Urban design - Knowledge

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residents tend to suffer from dangerous levels of air pollution which lead to cardiovascular complications ranging from the acute, in hypertension and alterations in heart rate, and the chronic, the outright development of atherosclerosis. More people die from air pollution each year than from car accidents. This issue has been used to fuel movements for alternative forms of long to mid range transportation such as trains and bicycles, with walking as the primary means of short-range travel. This would bring benefits from two simultaneous avenues. The physical activity from walking, and the lack of particulate matter (carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc.) has shown to alleviate and lower the risk of many maladies such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Physical activity levels from walking are closely related to the abundance of open public spaces, commercial shops, greenery, among others. These attributes also have been stated to contribute to stronger social and emotional health as the open public spaces facilitate more social interaction within communities. This issue is most prevalent in the United States, where the rise of neoliberalism directly and intentionally caused the car-centric infrastructure.

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argues for increased density, mixed uses, and walkability. Opponents of Landscape Urbanism point out that most of its projects are urban parks, and as such, its application is limited. Opponents of New Urbanism claim that its preoccupation with traditional neighborhood structures is nostalgic, unimaginative, and culturally problematic. Everyday Urbanism argues for grassroots neighborhood improvements rather than master-planned, top-down interventions. Each theory elevates the roles of certain professions in the urban design process, further fueling the debate. In practice, urban designers often apply principles from many urban design theories. Emerging from the conversation is a universal acknowledgement of the importance of increased interdisciplinary collaboration in designing the modern city.

90: 1652:'s Department of Civic Design is the first urban design school in the world founded in 1909. Following the 1956 Urban Design conference, Harvard University established the first graduate program with urban design in its title, The Master of Architecture in Urban Design, although as a subject taught in universities its history in Europe is far older. Urban design programs explore the built environment from diverse disciplinary backgrounds and points of view. The pedagogically innovative combination of interdisciplinary studios, lecture courses, seminars, and independent study creates an intimate and engaging educational atmosphere in which students thrive and learn. Soon after in 1961, 1021: 38: 1033: 763: 796: 740: 1399: 393: 182: 431: 1280:

investments to be more equitable for social and environmental issues as well. Linda Samuels is a designer investigating how to accomplish this change in infrastructure in what she calls "next-generation infrastructure" which is "multifunctional; public; visible; socially productive; locally specific, flexible, and adaptable; sensitive to the eco-economy; composed of design prototypes or demonstration projects; symbiotic; technologically smart; and developed collaboratively across disciplines and agencies".

412: 204:(i.e. the 'public environment', 'public realm' or 'public domain'), and the way public places are used and experienced. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks, and public infrastructure. Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or domestic gardens, also contribute to public space and are therefore also considered by urban design theory. Important writers on urban design theory include 1826: 1320: 6941: 1047: 1595: 520: 1305: 1006: 4441: 1853:

past and must be careful not to overlook the nuances of race, place, and socioeconomic status in their design efforts. This includes ensuring reasonable access to basic services, transportation, and fighting against gentrification and the commodification of space for economic gain. Organizations such as the Divided Cities Initiatives at Washington University in St. Louis and the Just City Lab at Harvard work on promoting justice in urban design.

1860:. At that time, disabled people began to form movements demanding recognition of their potential contribution if social obstacles were removed. Disabled people challenged the 'medical model' of disability which saw physical and mental problems as an individual 'tragedy' and people with disabilities as 'brave' for enduring them. They proposed instead a 'social model' which said that barriers to disabled people result from the design of the 1391: 1290: 1837:. In its practice as well as its theories, urban design attempts to tackle these pressing issues. As climate change progresses, urban design can mitigate the results of flooding, temperature changes, and increasingly detrimental storm impacts through a mindset of sustainability and resilience. In doing so, the urban design discipline attempts to create environments that are constructed with longevity in mind, such as 4429: 4463: 868: 1216:

architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, smart transportation, sustainability, and quality of life. New urbanism and the developments that it has created are sources of debates within the discipline, primarily with the landscape urbanist approach but also due to its reproduction of idyllic architectural tropes that do not respond to the context.

782: 982:. Aldo Rossi introduced 'historicism' and 'collective memory' to urban design. Rossi also proposed a 'collage metaphor' to understand the collection of new and old forms within the same urban space. Peter Calthorpe developed a manifesto for sustainable urban living via medium-density living. He also designed a manual for building new settlements in his concept of 150:. It borrows substantive and procedural knowledge from public administration, sociology, law, urban geography, urban economics and other related disciplines from the social and behavioral sciences, as well as from the natural sciences. In more recent times different sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design, 920:. He was seminal to urban design, particularly with regards to the concept of legibility. He reduced urban design theory to five basic elements: paths, districts, edges, nodes, landmarks. He also made the use of mental maps to understand the city popular, rather than the two-dimensional physical master plans of the previous 50 years. 1841:. Cities today must be designed to minimize resource consumption, waste generation, and pollution while also withstanding the unprecedented impacts of climate change. To be truly resilient, our cities need to be able to not just bounce back from a catastrophic climate event but to bounce forward to an improved state. 1869:

now employ access officers who are regulated by the Access Association. A new chapter of the Building Regulations (Part M) was introduced in 1992. Although it was beneficial to have legislation on this issue the requirements were fairly minimal but continue to be improved with ongoing amendments. The

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and limited as the construction of the urban physical environment. However Urban Design is more integrated into the social science-based, cultural, economic, political, and other aspects. Not only focus on space and architectural group, but also look at the whole city from a broader and more holistic

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Black Urbanism is an approach in which black communities are active creators, innovators, and authors of the process of designing and creating the neighborhoods and spaces of the metropolitan areas they have done so much to help revive over the past half-century. The goal is not to build black cities

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Another issue in this field is that it is often assumed that there are no mothers of planning and urban design. However, this is not the case, many women have made proactive contributions to the field, including the work of Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch, Florence Kelley, and Lillian Wald, to name a few

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The Planner's Triangle - The Planner's Triangle, created by Scott Cambell, emphasized three main conflicts in the planning process. This diagram exposed the complex relationships between Economic Development, Environmental Protection, and Equity and Social Justice. For the first time, the concept of

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is the study and critique of how the built environment affects genders differently because of patriarchal social and political structures in society. Typically, the people at the table making design decisions are men, so their conception about public space and the built environment relates to their

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is the study from the 1990s of how a community can be beneficial for the ecosystem, the people, and the economy for which it is associated. It is based on Scott Campbell's planner's triangle which tries to find the balance between economy, equity, and the environment. Its main concept is to try and

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Infrastructural Urbanism is the study of how the major investments that go into making infrastructural systems can be leveraged to be more sustainable for communities. Instead of the systems being solely about efficiency in both cost and production, infrastructural urbanism strives to utilize these

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Justice is and will always be a key issue in urban design. As previously mentioned, past urban strategies have caused injustices within communities incapable of being remedied via simple means. As urban designers tackle the issue of justice, they often are required to look at the injustices of the

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are commonly debated as distinct approaches to addressing suburban sprawl. While Landscape Urbanism proposes landscape as the basic building block of the city and embraces horizontality, flexibility, and adaptability, New Urbanism offers the neighborhood as the basic building block of the city and

