1613:
725:
951:
3002:
55:
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1496:), then indeed the observer at the bottom of the rope can touch and even cross the event horizon. But once this happens it is impossible to pull the bottom of rope back out of the event horizon, since if the rope is pulled taut, the forces along the rope increase without bound as they approach the event horizon and at some point the rope must break. Furthermore, the break must occur not at the event horizon, but at a point where the second observer can observe it.
4700:
3832:
738:
1358:
1347:
1332:
1447:
words, there is no experiment and/or measurement that can be performed within a finite-size region of spacetime and within a finite time interval that answers the question of whether or not an event horizon exists. Because of the purely theoretical nature of the event horizon, the traveling object does not necessarily experience strange effects and does, in fact, pass through the calculated boundary in a finite amount of its
1786:"VII. On the means of discovering the distance, magnitude, &c. of the fixed stars, in consequence of the diminution of the velocity of their light, in case such a diminution should be found to take place in any of them, and such other data should be procured from observations, as would be farther necessary for that purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B.D. F.R.S. In a letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F.R.S. and A.S"
3842:
991:. If the expansion has certain characteristics, parts of the universe will never be observable, no matter how long the observer waits for the light from those regions to arrive. The boundary beyond which events cannot ever be observed is an event horizon, and it represents the maximum extent of the particle horizon.
1574:, according to which, in the chart of the far observer, infalling matter is thermalized at the horizon and reemitted as Hawking radiation, while in the chart of an infalling observer matter continues undisturbed through the inner region and is destroyed at the singularity. This hypothesis does not violate the
1463:
event horizons, is that they represent an immutable surface that destroys objects that approach them. In practice, all event horizons appear to be some distance away from any observer, and objects sent towards an event horizon never appear to cross it from the sending observer's point of view (as the
1446:
in nature, meaning that it is determined by future causes. More precisely, one would need to know the entire history of the universe and all the way into the infinite future to determine the presence of an event horizon, which is not possible for quasilocal observers (not even in principle). In other
1389:
of particles within the horizon) are warped so as to fall farther into the hole. Once a particle is inside the horizon, moving into the hole is as inevitable as moving forward in time â no matter in what direction the particle is travelling â and can be thought of as equivalent to doing so, depending
1435:
interstellar gas or when they happen to be aimed directly at Earth). Furthermore, a distant observer will never actually see something reach the horizon. Instead, while approaching the hole, the object will seem to go ever more slowly, while any light it emits will be further and further redshifted.
1532:
A cosmic event horizon is commonly accepted as a real event horizon, whereas the description of a local black hole event horizon given by general relativity is found to be incomplete and controversial. When the conditions under which local event horizons occur are modeled using a more comprehensive
1503:
is far inside the event horizon, or there is none, observers crossing a black hole event horizon would not actually see or feel anything special happen at that moment. In terms of visual appearance, observers who fall into the hole perceive the eventual apparent horizon as a black impermeable area
1434:
around black holes, where material moves with such speed that friction creates high-energy radiation that can be detected (similarly, some matter from these accretion disks is forced out along the axis of spin of the black hole, creating visible jets when these streams interact with matter such as
1425:
According to the fundamental gravitational collapse models, an event horizon forms before the singularity of a black hole. If all the stars in the Milky Way would gradually aggregate towards the galactic center while keeping their proportionate distances from each other, they will all fall within
1301:
In the case of a horizon perceived by a uniformly accelerating observer in empty space, the horizon seems to remain a fixed distance from the observer no matter how its surroundings move. Varying the observer's acceleration may cause the horizon to appear to move over time or may prevent an event
1242:
a 45-degree line (the path of a light ray). An event whose light cone's edge is this asymptote or is farther away than this asymptote can never be observed by the accelerating particle. In the particle's reference frame, there is a boundary behind it from which no signals can escape (an apparent
1429:
Black hole event horizons are widely misunderstood. Common, although erroneous, is the notion that black holes "vacuum up" material in their neighborhood, where in fact they are no more capable of seeking out material to consume than any other gravitational attractor. As with any mass in the
1475:
