Sustainable urbanism

121:. According to Farr, this approach aims to eliminate environmental impacts of urban development by supplying and providing all resources locally. The full life cycle of services and public goods such as electricity and food are evaluated from production to consumption with the intent of eliminating waste or environmental externalities. Since that time, significant research and practice worldwide has broadened the term considerably to include social, economic, welfare and public health factors, among others, to the environmental and physical factors in the Farr book; thus taking it beyond an urban design field into all of urban planning, policy and development. Approaches that focus on the social and economic aspects use the terms 349:(VOCs) – from building materials, products, and furnishings, and through outside filtering and distribution techniques that control pollutants. Maximize the use of controlled daylighting, which can then be augmented by high quality artificial lighting. Provide good acoustic control. Results in high performance facilities can help address a wide range of human resource concerns by improving the total quality of the interior environment. In addition, attention to building wellness today helps avoid future costs of corrections. Such ‘well building’ design emphasis can improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, in turn reducing employee absenteeism and turnover. 457:, was the home to the athletes of the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2000 Summer Paralympics. It was built on a brownfield site, and it was developed by Mirvac Lend Lease Village Consortium from 1997. Redevelopment of the village was completed in 1999, but further development is still occurring. After the Games, Newington stimulated the Australian market for green products, and it became a solar village housing approximately 5,000 people. Unfortunately, the development failed to build neighborhood centers with walk-to services, which perpetuates automobile dependence. Furthermore, Newington does not provide any affordable housing. 20: 279:. It refers to the connection between humans and other living systems. Within this concept, humans are biologically predisposed to caring for nature. Biophilic cities are those that bring nature into the city by increasing parks and open spaces, green and blue corridors, and networks that link them. Increasingly, biophilia refers to habitats that support other species, sustainable food production and urban agriculture. Thus, biophilia and biophilic cities are an underlying component of sustainable urbanism. 331:

electrical demand, and incorporates energy efficient lighting, motors, and equipment. Where feasible, renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic cells, solar hot water, and geothermal exchange are used in tandem with other low emission technologies, such as fuel cells. This results in direct energy cost savings (fuel and electricity) yield a good rate of return based on the initial investment. Other external benefits include improved air quality from reduced fuel consumption (limiting

2827: 313:

conditions. However, because these other benefits are more difficult to quantify than direct energy savings, the real value of high performance buildings can easily be underestimated by traditional accounting methods that do not recognize ‘external’ municipal and regional costs and benefits. The cost evaluations of high performance building should account for the economic, social, and environmental benefits that accompany green buildings.

2839: 235:, or density, plays an important yet limited role in sustainable urban development because it can support reductions in per-capita transport energy use by increasing walking, cycling, active transport and public transit use. The relatively low density of some urban and especially suburban and exurban development is too low to support efficient transit and walk-to destinations. Such low-density development is a characteristic of 730:), which is a third-party verification system that a development meets high standards of environmental responsibility. LEED-ND combines the principles of new urbanism, green building, and smart growth to create the first accepted national standard for neighborhood design that extends LEED's scope beyond the individual to a more holistic (neighborhood/community) perception of the context of the buildings. 34:), that focuses on promoting their long term viability by reducing consumption, waste and harmful impacts on people and place while enhancing the overall well-being of both people and place. Well-being includes the physical, ecological, economic, social, health and equity factors, among others, that comprise cities and their populations. In the context of contemporary urbanism, the term 198:

cities and that New Urbanism excludes economic diversity by creating expensive places to live that are highly privatized and controlled. Also, critics believe that, while the New Urbanism contains many attractive ideas, it may have difficulty dealing with a wide range of contemporary issues including scale, transportation, planning and codes, regionalism, and marketing.

516:,” attempting to become an energy self-sufficient, carbon-neutral, and mostly car-free eco-city housing 500,000 residents. The first phase of the development is supposed to complete by 2010, and entire development by 2050, but the Dongtan project has been delayed indefinitely due to financial issues, among other things. 726:(USGBC), and the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC). It provides a coordinated environmental strategy to achieve sustainability at the level of entire neighborhoods and communities. LEED-ND is a rating system that certifies green neighborhoods, building off USGBC's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( 417:

substantial cost savings. An example of integrated design would be designing a roadway with a diversely planted center median that functions as both a traffic-calming device and a stormwater bioretention area to improve pedestrian safety, minimize stormwater runoff, dampen street noise and improve air quality.

367:. They will also strengthen the market for recycled materials, and the manufacture of products with post-consumer content. Long-term, better C&D waste management can reduce waste disposal costs, ease stress on landfills, and minimize the cost of transporting waste to disposal facilities outside the city. 181:, and goes beyond them to close the loop on resource use and bring everything into the city or town. This approach is centered on increasing the quality of life by affording greater accessibility to activities and places within a short distance and by increasing the quality of products that are offered. 1429:

Khaidukov, Danil; Tasalov, Kirill (2016). The role of institutions in sustainable development of the city regions in the United Kingdom and Russian Federation. // Public Administration of the Russian Federation: Challenges and Prospects: International Conference of Lomonosov Moscow State University/

739:

There are professionals who are concerned that the use "Sustainable urbanism" as a label risks debasing the term "sustainable", with developments being labeled as examples of "Sustainable Urbanism", which, while substantially better than much modern development, are not truly sustainable according to