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Top-up Urbanism is the theory and implementation of two techniques in urban design: top-down and bottom-up. Top-down urbanism is when the design is implemented from the top of the hierarchy - normally the government or planning department. Bottom-up or grassroots urbanism begins with the people or

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Right to the City - The spatial and political battle over our citizens' rights to the city has been an ongoing one. David Harvey, along with Dan Mitchell and Edward Soja, discussed rights to the city as a matter of shifting the historical thinking of how spatial matter was determined in a critical

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that describes the everyday lived experience shared by urban residents including commuting, working, relaxing, moving through city streets and sidewalks, shopping, buying, eating food, and running errands. Everyday urbanism is not concerned with aesthetic value. Instead, it introduces the idea of

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is an approach that began in the 1980s as a place-making initiative to combat suburban sprawl. Its goal is to increase density by creating compact and complete towns and neighborhoods. The 10 principles of new urbanism are walkability, connectivity, mixed-use and diversity, mixed housing, quality

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movement challenged design thinking because it emphasized the injustices and inequities suffered by people of color in urban space, as well as emphasized their right to public space without discrimination and brutality. It claims that minority groups lack certain spatial privileges and that this

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affected the Urban Design discipline because it shifted the planning process to emphasize capitalistic gains and spatial privatization. Inspired by the trickle-down approach of Reaganomics, it was believed that the benefits of a capitalist emphasis within design would positively impact everyone.

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The issue of walkability has gained prominence in recent years, not only with the concerns of the aforementioned climate change, but also the health outcomes of residents. Car-centric urban design has an invariably negative effect on such outcomes. With proximity to internal combustion engines,

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and attitudes of able-bodied people. 'Access Groups' were established composed of people with disabilities who audited their local areas, checked planning applications, and made representations for improvements. The new profession of 'access officer' was established around that time to produce

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is a scholar who has researched this topic from 1980 to the present day. Hayden's writing says, “when women, men, and children of all classes and races can identify the public domain as the place where they feel most comfortable as citizens, Americans will finally have homelike urban space.”

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Educational Urbanism is an emerging discipline, at the crossroads of urban planning, educational planning, and pedagogy. An approach that tackles the notion that economic activities, the need for new skills at the workplace, and the spatial configuration of the workplace rely on the spatial

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Death of Modernism (Demolition of Pruitt Igoe) - Pruitt Igoe was a spatial symbol and representation of Modernist theory regarding social housing. In its failure and demolition, these theories were put into question and many within the design field considered the era of Modernism to be

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Underlying the practice of urban design are the many theories about how to best design the city. Each theory makes a unique claim about how to effectively design thriving, sustainable urban environments. Debates over the efficacy of these approaches fill the urban design discourse.

66:, and regional spaces, urban design considers 'bigger picture' issues of economic, social and environmental value and social design. The scope of a project can range from a local street or public space to an entire city and surrounding areas. Urban designers connect the fields of 1422:

to reshape the city. Cooperation with public agencies, authorities and the interests of nearby property owners is necessary to manage public spaces. Users often compete over the spaces and negotiate across a variety of spheres. Input is frequently needed from a wide range of

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Throughout the young existence of the Urban Design discipline, many paradigm shifts have occurred that have affected the trajectory of the field regarding theory and practice. These paradigm shifts cover multiple subject areas outside of the traditional design disciplines.

492:. In the 18th and 19th centuries, urban design was perhaps most closely linked with surveyors engineers and architects. The increase in urban populations brought with it problems of epidemic disease, the response to which was a focus on public health, the rise in the UK of 1272:(also known as DIY Urbanism, Planning-by-Doing, Urban Acupuncture, or Urban Prototyping) is a city, organizational, or citizen-led approach to neighborhood-building that uses short-term, low-cost, and scalable interventions and policies to catalyze long term change. 551:. This gave more power to the public. The public wanted the government to provide citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier environments. Around 1900, modern urban design emerged from developing theories on how to mitigate the consequences of the 303:

European Medieval cities are often, and often erroneously, regarded as exemplars of undesigned or 'organic' city development. There are many examples of considered urban design in the Middle Ages. In England, many of the towns listed in the 9th-century

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in publicly owned spaces were rising because of the Modernist approach of 'city in the park'. She argued instead for an 'eyes on the street' approach to town planning through the resurrection of main public space precedents (e.g. streets, squares).

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that integrates many urban designs and ecological principles, to design and build smaller rural hubs with high-grade connecting freeways, rather than adding more expensive infrastructure to existing big cities and the resulting congestion.

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to predict how movement patterns in cities would contribute to urban vitality, anti-social behaviour, and economic success. 'Sustainability', 'livability', and 'high quality of urban components' also became commonplace in the field.

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had attested to the impact Renaissance planned new towns had upon his own thought, and much evidence exists that the Renaissance streetscape was also the perceptual stimulus that had led to the development of coordinate geometry.

570:. in 1898. His garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by parks. Howard wanted the cities to be proportional with separate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Inspired by the 1238:

is a theory that first surfaced in the 1990s, arguing that the city is constructed of interconnected and ecologically rich horizontal field conditions, rather than the arrangement of objects and buildings. Charles Waldheim,

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form. This change of thinking occurred in three forms: ontologically, sociologically, and the combination of this socio-spatial dialect. Together the aim shifted to be able to measure what matters in a socio-spatial context.

320:, having been rapidly created to provide a defensive network against Danish invaders. 12th century western Europe brought renewed focus on urbanisation as a means of stimulating economic growth and generating revenue. The 828:

In 1956, the term "Urban design" was first used at a series of conferences hosted by Harvard University. The event provided a platform for Harvard's Urban Design program. The program also utilized the writings of famous

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perspective to shape a better living environment. Compared to architecture, the spatial and temporal scale of Urban Design processing is much larger. It deals with neighborhoods, communities, and even the entire city.

1442:. Many collegiate programs incorporate urban design theory and design subjects into their curricula. There is an increasing number of university programs offering degrees in urban design at the post-graduate level. 1171:

by Rachel Carson. These writings introduced the idea that human settlements could have detrimental impacts on ecological processes, as well as human health, which spurred a new era of environmental awareness in the

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Although contemporary professional use of the term 'urban design' dates from the mid-20th century, urban design as such has been practiced throughout history. Ancient examples of carefully planned and designed

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the bottom of the hierarchy. Top-up means that both methods are used together to make a more participatory design, so it is sure to be comprehensive and well regarded in order to be as successful as possible.

452:. Spanish colonial cities were often planned, as were some towns settled by other imperial cultures. These sometimes embodied utopian ambitions as well as aims for functionality and good governance, as with 534:

In the 19th century, cities were industrializing and expanding at a tremendous rate. Private businesses largely dictated the pace and style of this development. The expansion created many hardships for the

1576:. Urban Design has developed to a certain extent, and comes from the foundation of engineering. In Anglo-Saxon countries, it is often considered as a branch under the architecture, urban planning, and 608:, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the center. When it reached full population, Howard wanted another garden city to be developed nearby. He envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as 468:

were extended into urban development and redevelopment. In this period, when modern professional specializations did not exist, urban design was undertaken by people with skills in areas as diverse as

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is an approach to the design of buildings and the spaces between them that focuses on specific design processes and outcomes. In addition to designing and shaping the physical features of towns,

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eliminating the distance between experts and ordinary users and forces designers and planners to contemplate a 'shift of power' and address social life from a direct and ordinary perspective.