In the case of the horizon around a black hole, observers stationary with respect to a distant object will all agree on where the horizon is. While this seems to allow an observer lowered towards the hole on a rope (or rod) to contact the horizon, in practice this cannot be done. The
850:
should be used instead of an event horizon, saying, "Gravitational collapse produces apparent horizons but no event horizons." He eventually concluded that "the absence of event horizons means that there are no black holes â in the sense of regimes from which light can't escape to
986:
could reach the observer at a given time. For events that occur beyond that distance, light has not had enough time to reach our location, even if it was emitted at the time the universe began. The evolution of the particle horizon with time depends on the nature of the
1430:
universe, matter must come within its gravitational scope for the possibility to exist of capture or consolidation with any other mass. Equally common is the idea that matter can be observed falling into a black hole. This is not possible. Astronomers can detect only
841:
paradoxes, encouraging the re-examination of the concept of local event horizons and the notion of black holes. Several theories were subsequently developed, some with and some without event horizons. One of the leading developers of theories to describe black holes,
1401:
operates slightly differently). The
Schwarzschild radius of an object is proportional to its mass. Theoretically, any amount of matter will become a black hole if compressed into a space that fits within its corresponding Schwarzschild radius. For the mass of the
1504:
enclosing the singularity. Other objects that had entered the horizon area along the same radial path but at an earlier time would appear below the observer as long as they are not entered inside the apparent horizon, and they could exchange messages. Increasing
1520:, which are found in centers of galaxies, spaghettification occurs inside the event horizon. A human astronaut would survive the fall through an event horizon only in a black hole with a mass of approximately 10,000
126:
1210:
If a particle is moving at a constant velocity in a non-expanding universe free of gravitational fields, any event that occurs in that
Universe will eventually be observable by the particle, because the forward
1362:
Inside the event horizon all future time paths bring the particle closer to the center of the black hole. It is no longer possible for the particle to escape, no matter the direction the particle is traveling.
1426:
their joint
Schwarzschild radius long before they are forced to collide. Up to the collapse in the far future, observers in a galaxy surrounded by an event horizon would proceed with their lives normally.
1085:
1293:, for example), a true event horizon is never present, as this requires the particle to be accelerated indefinitely (requiring arbitrarily large amounts of energy and an arbitrarily large apparatus).
1472:). Attempting to make an object near the horizon remain stationary with respect to an observer requires applying a force whose magnitude increases unboundedly (becoming infinite) the closer it gets.
1369:
One of the best-known examples of an event horizon derives from general relativity's description of a black hole, a celestial object so dense that no nearby matter or radiation can escape its
1410:, it is about 9 millimeters (0.35 inches). In practice, however, neither Earth nor the Sun have the necessary mass (and, therefore, the necessary gravitational force) to overcome
1480:
to the horizon is finite, so the length of rope needed would be finite as well, but if the rope were lowered slowly (so that each point on the rope was approximately at rest in
1492:) experienced by points on the rope closer and closer to the horizon would approach infinity, so the rope would be torn apart. If the rope is lowered quickly (perhaps even in
1219:. On the other hand, if the particle is accelerating, in some situations light cones from some events never intersect the particle's world line. Under these conditions, an
3727:
1712:(the diagram is a "cartoon" version of an EddingtonâFinkelstein coordinate diagram), but in other coordinates the light cones are not tilted in this way, for example in
1351:
Closer to the black hole spacetime starts to deform. In some convenient coordinate systems, there are more paths going towards the black hole than paths moving away.
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1790:
4403:
496:
1302:
horizon from existing, depending on the acceleration function chosen. The observer never touches the horizon and never passes a location where it appeared to be.
955:
769:
865:
In an expanding universe, the speed of expansion reaches â and even exceeds â the speed of light, preventing signals from traveling to some regions. A
1578:
as there is a single copy of the information according to any given observer. Black hole complementarity is actually suggested by the scaling laws of
148:
2422:
Mann, Robert B.; Murk, Sebastian; Terno, Daniel R. (2022). "Black holes and their horizons in semiclassical and modified theories of gravity".
2011:
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approaching the event horizon, suggesting that in the
Schwarzschild chart they stretch to cover the horizon and thermalize into a
2165:
2662:
4256:
4210:
1537:, local event horizons are expected to have properties that are different from those predicted using general relativity alone.