379:

applicable to the typical section of the public right-of-way, encompassing street sidewalk, underground utilities, stormwater infrastructure, landscapes, and streetscape elements. In addition to many public health and environmental benefits, financial benefits include decreased first costs, decreased

312:

and using natural or high efficiency lighting, it minimizes a building impact on its natural surroundings; additionally, those who work or live in these buildings directly benefit from these differences. Some building owners have even reported increased worker productivity as a result of the improved

214:

probably contains the most similar ideas with sustainable urbanism. They both emphasize on interplay of cities with nature, as well as shaping better communities and lifestyles. However, the principles of green urbanism are based on the triple-zero framework: zero fossil-fuel energy use, zero waste,

258:

Increasing neighborhood population density also supports improved public transit service. Concentrating development density in and around transit stops and corridors maximizes people's willingness to walk and thus reduces car ownership and use. Sustainable urbanism seeks to integrate infrastructure

207:

is a related approach to sustainable urbanism. As conceived by urban planners, it helps achieve greater jobs–housing balance, but it is likely to leave the sense of place unaddressed. While New Urbanism may fulfill that dimension of sense of place, it is not viewed as an approach that will lead to

192:

emerged in the 1980s and was an early touchstone for sustainable urbanism, since it is based around bringing activities and land uses closer together, increasing urban and suburban densities, being more efficient in terms of infrastructure provision and transport energy use, and having more within

112:

In 2007, two important events occurred in the USA that furthered the knowledge base and diffusion of sustainable urbanism. First was the International Conference on Sustainable Urbanism at Texas A&M University in April, which drew nearly 200 persons from five continents. Second, later in the

197:

that found it was a limited approach. Its principal conclusion was that the sustainability of a city could not be measured by form alone, and that processes were critical to measure sustainability. The criticism of New Urbanism is that it attempts to apply 19th century urban form to 21st century

416:

Systems-oriented design focuses on improving the performance of the entire roadway system. It requires cross-disciplinary teamwork at the planning, scoping, design and construction phases. It promotes comprehensive performance improvements, compounds environmental benefits and potentially offers

390:

At the single-component level, standard details may be improved to optimize performance, minimize environmental impact, use materials more efficiently or extended lifecycle. Examples include using reclaimed supplementary cement materials to increase pavement strength or designing water-efficient

149:

movement which focuses on addressing depleting resources by creating distributed local resources to replace global supply chain in case of major disruption. As resilient cities thinking has evolved, it too has gone beyond climate change to incorporate resilient responses by hybrid urban-natural

300:

High performance buildings are designed and constructed to maximize operational energy savings and minimize environmental impacts of the construction and operation of the buildings. Building construction and operation generates a great deal of ‘externalized costs’ such as material waste, energy

291:

in that they connect one area to another efficiently, cheaply, and safely. They allow people to pass from their immediate proximity to another without relying on cars or other wasteful and inefficient products. It also relies on accessibility to all people in the community so that the mode of

136:

There are a range of organizations promoting and researching sustainable urbanism practices, including governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, professional associations, universities and research institutes, philanthropic foundations and professional enterprises around the world.

330:

techniques and integrated building design. This process looks at optimum orientation and maximizes the thermal efficiency of the building envelope (windows, walls, roof) while also considering the interaction of the HVAC, lighting, and control systems. Integrated design uses daylight to reduce

405:

This could lead to long-term savings, improved performance and lifecycle, and increased returns on municipal investments. One example is using permeable pavement to reduce stormwater runoff and peak demand on stormwater management infrastructure while providing an adequate driving surface for

104:

in the UK in the 1990s, according to her doctoral student and now professor of architecture Phillip Tabb. The first university graduate program named Sustainable Urbanism was founded by professors Michael Neuman and Phillip Tabb at Texas A&M University in 2002. There are now dozens of

243:, inefficient infrastructure, increased obesity, loss of farmlands and natural habitats, pollution, and so on. For these reasons, sustainable urbanism tends to promote more compact development with greater intensities of use and greater variety of uses and activities in a given urban area. 71:

are other common terms that are similar to sustainable urbanism, however they can be construed as focusing more on the natural environment and ecosystems and less on economic and social aspects. Also related to sustainable urbanism are the practices of land development called

695:, and local governmental practices to improve sustainability and resilience. They are working on four specific sustainable urbanism initiatives: (a) Resilient Communities and Cities, (b) Just and Peaceful Communities, (c) Viable Local Economies, and (d) Eco-efficient Cities. 254:

area relative to compact development. While increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources at a regional level, higher-density development can create more impervious cover, which increases water quality problems in nearby or adjacent water bodies.

532:, social infrastructure, and a range of businesses. Most homes will mid-rise apartment buildings clustered toward the city center. Parks, lakes and other public open space will be scattered around the densely designed neighborhoods. 292:

transportation is the most convenient and easiest to use for everyone. Sustainable Corridors also include biodiversity corridors to allow animals to move around communities so that they may still live in and around cities.