1160:. They believed that Urban Design should introduce ideas of 'Human Association', which pivots the design focus from the individual patron to concentrating on the collective urban population. 3266: 1364:

for black people but to explore and develop the creative energy that exists in so-called black areas: that has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of the whole city.

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deficiency can result in matters of life and death. In order to reach an equitable state of urbanism, there needs to be equal identification of socio-economic lives within our urbanscapes.

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Howard's 'garden city' compelled local authorities to introduce a system where all housing construction conformed to specific building standards. In the United Kingdom following this Act,

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guidelines based on the recommendations of access groups and to oversee adaptations to existing buildings as well as to check on the accessibility of new proposals. Many

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The field of urban design holds enormous potential for helping us address today's biggest challenges: an expanding population, mass urbanization, rising inequality, and

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Some important focuses of urban design on this page include its historical impact, paradigm shifts, its interdisciplinary nature, and issues related to urban design.

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and the inclusion in British legislation of provisions such as minimum widths of street in relation to heights of buildings in order to ensure adequate light and

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and sustainability - spatial types and morphologies related to the intensity of use, consumption of resources, production, and maintenance of viable communities

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have reflected contemporaneous social norms or philosophical and religious beliefs. Yet the link between designed urban space and the human mind appears to be

162:. Urban design demands an understanding of a wide range of subjects from physical geography to social science, and an appreciation for disciplines, such as 1780: 3135:

Narayan, Abishek Sankara; Marks, Sara J.; Meierhofer, Regula; Strande, Linda; Tilley, Elizabeth; Zurbrügg, Christian; Lüthi, Christoph (18 October 2021).

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according to Corner, while applying a dynamic concept to cities as ecosystems that grow, shrink or change phases of development according to Waldheim.

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of whom were prominent leaders in the City Social movement. The City Social was a movement that steamed between the commonly known City Practical and

1690: 1087:. Compact urban neighborhoods encourage residents to drive less. These neighborhoods have significantly lower environmental impacts when compared to 277:

exist in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas, and are particularly well known within Classical Chinese, Roman, and Greek cultures. Specifically,

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Feliciotti, Alessandra; Romice, Ombretta; Porta, Sergio (2018-12-17). "Urban form Resilience Urban Design Practice: Masterplanning for Change".

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Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Solecki, William D.; Romero-Lankao, Patricia; Mehrotra, Shagun; Dhakal, Shobhakar; Ibrahim, Somayya Ali (29 March 2018).

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Equity and Social Justice was considered as equally important as Economic Development and Environmental Protection within the design process.

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are closely associated with this theory. Landscape urbanism theorises sites, territories, ecosystems, networks, and infrastructures through

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industry. Car-oriented design impacted the rise of 'urban design'. City layouts now revolved around roadways and traffic patterns.

3086:Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana; Khosla, Radhika; Bernhardt, Rob; Chan, Yi Chieh; Vérez, David; Hu, Shan; Cabeza, Luisa F. (17 October 2020). 411: 6711: 2083: 739: 653: 600:. He envisioned the self-sufficient garden city to house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,428 ha). He planned on a 2860: 6390: 3037:

Seto, Karen C.; Churkina, Galina; Hsu, Angel; Keller, Meredith; Newman, Peter W.G.; Qin, Bo; Ramaswami, Anu (18 October 2021).

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Team X was a group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of the

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While there are some professionals who identify themselves specifically as urban designers, a majority have backgrounds in

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system dating from that time and its associated burgage plots brought a form of self-organising design to medieval towns.

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make cities as self-sufficient as possible while not damaging the ecosystem around them, today with an increased focus on

3572: 2832: 696:. Professionals developed schemes for the development of land, transforming town planning into a new area of expertise. 5967: 4762: 3717: 2218: 1871: 1750: 1732: 1653: 1123: 860:. He examined the traditional artistic approach to city design of theorists including Camillo Sitte, Barry Parker, and 787: 6383: 5977: 3253: 3238: 3223: 2799: 2704: 2607: 2347: 2280: 1714: 1696: 1635: 1092: 864:. Cullen also created the concept of 'serial vision'. It defined the urban landscape as a series of related spaces. 6208: 5827: 4501: 3323: 1849:

movements. It was a movement mainly concerning lay with the economic and social equalities regarding urban issues.

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Participation/engagement – including people in the decision-making process can be done at many different scales.

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Triumph of the city : how our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, greener, healthier, and happier

1427:. This can lead to different levels of participation as defined in Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation. 1188:

Conversely, this led to exclusionary design practices and to what many consider as "the death of public space".

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founded their Master of Urban Design program. Today, twenty urban design programs exist in the United States:

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of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail. His model for a garden city was first created at

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field that utilizes the procedures and the elements of architecture and other related professions, including

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Proceedings of IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience

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Kelbaugh, Douglas (2015). "The Environmental Paradox of the City, Landscape Urbanism, and New Urbanism".

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reorientation in the design of educational spaces and the urban dimension of educational planning.

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life perspectives and experiences, which do not reflect the same experiences of women or children.

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Moudon, Anne Vernez (1992). "A Catholic Approach to Organizing What Urban Designers Should Know".

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Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network

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There have been many different theories and approaches applied to the practice of urban design.

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continues to raise awareness and enforce action on disability issues in the urban environment.

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Neoliberalism & the election of Reagan - The election of President Reagan and the rise of

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The popularity of these works resulted in terms that become everyday language in the field of

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Urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, infrastructure, streets, and

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The Brundtland Report and Silent Spring - Another paradigm shift was the publication of the

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Team 10 - The first major paradigm shift was the formation of Team 10 out of CIAM, or the

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The Making of urban Europe : 1000-1994 : with a new preface and a new chapter

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was founded. In 1909, the first academic course on urban planning was offered by the

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Until the 1970s, the design of towns and cities took little account of the needs of

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Planning for Sustainability: Creating Livable, Equitable and Ecological Communities

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Protest banner during the Climate Change Camp 2007 at Heathrow Airport in London.

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architecture. In the 1980s, urban design began to oppose the increasing solitary

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are all strongly associated with New Urbanism and its evolution over the years.

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New urbanist Sankt Eriksområdet quarter in Stockholm, Sweden, built in the 1990s

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environments with long-lasting structures, buildings, and overall livability.