384:
218:
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1989:
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is present in the particle's (accelerating) reference frame, representing a boundary beyond which events are unobservable.
994:
The criterion for determining whether a particle horizon for the universe exists is as follows. Define a comoving distance
858:
Any object approaching the horizon from the observer's side appears to slow down, never quite crossing the horizon. Due to
1567:
hypothesis, matter falling into a black hole would be burned to a crisp by a high energy "firewall" at the event horizon.
1230:
of this situation is shown in the figure to the right. As the particle accelerates, it approaches, but never reaches, the
755:
1636:
4131:
3444:
1952:
135:
4722:
4502:
4136:
3533:
161:
1589:
A complete description of local event horizons generated by gravity is expected to, at minimum, require a theory of
3528:
2528:
Murk, Sebastian (2023). "Nomen non est omen: Why it is too soon to identify ultra-compact objects as black holes".
1717:
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1612:
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441:
54:
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806:
348:
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1174:
31:
17:
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3439:
3314:
1162:
435:
143:
4413:
481:
4267:
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1411:
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cosmological model, approximating the
Universe as composed of non-interacting constituents, each one being
826:
501:
35:
3367:
833:
event horizon as a boundary beyond which events of any kind cannot affect an outside observer, leading to
4737:
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4042:
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3626:
3616:
2194:
1415:
1310:
810:
742:
233:
153:
1157:
A calculation of the speeds of the cosmological event and particle horizons was given in a paper on the
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4037:
3990:
3347:
3299:
3282:
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2171:
1571:
646:
194:
4625:
4251:
3932:
3802:
3304:
3218:
2966:
2898:
2078:"Evolution of the cosmological horizons in a universe with countably infinitely many state equations"
1940:
1713:
1671:
1626:
1553:
1481:
988:
446:
258:
950:
4650:
4200:
3960:
3871:
3479:
2581:
681:
671:
521:
338:
4379:
4301:
3921:
3912:
3656:
3192:
3155:
3058:
3053:
2971:
2263:
1661:
1517:
1095:
666:
400:
1552:, and the larger question of how the black hole possesses a temperature is part of the topic of
801:
proposed that gravity can be strong enough in the vicinity of massive compact objects that even
4605:
4468:
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4332:
4006:
3970:
3686:
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3111:
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are also locally noticeable effects, as a function of the mass of the black hole. In realistic
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228:
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1933:
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4215:
4154:
3564:
3377:
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1246:
1147:
611:
179:
1125:(i.e., points arbitrarily as far away as can be observed), then no event horizon exists. If
821:, then light originating inside or from it can escape temporarily but will return. In 1958,
4727:
4515:
4441:
4285:
3887:
3835:
3543:
3515:
3398:
3326:
3294:
3138:
2946:
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2836:
2607:
2547:
2494:
2441:
2396:
2323:
2272:
2099:
2030:
1894:
1799:
1598:
1560:, which causes space around the particle to appear to be filled with matter and radiation.
1516:
occurs early: tidal forces tear materials apart well before the event horizon. However, in
1442:
as the past null cone of future conformal timelike infinity. A black hole event horizon is
1394:
1290:
945:
918:
866:
431:
1146:. An example of a cosmological model with an event horizon is a universe dominated by the
8:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4407:
4356:
4174:
4159:
3985:
3916:
3864:
3666:
3641:
3611:
3569:
3523:
3160:
3026:
3021:
2951:
2619:
1681:
1646:
1641:
1485:
1398:
1397:
acts as an event horizon in a non-rotating body that fits inside this radius (although a
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1283:
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1898:
1803:
1544:
mechanism that the primary impact of quantum effects is for event horizons to possess a
606:
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4205:
4114:
4032:
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3500:
3372:
3277:
3068:
3036:
3001:
2961:
2956:
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2826:
2814:
2745:
2623:
2597:
2563:
2537:
2510:
2484:
2457:
2431:
2386:
2359:
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2313:
2301:
2187:
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2115:
2089:
2046:
2020:
1910:
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1850:
1825:
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1564:
1509:
1306:
1151:
838:
834:
676:
561:
486:
333:
238:
223:
184:
46:
1234:
with respect to its original reference frame. On the spacetime diagram, its path is a
4665:
4497:
4489:
4090:
4047:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3331:
3319:
3272:
3213:
3182:
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3106:
2872:
2854:
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2733:
2699:
2685:
2627:
2567:
2514:
2461:
2351:
2234:
2198:
2119:
2050:
1985:
1981:
1948:
1914:
1817:
1766:
1666:
1656:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1513:
1340:, a particle can move in any direction. It is only restricted by the speed of light.
