List of unsolved problems in physics

2630: 1927:: How is the three-dimensional structure of proteins determined by the one-dimensional amino acid sequence? How can proteins fold on microsecond to second timescales when the number of possible conformations is astronomical and conformational transitions occur on the picosecond to microsecond timescale? Can algorithms be written to predict a protein's three-dimensional structure from its sequence? Do the native structures of most naturally occurring proteins coincide with the global minimum of the free energy in conformational space? Or are most native conformations thermodynamically unstable, but kinetically trapped in metastable states? What keeps the high density of proteins present inside cells from precipitating? 2682:"This problem is widely regarded as one of the major obstacles to further progress in fundamental physics ... Its importance has been emphasized by various authors from different aspects. For example, it has been described as a 'veritable crisis" ...] and even 'the mother of all physics problems' ... While it might be possible that people working on a particular problem tend to emphasize or even exaggerate its importance, those authors all agree that this is a problem that needs to be solved, although there is little agreement on what is the right direction to find the solution." 1158: 2692:

protons — the particles that free neutrons decay into — they peg the average neutron lifetime at around 14 minutes and 48 seconds. The discrepancy between the “bottle” and “beam” measurements has persisted since both methods of gauging the neutron's longevity began yielding results in the 1990s. At first, all the measurements were so imprecise that nobody worried. Gradually, though, both methods have improved, and still they disagree.

832: 2567:(2014–2015): This problem was resolved by Khaire and Srianand. They show that a factor 2 to 5 times large metagalactic photoionization rate can be easily obtained using updated quasar and galaxy observations. Recent observations of quasars indicate that the quasar contribution to ultraviolet photons is a factor of 2 larger than previous estimates. The revised galaxy contribution is a factor of 3 larger. These together solve the crisis. 1521: 1303: 568: 1623: 217:'s original calculation? If not, and black holes can evaporate away, what happens to the information stored in them (since quantum mechanics does not provide for the destruction of information)? Or does the radiation stop at some point, leaving black hole remnants? Is there another way to probe their internal structure somehow, if such a structure 2031:, or can information and conserved quantities also move in a non-local way? Under what circumstances are non-local phenomena observed? What does the existence or absence of non-local phenomena imply about the fundamental structure of spacetime? How does this elucidate the proper interpretation of the fundamental nature of quantum physics? 4390:

Habib G.; Laverick, Mike; Le Petit, Franck; Linnartz, Harold; Marshall, Charlotte C. M.; Monreal-Ibero, Ana; Mulas, Giacomo; Roueff, Evelyne; Royer, Pierre; Salama, Farid; Sarre, Peter J.; Smith, Keith T.; Spaans, Marco; Van Loon, Jacco T.; Wade, Gregg (2018). "The ESO Diffuse Interstellar Band Large Exploration Survey (EDIBLES)".

2121:(1920s–1990s): The estimated age of the universe was around 3 to 8 billion years younger than estimates of the ages of the oldest stars in the Milky Way. Better estimates for the distances to the stars, and the recognition of the accelerating expansion of the universe, reconciled the age estimates. 1250:

there is no evidence of a strong AMR, a sample of 229 nearby "thick" disk stars has been used to investigate the existence of an age–metallicity relation in the Galactic thick disk, and indicate that there is an age–metallicity relation present in the thick disk. Stellar ages from asteroseismology

4389:

Cami, Jan; Cox, Nick L. J.; Farhang, Amin; Smoker, Jonathan; Elyajouri, Meriem; Lallement, Rosine; Bacalla, Xavier; Bhatt, Neil H.; Bron, Emeric; Cordiner, Martin A.; De Koter, Alex; Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Evans, Chris; Foing, Bernard H.; Javadi, Atefeh; Joblin, Christine; Kaper, Lex; Khosroshahi,

2691:

When physicists strip neutrons from atomic nuclei, put them in a bottle, then count how many remain there after some time, they infer that neutrons radioactively decay in 14 minutes and 39 seconds, on average. But when other physicists generate beams of neutrons and tally the emerging

374:: Some large features of the microwave sky at distances of over 13 billion light years appear to be aligned with both the motion and orientation of the solar system. Is this due to systematic errors in processing, contamination of results by local effects, an unexplained violation of the 1237:

and indicate an intrinsic dipole anisotropy. The same NVSS radio data also shows an intrinsic dipole in polarization density and degree of polarization in the same direction as in number count and intensity. There are several other observations revealing large-scale anisotropy. The optical

7755:

Nicastro, F.; Kaastra, J.; Krongold, Y.; Borgani, S.; Branchini, E.; Cen, R.; Dadina, M.; Danforth, C. W.; Elvis, M.; Fiore, F.; Gupta, A.; Mathur, S.; Mayya, D.; Paerels, F.; Piro, L.; Rosa-Gonzalez, D.; Schaye, J.; Shull, J. M.; Torres-Zafra, J.; Wijers, N.; Zappacosta, L. (June 2018).

2054:

reported that the failure of the local hidden-variable hypothesis is supported at the 96% confidence level based on a "loophole-free Bell test" study. These results were confirmed by two studies with statistical significance over 5 standard deviations which were published in December

2585:. The anomaly was due to the use of a weighted mean when there is a correlation between distances and distance errors for stars in clusters. It is resolved by using an unweighted mean. There is no systematic bias in the Hipparcos data when it comes to star clusters. 1193:: Why is it that some cosmic rays appear to possess energies that are impossibly high, given that there are no sufficiently energetic cosmic ray sources near the Earth? Why is it that (apparently) some cosmic rays emitted by distant sources have energies above the 1072:: How does the Sun generate its periodically reversing large-scale magnetic field? How do other solar-like stars generate their magnetic fields, and what are the similarities and differences between stellar activity cycles and that of the Sun? What caused the 1694:: In electrical devices, some metallic surfaces may spontaneously grow fine metallic whiskers, which can lead to equipment failures. While compressive mechanical stress is known to encourage whisker formation, the growth mechanism has yet to be determined. 161:

cannot be calculated; they can be determined only by physical measurement. What is the minimum number of dimensionless physical constants from which all other dimensionless physical constants can be derived? Are dimensional physical constants necessary at

1293:(FRBs): What causes these transient radio pulses from distant galaxies, lasting only a few milliseconds each? Why do some FRBs repeat at unpredictable intervals, but most do not? Dozens of models have been proposed, but none have been widely accepted. 296:

that exists in General relativity? In loop quantum gravity, the spacetime is postulated to be discrete from the beginning. In string theory, although originally spacetime was considered just like in General relativity (with the only difference being

8278:

Choi, Soonwon; Choi, Joonhee; Landig, Renate; Kucsko, Georg; Zhou, Hengyun; Isoya, Junichi; Jelezko, Fedor; Onoda, Shinobu; Sumiya, Hitoshi; Khemani, Vedika; von Keyserlingk, Curt; Yao, Norman Y.; Demler, Eugene; Lukin, Mikhail D. (9 March 2017).

1933:: Can coherence be maintained in biological systems at timeframes long enough to be functionally important? Are there non-trivial aspects of biology or biochemistry that can only be explained by the persistence of coherence as a mechanism? 658:, i.e., of a comoving spatial section of the universe, informally called the "shape" of the universe? Neither the curvature nor the topology is presently known, though the curvature is known to be "close" to zero on observable scales. The 282:? Can the AdS/CFT correspondence be vastly generalized to the gauge–gravity duality for arbitrary asymptotic spacetime backgrounds? Are there other theories of quantum gravity other than string theory that admit a holographic description? 1832:

is thought to be the primary mechanism that accelerates astrophysical particles to high energy. However, it is unclear what mechanism causes those particles to initially have energies high enough for Fermi acceleration to work on

1053:: The measurements of the charged-current capture rate of neutrinos on Ga from strong radioactive sources have yielded results below those expected, based on the known strength of the principal transition supplemented by theory. 625:

is false? Why is the energy density of the dark energy component of the same magnitude as the density of matter at present when the two evolve quite differently over time; could it be simply that we are observing at exactly the

7634:

Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Meegan, Charles A.; Fishman, Gerald J.; Bhat, Narayana P.; Briggs, Michael S.; Koshut, Thomas M.; Paciesas, William S.; Pendleton, Geoffrey N. (1993). "Identification of two classes of gamma-ray bursts".

1104:

in many accretion discs? Why does the period of these oscillations scale as the inverse of the mass of the central object? Why are there sometimes overtones, and why do these appear at different frequency ratios in different

2867:

Bagdonaite, Julija; Jansen, Paul; Henkel, Christian; Bethlem, Hendrick L.; Menten, Karl M.; Ubachs, Wim (4 January 2013). "A Stringent Limit on a Drifting Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Alcohol in the Early Universe".

3275:

Abdalla, Elcio; Abellán, Guillermo Franco; Aboubrahim, Amin (11 March 2022). "Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies".

4271:

Titarchuk, Lev; Fiorito, Ralph (10 September 2004). "Spectral Index and Quasi-Periodic Oscillation Frequency Correlation in Black Hole Sources: Observational Evidence of Two Phases and Phase Transition in Black Holes".

6110:

Campostrini, Massimo; Hasenbusch, Martin; Pelissetto, Andrea; Vicari, Ettore (6 October 2006). "Theoretical estimates of the critical exponents of the superfluid transition in $ ^{4}\mathrm{He}$ by lattice methods".

5824: 5779: 8224:

Zhang, J.; Hess, P. W.; Kyprianidis, A.; Becker, P.; Lee, A.; Smith, J.; Pagano, G.; Potirniche, I.-D.; Potter, A. C.; Vishwanath, A.; Yao, N. Y.; Monroe, C. (9 March 2017). "Observation of a discrete time crystal".

1245:

Age–metallicity relation in the Galactic disk: Is there a universal age–metallicity relation (AMR) in the Galactic disk (both "thin" and "thick" parts of the disk)? Although in the local (primarily thin) disk of the

357:(this is a generalization of the previous problem): Is it possible to construct, in a mathematically rigorous way, a quantum field theory in 4-dimensional spacetime that includes interactions and does not resort to 1408: 835:

Colour Confinement is the observed phenomenon that colored particles (quarks and gluons) cannot be isolated and are always bound to color neutral groups (at low energies). Such bound states are generally called

2004:

observed in certain weak force decays, but not elsewhere? Are CP violations somehow a product of the second law of thermodynamics, or are they a separate arrow of time? Are there exceptions to the principle of

680:

dimensions? If so, what is their size? Are dimensions a fundamental property of the universe or an emergent result of other physical laws? Can we experimentally observe evidence of higher spatial dimensions?