753: 53: 6958: 6902: 6862: 6734: 6670: 6655: 6650: 6478: 6427: 6305: 6290: 6270: 6193: 6095: 5927: 5917: 5745: 5735: 5710: 5675: 5238: 5171: 5094: 5069: 5021: 5006: 4713: 4633: 4433: 4402: 4397: 4367: 4178: 4128: 4033: 3964: 3954: 3939: 3870: 3824: 3803: 3764: 3737: 3477: 3436: 3233:, Architectural Press of Elsevier Press, Amsterdam Boston other cities 2007, 3162: 3113: 3064: 2961: 2671: 2663: 2568: 2490: 2435: 2357: 2255: 2137: 1934: 1549: 1486: 1477: 1184: 1168: 861: 853: 834: 621: 544: 540: 477: 436: 336: 289: 253: 213: 175: 112: 6348: 6334: 2617: 2458: 2290: 821:

and created a schism within CIAM by challenging its doctrinaire approach to

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In the early 1900s, urban planning became professionalized. With input from

507:'s work was concerned with urban design, and the newly formed profession of 355:

study and historical records. There are clear indications of impact through

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period the design approaches developed in French formal gardens such as

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The beginnings of modern urban design in Europe are associated with the

45: 6897: 6796: 6754: 6550: 6469: 5879: 5474: 5253: 4975: 4955: 4809: 4647: 4088: 3769: 3344: 2830:"Growing Cooler - the Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change" 2443: 1889: 1857: 1495: 1459: 1407: 1229: 955: 931: 903: 902:(International Congresses of Modern Architecture). Jacobs also claimed 700: 613: 601: 241: 237: 116: 2015: 1553:– people are free to interact as civic equals, important for building 200:

Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and management of

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Gehl Architects' project for Brighton New Road employing shared space

1325: 1050: 1038: 895: 801: 727: 711: 665: 657: 605: 485: 481: 469: 340: 297: 285: 2648:"Frederick Law Olmsted, Green Infrastructure, and the Evolving City" 2597: 2427: 2270: 1520:– Locating activities to allow constructive interaction between them 1344:. A key designer working with sustainable urbanism is Douglas Farr. 1076:

urbanism is another approach to practice that is defined within the

30:

This article is about the design stage. For the planning stage, see

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Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation

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was introduced in Europe to promote sustainable land use patterns.

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Cruelty & utopia : cities and landscapes of Latin America

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in Switzerland, by a group of 28 European architects organized by

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Cities of the Future: overview of important urban design elements

1329: 571: 461: 321: 296:", and the namesake of the "Hippodamian plan", also known as the 2720: 2272:

Florentine new towns : urban design in the late Middle Ages

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also began to play a significant role in the late 19th century.

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Van Assche, K.; Beunen, R.; Duineveld, M.; de Jong, H. (2013).

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is a concept introduced by Margaret Crawford and influenced by

669: 637: 526:'s influential 1902 diagram, illustrating urban growth through 332: 328: 274: 1793:

In the United Kingdom, Master's programmes in Urban Design at

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meant to advance the cause of "architecture as a social art".

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in 1898. His work is an important reference in the history of

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to better organize physical space and community environments.

6922: 6877: 6806: 6784: 4571: 3654: 3134: 3039:"From Low- to Net-Zero Carbon Cities: The Next Global Agenda" 2848: 2692: 1604:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

190: 2895:. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 2014-03-23. 1535:– Balancing consistency and variety in the urban environment 1385: 6882: 6447: 5611: 3349: 1568:

The original urban design was thought to be separated from

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upon human behaviour and upon thought is evidenced by both

63: 3216:

Public Places Urban Spaces, The Dimensions of Urban Design

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An Interview With Charles Waldheim: Landscape Urbanism Now

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the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM)

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and districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making

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Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities

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In the 20th century, urban planning was changed by the

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pattern with open spaces, public parks, and six radial

2861:"Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Future" 1499:– accessible information about travel and destinations 1138:, Frank Reale has submitted an interesting concept of 819:

International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM)

652:. Urban planning was first officially embodied in the 539:

and concern for public health increased. However, the

3036: 2459:"Urban planning in the founding of Cartesian thought" 2370: 1729:

at Washington University in St. Louis - St. Louis, MO

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Larice, Michael, and MacDonald, Elizabeth, editors,

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Lessons in tropical design: Erich Meffert and beyond

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University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture

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course in America was not established until 1924 at