469:

Solar panels are installed in every home in Newington. “At the time of its construction it was the largest solar village in the world… The collective energy generated by these photovoltaic panels will prevent 1,309 tons of

38:

refers to several scales of human settlements from towns to cities, metropolises and mega-city regions that includes their peripheries / suburbs / exurbs. Sustainability is a key component to professional practice in

363:/management strategies and selective site sorting of materials for salvage, recycling, or disposal. These actions will prevent unnecessary depletion of natural resources and will reduce air, water, and 722:

The LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) is the United States' first rating system for green neighborhoods. The LEED-ND was created out of a partnership with the Congress for New Urbanism, the

1174:

Jepson Jr, Edward J.; Mary M. Edwards (August 2010). "How Possible is Sustainable Urban Development? An Analysis of Planners' Perceptions about New Urbanism, Smart Growth and the Ecological City".

1785:

Sharifi, Ayyoob; Murayama, Akito (February 2014). "Neighborhood sustainability assessment in action: Cross-evaluation of three assessment systems and their cases from the US, the UK, and Japan".

741: 84:, which denote the processes of planning, designing, and building urban settlements that are more sustainable than if they were not planned according to sustainability criteria and principles. 590:, the national regeneration agency for England, with high standards of building and design codes. The planning outline started in 1997, and the sites were planned to be completed by 2011. 335:, sulfur dioxide, methane, and other gases that contribute to air pollution). Additionally, reducing the overall aggregate electrical load significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions. 208:

communities that are energy self-reliant. The ecological city approach seems to complementary to the other two approaches in terms of their respective areas of strengths and weakness.

772: 359:

Renewable resources, and are themselves recyclable, and that have been manufactured in a manner less damaging to the environment. Implement construction and demolition (C&D)

401:

Improving single components does not consider the whole system in place, so multifunctional optimization guidelines seek to minimize conflicts among parts and promote

586:

is part of the southwest district of Northampton, England, lying between the existing town edge and the motorway. Originally farming land, Upton was developed by

482:, slab construction, and efficient water fixtures, over 90 percent of the homes are designed to consume 50 percent less energy and water than conventional homes. 105:

university programs with that name worldwide. As of 2018, there are hundreds of scholarly articles, books and publications whose titles contain the exact words

620:

Upton is currently developing its transit system. As soon as the first residents move in, a twice-hourly bus service will begin running in the neighborhoods. A

496:

infiltrates the groundwater supply and the rest is cleansed on-site and channeled to the ponds in the Parklands, providing important habitats. In addition, The

2805: 302: 2741: 1024: 1082:

Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley and Heather Boyer, 2017. Resilient Cities; Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence. Washington DC: Island Press, 2nd edition

305:

put out a set of guidelines in April 1999 on High performance buildings that have broad application to sustainable urbanism as a whole worldwide.

512:

is a development in Eastern Chongming Island, which is roughly a one-hour trip from downtown Shanghai. It was once planned as “the world’s first

624:

program is also proposed. The development is achieving its social sustainability by requiring that 22 percent of scattered units be permanently

2766: 2065: 727: 126: 122: 301:

inefficiencies and pollution. High performance buildings aim to minimize these and make the process much more efficient and less harmful.

2678: 150:

ecosystems such as city regions to natural disasters, war and conflict, economic shocks and crises, massive migration, and other shocks.

2425: 1812:

Sharifi, Ayyoob; Murayama, Akito (January 2013). "A critical review of seven selected neighborhood sustainability assessment tools".

1267: 201:

Sustainable urbanism bridges the gaps of New Urbanism by including the factors listed in the lead paragraph of this Knowledge entry.

1875: 762: 606:(SUSD), controlling the flow and quality of water entering the sewage system. Other green technologies being implemented include 2375: 2794: 1513: 1470: 1435: 915: 76:, which is the process of physically constructing sustainable buildings, as well as the practices of urban planning called 2896: 1340:

Timothy Beatley, 2010. Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning. Washington, DC: Island Press

1144: 928:

Sharifi, Ayyoob (January 2016). "From Garden City to Eco-urbanism: The quest for sustainable neighborhood development".

2886: 2777: 2655: 2575: 2415: 2390: 603: 145:

movement which is another approach that focuses on creating urban environments based on ecological principles, and the

2324: 1487: 957:"Beyond urban ecomodernism: How can degrowth-aligned spatial practices enhance urban sustainability transformations" 2703: 2660: 1900: 174: 644:

Eco-City Builders holds a bi-annual conference on sustainable urbanism and promotes high performance planning and

554:

will produce most of the energy Dongtan will need. The most ambitious portion of the energy infrastructure is the

425:

Current leading examples as of 2018, which need to be described and explained here in greater detail, include the

2698: 2380: 2309: 2248: 2041: 1933: 130: 2620: 2518: 2053: 1048:

Tigran Haas, editor. 2012. Sustainable Urbanism and Beyond: Rethinking Cities for the Future. New York: Rizolli

215:

and zero emissions. Sustainable Urbanism, on the other hand, is more focused on designing communities that are

2864: 2843: 2811: 2688: 2615: 709:

The Stockholm Resilience Center promotes practices to allow cities and places to adapt to climate change and

327: 129:. The United Nations has incorporated sustainable urbanism into its global sustainable development goals as 109:

and thousands of articles, books and publications that contain that exact term, according to Google Scholar.