1974:) cannot be simultaneously "local", "causal", and "real", but it is not obvious which of these properties must be sacrificed, or if an attempt to describe quantum mechanical processes in these senses is a 1814:: Fusion energy may potentially provide power from an abundant resource (e.g. hydrogen) without the type of radioactive waste that fission energy currently produces. However, can ionized gases (plasma) be 7715:

Shull, J. Michael, Britton D. Smith, and Charles W. Danforth. "The baryon census in a multiphase intergalactic medium: 30% of the baryons may still be missing." The Astrophysical Journal 759.1 (2012): 23.

1111:: What is responsible for the numerous interstellar absorption lines detected in astronomical spectra? Are they molecular in origin, and if so which molecules are responsible for them? How do they form? 1238:

polarization from quasars shows polarization alignment over a very large scale of Gpc. The cosmic-microwave-background data shows several features of anisotropy, which are not consistent with the

2806:"Don't Expect a 'Theory of Everything' to Explain It All - Not even the most advanced physics can reveal everything we want to know about the history and future of the cosmos, or about ourselves" 892:

flux from nuclear reactors around the world. Measured values of this flux appears to be only 94% of the value expected from theory. It is unknown whether this is due to unknown physics (such as

7609: 1966:: What constitutes a "measurement" which apparently causes the wave function to collapse into a definite state? Unlike classical physical processes, some quantum mechanical processes (such as 644:: Is a non-spherically symmetric gravitational pull from outside the observable universe responsible for some of the observed motion of large objects such as galactic clusters in the universe? 8608: 6217:

Chester, Shai M.; Landry, Walter; Liu, Junyu; Poland, David; Simmons-Duffin, David; Su, Ning; Vichi, Alessandro (2020). "Carving out OPE space and precise $ O(2)$ model critical exponents".

5514: 963:: What combinations of quarks are possible? Why were pentaquarks so difficult to discover? Are they a tightly bound system of five elementary particles, or a more weakly-bound pairing of a 4635:

Tiwari, Prabhakar; Kothari, Rahul; Naskar, Abhishek; Nadkarni-Ghosh, Sharvari; Jain, Pankaj (2015). "Dipole anisotropy in sky brightness and source count distribution in radio NVSS data".

4108: 772:: Is the proton fundamentally stable? Or does it decay with a finite lifetime as predicted by some extensions to the standard model? How do the quarks and gluons carry the spin of protons? 2107:(1960s–2005): The numerical solution of the two body problem in general relativity was achieved after four decades of research. Three groups devised the breakthrough techniques in 2005 ( 7733: 6966: 2541:. In 2016, Khemani et al. and Else et al. independently of each other suggested that periodically driven quantum spin systems could show similar behaviour. Also in 2016, Norman Yao at 2240:

of 9 σ and 12 σ, respectively, and a combined significance of 15 σ—enough to claim a formal discovery. The two pentaquark states were both observed decaying strongly to

715:(100 GeV, the energy scale dominating physics at low energies); why are these scales so different from each other? What prevents quantities at the electroweak scale, such as the 1582:

of the phonon wavelength to its mean free path nearly the same for a very large family of disordered solids? This small ratio is observed for very large range of phonon frequencies.

195:)? Are there deviations from the predictions of general relativity at very small or very large scales or in other extreme circumstances that flow from a quantum gravity mechanism? 4226:

Strohmayer, Tod E.; Mushotzky, Richard F. (20 March 2003). "Discovery of X-Ray Quasi-periodic Oscillations from an Ultraluminous X-Ray Source in M82: Evidence against Beaming".

2603:. On 12 July 2012 OPERA updated their paper after discovering an error in their previous flight time measurement. They found agreement of neutrino speed with the speed of light. 2561:, who were both able to show evidence for time crystals in the laboratory setting, showing that for short times the systems exhibited the dynamics similar to the predicted one. 3664: 6057:

Lipa, J. A.; Nissen, J. A.; Stricker, D. A.; Swanson, D. R.; Chui, T. C. P. (14 November 2003). "Specific heat of liquid helium in zero gravity very near the lambda point".

1233:

an invalid assumption? The number count and intensity dipole anisotropy in radio, NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) catalogue is inconsistent with the local motion as derived from

313:

in the AdS/CFT correspondence. However, how exactly the familiar classical spacetime emerges within string theory or the AdS/CFT correspondence is still not well understood.

1384:

in chemical equilibrium in quark–gluon plasma? Does strangeness in quark–gluon plasma flow at the same speed as up and down quark flavours? Why does deconfined matter show

5254:

Casagrande, L.; Silva Aguirre, V.; Schlesinger, K. J.; Stello, D.; Huber, D.; Serenelli, A. M.; Scho Nrich, R.; Cassisi, S.; Pietrinferni, A.; Hodgkin, S.; Milone, A. P.;

793:

scale? If so, what is the mechanism of supersymmetry breaking? Does supersymmetry stabilize the electroweak scale, preventing high quantum corrections? Does the lightest

3220: 323:, and the flow of time changes depending on the curvature of spacetime and the spacetime trajectory of the observer. How can these two concepts of time be reconciled? 4075: 3329:

Krishnan, Chethan; Mohayaee, Roya; Colgáin, Eoin Ó; Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M.; Yin, Lu (16 September 2021). "Does Hubble Tension Signal a Breakdown in FLRW Cosmology?".

209:: Do black holes produce thermal radiation, as expected on theoretical grounds? Does this radiation contain information about their inner structure, as suggested by 528: 508: 3246: 1404: 1511:? Why do the largest particles end up on the surface of a granular material containing a mixture of variously sized objects when subjected to a vibration/shaking? 319:: In quantum mechanics, time is a classical background parameter, and the flow of time is universal and absolute. In general relativity, time is one component of 7169:

B. P. Abbott; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger".

2920: 1330:? What does QCD predict for the properties of strongly interacting matter? What determines the key features of QCD, and what is their relation to the nature of 2745:

Hammond, Richard (1 May 2008). "The Unknown Universe: The Origin of the Universe, Quantum Gravity, Wormholes, and Other Things Science Still Can't Explain".

1287:? Some ULXs are periodic, suggesting non-isotropic emission from a neutron star. Does this apply to all ULXs? How could such a system form and remain stable? 34: 2815: 4893:

Angelica de Oliveira-Costa; Tegmark, Max; Zaldarriaga, Matias; Hamilton, Andrew (2004). "The significance of the largest scale CMB fluctuations in WMAP".

2845: 8633:

What problems of physics and astrophysics seem now to be especially important and interesting (thirty years later, already on the verge of XXI century)?

2765: 3956:

Mention, G.; Fechner, M.; Lasserre, Th.; Mueller, Th. A.; Lhuillier, D.; Cribier, M.; Letourneau, A. (29 April 2011). "Reactor antineutrino anomaly".

147:: Is there a singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the 8600: 7593: 7370:; Choi, Dae-Il; Koppitz, Michael; Van Meter, James (2006). "Gravitational-Wave Extraction from an Inspiraling Configuration of Merging Black Holes". 4946:

Eriksen, H. K.; Hansen, F. K.; Banday, A. J.; Górski, K. M.; Lilje, P. B. (2004). "Asymmetries in the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Field".

523:

purely kinematic, or does it signal anisotropy of the universe, resulting in the breakdown of the FLRW metric and the cosmological principle? Is the

1208:

exhibit a (slowly changing) periodicity close to that at which the planet's clouds rotate? What is the true rotation rate of Saturn's deep interior?

8171:

Yao, N. Y.; Potter, A. C.; Potirniche, I.-D.; Vishwanath, A. (18 January 2017). "Discrete Time Crystals: Rigidity, Criticality, and Realizations".

7567: 5510: 1425:

in estimates of the mean lifetime of a free neutron based on two separate—and increasingly precise—experimental methods? What is the nature of the

1050: 7809:

Cleveland, Bruce T.; Daily, Timothy; Davis, Jr., Raymond; Distel, James R.; Lande, Kenneth; Lee, C. K.; Wildenhain, Paul S.; Ullman, Jack (1998).

4781:

Hutsemékers, D.; Lamy, H. (2001). "Confirmation of the existence of coherent orientations of quasar polarization vectors on cosmological scales".

8797: 4511: 4098: 406:: Is the theory of cosmic inflation in the very early universe correct, and, if so, what are the details of this epoch? What is the hypothetical 4582:

Singal, Ashok K. (2011). "Large peculiar motion of the solar system from the dipole anisotropy in sky brightness due to distant radio sources".

8673:

A list of open problems in quantum information theory maintained by the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) in Vienna.

7595:

2001 A Spacetime Odyssey: Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, Michigan, USA, 21–25 May 2001

5608:

The deepest and most interesting unsolved problem in solid state theory is probably the theory of the nature of glass and the glass transition.

4485: 4317:

Kato, Shoji (25 June 2012). "An Attempt to Describe Frequency Correlations among kHz QPOs and HBOs by Two-Armed Nearly Vertical Oscillations".

7725: 6956: 5378:

Platts, E.; Weltman, A.; Walters, A.; Tendulkar, S.P.; Gordin, J.E.B.; Kandhai, S. (2019). "A living theory catalogue for fast radio bursts".

1445:? What is the nature of exotic excitations in nuclei at the frontiers of stability and their role in stellar processes? What is the nature of 867:? Is there a theory that can explain the masses of particular quarks and leptons in particular generations from first principles (a theory of 392:

with different constants, or are our universe's constants the result of chance, intelligent design (by a personal being such as the theist's "

388:: The values of the fundamental physical constants are in a narrow range necessary to support carbon-based life. Is this because there are an 8777: 8680: 7313:

Campanelli, M.; Lousto, C. O.; Marronetti, P.; Zlochower, Y. (2006). "Accurate Evolutions of Orbiting Black-Hole Binaries without Excision".

5323: 3174: 6360: 4036:

Blum, Thomas; Denig, Achim; Logashenko, Ivan; de Rafael, Eduardo; Roberts, B. Lee; Teubner, Thomas; Venanzoni, Graziano (2013). "The muon (

2581:

of 385 light years. This was significantly different from other measurements made by means of actual to apparent brightness measurement or

1996:

in the past, and time correlates with the universal (but not local) increase in entropy, from the past and to the future, according to the

548: 442: 17: 7573:. Talk given by Peter Higgs at King's College, London, 24 November 2010, expanding on a paper originally presented in 2001. Archived from 5439: 2545:

and colleagues proposed a different way to create discrete time crystals in spin systems. This was then used by two teams, a group led by

1575: 8740: 1155:

responsible for differences in observed and theoretical speed of stars revolving around the centre of galaxies, or is it something else?

7124: 6035: 8787: 6892:

Hensen, B.; et al. (21 October 2015). "Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres".