3088:"Advances Toward a Net-Zero Global Building Sector" 986:(TOD). Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson introduced 684:and began meeting with practitioners. In 1914, The 1745:Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning 2547:Olegovich), Shvidkovskiĭ, D. O. (Dmitriĭ (2007). 1691:Georgia Institute of Technology College of Design 1469:– arrangement and relation of business and people 6956: 3229:Carmona, Matthew, and Tiesdell, Steve, editors, 2863:. Traditional Architecture Group. Archived from 1777:at University of Pennsylvania - Philadelphia, PA 1741:at University of Pennsylvania - Philadelphia, PA 1541:– Locating people in time and place, respecting 680:became the first Town Planning Inspector at the 543:style of government, in fashion for most of the 3184:Sies, Mary Corbin; Silver, Christopher (1996). 2635:. Ebenergy Enterprises Limited. pp. 70–79. 2410:Bober, Harry; Panofsky, Erwin (December 1953). 1505:– Designing places to stimulate public activity 2511: 1685:Estopinal College of Architecture and Planning 6391: 4495: 3287: 2409: 2303: 1925:Permeability (spatial and transport planning) 1905:Crime prevention through environmental design 1602:The examples and perspective in this section 1584: 1158:Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne 6405: 3187:Planning the Twentieth-century American City 3079: 2992:Journal of the American Planning Association 2904: 2581:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2077: 2075: 2073: 1564:Relationships with other related disciplines 1053:, in Sweden, started in the late 1990s as a 308:were designed on a grid, examples including 2721:"To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" 2304:Lavelle, Ryan; Roffey, Simon (2015-11-30), 1511:– places support their varied intended uses 891:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 877:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 6398: 6384: 4502: 4488: 3294: 3280: 3183: 3141:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 3092:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 3043:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 2934: 2546: 2395:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2081: 1727:Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts 1620:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 974:by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson (1984) 27:Designing and shaping of human settlements 3152: 3103: 3054: 2779: 2380: 2335: 2095: 2070: 2009: 1787:University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1747:at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI 1636:Learn how and when to remove this message 1386:Urban design as an integrative profession 6019:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art) 3502:Regional Planning Association of America 2982: 2951: 2645: 2456: 2268: 1824: 1529:– Recognizing differences between places 1397: 1389: 1045: 866: 726:. The CIAM was one of many 20th century 518: 180: 88: 36: 3128: 2908:Landscape Urbanism Reader, Terra Fluxus 2748: 2746: 2733: 2630: 2595: 2412:"Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism" 2233: 2049: 14: 6957: 2693:Peter Hall, Mark Tewdwr-Jones (2010). 2512:Brodsky Lacour, Claudia (1996-04-22). 2169: 2043: 1367: 1140:Expanding Nodular Development (E.N.D.) 874:, urban design activist and author of 514: 6379: 6064: 6024:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum) 5767: 5212: 4539: 4483: 3275: 3154:10.1146/annurev-environ-030620-042304 3105:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-045843 3056:10.1146/annurev-environ-050120-113117 2780:Freestone, Robert, ed. (2000-06-22). 2204: 2084:"How cities can fight climate change" 1900:Continuous productive urban landscape 1687:at Ball State University - Muncie, IN 1455:Incorporation of nature within a city 654:Housing and Town Planning Act of 1909 646:Town and Country Planning Association 4462: 3030: 2743: 2646:Eisenman, Theodore S. (2013-03-27). 2375:. Basel, Switzerland. p. 5976. 2275:. Architectural History Foundation. 2050:Wheeler, Stephen M. (18 July 2013). 1588: 1195:Black Lives Matter (Ferguson) - The 1068:Today, urban design seeks to create 624:. Howard's movement was extended by 3573:Professional transportation planner 3248:, Routledge, New York London 2007, 2985:"A Ladder of Citizen Participation" 381: 24: 6065: 5968:American Institute of Graphic Arts 3301: 3208: 2783:Urban Planning in a Changing World 1983: 1872:Disability Discrimination Act 1995 1751:University of California, Berkeley 1733:Savannah College of Art and Design 1654:Washington University in St. Louis 1146: 1091:suburbs. To prevent urban sprawl, 788:Headquarters of the United Nations 640:visionaries, civil engineers, and 25: 6986: 5978:Design and Industries Association 3260: 2914:. Princeton Architectural Press. 2602:. Princeton Architectural Press. 2550:Russian architecture and the West 2457:Akkerman, Abraham (August 2001). 2082:Padmanaban, Deepa (9 June 2022). 1715:Notre Dame School of Architecture 1697:Harvard Graduate School of Design 1394:L'Enfant's plan for Washington DC 1204: 1093:Circular flow land use management 994: 6939: 4461: 4440: 4439: 4427: 1775:Stuart Weitzman School of Design 1739:Stuart Weitzman School of Design 1709:New York Institute of Technology 1593: 1318: 1303: 1288: 1031: 1019: 1004: 794: 780: 761: 738: 547:, was starting to give way to a 429: 410: 391: 347:. Indeed, the reverse impact of 335:and deliberate configuration of 6833:Residential cluster development 4540: 3970:Transferable development rights 3525:Environmental impact assessment 3177: 3016: 2976: 2945: 2928: 2898: 2879: 2853: 2842: 2822: 2808: 2773: 2727: 2713: 2686: 2639: 2624: 2596:Lejeune, Jean-François (2005). 2589: 2540: 2505: 2450: 2403: 2364: 2329: 2297: 769:Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh) 631: 359:urban design on the thought of 123:, beautiful, performative, and 6485:Shopping streets and districts 5973:Chartered Society of Designers 5213: 3596:Community economic development 3375:Planning and zoning commission 3218:, Routledge, London New York, 2262: 2227: 2198: 2172:Journal of Planning Literature 2163: 2111: 2022:. Cambridge University Press. 1490:– safe and easy transportation 710:was founded at the Chateau de 672:began working together within 13: 1: 6044:Prince Philip Designers Prize 4687:Architectural lighting design 2736:Dictionary of Human Geography 2312:, Oxbow Books, pp. 1–6, 1976: 1757:University of Colorado Denver 6611:Model dwellings for the poor 5850:Electronic design automation 5833:Virtual home design software 4805:Automotive suspension design 4209:Planning Accreditation Board 3568:Transit-oriented development 3530:Recreation resource planning 2816:"The birth of town planning" 2342:. Harvard University Press. 1807:London South Bank University 984:Transit Oriented Development 962:The Next American Metropolis 590:, Howard published his book 156:water-sensitive urban design 7: 4709:Environmental impact design 2849:Charter of the New Urbanism 2839:. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16. 2696:Urban and Regional Planning 2652:Journal of Planning History 2336:Hohenberg, Paul M. (1995). 2240:. New York: Penguin Press. 2234:Glaeser, Edward L. (2011). 1882: 1616:, discuss the issue on the 688:was established. The first 10: 6991: 5988:International Forum Design 5358:Engineering design process 4509: 4221:Professional organizations 3578:Urban freight distribution 3553:Transportation forecasting 2463:Philosophy & Geography 2184:10.1177/088541229200600401 1815:Queen's University Belfast 1585:The urban design education 1406:Urban designers work with 1100:New Classical Architecture 1098:As a result of the recent 812: 593:Garden Cities of To-morrow 448:but, especially, with the 267: 29: 6936: 6815: 6765: 6710: 6679: 6526: 6493: 6413: 6323: 6071: 6060: 6001: 5960: 5903: 5793: 5789: 5763: 5219: 5208: 5110:Integrated circuit design 5045: 5032:Stage/set lighting design 4964: 4921:Hardware interface design 4880: 4837:Hardware interface design 4788: 4670: 4550: 4546: 4535: 4517: 4457:List of planning journals 4421: 4343: 4308: 4282: 4236: 4229: 4196: 4156: 4032: 4025: 3838: 3746: 3693: 3617: 3608: 3586: 3543: 3510: 3492: 3460: 3426:History of urban planning 3407: 3398: 3337: 3309: 2998:: 216–224. Archived from 2983:Arnstein, Sherry (1969). 2553:. Yale University Press. 2518:. Duke University Press. 2097:10.1146/knowable-060922-1 1820: 972:The Social Logic of Space 84: 6407:Real estate developments 5945:Industrial design rights 5933:Fashion design copyright 5845:Design quality indicator 5294:Creative problem-solving 5085:Electrical system design 4941:Sonic interaction design 4852:Photographic lens design 4726:Healthy community design 4393:Marine spatial planning 3905:Healthy community design 3483:Village design statement 3473:Preservation development 3468:Conservation development 2664:10.1177/1538513212474227 2269:Friedman, David (1988). 2207:Encyclopedia of the City 2138:10.1177/1473095212456771 1858:people with disabilities 1795:University of Manchester 1679:City College of New York 1545:and contemporary culture 1445:Urban design considers: 1416:transportation engineers 1104:sustainable construction 928:Architecture of the City 439:, Bath completed in 1768 422:Georges-Eugène Haussmann 403:Georges-Eugène Haussmann 327:Throughout history, the 318:Wallingford, Oxfordshire 6616:Multifamily residential 6141:New product development 6106:Enterprise architecture 6034:IF Product Design Award 5993:Design Research Society 5545:Reliability engineering 4408:Real estate development 4139:List of urban theorists 3635:City Beautiful movement 3563:Rational planning model 3545:Transportation planning 3535:Sustainable development 3246:The Urban Design Reader 2631:Ebrahim, Yusuf (2018). 