1028: 2600: 1868: 1310:

Michael Neuman, 2011. “Infrastructure Planning for Sustainable Cities” Geographica Helvetica, 15(2) 100-107

844: 811: 2708: 2640: 2016: 723: 660: 1091:

Michael Neuman. 2005. “The Compact City Fallacy” Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1):11-26

688:) works with the City of New York and residents to promote sustainable urbanism practices and policies. 2410: 2031: 1910: 1763: 474:

from entering the atmosphere per year, the equivalent of 262 cars being taken off the road. ” By using

454: 2610: 2405: 2243: 1895: 757: 346: 247: 60: 2543: 2420: 2385: 2134: 2124: 2098: 882: 675: 193:

walking distance. There were significant critiques of New Urbanism and its more international term

989:

Mostafavi, M. and G. Doherty, editors. 2010. Ecological Urbanism. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Muller

910:

Michael Neuman and Angela Hull, editors. 2011. The Futures of the City Region. London: Routledge,

2891: 2831: 2605: 2448: 2258: 2230: 1953: 1943: 1861: 961: 787: 583: 73: 19: 698:

The United Nations Habitat promotes sustainable urbanism practices around the globe to localize

528:

Dongtan is planned to achieve densities of 84-112 people per acre, which will support efficient

492:. 21 acres of the development site is incorporated into the Millennium Parklands. 40 percent of 2857: 2850: 2670: 2625: 2580: 2395: 2359: 2349: 2144: 2119: 2103: 2088: 2070: 955:

De Castro Mazarro, Alejandro; George Kaliaden, Ritu; Wende, Wolfgang; Egermann, Markus (2023).

767: 97: 48: 1320: 706:. The Sustainable Cities Programme was established in 1990 as a joint UN-HABITAT/UNEP agency. 2748: 2693: 2650: 2533: 2508: 2473: 2149: 260: 240: 2713: 2683: 2635: 2630: 2553: 2458: 2354: 2177: 2036: 2021: 1996: 1981: 1938: 1390: 1365: 611: 587: 318: 272: 101: 1613: 678:(UK) is a research organization developing and validating sustainable urbanism practices. 380:

operation and maintenance costs, decreased energy costs and increased real estate values.

263:

required less per capita infrastructure usage compared to detached single-family housing.

8: 2645: 2528: 2523: 2268: 2187: 2006: 1986: 1976: 740:

the Brundtland definition of sustainability, taken from the landmark 1987 United Nations

170: 142: 68: 1841:

Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development : "Our common future"

426: 2590: 2585: 2220: 2182: 2139: 2058: 1243: 1230: 1210: 1191: 850: 710: 638: 625: 360: 309: 251: 153: 659:

network which is aimed at improving performance of cities in the areas of efficiency,

2799: 2782: 2753: 2548: 2432: 2238: 1991: 1928: 1466: 1431: 1248: 1195: 911: 745: 543: 509: 450: 288: 81: 56: 1839: 2723: 2595: 2570: 2463: 2289: 2263: 2215: 2210: 2192: 2129: 2080: 2001: 1971: 1966: 1923: 1821: 1798: 1794: 1238: 1222: 1183: 970: 937: 891: 829: 823: 801: 792: 691:

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) supports policy,

539: 146: 2558: 2468: 2453: 2319: 2284: 2093: 1187: 692: 656: 479: 219:

and transit-served so that people will prefer to meet their daily needs on foot.

1101: 2483: 2400: 2334: 2329: 2048: 2026: 1961: 1884: 1825: 806: 782: 664: 493: 489: 364: 211: 64: 40: 975: 956: 941: 2880: 2788: 2513: 2498: 2493: 2478: 2299: 2253: 2011: 1514:"Creating a sustainable urban extension – a case study of Upton, Northampton" 954: 685: 567: 547: 497: 475: 376: 332: 232: 1226: 2761: 2159: 1918: 1252: 841: – Urban street reserved for public transit, bicycles, and pedestrians 838: 645: 555: 551: 529: 276: 236: 204: 194: 189: 178: 77: 52: 44: 2344: 2339: 2304: 2167: 1265: 856: 621: 607: 1688: 1663: 1564:"Reshaping cities for the long-term health of human and natural systems" 345:

Improve indoor air quality by eliminating unhealthy emissions – such as

308:

By incorporating environmentally sound materials and systems, improving

2503: 2488: 2314: 2294: 1234: 896: 877: 668: 571: 1738: 1447: 2772: 2718: 2172: 777: 699: 162: 118: 1537: 2565: 1058: 878:"Urban Sustainability: From Theory Influences to Practical Agendas" 853: – Urban planning for mixed-use areas prioritising pedestrians 513: 500:

was rehabilitated from a concrete channel to a natural watercourse.

430: 216: 166: 31: 1563: 2538: 1853: 999: 748:: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. 563: 558:, converting waste from different sources into energy, including 438: 402: 138: 773:

List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration

2202: 559: 434: 246:

Research has shown that low-density development can exacerbate

1638: 1122: 1713: 1268:"Protecting Water Resources With Higher Density Developments" 391:

landscapes to reduce irrigation needs and water consumption.

30:

is both the study of cities and the practices to build them (

1771: 1266:

Richards, Lynn; Geoffrey Anderson; Mary Kay Santore (2003).