1476: 8538:

Turyshev, S.; Toth, V.; Kinsella, G.; Lee, S. C.; Lok, S.; Ellis, J. (2012). "Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly".

8049:

Khemani, Vedika; Lazarides, Achilleas; Moessner, Roderich; Sondhi, S. L. (21 June 2016). "Phase Structure of Driven Quantum Systems".

4413:

Ferrarese, Laura; Merritt, David (10 August 2000). "A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies".

3740: 8812: 6414: 5547: 2663: 1497:: Is it possible to make a theoretical model to describe the statistics of a turbulent flow (in particular, its internal structures)? 8692: 8802: 7238: 3654: 2658: 2089: 3445:

Colin, Jacques; Mohayaee, Roya; Rameez, Mohamed; Sarkar, Subir (November 2019). "Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration".

1011:. It is unknown how such a simple value comes about, and why it is the exact arithmetic average of the possible extreme values of 8822: 8792: 358: 8782: 8772: 8762: 7850:

Helled, Ravit; Galanti, Eli; Kaspi, Yohai (2015). "Saturn's fast spin determined from its gravitational field and oblateness".

5995: 2988: 1770:

Temperature: Can quantum computing be performed at non-cryogenic temperatures? Can we build room temperature quantum computers?

1681: 1529: 1377: 1063: 618: 610: 532: 8853: 8807: 6550: 6482: 6029: 5637: 3834: 3054: 2729: 2062:(1924–1995): Composite bosons in the form of dilute atomic vapours were cooled to quantum degeneracy using the techniques of 1194: 236:", arise from realistic initial conditions, or is it possible to prove some version of the "cosmic censorship hypothesis" of 8701: 5867:

Yoshida, Beni (1 October 2011). "Feasibility of self-correcting quantum memory and thermal stability of topological order".

5464:

Aranson, Igor S.; Tsimring, Lev S. (June 2006). "Patterns and collective behavior in granular media: Theoretical concepts".

3560:(11 May 2017). "How the huge energy of quantum vacuum gravitates to drive the slow accelerating expansion of the Universe". 3210: 3014:

Proceedings of Theoretical Advanced Study Institute Summer School 2017 'Physics at the Fundamental Frontier' — PoS(TASI2017)

8767: 4065: 2067: 1737: 1222: 584: 187:)? Is spacetime fundamentally continuous or discrete? Would a consistent theory involve a force mediated by a hypothetical 8843: 6988:

Giustina, M.; et al. (16 December 2015). "Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell's Theorem with Entangled Photons".

4481: 2473:. However, there are also long-duration GRBs that show evidence against an associated supernova, such as the Swift event 1943: 1700:: Explain the discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical determinations of the heat capacity critical exponent 545:: Are cosmological observations made from Earth representative of observations from the average position in the universe? 3242: 7603: 5725: 3157: 2805: 2613:

10 and 11 spacecraft as they left the Solar System. It is believed that this is a result of previously unaccounted-for

2588: 2542: 2047: 30: 995:, divided by the square of the sum of the roots of these masses, to within one standard deviation of observations, is 853:. How thus does low energy /non-pertubative QCD give rise to the formation of complex nuclei and nuclear constituents? 8485:

OPERA collaboration (12 July 2012). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam".

6707: 3130: 3106: 2912: 1585:

Cryogenic electron emission: Why does the electron emission in the absence of light increase as the temperature of a

1353: 266:

admits a lower-dimensional description that does not contain gravity? A well-understood example of holography is the

77: 929: 798: 744:: Did particles that carry "magnetic charge" exist in some past, higher-energy epoch? If so, do any remain today? ( 244:

which arise in some solutions to the equations of general relativity (and which imply the possibility of backwards

229: 5661:

Pohl, R.O.; etc, etc (2002). "Low-temperature thermal conductivity and acoustic attenuation in amorphous solids".

2629: 252:

which unites general relativity with quantum mechanics, as suggested by the "chronology protection conjecture" of

8733: 4533:

Condon, J. J.; Cotton, W. D.; Greisen, E. W.; Yin, Q. F.; Perley, R. A.; Taylor, G. B.; Broderick, J. J. (1998).

2368: 1555: 1543: 154: 89: 8706: 7670:

Cho, Adrian (16 October 2017). "Merging neutron stars generate gravitational waves and a celestial light show".

3617:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

1653: 8848: 2837: 2364: 2051: 1836: 1537: 755: 202: 4344:

Sarre, Peter J. (July 2006). "The diffuse interstellar bands: A major problem in astronomical spectroscopy".

3899: 2564: 2382: 1825: 1595:: What causes the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound? 988: 856: 446: 302: 2776: 2397:, with the expected couplings to the weak bosons. No evidence of a strong dynamics solution, as proposed by 1572:? What are the physical processes giving rise to the general properties of glasses and the glass transition? 7146:

Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Alexandra (11 February 2016). "Einstein's gravitational waves found at last".

6440: 6156:

Hasenbusch, Martin (26 December 2019). "Monte Carlo study of an improved clock model in three dimensions".

5511:"Graduate Seminar on Partial Differential Equations in the Sciences – Energy and Dynamics of Boson Systems" 2059: 1997: 1924: 1760: 1284: 1254: 1190: 823:

without producing new hadrons. Is it possible to provide an analytic proof of color confinement in any non-

479:

is about 93 billion light-years, but what is the size of the whole universe? Is the universe infinite?

225: 5957:

Mukherjee, Prabir K. (1998). "Landau Theory of Nematic-Smectic-A Transition in a Liquid Crystal Mixture".

3850:

Blumhofer, A.; Hutter, M. (1997). "Family structure from periodic solutions of an improved gap equation".

2458:(1998–2017): proclaimed solved in October 2017, with the missing baryons located in hot intergalactic gas. 2023:: Are there non-local phenomena in quantum physics? If they exist, are non-local phenomena limited to the 1318:: What are the phases of strongly interacting matter, and what roles do they play in the evolution of the 6805: 4748: 1234: 527:

evidence that the cosmological principle is false? Even if the cosmological principle is correct, is the

7574: 4836:"Large-scale alignment of optical polarizations from distant QSOs using coordinate-invariant statistics" 2465:(1993–2003): Long-duration bursts are associated with the deaths of massive stars in a specific kind of 1540:: How do we rigorously prove the existence of Bose–Einstein condensates for general interacting systems? 849:

are currently unsolved. These energies are the energies sufficient for the formation and description of

8750: 8726: 3075: 2648: 2643: 2573:(1997–2012): The High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite (Hipparcos) measured the parallax of the 2570: 2385:(1963–2012): The mechanism responsible for breaking the electroweak gauge symmetry, giving mass to the 1979: 1360:

stopping leading to creation of quark-gluon plasma in relativistic heavy-ion collisions? Why is sudden

1264: 1108: 1101: 907: 878: 600: 320: 112:, to the point that one or both theories break down under certain conditions (for example within known 69:

or experimental result. The others are experimental, meaning that there is a difficulty in creating an

38: 4507: 2716:

The physics of a lifetime : reflections on the problems and personalities of 20th century physics

293: 7693:

Castelvecchi, Davide (24 August 2017). "Rumours swell over new kind of gravitational-wave sighting".

5121:(2011). "New constraints on the chemical evolution of the solar neighbourhood and Galactic disc(s)". 1978:

such that a proper understanding of quantum mechanics would render the question meaningless. Can the

1788: 1677: 1488: 1365: 1323: 690: 348: 210: 116: 4473: 1818:

long enough and at a high enough temperature to create fusion power? What is the physical origin of

1385: 762:

on its exact value, due to different results from two experimental methods ("bottle" versus "beam").

3872: 3178: 2360: 2237: 1880:

exist for genetic processes, but we are far from understanding the whole picture, in particular in

1753: 1258: 371: 8712: 8677: 2721: 2198:(p). The results showed that sometimes, instead of decaying directly into mesons and baryons, the 1125:

grow their supermassive black holes up to 10 solar masses so early in the history of the universe?

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Steinhardt, P. & Turok, N. (2006). "Why the Cosmological constant is so small and positive".

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5569: 3867: 2550: 2480: 2455: 2352: 1638: 1525: 1396: 1381: 1345: 1315: 1268: 1230: 1082:: Why is the Sun's corona (atmosphere layer) so much hotter than the Sun's surface? Why is the 812: 631: 622: 536: 504: 500: 267: 6002:, Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: Recent Advances, ed. A. Ramamoorthy, Springer 2007, chapter 8. 5993:"Recent Experimental Developments at the Nematic to Smectic-A Liquid Crystal Phase Transition" 3686:

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3149: 3143: 2942:

Peres, Asher; Terno, Daniel R. (6 January 2004). "Quantum information and relativity theory".

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between supermassive black hole mass and galaxy velocity dispersion? How did the most distant

8718: 7435:

collaboration) (2015). "Observation of J/ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in Λ

7120: 6293:

Barton, G.; Scharnhorst, K. (1993). "QED between parallel mirrors: light signals faster than

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moment physically distinct from the past and future, or is it merely an emergent property of

1967: 1955: 1951: 1865: 1844: 1083: 888:

Reactor antineutrino anomaly: There is an anomaly in the existing body of data regarding the

647: 596: 560: 432: 333: 279: 259: 241: 8418: 6579: 5201: 5144: 4804: 4767: 3468: 2713: 943:") significantly different from the theoretically predicted value of that physical constant? 758:: While the neutron lifetime has been studied for decades, there currently exists a lack of 8557: 8504: 8451: 8414: 8369: 8302: 8244: 8190: 8129: 8068: 7999: 7930: 7869: 7822: 7775: 7644: 7530: 7465: 7389: 7332: 7279: 7188: 7076: 7009: 6913: 6867: 6824: 6753: 6687: 6618: 6575: 6507: 6348: 6308: 6299: 6236: 6175: 6076: 5966: 5888: 5833: 5788: 5751: 5697: 5688:

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statistics? Is the mass hierarchy normal or inverted? Is the CP violating phase equal to 0?

824: 776: 667: 655: 542: 497:? (This may be solved due to the apparent asymmetry in neutrino-antineutrino oscillations.) 375: 354: 206: 192: 184: 144: 101: 5537: 3615:

Dirac, P. A. M. (September 1931). "Quantised singularities in the electromagnetic field".