1991:"What is Urban Design?" 1915:Neighbourhood character 1809:and City Design at the 1799:University of Sheffield 1650:University of Liverpool 1222:Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk 1112:architectural tradition 938:Learning from Las Vegas 686:Town Planning Institute 650:University of Liverpool 374:Discourse on the Method 262:Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk 164:real estate development 6975:Landscape architecture 6566:Conservation community 5597:Top-down and bottom-up 4946:User experience design 4847:Packaging and labeling 4820:Electric guitar design 4758:Landscape architecture 4452:List of planned cities 4388:Landscape architecture 4144:List of urban planners 3866:Conservation community 3703:Collaborative planning 3512:Environmental planning 3420:Comprehensive planning 2761:, TCPA, archived from 2483:10.1080/10903770124810 2382:10.3390/ifou2018-05976 1830: 1763:University of Maryland 1578:landscape architecture 1440:landscape architecture 1418:, urban planners, and 1403: 1395: 1065: 881: 682:Local Government Board 628:to regional planning. 531: 509:landscape architecture 197: 104: 72:landscape architecture 56: 6661:Single-room occupancy 6606:Mixed-use development 6591:Intentional community 6576:Golf course community 6438:Mixed-use development 6126:Innovation management 6009:European Design Award 5775:Intellectual property 5592:Theory of constraints 5555:Responsibility-driven 5395:For manufacturability 5299:Creativity techniques 5137:Nuclear weapon design 4951:User interface design 4815:Corrugated box design 4736:Interior architecture 4363:Development economics 4214:Real estate education 4174:James Howard Kunstler 4099:Konstantinos Doxiadis 3980:Urban growth boundary 3920:Mixed-use development 3815:Intentional community 2905:James Corner (2006). 2792:10.4324/9780203819630 2524:10.1515/9780822379225 2318:10.2307/j.ctvh1dprb.8 2205:Caves, R. W. (2004). 1828: 1703:Iowa State University 1663:, Berrien Springs, MI 1539:Continuity and change 1401: 1393: 1085:sustainable transport 1049: 923:Other notable works: 917:The Image of the City 870: 858:The Concise Townscape 847:Christopher Alexander 522: 505:Frederick Law Olmsted 494:municipal engineering 279:Hippodamus of Miletus 206:Christopher Alexander 184: 148:municipal engineering 92: 40: 6730:Garden city movement 6646:Retirement community 6171:Unintelligent design 6151:Philosophy of design 5865:Design specification 5818:Comprehensive layout 5390:For behaviour change 5363:Probabilistic design 5125:Power network design 4662:Visual merchandising 4619:Instructional design 4597:Postage stamp design 3915:Leapfrog development 3861:Complete Communities 3718:Intelligent urbanism 3645:Garden city movement 3588:Economic development 3520:Environmental design 1930:Sustainable urbanism 1811:Royal College of Art 1614:improve this section 1420:industrial designers 1412:landscape architects 1337:Sustainable Urbanism 1284:Sustainable urbanism 1118:. It contrasts with 1013:Celebration, Florida 894:. She critiqued the 587:Progress and Poverty 568:garden city movement 490:military engineering 450:Age of Enlightenment 195:United Arab Emirates 160:sustainable urbanism 6893:Planning permission 6636:Residential airpark 6621:Penthouse apartment 6508:Industrial district 6091:Creative industries 6014:German Design Award 5923:Design infringement 5808:Architectural model 5147:Organization design 5142:Nucleic acid design 5090:Experimental design 4643:Traffic sign design 4321:Communist countries 3945:Planning Permission 3882:Filtering (housing) 3856:Cluster development 3665:Settlement movement 3650:Indigenous planning 3231:Urban Design Reader 2941:. Scenario Journal. 2935:Meg Studer (2011). 2734:Goodall, B (1987), 2475:2001EPolE...4..141A 1997:. 23 September 2019 1769:University of Miami 1368:Debates in urbanism 1313:, Hackfield, London 1298:, Hackfield, London 626:Sir Frederic Osborn 515:Modern urban design 399:Boulevard Haussmann 130:Urban design is an 6946:Housing portal 6518:Technology centers 6156:Process simulation 6131:Intelligent design 5455:Intelligence-based 5450:Integrated topside 5380:Framework-oriented 5065:Behavioural design 4936:Information design 4614:Information design 4204:Planning education 4164:Elizabeth Farrelly 4008:High-rise urbanism 3846:Affordable housing 3385:World Urbanism Day 2891:2018-11-19 at the 2835:2010-12-24 at the 1995:Urban Design Group 1839:zero-carbon cities 1831: 1803:Cardiff University 1765:- College Park, MD 1667:Clemson University 1661:Andrews University 1533:Order and incident 1404: 1396: 1375:Landscape Urbanism 1253:landscape practice 1236:Landscape Urbanism 1197:Black Lives Matter 1066: 946:Denise Scott Brown 910:In the same year, 882: 694:Harvard University 618:Welwyn Garden City 532: 300:of a city layout. 198: 152:landscape urbanism 117:urban environments 105: 57: 6952: 6951: 6908:Regional planning 6868:Land-use planning 6750:Urban green space 6745:Planned community 6680:Science/education 6626:Private community 6373: 6372: 6319: 6318: 6086:Conceptual design 6056: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6039:James Dyson Award 5895:Website wireframe 5885:Technical drawing 5759: 5758: 5607:Transgenerational 5348:Ecological design 5224:Activity-centered 5204: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5182:Spacecraft design 4976:Public art design 4914:Video game design 4892:Experience design 4862:Production design 4842:Motorcycle design 4800:Automotive design 4704:Ecological design 4582:Film title design 4477: 4476: 4434:Cities portal 4358:Civil engineering 4339: 4338: 4192: 4191: 4021: 4020: 3989:Peri-urbanisation 3809:Planned community 3640:Dark-sky movement 3630:Car-free movement 3604: 3603: 3558:Trip distribution 3494:Regional planning 3447:Urban green space 3415:Land-use planning 3390:Labor market area 3380:Growth management 3355:Metropolitan area 3214:Carmona, Matthew 3197:978-0-8018-5164-3 2921:978-1-56898-439-1 2755:History 1899–1999 2738:, London: Penguin 2560:978-0-300-10912-2 2533:978-0-8223-7922-5 2247:978-1-59420-277-3 2088:Knowable Magazine 2063:978-1-136-48201-4 2029:978-1-316-94456-1 1950:Urban green space 1945:Urban heat island 1867:local authorities 1862:built environment 1646: 1645: 1638: 1348:Feminist Urbanism 1342:climate stability 1270:Tactical Urbanism 1259:Everyday Urbanism 1165:Brundtland Report 1070:sustainable urban 720:Hélène de Mandrot 674:local authorities 562:theorist was Sir 558:The first modern 458:Savannah, Georgia 187:Dubai Sports City 172:political economy 144:civil engineering 132:interdisciplinary 102:Helsinki, Finland 16:(Redirected from 6982: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6697:Satellite campus 6641:Residential area 6596:Luxury apartment 6556:Closed community 6503:Business cluster 6400: 6393: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6062: 6061: 5939:Geschmacksmuster 5913:Community design 5791: 5790: 5765: 5764: 5525:Process-centered 5321:Design–bid–build 5289:Cradle-to-cradle 5269:Concept-oriented 5210: 5209: 5187:Strategic design 5157:Processor design 5132:Mechanism design 5100:Geometric design 5060:Algorithm design 5000:Jewellery design 4931:Immersive design 4825:Furniture design 4770:Landscape design 4548: 4547: 4537: 4536: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4465: 4464: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4383:Land development 4234: 4233: 4069:Donald Appleyard 4030: 4029: 3780:Mining community 3733:Radical planning 3680:Transition towns 3615: 3614: 3431:Spatial planning 3405: 3404: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3202: 3201: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3156: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3107: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3058: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3004: 2989: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2913: 2902: 2896: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2760: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2515:Lines of Thought 2509: 2503: 2502: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2416:The Art Bulletin 2407: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2386: 2384: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2148:. Archived from 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2079: 2068: 2067: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1987: 1895:Complete streets 1717:- Notre Dame, IN 1669:- Charleston, SC 1641: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1509:Function and fit 1450:Pedestrian zones 1322: 1307: 1292: 1241:Mohsen Mostafavi 1124:globally uniform 1116:classical design 1106:aims to develop 1035: 1023: 1008: 798: 784: 765: 742: 724:Sigfried Giedion 642:local councilors 577:Looking Backward 454:James Oglethorpe 433: 418:Vienna Ring Road 414: 395: 382:Early modern era 256:, Bill Hillier ( 250:William H. Whyte 136:landscape design 98:Alexander Street 21: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6853:Greenfield land 6823:Brownfield land 6811: 6761: 6706: 6675: 6581:Gated community 6522: 6513:Industrial park 6489: 6475:Shopping center 6443:Office building 6433:Commercial area 6409: 6404: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6315: 6116:Futures studies 6067: 6048: 5997: 5956: 5905: 5899: 5785: 5784: 5755: 5661:Value sensitive 5651:User innovation 5530:Public interest 5495:Object-oriented 5215: 5196: 5177:Software design 5167:Research design 5120:Physical design 5075:Database design 5049: 5047: 5041: 5017:Property design 5012:Game art design 4966: 4960: 4883: 4876: 4791: 4784: 4741:Interior design 4692:Building design 4673: 4666: 4553: 4542: 4531: 4513: 4508: 4478: 4473: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4413:Social sciences 4373:Urban economics 4345: 4335: 4304: 4278: 4225: 4188: 4152: 4119:Peter Calthorpe 4074:Ebenezer Howard 4035: 4017: 4004:Verticalization 3834: 3742: 3728:Market urbanism 3723:Livable streets 3689: 3610: 3600: 3582: 3539: 3506: 3488: 3456: 3400: 3394: 3333: 3305: 3300: 3263: 3211: 3209:Further reading 3206: 3205: 3198: 3182: 3178: 3133: 3129: 3084: 3080: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2977: 2950: 2946: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2893:Wayback Machine 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2867:on 5 March 2018 2859: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2837:Wayback Machine 2827: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2691: 2687: 2644: 2640: 2629: 2625: 2610: 2594: 2590: 2574: 2573: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2510: 2506: 2455: 2451: 2428:10.2307/3047514 2408: 2404: 2388: 2387: 2369: 2365: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2320: 2310:Danes in Wessex 2302: 2298: 2283: 2267: 2263: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2213:. p. 692. 