1025:"Sustainable Urbanism Certificate - College of Architecture" 222: 703: 652: 250:

loadings by consuming absorbent open space and increasing

1396:. City of New York Department of Design and Construction 1371:. City of New York Department of Design and Construction 1173: 637:

Transition Town movement works to promote citizen based

2743:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

1588: 834:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

437:

in Hackbridge, Sutton England, a suburb of London, and

1589:"IGLUS - Innovative Governance of Large Urban Systems" 875: 1448:"BedZED – the UK's first major zero-carbon community" 1059:"Goal 11 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs" 632: 303:

New York City Department of Design & Construction

259:

design increase with density, because a concentrated

354:

Source reduction, pollution prevention and recycling

1145:"The New Urbanism Challenges Conventional Planning" 420: 184: 370: 266: 2878: 538:Dongtan is designed to utilize various types of 1811: 1784: 1511: 444: 155:Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design With Nature 16:Study of cities and the practices to build them 2767:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1430:— Moscow: «КDU», «University press». pp. 4-10 1417:Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature 876:Spiliotopoulou, Maria; Roseland, Mark (2020). 600:High performance buildings and infrastructure: 578: 488:At Newington, 90 percent of the plantings are 23:Energy Efficiency of different Transport Modes 1869: 295: 1354:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Jon Wiley & Sons. 859: – How accessible a space is to walking 671:approaches in urban infrastructure systems. 610:, microcombined heat and power (micro-CHP), 847: – Urban planning prioritising transit 826: – Urban planning prioritising cycling 602:The Upton development is planned to employ 504: 131:goal 11, Sustainable Cities and Communities 2838: 1876: 1862: 375:High-performance infrastructure refers to 2778:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 1485: 1321:"Edward O. Wilson's Biophilia Hypothesis" 1242: 974: 895: 223:Defining elements of Sustainable Urbanism 2806:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 763:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 282: 18: 1215:Association of Schools of Public Health 1208: 927: 287:Sustainable corridors are similar to a 137:Related to sustainable urbanism is the 2879: 2376:Corporate environmental responsibility 1814:Environmental Impact Assessment Review 1689:"Local Governments for Sustainability" 1391:"High Performance Building Guidelines" 1366:"High Performance Building Guidelines" 1142: 1136: 684:The Institute for Sustainable Cities ( 641:to transition to a low carbon future. 113:year, was the publication of the book 1857: 1668:CUNY Institute for Sustainable Cities 742:Report on Environment and Development 377:core best management practices (BMPs) 326:Reduce energy use and demand through 2749:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 1714:"A Better Urban Future | UN-Habitat" 1488:"Plans Shrivel for Chinese Eco-City" 1460: 1414: 1349: 1295: 594:Key sustainable urbanism thresholds: 556:combined heat and power system (CHP) 520:Key sustainable urbanism thresholds: 486:Sustainable corridors and biophilia: 461:Key Sustainable Urbanism Thresholds: 1486:Brenhouse, Hilary (June 24, 2010). 832: – Bicycling as transportation 239:, which is the major cause of high 169:, along with combining elements of 47:along with its related disciplines 13: 2391:Environmental full-cost accounting 1883: 1275:US Environmental Protection Agency 713:through sustainability practices. 633:Sustainable urbanism organizations 604:sustainable urban drainage systems 14: 2908: 2325:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 1209:Frumkin, Howard (May–June 2002). 542:, coming as close as possible to 536:High performance Infrastructures: 441:near Atlanta, Georgia in the US. 241:dependence on private automobiles 96:has been attributed to Professor 2837: 2826: 2825: 2795:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 1211:"Urban Sprawl and Public Health" 421:Examples of sustainable urbanism 185:Comparison of similar principles 175:sustainable urban infrastructure 161:The architect and urban planner 2381:Corporate social responsibility 2310:Ocean thermal energy conversion 2249:Community-supported agriculture 1934:Human impact on the environment 1832: 1805: 1778: 1764:"Congress for the New Urbanism" 1756: 1731: 1706: 1681: 1656: 1631: 1606: 1581: 1556: 1530: 1505: 1479: 1454: 1440: 1423: 1408: 1383: 1358: 1343: 1334: 1313: 1304: 1289: 1259: 1202: 1167: 1115: 1094: 1085: 1076: 429:district in Stockholm, Sweden, 371:High performance infrastructure 2621:Socially responsible marketing 1847:. New York: UN. 4 August 1987. 