2998: 896:), experimental error in the measurements, or errors in the theoretical flux calculations. 531:

the right metric to use for our universe? Are the observations usually interpreted as the

450: 8: 8689: 8281:"Observation of discrete time-crystalline order in a disordered dipolar many-body system" 6765: 6388: 3942: 3419: 3394: 2993: 2714: 2006: 1963: 1962:, give rise to the reality we perceive? Another way of stating this question regards the 1959: 1649: 1507:

subjected to shaking or vibration exhibit circulation patterns similar to types of fluid

1500: 1307: 1257:: Why is there a discrepancy between the amount of lithium-7 predicted to be produced in 1177:: What is the exact mechanism by which an implosion of a dying star becomes an explosion? 749: 735: 732: 663: 662:

hypothesis suggests that the shape of the universe may be unmeasurable, but, since 2003,

627: 580: 494: 476: 397: 385: 306: 233: 8561: 8508: 8455: 8373: 8306: 8248: 8194: 8133: 8110:

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5085: 5026: 4969: 4916: 4861: 4715: 4666: 4658: 4605: 4550: 4436: 4367: 4295: 4249: 4202: 4153: 4014: 3979: 3934: 3863: 3797: 3709: 3628: 3585: 3515: 3410: 3352: 3299: 2965: 2881: 1680:: What is the cause of the nonparabolicity of the energy-size dependence for the lowest 289: 33:

and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by

8581: 8547: 8520: 8494: 8467: 8441: 8387: 8359: 8323: 8292: 8280: 8234: 8180: 8153: 8119: 8092: 8058: 8031: 7989: 7962: 7920: 7893: 7859: 7765: 7520: 7489: 7455: 7413: 7379: 7356: 7322: 7303: 7269: 7212: 7178: 7097: 7066: 7052: 7033: 6999: 6937: 6903: 6840: 6814: 6777: 6743: 6713: 6677: 6650: 6591: 6519: 6364: 6338: 6329: 6252: 6226: 6199: 6165: 6138: 6120: 6092: 6066: 5912: 5878: 5849: 5804: 5643: 5599: 5542: 5473: 5413: 5387: 5360: 5355: 5332: 5318: 5299: 5271: 5213: 5187: 5156: 5130: 5099: 5071: 5040: 5012: 4981: 4955: 4928: 4902: 4875: 4847: 4816: 4790: 4729: 4701: 4670: 4644: 4617: 4591: 4564: 4422: 4353: 4281: 4235: 4188: 4139: 4044: 3965: 3721: 3695: 3597: 3571: 3535: 3501: 3454: 3424: 3372: 3338: 3311: 3285: 2951: 2810: 2582: 2558: 2546: 2446: 2118: 2081: 1912: 1872:: How do genes govern our body, withstanding different external pressures and internal 1861: 1829: 1709: 1280: 915: 769: 614: 180: 109: 7811:"Measurement of the Solar Electron Neutrino Flux with the Homestake Chlorine Detector" 4613: 3881: 981:

theories, concerned with understanding the reasons for parameter values of the theory.

503:: Is the universe homogeneous and isotropic at large enough scales, as claimed by the 8656: 8632: 8573: 8471: 8391: 8328: 8260: 8206: 8145: 8084: 8023: 8015: 7954: 7946: 7885: 7791: 7599: 7548: 7493: 7481: 7405: 7348: 7295: 7216: 7204: 7102: 7025: 6941: 6929: 6781: 6769: 6731: 6717: 6703: 6642: 6634: 6595: 6546: 6478: 6368: 6320: 6256: 6203: 6191: 6142: 6025: 6020:

Semiconductor and Metal Nanocrystals: Synthesis and Electronic and Optical Properties

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saturate when their occupation number is large? Do gluons form a dense system called

1089: 899: 808: 775:

Grand Unification: Are the electromagnetic and nuclear forces different aspects of a

741: 712: 696: 552: 435:

is generally accepted as the solution, but are other possible explanations such as a

414: 379: 285: 214: 176: 158: 81: 47: 8524: 7417: 7307: 7037: 6844: 6096: 5992: 5808: 5603: 5587: 5217: 5160: 5103: 4985: 4892: 4879: 4820: 4749:"Evidence for very large-scale coherent orientations of quasar polarization vectors" 3717: 3539: 3012:

Harlow, Daniel (2018). "TASI Lectures on the Emergence of Bulk Physics in AdS/CFT".

2010: 1791:: Can we prove that some cryptographic protocols are safe against quantum computers? 1785:? Can computation in plausible physical theories (quantum algorithms) go beyond BQP? 666:, et al., and other groups have suggested that the shape of the universe may be the 472: 8648: 8585: 8569: 8565: 8512: 8459: 8377: 8318: 8310: 8252: 8202: 8198: 8157: 8141: 8137: 8080: 8076: 8035: 8011: 8007: 7966: 7942: 7938: 7897: 7877: 7830: 7783: 7698: 7675: 7652: 7543: 7538: 7508: 7477: 7473: 7397: 7360: 7340: 7287: 7200: 7196: 7151: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7021: 7017: 6921: 6894: 6875: 6832: 6801:"An introduction to QBism with an application to the locality of quantum mechanics" 6761: 6695: 6669: 6654: 6626: 6583: 6538: 6515: 6470: 6356: 6316: 6275: 6244: 6183: 6130: 6084: 5974: 5939: 5896: 5841: 5825:

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and other grand minima, and how does the solar cycle recover from a minima state?

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3307: 3046: 1756:? What is the most promising candidate platforms to physically implement qubits? 7367: 6961: 6134: 6088: 5255: 5175: 5118: 4924: 4161: 3987: 3806: 3781: 3593: 3360: 2801: 2635: 2488: 2404: 2394: 2386: 1975: 1720: 1659: 1569: 1450: 1438: 1414: 1352:: 1) as a function of temperature and chemical potentials? 2) as a function of 1142: 1093: 1030: 850: 635: 524: 340: 132: 105: 8463: 7787: 7702: 7155: 6858:

Philip M. Pearle (1970), "Hidden-Variable Example Based upon Data Rejection",

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confirm the lack of any strong age–metallicity relation in the Galactic disc.

1184: 1138: 984: 978: 960: 950: 874: 786: 724: 337: 298: 271: 237: 8382: 8347: 7756:"Observations of the missing baryons in the warm–hot intergalactic medium". 7679: 6879: 6630: 6361:

10.1002/(SICI)1521-3889(199812)7:7/8<700::AID-ANDP700>3.0.CO;2-K

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8660: 8577: 8332: 8264: 8210: 8149: 8088: 8027: 7958: 7889: 7795: 7485: 7409: 7352: 7299: 7208: 7106: 7029: 6933: 6646: 5845: 5800: 5595: 4469: 4330: 3636: 3531: 2897: 2534: 2430: 2001: 1811: 1697: 1685: 1339: 1276: 1135:

fall off rapidly and unexpectedly beyond a radius of 50 astronomical units?

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sometimes different by a minute amount from the value predicted by theory?

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Pramoda Kumar Samal; Saha, Rajib; Jain, Pankaj; Ralston, John P. (2009).

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Pramoda Kumar Samal; Saha, Rajib; Jain, Pankaj; Ralston, John P. (2008).

4960: 4907: 4852: 4795: 4427: 4358: 4286: 4240: 3506: 2956: 2609:(1980–2012): There was a deviation in the predicted accelerations of the 2438: 2412: 2408: 2390: 2378: 2253: 1921:: How do animals (e.g. migratory birds) sense the Earth's magnetic field? 1908: 1840: 1602: 1400: 1152: 1132: 1086:

effect many orders of magnitude faster than predicted by standard models?

1069: 923: 802: 759: 716: 704: 606: 576: 245: 97: 93: 73:

to test a proposed theory or investigate a phenomenon in greater detail.

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showed the existence of some types of magnetic monopoles would explain

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6836: 5943: 3101:. New York, New York: Basic Books; First American edition. p. 4. 1992:): Why does time have a direction? Why did the universe have such low 1399:? What are the signatures and evidences for the Balitsky–Fadin–Kuarev– 1302: 6109: 5624:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 1015 (1st ed.). Springer. 3328: 3290: 2470: 2466: 1532:). The mechanism for superconductivity of these materials is unknown. 1480: 1335: 1247: 1174: 831: 677: 641: 571:

Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe

191:, or be a product of a discrete structure of spacetime itself (as in 113: 8709:

Review on current state of physics by Steven Weinberg, November 2013

7231:"Gravitational waves detected 100 years after Einstein's prediction" 5860: 2100:, which was also the first detection of a stellar binary black hole. 1670:(A) phase transition in liquid crystal states be characterized as a 1520: 1157: 922:

the solution to this problem? Could axions be the main component of

415:

self-sustaining through inflation of quantum-mechanical fluctuations

8668:

List of links to unsolved problems in physics, prizes and research.

8639:

Kennedy, Donald; Norman, Colin (July 2005). "What Don't We Know?".

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7864: 7835: 7810: 7770: 7656: 7525: 7460: 7430: 7312: 7183: 7071: 7004: 6908: 6682: 6231: 6170: 5392: 5276: 5060:"Signals of Statistical Anisotropy in WMAP Foreground-Cleaned Maps" 4977: 4559: 4534: 4444: 4303: 4257: 4144: 3576: 3459: 3343: 3123:

Cosmic Coincidences: Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology,

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decayed via intermediate pentaquark states. The two states, named

2017:? What links the quantum arrow of time to the thermodynamic arrow? 232:: Can singularities not hidden behind an event horizon, known as " 6957:"Sorry, Einstein. Quantum Study Suggests 'Spooky Action' Is Real" 5116: 4634: 1993: 1815: 1667: 1663: 1546:: What is the mechanism that causes certain materials to exhibit 1430: 1331: 700: 458: 288:

or the emergence of spacetime: Is the nature of spacetime at the

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has taught that spacetime in string theory is emergent by using

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Dean, Cory R. (April 2015). "Even denominators in odd places".

5173: 4177:"Grand challenges in the physics of the sun and sun-like stars" 2502:

Saturn's core spin was determined from its gravitational field.