2203: 2199: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2125:Planning Theory 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2080: 2071: 2064: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1885: 1877: 1823: 1789:- Charlotte, NC 1721:Pratt Institute 1699:- Cambridge, MA 1642: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1611: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1566: 1494:Legibility and 1466:Urban structure 1388: 1370: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1308: 1299: 1293: 1226:Peter Calthorpe 1207: 1149: 1147:Paradigm shifts 1132:suburban sprawl 1128:housing estates 1110:, walkability, 1042: 1036: 1027: 1024: 1015: 1011:Market Street, 1009: 997: 966:Peter Calthorpe 815: 808: 799: 790: 785: 776: 766: 757: 743: 662:civil engineers 634: 564:Ebenezer Howard 524:Ebenezer Howard 517: 440: 434: 425: 415: 406: 396: 384: 365:Galileo Galilei 361:Johannes Kepler 349:urban structure 314:Wareham, Dorset 270: 230:Allan B. Jacobs 210:Peter Calthorpe 168:urban economics 87: 42:Monumental Axis 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6988: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6950: 6949: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6918:Urban planning 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6858:Greyfield land 6855: 6850: 6848:Eminent domain 6845: 6843:Context theory 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6742: 6740:Planned cities 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6631:Public housing 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6586:Housing estate 6583: 6578: 6573: 6571:Executive home 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6546:Bungalow court 6543: 6541:Boarding house 6538: 6532: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6183: 6181:Wicked problem 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066:Related topics 6058: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5983:Design Council 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5950:European Union 5942: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5631: 5629:Usage-centered 5626: 5625: 5624: 5622:Design for All 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Transformation 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5550:Research-based 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5515:Platform-based 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5465:KISS principle 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5375:Fault-tolerant 5372: 5370:Error-tolerant 5367: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5353:Energy neutral 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5309:Design fiction 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5192:Systems design 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5162:Protein design 5159: 5154: 5152:Process design 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5115:Circuit design 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5037:Textile design 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4995:Costume design 4990:Fashion design 4987: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4872:Service design 4869: 4867:Sensory design 4864: 4859: 4857:Product design 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4775:Spatial design 4772: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4753:Keyline design 4750: 4749: 4748: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4719:Computer-aided 4711: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4587:Graphic design 4584: 4579: 4577:Exhibit design 4574: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4437: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4274:United Kingdom 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4254:Czech Republic 4251: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4184:Randal O'Toole 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4124:Patrick Geddes 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4104:Kevin A. Lynch 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4084:Guy Benveniste 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4064:Daniel Burnham 4061: 4059:Colin Buchanan 4056: 4054:Clarence Stein 4051: 4049:Clarence Perry 4046: 4040: 4038: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4001: 3996: 3994:Urban vitality 3991: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3901:Healthy cities 3898: 3893: 3891:Brusselization 3887:Gentrification 3884: 3879: 3876:Eminent domain 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3748:Cities by type 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3708:Context theory 3705: 3699: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3625:Athens Charter 3621: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3303:Urban planning 3299: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3261:External links 3259: 3258: 3257: 3242: 3227: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3176: 3147:(1): 193–219. 3127: 3098:(1): 227–269. 3078: 3049:(1): 377–415. 3029: 3026:. 22 May 2013. 3015: 2975: 2944: 2927: 2920: 2897: 2878: 2852: 2841: 2821: 2807: 2800: 2772: 2742: 2726: 2712: 2705: 2685: 2658:(4): 287–311. 2638: 2623: 2608: 2588: 2559: 2539: 2532: 2504: 2469:(2): 141–167. 2449: 2402: 2363: 2348: 2328: 2306:"Introduction" 2296: 2281: 2261: 2246: 2226: 2220:978-0415862875 2219: 2197: 2178:(4): 331–349. 2162: 2110: 2069: 2062: 2042: 2028: 2008: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1960:Urban vitality 1957: 1955:Urban planning 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1847:City Beautiful 1835:climate change 1822: 1819: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1753:- Berkeley, CA 1748: 1742: 1736: 1735:- Savannah, GA 1730: 1724: 1723:- Brooklyn, NY 1718: 1712: 1711:- New York, NY 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1681:- New York, NY 1676: 1675:- New York, NY 1670: 1664: 1644: 1643: 1608:of the subject 1606:worldwide view 1601: 1599: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1574:urban planning 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1555:social capital 1546: 1536: 1530: 1521: 1515:Complimentary 1512: 1506: 1500: 1491: 1483: 1474:Urban typology 1470: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1432:urban planning 1387: 1384: 1369: 1366: 1353:Dolores Hayden 1334: 1333: 1324: 1317: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1263:Henry Lefebvre 1249:Richard Weller 1206: 1205:New approaches 1203: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1161: 1148: 1145: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1018: 1016: 1010: 1003: 1001: 996: 995:Current trends 993: 980:urban planning 976: 975: 969: 959: 949: 942:Robert Venturi 935: 884:Also in 1961, 831:urban planning 814: 811: 810: 809: 800: 793: 791: 786: 779: 777: 767: 760: 758: 750:Oscar Niemeyer 744: 737: 735: 706:In June 1928, 690:urban planning 633: 630: 598:urban planning 560:urban planning 553:industrial age 549:New Liberalism 516: 513: 442: 441: 435: 428: 426: 416: 409: 407: 397: 390: 388: 383: 380: 369:René Descartes 306:Burghal Hidage 294:urban planning 269: 266: 246:Robert Venturi 140:urban planning 113:neighbourhoods 86: 83: 76:urban planning 50:Oscar Niemeyer 32:Urban planning 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6987: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6947: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:Redevelopment 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6863:Groundscraper 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816:Miscellaneous 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6735:Model village 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6692:Research park 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6671:Tract housing 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6656:Rooming house 6654: 6652: 6651:Revenue house 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6479:Shopping mall 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:Business park 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6340: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296:specification 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209:architectural 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Visualization 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096:Cultural