1799:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.11.006 1614:"Discover The Next Generation" 1176:Planning Practice and Research 1051: 1042: 1017: 992: 983: 948: 930:Sustainable Cities and Society 921: 904: 869: 674:The Eco Cities Project at the 267:Biophilia and Biophilic Cities 227: 87: 1: 2812:Sustainable Development Goals 2616:Socially responsible business 1739:"Stockholm Resilience Centre" 1300:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 863: 667:by promoting more innovative 1188:10.1080/02697459.2010.511016 845:Transit-oriented development 812:Water-sensitive urban design 734: 445:Newington, Sydney, Australia 396:Multifunctional optimization 7: 2641:Sustainability organization 2426:Standards and certification 2017:Social return on investment 1743:Stockholm Resilience Centre 751: 724:U.S. Green Building Council 579:Upton, Northampton, England 467:High performance buildings: 340:Improved indoor environment 10: 2913: 2897:Sustainable urban planning 2066:Systemic change resistance 1826:10.1016/j.eiar.2012.06.006 716: 681:Biophilic Cities Network. 618:Sustainable Neighborhoods: 550:with different scales and 347:volatile organic compounds 296:High performance buildings 248:non-point source pollutant 2887:Sustainability by subject 2821: 2732: 2669: 2441: 2368: 2277: 2244:Climate-smart agriculture 2229: 2201: 2158: 2112: 2079: 1952: 1909: 1891: 1664:"Making Cities Solutions" 976:10.1177/00420980221148107 942:10.1016/j.scs.2015.09.002 758:Circles of Sustainability 61:environmental engineering 2386:Environmental accounting 2135:Sustainable architecture 2125:Environmental technology 1787:Building and Environment 1143:Fulton, William (1996). 676:University of Manchester 614:systems, and PV systems. 505:Dongtan, Shanghai, China 165:discusses making cities 2259:Sustainable agriculture 1102:"What Is New Urbanism?" 788:Sustainable development 321:/clean energy resources 92:The origin of the term 74:Sustainable development 2802:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 2671:Sustainable management 2656:Urban drainage systems 2396:Environmental planning 2360:Water recycling shower 2350:Tidal stream generator 2145:Sustainable industries 2104:Sustainable population 2089:Demographic transition 2071:Tragedy of the commons 1461:Farr, Douglas (2008). 1415:Farr, Douglas (2008). 1350:Farr, Douglas (2008). 1296:Farr, Douglas (2008). 1155:(5). Lincoln Institute 1000:"Smart Growth America" 768:Environmental planning 651:The IGLUS Project at 385:Component optimization 49:landscape architecture 24: 2694:Humanistic capitalism 2509:Environmental finance 2150:Sustainable packaging 1512:Energy Saving Trust. 1227:10.1093/phr/117.3.201 283:Sustainable corridors 261:mixed-use development 157:, by Doug Farr (2007) 22: 2661:Urban infrastructure 2355:Water heat recycling 2178:Conservation biology 2022:Steady-state economy 1997:Micro-sustainability 1982:Ecological footprint 1939:Planetary boundaries 1538:"Transition Network" 1463:Sustainable Urbanism 1352:Sustainable Urbanism 1298:Sustainable Urbanism 1004:Smart Growth America 612:rainwater harvesting 588:English Partnerships 449:A suburb in western 273:Biophilia hypothesis 115:Sustainable Urbanism 107:sustainable urbanism 102:Cambridge University 94:sustainable urbanism 28:Sustainable urbanism 2762:Earth Summit (1992) 2416:Metrics and indices 2269:Sustainable fishery 2188:Holocene extinction 2007:Product stewardship 1977:Earth Overshoot Day 1618:Adapting Manchester 171:ecological urbanism 143:Ecological Urbanism 69:ecological urbanism 2221:Sustainable energy 2183:Endangered species 2140:Sustainable design 2054:Consumer behaviour 1639:"Biophilic Cities" 1542:Transition Network 1492:The New York Times 897:10.3390/su12187245 851:Pedestrian village 711:resource depletion 626:affordable housing 310:indoor air quality 275:was introduced by 252:impervious surface 25: 2874: 2873: 2800:Earth Summit 2002 2783:Lisbon Principles 2755:Our Common Future 2433:Sustainable yield 2239:Civic agriculture 1992:Green consumption 1929:Global governance 1472:978-0-471-77751-9 1436:978-5-91304-647-5 916:978-0-415-58803-4 746:Our Common Future 544:carbon neutrality 494:stormwater runoff 451:Sydney, Australia 411:Integrated design 319:Energy efficiency 289:wildlife corridor 82:growth management 2904: 2841: 2840: 2829: 2828: 2773:Agenda 21 (1992) 2744: 2709:Natural resource 2596:Organic movement 2571:Impact investing 2290:Hydroelectricity 2264:Sustainable diet 2216:Renewable energy 2211:Carbon footprint 2193:Invasive species 2130:Natural building 2081:World population 2042:Marketing myopia 2002:Over-consumption 1972:Circular economy 1967:Anti-consumerism 1924:Environmentalism 1878: 1871: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1770:. Archived from 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1643:Biophilic Cities 1635: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1568:Ecocity Builders 1560: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1395: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1370: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1272: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1246: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1027:. Archived from 1021: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1010: 996: 990: 987: 981: 980: 978: 969:(7): 1304–1315. 952: 946: 945: 925: 919: 908: 902: 901: 899: 873: 835: 830:Cycling mobility 824:Bicycle-friendly 802:Urban resilience 793:Sustainable city 540:renewable energy 427:Hammarby Sjöstad 361:waste prevention 147:resilient cities 2912: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2817: 2742: 2734: 2733:Agreements and 2728: 2665: 2469:Climate finance 2437: 2364: 2320:Reclaimed water 2273: 2225: 2197: 2154: 2108: 2094:Family planning 2075: 1948: 1905: 1887: 1882: 1852: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1810: 1806: 1783: 1779: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1465:. p. 233. 