2407:

of most elementary particles: Solved with the discovery of the

2195: 1819: 1551: 1454: 1369: 1319: 1267:(ULXs): What powers X-ray sources that are not associated with 1201: 1122: 992: 964: 864: 820: 703:

such a weak force? It becomes strong for particles only at the

630:? Is dark energy a pure cosmological constant or are models of 556: 486: 62: 8748: 8048: 7808: 7754: 6672:; Fortin, Sebastian; Holik, Federico; López, Cristian (eds.). 3039:

Integrable Systems, Quantum Groups, and Quantum Field Theories

6800: 5377: 3955: 2866: 1749: 1719:

between two closely spaced conducting plates, exploiting the

1609: 1458: 1392: 968: 903: 860: 588: 567: 343:, does a non-trivial quantum Yang–Mills theory with a finite 8431: 7633: 4035: 2838:"Alcohol constrains physical constant in the early universe" 1950:

description of reality, which includes elements such as the

1797:: The capacity of a quantum channel is in general not known. 1727: 1622: 1356:

energy and system size? What is the mechanism of energy and

240:

which proposes that this is impossible? Similarly, will the

7432: 6415:"Major Quantum Computing Strategy Suffers Serious Setbacks" 5001:"Testing Isotropy of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation" 4508:"Scientists Find That Saturn's Rotation Period is a Puzzle" 2356: 2180: 2140: 2136: 2085: 1556:

superconductor at room temperature and atmospheric pressure

933: 535:

rightly interpreted, or are they instead evidence that the

382:, or are these features simply statistically insignificant? 157:: At the present time, the values of various dimensionless 8352:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

8223: 3655:"Neutron lifetime puzzle deepens, but no dark matter seen" 1618:: What mechanism allows gauge blocks to be wrung together? 8601:"Mystery Tug on Spacecraft Is Einstein's 'I Told You So'" 7365: 6056: 5457: 4945: 3444: 3099:

Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape The Universe

1774: 1605:? Equivalently, is it possible to have three-dimensional 1033:: Does Strange Matter exist? Is it stable? Can they form 708: 393: 6389:"Ten Semi-Grand Challenges for Quantum Computing Theory" 5433:"Existence and Uniqueness of the Navier-Stokes Equation" 3274: 1763:

are promising but can they be built? Can we demonstrate

1310:" in the proton vs. neutron number plot for heavy nuclei 953:

of the proton? How does it differ from a gluonic charge?

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Nakamura, K (July 2010). "Review of Particle Physics".

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Cosmic Jackpot: Why Our Universe Is Just Right for Life

2515:

recognized as phase transformation temperature between

2125: 1131:: Why does the number of objects in the Solar System's 183:

be realized as a fully consistent theory (perhaps as a

108:

itself—the Standard Model is inconsistent with that of

7509:"Discovery of Quark-Gluon Plasma: Strangeness Diaries" 6216: 4532: 1907:: What is the origin of the preponderance of specific 1479:, which are the equations that describe the flow of a 1477:

smooth solutions exist for the Navier–Stokes equations

1161:

Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted (

423:: Why is the distant universe so homogeneous when the 8690:

2004 SLAC Summer Institute: Nature's Greatest Puzzles

3648: 3646: 2074: 1773:

Complexity classes problems: What is the relation of

877:: What is the mass of neutrinos, whether they follow 8635:

V. L. Ginzburg, Physics-Uspekhi 42 (4) 353–373, 1999

8277: 4388: 2989:"Do Naked Singularities Break the Rules of Physics?" 2747:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A

2625: 1851:

are major unsolved problems in space plasma physics.

1391:

Specific models of quark–gluon plasma formation: Do

1183:: What astrophysical process is responsible for the 599:

point not to some form of matter but actually to an

8484: 4225: 4129: 3843: 1441:and rare isotopes? What is the explanation for the 617:)? Are the observations rightly interpreted as the 451:

How did the conditions for anything to exist arise?

