504:
496:
472:
468:
448:
424:canalization
423:
419:
412:
352:
310:rainy season
302:
281:rate of flow
278:
263:
239:
210:
189:
188:
160:Yuan Dynasty
135:
134:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2245:Fly fishing
2169:Fish ladder
2154:Daylighting
1873:Flash flood
1836:First flush
1783:Plunge pool
1507:Downcutting
1492:Debris flow
1467:Aggradation
1341:Stream pool
1117:§ 1344
1100:§ 2330
1088:§ 1252
807:Mississippi
712:Upper Rhine
678:Floyd River
631:no net loss
508:embankments
484:sluice-ways
464:restoration
440:Sechler Run
318:evaporation
308:during the
176:restoration
2409:Categories
2351:Wild river
2031:Hydrograph
2021:Hack's law
1986:Baer's law
1930:Inundation
1915:Floodplain
1855:stormwater
1813:Whitewater
1685:Oxbow lake
1522:Knickpoint
1497:Deposition
1390:Hot spring
1331:Streamflow
1321:Stream bed
1238:Confluence
879:References
773:A suction
693:Crow River
563:Advantages
488:fish traps
338:, and the
334:above the
299:in London.
218:hydraulics
208:patterns.
180:protection
168:hydropower
71:newspapers
2321:Limnology
2270:Triathlon
2240:Canyoning
2209:Revetment
2139:Check dam
2051:Main stem
1808:Waterfall
1695:Point bar
1680:Mouth bar
1620:Billabong
1567:Water gap
1562:Wash load
1542:Saltation
1462:Anabranch
1385:Holy well
1273:Tributary
1090:, 2316.
526:Caranella
524:to below
480:pollution
375:attrition
314:temperate
270:watershed
246:discharge
226:hydrology
194:estuaries
2124:Aqueduct
1991:Baseflow
1958:Effluent
1635:Cut bank
1600:Avulsion
1477:Bed load
1457:Abrasion
846:See also
805:and the
655:dredging
639:Congress
615:Missouri
599:wetlands
460:Fenlands
399:Po River
395:alluvial
367:velocity
355:detritus
328:glaciers
286:torrents
230:riparian
184:habitats
156:flooding
101:May 2010
2301:Aquifer
2294:Related
2250:Rafting
1778:Meander
1773:Log jam
1735:Thalweg
1640:Estuary
1512:Erosion
1449:erosion
1361:Springs
1316:Current
1283:Streams
1223:Channel
1186:springs
1182:streams
1139:at the
991:(ed.).
981::
835:estuary
780:on the
756:⁄
746:⁄
725:reaches
710:on the
586:topsoil
582:subsoil
570:erosion
515:Effects
452:sinuous
409:Methods
363:current
85:scholar
2425:Rivers
2096:WAFLEX
1968:Sewage
1851:Floods
1793:Riffle
1788:Rapids
1730:Strath
1700:Ravine
1625:Canyon
1380:Geyser
1311:Coulee
1296:Bourne
1291:Arroyo
1194:Rivers
1178:Rivers
1115:
1098:
1086:
1020:
987:". In
975:
803:Danube
801:, the
790:Poland
786:Warsaw
775:dredge
734:Thames
578:gravel
522:Ticino
499:gauges
456:shoals
383:gravel
371:stones
274:source
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2194:Levee
2179:Flume
2134:Canal
1878:Flood
1798:Shoal
1665:Gully
1660:Gulch
1630:Chine
1615:Bayou
1472:Armor
1424:Ponor
1199:lists
818:shoal
799:Rhine
778:barge
739:Seine
651:local
647:state
492:piers
476:weirs
442:) in
403:Turin
379:slate
359:frost
348:SaĂ´ne
332:RhĂ´ne
306:flood
266:basin
242:tidal
148:river
146:of a
92:JSTOR
78:books
2224:Weir
2189:Leat
1853:and
1745:Wadi
1705:Rill
1670:Glen
1655:Gill
1605:Bank
1447:and
1412:list
1395:list
1366:list
1301:Burn
1184:and
1018:ISBN
839:tide
721:lock
649:and
576:and
574:sand
391:silt
389:and
387:sand
344:Lyon
340:Arve
279:The
264:The
256:The
198:bays
196:and
162:and
144:flow
127:The
64:news
2144:Dam
1610:Bar
1585:Ait
695:in
680:in
178:or
47:by
2411::
1180:,
1094:,
1082:,
932:^
915:^
788:,
784:,
426:.
385:,
381:,
224:,
220:,
186:.
1368:)
1364:(
1201:)
1197:(
1170:e
1163:t
1156:v
1102:.
1026:.
792:.
758:4
754:3
748:2
744:1
714:.
669:.
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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