1459: 1455: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1428: 1424: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1294: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1207: 1203: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1141: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1067: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1008: 1006: 998: 997: 993: 988: 984: 953: 949: 926: 922: 909: 905: 874: 870: 866: 833: 754: 737: 719: 693:good governance 657:action research 635: 581: 507: 480:wool insulation 473: 447: 423: 373: 298: 285: 269: 230: 225: 187: 159: 90: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2910: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2892:Urban planning 2889: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2835: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2808:(Rio+20, 2012) 2803: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2738: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2554:Infrastructure 2551: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2484:Eco-capitalism 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2401:Sustainability 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2369:Accountability 2366: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2027:Sustainability 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1962:Anthropization 1958: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885:Sustainability 1881: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1858: 1851: 1850: 1831: 1804: 1777: 1774:on 2014-10-14. 1755: 1730: 1705: 1680: 1655: 1630: 1605: 1580: 1555: 1544:. 28 July 2016 1529: 1504: 1478: 1471: 1453: 1439: 1422: 1407: 1382: 1357: 1342: 1333: 1312: 1303: 1288: 1258: 1221:(3): 201–217. 1201: 1182:(4): 417–437. 1166: 1135: 1123:"New Urbanism" 1114: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1063:United Nations 1050: 1041: 1016: 991: 982: 947: 920: 903: 883:Sustainability 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 854: 848: 842: 836: 827: 815: 814: 809: 807:Urban vitality 804: 799: 798: 797: 796: 795: 783:Sustainability 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 753: 750: 736: 733: 732: 731: 718: 715: 665:sustainability 634: 631: 630: 629: 615: 580: 577: 576: 575: 533: 506: 503: 502: 501: 490:native species 483: 476:window awnings 471: 446: 443: 422: 419: 414: 413: 399: 398: 388: 387: 372: 369: 365:soil pollution 357: 356: 343: 342: 324: 323: 297: 294: 284: 281: 268: 265: 229: 226: 224: 221: 212:Green urbanism 186: 183: 158: 152: 89: 86: 65:Green urbanism 41:urban planning 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2909: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789:Earth Charter 2787: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2679:Environmental 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2611:Refurbishment 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2601:Organizations 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2514:Green economy 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499:Eco-socialism 2497: 2495: 2494:Eco-investing 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479:Disinvestment 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2300:Marine energy 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2254:Cultured meat 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2012:Simple living 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1515: 1508: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1418: 1411: 1392: 1386: 1367: 1361: 1353: 1346: 1337: 1322: 1316: 1307: 1299: 1292: 1276: 1269: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1124: 1118: 1103: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1045: 1031:on 2018-09-11 1030: 1026: 1020: 1005: 1001: 995: 986: 977: 972: 968: 964: 963: 962:Urban Studies 958: 951: 943: 939: 935: 931: 924: 917: 913: 907: 898: 893: 889: 885: 884: 879: 872: 868: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 831: 828: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 794: 791: 790: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 749: 747: 743: 729: 725: 721: 720: 714: 712: 707: 705: 701: 696: 694: 689: 687: 686:New York City 682: 679: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 627: 623: 619: 616: 613: 609: 605: 601: 598: 597: 596: 595: 591: 589: 585: 573: 569: 568:organic waste 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:Wind turbines 545: 541: 537: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 521: 517: 515: 511: 499: 498:Haslams Creek 495: 491: 487: 484: 481: 477: 468: 465: 464: 463: 462: 458: 456: 452: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 418: 412: 409: 408: 407: 404: 397: 394: 393: 392: 386: 383: 382: 381: 378: 368: 366: 362: 355: 352: 351: 350: 348: 341: 338: 337: 336: 334: 333:nitrous oxide 329: 328:passive solar 322: 320: 316: 315: 314: 311: 306: 304: 293: 290: 280: 278: 274: 264: 262: 256: 253: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 220: 218: 