431:of the night sky than those observed? Cosmological 417:, and thus ongoing in some extremely distant place? 396:"), or some other factor or process? (See also the 365: 7849: 6736:Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 6441:"The Status of Room-Temperature Quantum Computers" 5950: 3923:Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 3685: 3643: 2156:channel, which represents the decay of the bottom 2050:(1970–2015): In October 2015, scientists from the 2040: 2035: 932:: Why is the experimentally measured value of the 723:on the order of the Planck scale? Is the solution 347:exist? (This problem is also listed as one of the 7145: 6794: 6602: 6292: 6005: 5985: 5264:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5064:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5005:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4840:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4694:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4319:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 3823:Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Fields 2913:"Don't Pull the String Yet on Superstring Theory" 2244:, hence must have a valence quark content of two 8835: 7911:Wilczek, Frank (2012). "Quantum Time Crystals". 6857: 6734:(2014). "The Two Bell's Theorems of John Bell". 6676:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–143. 5538:"The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear" 4833: 4412: 4270: 4090: 4057: 1884:where gene expression must be tightly regulated. 1576:Universality of low-temperature amorphous solids 65:seem incapable of explaining a certain observed 8164: 7559: 7139: 5463: 4780: 3489: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3166: 2419: 1641:: What mechanism explains the existence of the 684: 579:: What is the identity of dark matter? Is it a 8345: 8109: 7979: 7629: 7627: 7253: 7051:Shalm, L. K.; et al. (16 December 2015). 7044: 6981: 6532: 4451: 3440: 3438: 3322: 3235: 2483:(1968–2001): Solved by a new understanding of 1568:between a fluid or regular solid and a glassy 1554:? Is it possible to make a material that is a 1096:surrounding certain astronomical objects emit 8734: 8638: 7686: 6948: 6885: 6608: 5568: 5535: 5430: 5324:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 3679: 3388: 3386: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 1057: 991:. The sum of the masses of the three charged 7692: 7663: 7591: 7513:The European Physical Journal Special Topics 7168: 7053:"Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism" 7050: 6987: 6851: 5732:. Physorg.com. Retrieved on 20 October 2011. 5230: 3741:"The "proton spin crisis" – a quantum query" 3555: 3193: 2757: 1457:? What are the nuclear reactions that drive 1453:? What is the origin of the elements in the 845:: Many of the equations in non-perturbative 8702:Dual Personality of Glass Explained at Last 8404: 7624: 7590:– the original 2001 paper can be found at: 6533:Balogh, André; Treumann, Rudolf A. (2013). 6326: 6286: 5776: 5681: 5502: 4746: 3732: 3435: 2794: 1550:at temperatures much higher than around 25 1515: 1141:: Why is the observed energy of satellites 936:'s anomalous magnetic dipole moment ("muon 815:(QCD) color confinement conjecture is that 8741: 8727: 8170: 7121:"Einstein papers at the Instituut-Lorentz" 6891: 6155: 4687: 3898:. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. 3383: 3261: 2941: 2527: 2009:? Is there a single possible past? Is the 1891:: What are the quantitative properties of 1839:: In the solar wind and the turbulence in 1601:: Is topological order stable at non-zero 1261:and the amount observed in very old stars? 1027:(equal masses) and 1 (one mass dominates). 595:(LSP), or some other particle? Or, do the 529:Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric 509:Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric 8551: 8498: 8445: 8381: 8363: 8322: 8296: 8238: 8184: 8123: 8062: 7993: 7924: 7863: 7834: 7769: 7542: 7524: 7459: 7424: 7383: 7326: 7273: 7259: 7182: 7096: 7070: 7003: 6907: 6818: 6747: 6681: 6565: 6342: 6272:Journal Club for Condensed Matter Physics 6230: 6169: 6124: 6070: 5956: 5882: 5821: 5477: 5391: 5354: 5336: 5293: 5275: 5191: 5134: 5093: 5075: 5034: 5016: 4959: 4906: 4869: 4851: 4834:Jain, P.; Narain, G.; Sarala, S. 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What are the basic building blocks of 1621: 1519: 1487:in three dimensions, is also one of the 1301: 1156: 830: 566: 294:continuous classical dynamical spacetime 8598: 8217: 7910: 6954: 6730: 6667: 5866: 5687: 5660: 5619: 3821:Wu, T.-Y.; Hwang, W.-Y. Pauchy (1991). 3820: 3738: 3653:Wolchover, Natalie (13 February 2018). 2800: 2744: 2389:, was solved with the discovery of the 1781:? What is the relation between BQP and 1652:? Does it describe quasiparticles with 1372:production from quark–gluon plasma? Is 1368:model a near-to-perfect description of 1225:: Is the universe at very large scales 511:, including the current version of the 507:and assumed by all models that use the 61:are theoretical, meaning that existing 57:Some of the major unsolved problems in 14: 8836: 8271: 7162: 6497: 6438: 6011: 5550:from the original on 14 September 2017 5316: 4581: 4000: 3208: 3011: 2818:from the original on 11 September 2023 2469:-like event commonly referred to as a 2084:(1916–2016): On 11 February 2016, the 1100:along their polar axes? Why are there 1064:List of unsolved problems in astronomy 783:governs this force and its behaviours? 619:accelerating expansion of the universe 611:accelerating expansion of the universe 533:accelerating expansion of the universe 274:. Similarly, can quantum gravity in a 8722: 7565: 6382: 6380: 6378: 5741: 5572:(1995). "Through the Glass Lightly". 5445:from the original on 14 November 2020 4343: 4175:Thompson, Michael J. (26 June 2014). 4043:) theory value: Present and future". 3614: 3551: 3549: 3399:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3392: 3141: 3036: 2986: 2910: 2411:, which implies the existence of the 2090:directly detected gravitational waves 1376:conserved in quark–gluon plasma? Are 859:: Why are there three generations of 301:), recent research building upon the 8478: 7736:from the original on 13 October 2017 7598:. World Scientific. pp. 86–88. 7223: 6500:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 6464: 6412: 6386: 5929: 5513:. Hausdorff Center for Mathematics. 4468: 4316: 4111:from the original on 8 November 2020 4078:from the original on 10 October 2008 3172: 3096: 2923:from the original on 7 December 2008 2506: 2437:explosion and short gamma-ray burst 2126:High-energy physics/particle physics 1738:noisy intermediate-scale quantum era 1712:: Can light signals travel slightly 1461:and stellar explosions? What is the 609:: What is the cause of the observed 78:beyond the Standard Model of physics 8611:from the original on 27 August 2017 7669: 7500: 5508: 4667:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2014.06.004 4514:from the original on 29 August 2011 4482:University of California, Riverside 4392:Published in the Messenger Vol. 171 3278:Journal of High Energy Astrophysics 1944:Interpretation of quantum mechanics 1409:Catani–Ciafaloni–Fiorani–Marchesini 597:phenomena attributed to dark matter 427:seems to predict larger measurable 46:The following is a list of notable 24: 7612:from the original on 27 April 2022 6661: 6375: 6038:from the original on 27 April 2022 5613: 5356:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445 3902:from the original on 26 April 2012 3546: 3249:from the original on 27 April 2020 3211:"13 things that do not make sense" 3175:"Top ten open problems in physics" 3115: 2589:Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly 2048:loophole-free Bell test experiment 2027:revealed in the violations of the 1463:heaviest possible chemical element 1297: 676:: Does nature have more than four 453:Is the universe heading towards a 390:infinite number of other universes 327: 166: 138: 100:. Another problem lies within the 25: 8865: 8626: 8346:Khaire, V.; Srianand, R. (2015). 7566:Higgs, Peter (24 November 2010). 7241:from the original on 19 June 2020 6969:from the original on 31 July 2019 6955:Markoff, Jack (21 October 2015). 6325:A more recent follow-up paper is 6014:"The Problem Swept Under the Rug" 4346:Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 3667:from the original on 30 July 2018 3223:from the original on 23 June 2015 3209:Brooks, Michael (19 March 2005). 2987:Joshi, Pankaj S. (January 2009). 2935: 2848:from the original on 2 April 2015 1801: 1698:Superfluid transition in helium-4 1654:non-Abelian fractional statistics 1469: 8599:Overbye, Dennis (23 July 2012). 8592: 8531: 8425: 8398: 8339: 8103: 8042: 7973: 7904: 7843: 7802: 7748: 7718: 7709: 7127:from the original on 19 May 2015 7113: 6788: 6724: 5319:"The Primordial Lithium Problem" 5095:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14728.x 5036:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12960.x 4871:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07169.x 4488:from the original on 4 June 2011 2628: 2075:Cosmology and general relativity 1748:? Is it possible to have enough 1544:High-temperature superconductors 1354:relativistic heavy-ion collision 930:Anomalous magnetic dipole moment 621:, or are they evidence that the 366:Cosmology and general relativity 230:chronology protection conjecture 155:Dimensionless physical constants 7237:. National Science Foundation. 6559: 6535:Physics of Collisionless Shocks 6526: 6491: 6458: 6432: 6406: 6297:, or amplified by the vacuum". 6263: 6210: 6149: 6103: 6050: 5923: 5815: 5770: 5735: 5716: 5588:10.1126/science.267.5204.1615-e 5562: 5529: 5517:from the original on 4 May 2013 5424: 5371: 5310: 5247: 5224: 5167: 5110: 5051: 4992: 4939: 4886: 4827: 4774: 4740: 4681: 4628: 4575: 4526: 4500: 4406: 4382: 4337: 4310: 4264: 4219: 4168: 4123: 4029: 3994: 3949: 3914: 3814: 3773: 3718:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2010.12.014 3608: 3483: 3395:"Dark energy and inhomogeneity" 3135: 3090: 3071:"Yang-Mills & The Mass Gap" 3063: 3030: 3005: 2764:Womersley, J. (February 2005). 2685: 2676: 2415:giving mass to these particles. 2135:(1964–2015): In July 2015, the 2041:General physics/quantum physics 2036:Problems solved since the 1990s 989:problem of particle generations 76:There are still some questions 8570:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.241101 8487:Journal of High Energy Physics 8203:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.030401 8142:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402 8081:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.250401 8012:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.160402 7943:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.160401 7478:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001 7201:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 7089:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250402 7022:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250401 6766:10.1088/1751-8113/47/42/424001 6568:Astrophysics and Space Science 6439:Skyrme, Tess (20 March 2023). 6219:Journal of High Energy Physics 5536:Kenneth Chang (29 July 2008). 5438:. Clay Mathematics Institute. 3943:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021 3420:10.1088/1742-6596/189/1/012011 2980: 2904: 2830: 2738: 2705: 2143:identified pentaquarks in the 2052:Kavli Institute of Nanoscience 1037:? Is strange matter stable at 248:) be ruled out by a theory of 203:black hole information paradox 13: 1: 7402:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.111102 7345:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.111101 7292:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.121101 6280:10.36471/JCCM_January_2020_02 5410:10.1016/j.physrep.2019.06.003 4688:Tiwari, P.; Jain, P. (2015). 4484:: Department of Mathematics. 3882:10.1016/S0550-3213(96)00644-X 3331:Classical and Quantum Gravity 2720:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 2699: 2565:Photon underproduction crisis 2383:electroweak symmetry breaking 2088:team announced that they had 1855: 1761:Topological quantum computers 1682:optical absorption transition 1633:fractional quantum Hall state 1285:intermediate-mass black holes 1195:Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit 1041:pressure (i.e in the vacuum)? 549:Cosmological constant problem 8854:Unsolved problems in physics 7544:10.1140/epjst/e2019-900263-x 6674:What is Quantum Information? 6520:10.1088/0741-3335/49/12B/S01 5710:10.1016/0921-4526(91)90246-B 5123:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4783:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3447:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2911:Sokal, Alan (22 July 1996). 2712:Ginzburg, Vitaly L. (2001). 2669: 1998:second law of thermodynamics 1925:Protein structure prediction 1564:: What is the nature of the 1483:fluid? This problem, for an 1191:Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray 1117:: What is the origin of the 685:High-energy/particle physics 226:cosmic censorship hypothesis 50:grouped into broad areas of 18:Unsolved problems of physics 7: 8653:10.1126/science.309.5731.75 7592:Duff and Liu, ed. (2003) . 6806:American Journal of Physics 6475:10.1007/978-3-0346-0425-3_9 6188:10.1103/PhysRevB.100.224517 6016:. 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Archived from 2974:10.1103/revmodphys.76.93 2060:Bose–Einstein condensate 1849:magnetospheric substorms 1754:quantum error correction 1648:state in the fractional 1516:Condensed matter physics 1348:: Where is the onset of 1259:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 1215:: What is the origin of 1115:Supermassive black holes 485:: Why is there far more 292:very different from the 213:, or not, as implied by 8540:Physical Review Letters 8517:10.1007/JHEP10(2012)093 8419:1999A&A...341L..71V 8173:Physical Review Letters 8112:Physical Review Letters 8051:Physical Review Letters 7982:Physical Review Letters 7913:Physical Review Letters 7680:10.1126/science.aar2149 7447:Physical Review Letters 7372:Physical Review Letters 7315:Physical Review Letters 7262:Physical Review Letters 7171:Physical Review Letters 7058:Physical Review Letters 6991:Physical Review Letters 6880:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1418 6795:Fuchs, Christopher A.; 6631:10.1126/science.1219021 6588:10.1023/A:1012264131485 6580:2001Ap&SS.277..349G 6249:10.1007/JHEP06(2020)142 5202:2004A&A...421..969B 5145:2011A&A...530A.138C 4805:2001A&A...367..381H 4768:1998A&A...332..410H 4400:10.18727/0722-6691/5066 3739:Hansson, Johan (2010). 