icon 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6063: 6059: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961:Organizations 5959: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5928:Design patent 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5918:Design around 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5778:Organizations 5777: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5639:User-centered 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Tableless web 5585: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5510:Participatory 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:For Six Sigma 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:Domain-driven 5341: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5331:architect-led 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5274:Configuration 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:Brainstorming 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172:Social design 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095:Filter design 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070:Boiler design 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5022:Scenic design 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007:Floral design 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4714:Garden design 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4697:Passive solar 4695: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4672:Environmental 4669: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:Retail design 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4552:Communication 4549: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4470: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4403:Public policy 4401: 4399: 4398:Public health 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4368:Urban ecology 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4342: 4332: 4331:Ancient Egypt 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4179:Lewis Mumford 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129:Raymond Unwin 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4036:practitioners 4031: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3965:Tract housing 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3955:Temporary use 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3940:Planning gain 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871:Creative city 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3825:Urban village 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804:Model village 3802: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3765:Commuter town 3763: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3738:Urban renewal 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3675:Structuralism 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:Rural housing 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3437:Redevelopment 3435: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3255: 3254:0-415-33386-5 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3239:0-7506-6531-9 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3224:9781138067783 3221: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3199: 3193: 3190:. JHU Press. 3189: 3188: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3005:on 2020-05-11 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2817: 2811: 2803: 2801:9781136744600 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2768:on 2011-07-27 2764: 2757: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2716: 2708: 2706:9780203861424 2702: 2699:. Routledge. 2698: 2697: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2609:1-56898-489-8 2605: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2392: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2349:0-674-54362-9 2345: 2341: 2340: 2332: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2282:0-262-06113-9 2278: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2152:on 2013-06-28 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132:(2): 177–98. 2131: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2056:. Routledge. 2055: 2054: 2046: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1935:Urban density 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1817:are offered. 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693:- Atlanta, GA 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1640: 1637: 1629: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1550:Civil society 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487:Accessibility 1484: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185:Neoliberalism 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:Silent Spring 1167:and the book 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1060: 1057:eco-friendly 1056: 1052: 1048: 1040: 1034: 1029: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1007: 1002: 999: 998: 992: 989: 985: 981: 973: 970: 967: 963: 960: 957: 953: 950: 947: 943: 939: 936: 933: 929: 926: 925: 924: 921: 919: 918: 913: 908: 905: 901: 897: 893: 892: 887: 879: 878: 873: 869: 865: 863: 862:Raymond Unwin 859: 855: 854:Gordon Cullen 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835:Gordon Cullen 832: 826: 824: 820: 807: 803: 797: 792: 789: 783: 778: 774: 771:(1952–1961) ( 770: 764: 759: 755: 751: 747: 741: 736: 733: 732: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 629: 627: 623: 622:Hertfordshire 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594: 589: 588: 583: 579: 578: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 545:Victorian era 542: 541:laissez-faire 538: 529: 525: 521: 512: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478:garden design 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 438: 432: 427: 423: 419: 413: 408: 404: 400: 394: 389: 386: 385: 379: 376: 375: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:observational 350: 346: 345:bidirectional 342: 338: 337:public spaces 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 301: 299: 295: 291: 290:urban planner 287: 284: 283:ancient Greek 281:was a famous 280: 276: 265: 263: 259: 255: 254:Camillo Sitte 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 214:Gordon Cullen 211: 207: 203: 196: 192: 188: 183: 179: 177: 176:social theory 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 109:public spaces 103: 99: 96: 95:Christmas-lit 91: 82: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 6965:Urban design 6913:Urban design 6912: 6838:Construction 6725:Civic center 6702:Science park 6561:Company town 6460:Power center 6166:STEAM fields 6136:Lean startup 6121:Indie design 5937: 5904:Intellectual 5656:Value-driven 5634:Use-centered 5540:Regenerative 5520:Policy-based 5480:Mind mapping 5385:For assembly 5326:Design–build 5244:By committee 5229:Adaptive web 5027:Sound design 4985:glass design 4983: / 4968:applied arts 4909:Level design 4780:Urban design 4779: 4731:Hotel design 4682:Architecture 4657:Video design 4650: / 4641: / 4609:Illustration 4602:Print design 4572:Brand design 4467: 4444: 4425: 4353:Architecture 4326:Nazi Germany 4134:Thomas Adams 4114:Loretta Lees 4109:Le Corbusier 4079:Edmund Bacon 4044:Andrés Duany 3999:Urbanization 3985:Urban sprawl 3950:Rural flight 3930:Permeability 3925:Model cities 3797:Logging camp 3756:Company town 3670:Smart growth 3660:New Urbanism 3442:Urban design 3441: 3245: 3230: 3215: 3186: 3179: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3018: 3007:. 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Retrieved 1994: 1985: 1940:Urban forest 1920:New Urbanism 1876: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1832: 1792: 1783:- Austin, TX 1759:- Denver, CO 1647: 1632: 1626:January 2022 1623: 1603: 1570:architecture 1567: 1548: 1538: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1493: 1485: 1472: 1464: 1444: 1436:architecture 1429: 1425:stakeholders 1405: 1379:New Urbanism 1371: 1362: 1358: 1346: 1335: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1257: 1245:James Corner 1234: 1218:Andres Duany 1213:New Urbanism 1211: 1208: 1150: 1136:urban sprawl 1108:smart growth 1097: 1080:New Urbanism 1077: 1067: 1055:new urbanist 1000:New Urbanism 988:Space Syntax 977: 971: 961: 952:Collage City 951: 937: 927: 922: 915: 909: 889: 883: 875: 857: 851: 827: 816: 806:Robert Moses 804:designed by 773:Le Corbusier 716:Le Corbusier 705: 698: 678:Thomas Adams 635: 632:20th century 591: 585: 582:Henry George 575: 557: 537:working poor 533: 530:"off-shoots" 502: 474:architecture 456:'s plan for 443: 387:Early modern 372: 326: 302: 278: 271: 258:space syntax 218:Andrés Duany 202:public space 199: 129: 106: 80: 68:architecture 60:Urban design 59: 58: 48:designed by 18:Urban Design 6873:Nonbuilding 6802:Tower block 6666:Subdivision 6528:Residential 6465:Retail park 6204:competition 6161:Slow design 6111:Form factor 6081:Concept art 5890:HTML editor 5570:Sustainable 5405:For testing 5249:By contract 5105:Work design 5080:Drug design 5052:engineering 4926:Icon design 4904:Game design 4882:Interaction 4830:Sustainable 4763:Sustainable 4652:Type design 4629:Photography 4624:News design 4567:Book design 4562:Advertising 4541:Disciplines 4346:disciplines 4169:Jane Jacobs 4094:James Rouse 3975:Urban decay 3960:Third place 3935:Placemaking 3785:Pit village 3775:Global city 2954:Consilience 1970:Walkability 1910:Cyclability 1771:- Miami, FL 1527:and meaning 1078:Charter of 912:Kevin Lynch 904:crime rates 886:Jane Jacobs 872:Jane Jacobs 843:Kevin Lynch 839:Jane Jacobs 754:Lúcio Costa 676:. 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