213: 209: 206: 202: 199: 196: 191: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 156: 151: 148: 144: 140: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 110: 108: 103: 99: 95: 85: 83: 79: 75: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 37: 33: 29: 21: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2830: 2754: 2519:Construction 2442:Applications 2160:Biodiversity 1919:Anthropocene 1840: 1834: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1772:the original 1767: 1758: 1748:28 September 1746:. Retrieved 1742: 1733: 1723:28 September 1721:. Retrieved 1717: 1708: 1698:28 September 1696:. Retrieved 1692: 1683: 1673:28 September 1671:. Retrieved 1667: 1658: 1648:28 September 1646:. Retrieved 1642: 1633: 1623:28 September 1621:. Retrieved 1617: 1608: 1598:28 September 1596:. Retrieved 1592: 1583: 1573:28 September 1571:. Retrieved 1567: 1558: 1548:28 September 1546:. Retrieved 1541: 1532: 1520:. Retrieved 1507: 1495:. Retrieved 1491: 1481: 1462: 1456: 1442: 1425: 1416: 1410: 1398:. Retrieved 1385: 1373:. Retrieved 1360: 1351: 1345: 1336: 1324:. Retrieved 1315: 1306: 1297: 1291: 1279:. Retrieved 1274: 1261: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1159:28 September 1157:. Retrieved 1152: 1148: 1138: 1126:. Retrieved 1117: 1105:. Retrieved 1096: 1087: 1078: 1068:28 September 1066:. Retrieved 1062: 1053: 1044: 1033:. Retrieved 1029:the original 1019: 1009:28 September 1007:. Retrieved 1003: 994: 985: 966: 960: 950: 933: 929: 923: 906: 890:(18): 7245. 887: 881: 871: 839:Transit mall 817: 816: 738: 708: 697: 690: 683: 680: 673: 655:is a global 650: 646:urban design 643: 636: 617: 599: 593: 592: 582: 552:solar panels 535: 530:mass transit 526:Compactness: 525: 519: 518: 508: 485: 466: 460: 459: 448: 424: 415: 410: 400: 395: 389: 384: 374: 358: 353: 344: 339: 325: 317: 307: 299: 286: 277:E. O. Wilson 270: 257: 245: 237:urban sprawl 231: 210: 205:Smart growth 203: 200: 195:Compact city 190:New Urbanism 188: 179:new urbanism 160: 154: 135: 114: 111: 106: 93: 91: 78:smart growth 53:architecture 45:urban design 35: 27: 26: 2735:conferences 2606:Procurement 2549:Development 2449:Advertising 2411:Measurement 2345:Tidal power 2340:Small hydro 2305:Micro hydro 2168:Biosecurity 2120:Appropriate 2049:Sustainable 2032:Advertising 1954:Consumption 1944:Development 1793:: 243–258. 1522:20 November 1497:20 November 1400:20 November 1375:20 November 1326:20 November 1281:20 November 857:Walkability 648:practices. 622:car sharing 608:green roofs 433:, Germany, 233:Compactness 228:Compactness 127:just cities 123:fair cities 98:Susan Owens 88:Terminology 2881:Categories 2626:Sanitation 2581:Livelihood 2504:Ecovillage 2489:Eco-cities 2406:Accounting 2315:Pico hydro 2295:Hydropower 2113:Technology 1911:Principles 1718:UN-Habitat 1149:Land Lines 1035:2018-09-11 864:References 818:Transport: 669:governance 661:resilience 639:resilience 572:rice husks 406:vehicles. 403:synergies. 2719:Recycling 2714:Planetary 2704:Materials 2699:Landscape 2684:Fisheries 2651:Transport 2576:Landscape 2559:Marketing 2534:Gardening 2474:Community 2421:Reporting 2285:Footprint 2173:Biosphere 1820:: 73–87. 1277:: 340–368 1196:154870469 778:SmartCode 735:Criticism 702:with the 700:Agenda 21 455:Newington 163:Doug Farr 119:Doug Farr 2832:Category 2631:Sourcing 2566:Greening 2459:Business 2335:Security 2330:Scarcity 1419:. Wiley. 1253:12432132 936:: 1–16. 752:See also 570:such as 514:eco-city 431:Freiburg 217:walkable 167:walkable 32:urbanism 2865:Degrees 2858:Studies 2851:Science 2646:Tourism 2539:Geopark 2529:Finance 2524:Fashion 2099:Control 1987:Ethical 1896:Outline 1768:LEED-ND 1244:1497432 1235:4598743 1128:29 July 1107:29 July 744:titled 717:LEED-ND 564:compost 510:Dongtan 439:Serenbe 139:Ecocity 2814:(2015) 2791:(2000) 2785:(1997) 2769:(1992) 2757:(1987) 2689:Forest 2591:Market 2586:Living 2203:Energy 2059:Market 1469: 1434: 1251: 1241: 1233: 1194: 914: 560:sewage 435:BedZED 177:, and 55:, and 36:cities 2844:Lists 2724:Waste 2636:Space 2544:Green 2278:Water 2037:Brand 1901:Index 1845:(PDF) 1693:ICLEI 1593:IGLUS 1517:(PDF) 1394:(PDF) 1369:(PDF) 1271:(PDF) 1231:JSTOR 1192:S2CID 584:Upton 57:civil 2464:City 2231:Food 1750:2022 1725:2022 1700:2022 1675:2022 1650:2022 1625:2022 1600:2022 1575:2022 1550:2022 1524:2011 1499:2011 1467:ISBN 1432:ISBN 1402:2011 1377:2011 1328:2011 1283:2011 1249:PMID 1161:2022 1130:2012 1109:2012 1070:2022 1011:2022 912:ISBN 728:LEED 704:UNEP 663:and 653:EPFL 271:The 125:and 67:and 59:and 43:and 2454:Art 1822:doi 1795:doi 1239:PMC 1223:doi 1219:117 1184:doi 971:doi 938:doi 892:doi 141:or 117:by 100:of 80:or 2883:: 1818:38 1816:. 1791:72 1789:. 1766:. 1741:. 1716:. 1691:. 1666:. 1641:. 1616:. 1591:. 1566:. 1540:. 1490:. 1273:. 1247:. 1237:. 1229:. 1217:. 1213:. 1190:. 1180:25 1178:. 1151:. 1147:. 1061:. 1002:. 967:60 965:. 959:. 934:20 932:. 888:12 886:. 880:. 566:, 562:, 546:. 478:, 470:CO 453:, 173:, 133:. 63:. 51:, 1877:e 1870:t 1863:v 1828:. 1824:: 1801:. 1797:: 1752:. 1727:. 1702:. 1677:. 1652:. 1627:. 1602:. 1577:. 1552:. 1526:. 1501:. 1475:. 1450:. 1404:. 1379:. 1330:. 1285:. 1255:. 1225:: 1198:. 1186:: 1163:. 1153:8 1132:. 1111:. 1072:. 1038:. 1013:. 979:. 973:: 944:. 940:: 918:. 900:. 894:: 628:. 574:. 472:2

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.