3524:10.1126/science.1126231 3469:2019A&A...631L..13C 2890:10.1126/science.1224898 2644:Hilbert's sixth problem 2528:Rapidly solved problems 2517:hadronic confined phase 2103:Numerical solution for 1990:entropy's arrow of time 1736:: Can we go beyond the 1626:Magnetoresistance in a 1397:colour glass condensate 1322:? What is the detailed 1213:magnetar magnetic field 1206:magnetosphere of Saturn 1187:of these rare isotopes? 1149:Galaxy rotation problem 1080:Coronal heating problem 949:: What is the electric 795:supersymmetric particle 756:Neutron lifetime puzzle 519:or anisotropic? Is the 437:variable speed of light 6467:Visions in Mathematics 6413:Ball, Phillip (2021). 5846:10.1098/rspa.1994.0064 5801:10.1098/rspa.2000.0582 5258:; Asplund, M. (2015). 4510:. NASA. 28 June 2004. 4394:. pp. 31-36: 6 pages. 3637:10.1098/rspa.1931.0130 2551:University of Maryland 2481:Solar neutrino problem 2456:Missing baryon problem 1938:Foundations of physics 1845:coronal mass ejections 1639:Fractional Hall effect 1634: 1533: 1526:cuprate superconductor 1338:? Does QCD truly lack 1316:Quantum chromodynamics 1311: 1269:active galactic nuclei 1231:cosmological principle 1223:Large-scale anisotropy 1170: 1092:: Why do only certain 837: 813:quantum chromodynamics 623:cosmological principle 572: 563:? What cancels it out? 537:cosmological principle 505:cosmological principle 501:Cosmological principle 475:: The diameter of the 447:future of the universe 268:AdS/CFT correspondence 242:closed timelike curves 102:mathematical framework 8849:Physics-related lists 8383:10.1093/mnrasl/slv060 5295:10.1093/mnras/stv2320 4725:10.1093/mnras/stu2535 4637:Astroparticle Physics 4023:10.1103/Physics.10.66 2804:(11 September 2023). 2443:electromagnetic waves 2441:was detected in both 1968:quantum teleportation 1956:wavefunction collapse 1826:The injection problem 1625: 1523: 1423:a lack of convergence 1305: 1160: 1084:magnetic reconnection 857:Generations of matter 834: 648:Shape of the universe 570: 561:cosmological constant 515:, or is the universe 336:: Given an arbitrary 280:dS/CFT correspondence 260:Holographic principle 211:gauge–gravity duality 8695:30 July 2014 at the 7568:"My Life as a Boson" 6469:. pp. 816–838. 6300:Journal of Physics A 5620:Zaccone, A. (2023). 4331:10.1093/pasj/64.3.62 3754:: 23. Archived from 3142:Davis, Paul (2007). 3041:. pp. 157–287. 2844:. 13 December 2012. 2615:thermal recoil force 2599:appearing to travel 2595:mistakenly observed 2513:Hagedorn temperature 2497:neutrino oscillation 2401:, has been observed. 2113:numerical relativity 1972:quantum entanglement 1759:Topological qubits: 1616:Gauge block wringing 1485:incompressible fluid 1419:nuclear astrophysics 1411:evolution equations? 947:Proton radius puzzle 825:abelian gauge theory 777:Grand Unified Theory 601:extension of gravity 543:Copernican principle 376:Copernican principle 359:perturbative methods 355:Quantum field theory 311:entanglement entropy 278:be understood using 207:black hole radiation 193:loop quantum gravity 185:quantum field theory 145:Theory of everything 92:, and the nature of 35:adding missing items 8562:2012PhRvL.108x1101T 8509:2012JHEP...10..093A 8456:2012AstL...38..681F 8374:2015MNRAS.451L..30K 8315:10.1038/nature21426 8307:2017Natur.543..221C 8257:10.1038/nature21413 8249:2017Natur.543..217Z 8195:2017PhRvL.118c0401Y 8134:2016PhRvL.117i0402E 8073:2016PhRvL.116y0401K 8004:2012PhRvL.109p0402S 7935:2012PhRvL.109p0401W 7882:10.1038/nature14278 7874:2015Natur.520..202H 7827:1998ApJ...496..505C 7780:2018Natur.558..406N 7649:1993ApJ...413L.101K 7535:2020EPJST.229....1R 7470:2015PhRvL.115g2001A 7394:2006PhRvL..96k1102B 7337:2006PhRvL..96k1101C 7284:2005PhRvL..95l1101P 7193:2016PhRvL.116f1102A 7081:2015PhRvL.115y0402S 7014:2015PhRvL.115y0401G 6926:10.1038/nature15759 6918:2015Natur.526..682H 6872:1970PhRvD...2.1418P 6829:2014AmJPh..82..749F 6758:2014JPhA...47P4001W 6692:2015arXiv150904711C 6623:2012Sci...338.1042D 6617:(6110): 1042–1046. 6512:2007PPCF...49....1W 6353:1998AnP...510..700S 6313:1993JPhA...26.2037B 6274:. 31 January 2020. 6241:2020JHEP...06..142C 6180:2019PhRvB.100v4517H 6081:2003PhRvB..68q4518L 5998:15 May 2013 at the 5971:1998MCLCA.312..157M 5893:2011AnPhy.326.2566Y 5838:1994RSPSA.445..323W 5793:2000RSPSA.456.1685S 5787:(1999): 1685–1709. 5756:2010EL.....8958001M 5728:5 June 2011 at the 5702:1991PhyB..169..322L 5582:(5204): 1615–1616. 5509:Schlein, Benjamin. 5488:2006RvMP...78..641A 5431:Charles Fefferman. 5402:2019PhR...821....1P 5347:2011ARNPS..61...47F 5286:2016MNRAS.455..987C 5241:2011sca..conf..280G 5086:2009MNRAS.396..511S 5027:2008MNRAS.385.1718S 4970:2004ApJ...605...14E 4917:2004PhRvD..69f3516D 4862:2004MNRAS.347..394J 4716:2015MNRAS.447.2658T 4659:2015APh....61....1T 4606:2011ApJ...742L..23S 4551:1998AJ....115.1693C 4437:2000ApJ...539L...9F 4368:2006JMoSp.238....1S 4296:2004ApJ...612..988T 4250:2003ApJ...586L..61S 4203:2014FrASS...1....1T 4154:2024PrPNP.13404082E 4015:2017PhyOJ..10...66F 3980:2011PhRvD..83g3006M 3935:2010JPhG...37g5021N 3864:1997NuPhB.484...80B 3798:2012SchpJ...711419L 3782:"Grand unification" 3748:Progress in Physics 3710:2011NuPhB.846...43L 3629:1931RSPSA.133...60D 3586:2017PhRvD..95j3504W 3516:2006Sci...312.1180S 3500:(5777): 1180–1183. 3411:2009JPhCS.189a2011E 3353:2021CQGra..38r4001K 3300:2022JHEAp..34...49A 3023:10.22323/1.305.0002 2994:Scientific American 2966:2004RvMP...76...93P 2882:2013Sci...339...46B 2553:and a group led by 2082:gravitational waves 2068:evaporative cooling 1964:measurement problem 1960:quantum decoherence 1913:biochemical systems 1837:Alfvénic turbulence 1765:Majorana zero modes 1650:quantum Hall effect 1501:Granular convection 1308:island of stability 1255:The lithium problem 1051:The gallium anomaly 987:: An aspect of the 920:Peccei–Quinn theory 750:charge quantization 721:quantum corrections 719:mass, from getting 664:Jean-Pierre Luminet 495:observable universe 477:observable universe 398:anthropic principle 386:Fine-tuned universe 307:quantum information 234:naked singularities 8798:Information theory 8605:The New York Times 6330:Annalen der Physik 5543:The New York Times 4478:Usenet Physics FAQ 3181:on 22 October 2012 3173:Podolsky, Dmitry. 3125:pp. 7, 269. 1989, 2811:The New York Times 2782:on 17 October 2007 2583:absolute magnitude 2559:Harvard University 2547:Christopher Monroe 2447:gravitational wave 2433:merger, produce a 2353:quark-gluon plasma 2119:Cosmic age problem 1864:and robustness to 1830:Fermi acceleration 1710:Scharnhorst effect 1635: 1534: 1405:Balitsky–Kovchegov 1346:Quark–gluon plasma 1312: 1283:? Are they due to 1281:stellar black hole 1171: 916:charge conjugation 838: 742:Magnetic monopoles 573: 559:not cause a large 262:: Is it true that 181:general relativity 159:physical constants 110:general relativity 8831: 8830: 8751:unsolved problems 8434:Astronomy Letters 8291:(7644): 221–225. 8233:(7644): 217–220. 7858:(7546): 202–204. 7764:(7710): 406–409. 6902:(7575): 682–686. 6837:10.1119/1.4874855 6670:Lombardi, Olimpia 6552:978-1-4614-6098-5 6484:978-3-0346-0424-6 6393:ScottAaronson.com 6387:Aaronson, Scott. 6158:Physical Review B 6113:Physical Review B 6059:Physical Review B 6031:978-0-203-91326-0 5944:10.1038/nphys3298 5877:(10): 2566–2633. 5870:Annals of Physics 5832:(1924): 323–349. 5639:978-3-031-24705-7 4895:Physical Review D 3958:Physical Review D 3836:978-981-02-0608-6 3688:Nuclear Physics B 3563:Physical Review D 3558:Unruh, William G. 3245:. 15 April 2020. 3243:"Quanta Magazine" 3056:978-94-010-4874-3 2773:Symmetry Magazine 2731:978-3-540-67534-1 2601:faster than light 2577:and determined a 2571:Hipparcos anomaly 2236:, had individual 2139:collaboration at 2105:binary black hole 2029:Bell inequalities 1742:quantum computers 1734:Threshold problem 1674:phase transition? 1599:Topological order 1548:superconductivity 1505:granular material 1326:structure of the 1291:Fast radio bursts 1200:Rotation rate of 1098:relativistic jets 1090:Astrophysical jet 900:Strong CP problem 894:sterile neutrinos 809:Color confinement 713:electroweak scale 711:, much above the 707:, around 10 697:Hierarchy problem 583:? If so, is it a 553:zero-point energy 439:more appropriate? 380:concordance model 334:Yang–Mills theory 286:Quantum spacetime 177:quantum mechanics 82:strong CP problem 48:unsolved problems 16:(Redirected from 8861: 8778:Computer science 8743: 8736: 8729: 8720: 8719: 8664: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8555: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8502: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8449: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8385: 8367: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8326: 8300: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8242: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8188: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8127: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8066: 8046: 8040: 8039: 7997: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7928: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7867: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7773: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7631: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7579: 7572: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7546: 7528: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7463: 7444:→J/ψKp decays". 7443: 7442: 7431:R. Aaij et al. ( 7428: 7422: 7421: 7387: 7366:Baker, John G.; 7364: 7330: 7311: 7277: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7186: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7100: 7074: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7007: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6911: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6866:(8): 1418–1425, 6855: 6849: 6848: 6822: 6797:Mermin, N. David 6792: 6786: 6785: 6751: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6685: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6574:(1/2): 349–369. 6563: 6557: 6556: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6384: 6373: 6372: 6346: 6337:(7–8): 700–709. 6324: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6234: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6173: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6128: 6126:cond-mat/0605083 6107: 6101: 6100: 6074: 6072:cond-mat/0310163 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6009: 6003: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5886: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5739: 5733: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5696:(1–4): 322–327. 5685: 5679: 5678: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5481: 5479:cond-mat/0507419 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5395: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5358: 5340: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5279: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5195: 5193:astro-ph/0403591 5171: 5165: 5164: 5138: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5079: 5070:(511): 511–522. 5055: 5049: 5048: 5038: 5020: 5011:(4): 1718–1728. 4996: 4990: 4989: 4963: 4961:astro-ph/0307507 4943: 4937: 4936: 4910: 4908:astro-ph/0307282 4890: 4884: 4883: 4873: 4855: 4853:astro-ph/0301530 4831: 4825: 4824: 4798: 4796:astro-ph/0012182 4778: 4772: 4771: 4753: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4709: 4700:(3): 2658–2670. 4685: 4679: 4678: 4652: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4599: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4562: 4545:(5): 1693–1716. 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4466: 4449: 4448: 4430: 4428:astro-ph/0006053 4410: 4404: 4403: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4361: 4359:astro-ph/0608113 4341: 4335: 4334: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4289: 4287:astro-ph/0405360 4268: 4262: 4261: 4243: 4241:astro-ph/0303665 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4196: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4147: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3973: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3875: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3827:World Scientific 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3760: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3703: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3579: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3509: 3507:astro-ph/0605173 3487: 3481: 3480: 3462: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3346: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3293: 3272: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3206: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3139: 3133: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2997:. Archived from 2984: 2978: 2977: 2959: 2957:quant-ph/0212023 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2775:. Archived from 2770: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2719: 2709: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2654:Physical paradox 2638: 2633: 2632: 2593:OPERA experiment 2493:particle physics 2463:gamma-ray bursts 2425:Origin of short 2371:(2005) and CERN- 2343: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2155: 2153: 2152: 1919:Magnetoreception 1893:immune responses 1795:Quantum capacity 1705: 1692:Metal whiskering 1647: 1632: 1593:Sonoluminescence 1566:glass transition 1562:Amorphous solids 1165:) and observed ( 1119:M–sigma relation 1026: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1004: 942: 940: 869:Yukawa couplings 729:extra dimensions 674:Extra dimensions 660:cosmic inflation 650:: What is the 3- 483:Baryon asymmetry 473:Size of universe 404:Cosmic inflation 351:in mathematics.) 39:reliable sources 21: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8754: 8747: 8697:Wayback Machine 8685:Wayback Machine 8629: 8624: 8614: 8612: 8597: 8593: 8536: 8532: 8483: 8479: 8440:(11): 681–693. 8430: 8426: 8403: 8399: 8344: 8340: 8276: 8272: 8222: 8218: 8169: 8165: 8108: 8104: 8047: 8043: 7978: 7974: 7909: 7905: 7848: 7844: 7807: 7803: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7691: 7687: 7668: 7664: 7632: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7606: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7505: 7501: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7429: 7425: 7368:Centrella, Joan 7258: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7167: 7163: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7049: 7045: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6953: 6949: 6890: 6886: 6856: 6852: 6793: 6789: 6732:Wiseman, Howard 6729: 6725: 6710: 6666: 6662: 6607: 6603: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6531: 6527: 6506:(12B): B1–B33. 6496: 6492: 6485: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6445:EE Times Europe 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6419:Quanta Magazine 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6385: 6376: 6291: 6287: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6215: 6211: 6154: 6150: 6108: 6104: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6032: 6010: 6006: 6000:Wayback Machine 5990: 5986: 5955: 5951: 5928: 5924: 5865: 5861: 5820: 5816: 5775: 5771: 5740: 5736: 5730:Wayback Machine 5721: 5717: 5686: 5682: 5659: 5655: 5640: 5618: 5614: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5507: 5503: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5380:Physics Reports 5376: 5372: 5331:(2011): 47–68. 5315: 5311: 5270:(1): 987–1007. 5252: 5248: 5229: 5225: 5172: 5168: 5115: 5111: 5056: 5052: 4997: 4993: 4944: 4940: 4891: 4887: 4832: 4828: 4779: 4775: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4686: 4682: 4633: 4629: 4580: 4576: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4467: 4452: 4411: 4407: 4387: 4383: 4342: 4338: 4315: 4311: 4269: 4265: 4224: 4220: 4173: 4169: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4062: 4058: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4030: 3999: 3995: 3954: 3950: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3852:Nuclear Physics 3848: 3844: 3837: 3819: 3815: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3660:Quanta Magazine 3651: 3644: 3613: 3609: 3554: 3547: 3488: 3484: 3443: 3436: 3391: 3384: 3327: 3323: 3273: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3207: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3140: 3136: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3035: 3031: 3016:. p. 002. 3010: 3006: 3001:on 25 May 2012. 2985: 2981: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2909: 2905: 2876:(6115): 46–48. 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2802:Overbye, Dennis 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2607:Pioneer anomaly 2530: 2509: 2507:Nuclear physics 2495:—specifically, 2427:gamma-ray burst 2422: 2344:), making them 2340: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2241: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2128: 2109:annus mirabilis 2096:of black holes 2077: 2043: 2038: 1946:: How does the 1940: 1931:Quantum biology 1870:gene expression 1858: 1804: 1746:fault tolerance 1730: 1701: 1660:Liquid crystals 1642: 1627: 1607:self-correcting 1587:photomultiplier 1518: 1491:in mathematics. 1472: 1421:: Why is there 1300: 1298:Nuclear physics 1273:Eddington limit 1271:but exceed the 1219:magnetic field? 1204:: Why does the 1094:accretion discs 1074:Maunder Minimum 1066: 1060: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1002: 1001: 996: 977:: A problem in 938: 937: 693: 687: 615:de Sitter phase 591:, the lightest 551:: Why does the 425:Big Bang theory 421:Horizon problem 368: 330: 328:Quantum physics 317:Problem of time 276:de Sitter space 264:quantum gravity 254:Stephen Hawking 250:quantum gravity 173:Quantum gravity 169: 167:Quantum gravity 141: 139:General physics 42: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8867: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8746: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8636: 8628: 8627:External links 8625: 8623: 8622: 8591: 8546:(24): 241101. 8530: 8477: 8424: 8397: 8338: 8270: 8216: 8163: 8102: 8057:(25): 250401. 8041: 7988:(16): 160402. 7972: 7919:(16): 160401. 7903: 7842: 7836:10.1086/305343 7821:(1): 505–526. 7801: 7747: 7717: 7708: 7685: 7662: 7657:10.1086/186969 7623: 7605:978-9812382313 7604: 7558: 7499: 7439: 7423: 7378:(11): 111102. 7321:(11): 111101. 7268:(12): 121101. 7252: 7222: 7161: 7138: 7112: 7065:(25): 250402. 7043: 6998:(25): 250401. 6980: 6962:New York Times 6947: 6884: 6850: 6787: 6742:(42): 424001. 6723: 6708: 6660: 6601: 6558: 6551: 6525: 6490: 6483: 6457: 6431: 6405: 6374: 6344:hep-th/9810221 6285: 6262: 6209: 6164:(22): 224517. 6148: 6119:(14): 144506. 6102: 6065:(17): 174518. 6049: 6030: 6004: 5984: 5965:(1): 157–164. 5949: 5938:(4): 298–299. 5932:Nature Physics 5922: 5859: 5814: 5769: 5734: 5715: 5680: 5663:Rev. Mod. Phys 5653: 5638: 5612: 5561: 5528: 5501: 5472:(2): 641–692. 5456: 5423: 5370: 5309: 5246: 5223: 5186:(3): 969–976. 5166: 5109: 5050: 4991: 4978:10.1086/382267 4938: 4885: 4846:(2): 394–402. 4826: 4789:(2): 381–387. 4773: 4739: 4680: 4627: 4590:(2): L23–L27. 4574: 4560:10.1086/300337 4525: 4499: 4472:(March 2006). 4450: 4445:10.1086/312838 4405: 4381: 4336: 4309: 4304:10.1086/422573 4280:(2): 988–999. 4263: 4258:10.1086/374732 4234:(1): L61–L64. 4218: 4167: 4122: 4089: 4056: 4028: 3993: 3948: 3929:(7A): 075021. 3913: 3887: 3873:10.1.1.343.783 3842: 3835: 3813: 3772: 3731: 3678: 3642: 3623:(821): 60–72. 3607: 3570:(10): 103504. 3545: 3482: 3434: 3382: 3337:(18): 184001. 3321: 3260: 3234: 3219:. Issue 2491. 3192: 3165: 3159:978-0618592265 3158: 3134: 3114: 3107: 3089: 3062: 3055: 3029: 3004: 2979: 2934: 2917:New York Times 2903: 2859: 2829: 2793: 2756: 2737: 2730: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2636:Physics portal 2623: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2604: 2586: 2568: 2562: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2489:Standard Model 2478: 2461:Long-duration 2459: 2453: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2405:Origin of mass 2402: 2395:Standard Model 2387:W and Z bosons 2376: 2349: 2339: 2329: 2320: 2312: 2303: 2295: 2286: 2278: 2269: 2261: 2229: 2216: 2204: 2188: 2165: 2149: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2101: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2056: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2018: 1983: 1976:category error 1954:of states and 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1900: 1885: 1878:Certain models 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1834: 1823: 1808:Plasma physics 1803: 1802:Plasma physics 1800: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1771: 1768: 1757: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1721:Casimir effect 1707: 1695: 1689: 1675: 1657: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1610:quantum memory 1596: 1590: 1583: 1573: 1559: 1541: 1528:(specifically 1524:A sample of a 1517: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1498: 1495:Turbulent flow 1492: 1471: 1470:Fluid dynamics 1468: 1467: 1466: 1451:nuclear matter 1412: 1389: 1343: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1262: 1252: 1243: 1220: 1209: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1172: 1146: 1136: 1126: 1112: 1106: 1087: 1077: 1062:Main article: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1031:Strange Matter 1028: 982: 979:supersymmetric 972: 961:exotic hadrons 954: 944: 927: 897: 886: 872: 854: 829: 828: 806: 784: 779:? If so, what 773: 763: 753: 739: 686: 683: 682: 681: 671: 656:comoving space 645: 639: 636:phantom energy 604: 565: 564: 546: 540: 525:Hubble tension 498: 480: 470: 440: 418: 401: 383: 367: 364: 363: 362: 352: 329: 326: 325: 324: 314: 283: 257: 222: 196: 168: 165: 164: 163: 152: 140: 137: 106:Standard Model 80:, such as the 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8866: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8788:Fair division 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8753:by discipline 8752: 8744: 8739: 8737: 8732: 8730: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8714: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8179:(3): 030401. 8178: 8174: 8167: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8118:(9): 090402. 8117: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7735: 7731: 7730:New Scientist 7727: 7721: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7628: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7596: 7580:on 1 May 2014 7576: 7569: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7454:(7): 072001. 7453: 7449: 7448: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7386: 7385:gr-qc/0511103 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7328:gr-qc/0511048 7324: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7275:gr-qc/0507014 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7177:(6): 061102. 7176: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6888: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6709:9781107142114 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5991:A. Yethiraj, 5988: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5570:P.W. Anderson 5565: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4901:(6): 063516. 4900: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470:Baez, John C. 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4421:(1): L9–L12. 4420: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4104:New Scientist 4100: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4071:New Scientist 4067: 4060: 4051: 4046: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3964:(7): 073006. 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3792:(10): 11419. 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3761:on 4 May 2012 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3405:(1): 012011. 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3216:New Scientist 3212: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3131:0-553-34740-3 3128: 3124: 3118: 3110: 3108:9780465036721 3104: 3100: 3093: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2950:(1): 93–123. 2949: 2945: 2938: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2753:(1999): 1685. 2752: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2626: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2555:Mikhail Lukin 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539:Frank Wilczek 2536: 2535:time crystals 2533:Existence of 2532: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431:neutron stars 2428: 2424: 2423: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2351:Existence of 2350: 2348:-pentaquarks. 2347: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2197: 2182: 2175: 2159: 2158:lambda baryon 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131:Existence of 2130: 2129: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086:Advanced LIGO 2083: 2080:Existence of 2079: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2064:laser cooling 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015:consciousness 2012: 2008: 2003: 2002:CP violations 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:Arrow of time 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970:arising from 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:superposition 1949: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1904:Homochirality 1901: 1898: 1897:immune system 1894: 1890: 1889:immune system 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:stochasticity 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:Stochasticity 1860: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1767:conclusively? 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1589:is decreased? 1588: 1584: 1581: 1578:: why is the 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1510: 1506: 1503:: why does a 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:neutron stars 1444: 1440: 1439:stable nuclei 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:nuclear force 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:hadronization 1359: 1358:baryon-number 1355: 1351: 1350:deconfinement 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340:CP violations 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1229:, making the 1228: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185:nucleogenesis 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139:Flyby anomaly 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1035:Strange Stars 1032: 1029: 999: 994: 990: 986: 985:Koide formula 983: 980: 976: 973: 970: 966: 962: 958: 955: 952: 951:charge radius 948: 945: 935: 931: 928: 925: 921: 917: 913: 910:invariant to 909: 906:: Why is the 905: 901: 898: 895: 891: 887: 884: 880: 876: 875:Neutrino mass 873: 870: 866: 862: 858: 855: 852: 851:atomic nuclei 848: 844: 840: 839: 833: 826: 822: 818: 817:color-charged 814: 810: 807: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:Supersymmetry 785: 782: 778: 774: 771: 767: 764: 761: 757: 754: 751: 747: 743: 740: 737: 734: 730: 726: 725:supersymmetry 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695: 694: 692: 679: 675: 672: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 633: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 605: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 575: 574: 569: 562: 558: 554: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517:inhomogeneous 514: 510: 506: 502: 499: 496: 492: 488: 484: 481: 478: 474: 471: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 419: 416: 412: 409: 405: 402: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384: 381: 378:and thus the 377: 373: 370: 369: 360: 356: 353: 350: 346: 342: 339: 335: 332: 331: 322: 318: 315: 312: 308: 304: 300: 299:supersymmetry 295: 291: 287: 284: 281: 277: 273: 272:string theory 269: 265: 261: 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:Roger Penrose 235: 231: 227: 223: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 197: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 171: 170: 160: 156: 153: 150: 146: 143: 142: 136: 134: 133:event horizon 130: 126: 122: 118: 117:singularities 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:neutrino mass 83: 79: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 55: 53: 49: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 8817: 8813:Neuroscience 8647:(5731): 75. 8644: 8640: 8613:. 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