1227:
1183:
971:
932:
822:
506:
281:
4535:
2654:
2363:
1138:
Examples of cosmological models without an event horizon are universes dominated by
556:
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4560:
4507:
4484:
4062:
3797:
3757:
3505:
3454:
3309:
3223:
3016:
2986:
2862:
2844:
2615:
2555:
2502:
2449:
2404:
2341:
2331:
2280:
2226:
2107:
2038:
2005:
Margalef-Bentabol, Berta; Margalef-Bentabol, Juan; Cepa, Jordi (21 December 2012).
1902:
1807:
1756:
1740:
1676:
1500:
1439:
1220:
979:
928:
914:
881:
877:
847:
791:
631:
586:
566:
511:
4630:
2077:
2076:
Margalef-Bentabol, Berta; Margalef-Bentabol, Juan; Cepa, Jordi (8 February 2013).
2006:
651:
4645:
4620:
4545:
4540:
4423:
4384:
4346:
4290:
4164:
4100:
3817:
3767:
3742:
3538:
3382:
3289:
3255:
3167:
2765:
2218:
1846:
1631:
1590:
1418:. The minimal mass required for a star to collapse beyond these pressures is the
1374:
982:, which represents the largest comoving distance from which light emitted in the
893:
843:
814:
686:
661:
546:
541:
405:
286:
248:
4428:
1708:(in this diagram represented by the yellow/blue grid), is tilted in this way in
978:
can ever reach the observer in the future. This differs from the concept of the
456:
4670:
4342:
4326:
4322:
4225:
4195:
4052:
3955:
3732:
3717:
3484:
3423:
3267:
2941:
2506:
1716:
they simply narrow without tilting as one approaches the event horizon, and in
1618:
1431:
1378:
1289:
While approximations of this type of situation can occur in the real world (in
1231:
1103:
889:
818:
729:
696:
691:
379:
243:
2559:
2453:
2408:
2285:
2258:
1906:
1761:
1744:
4716:
4660:
4640:
4635:
4550:
4418:
4190:
4022:
3975:
3792:
3712:
3240:
2858:
2254:
2230:
1969:
1928:
1821:
1770:
1583:
1579:
1477:
908:
900:
656:
571:
551:
476:
374:
1849:(2014). "Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes".
616:
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4600:
4565:
4095:
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3621:
3589:
3197:
3116:
2876:
2355:
1973:
1812:
1785:
1557:
1443:
1187:
869:
is a real event horizon because it affects all kinds of signals, including
798:
783:
601:
581:
1935:
Relatively
Speaking: Relativity, Black Holes, and the Fate of the Universe
4464:
4433:
3980:
3787:
3737:
3691:
3594:
3469:
3408:
3133:
3041:
2849:
2336:
1545:
1533:
picture of the way the
Universe works, that includes both relativity and
1505:
1448:
1373:. Often, this is described as the boundary within which the black hole's
1179:
958:
as a function of time and distance, in context of the expanding
Universe.
862:, its image reddens over time as the object moves closer to the horizon.
491:
461:
1385:
paths (paths that light could take) (and hence all paths in the forward
1381:. However, a more detailed description is that within this horizon, all
4675:
4241:
4085:
4080:
3777:
3707:
3676:
3651:
3604:
3599:
3584:
3250:
3187:
3177:
3078:
2914:
2789:
2737:
1705:
1701:
1521:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1386:
1337:
1322:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
904:
830:
701:
263:
189:
121:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}
2831:
2318:
2075:
2004:
1829:
4072:
3812:
3459:
3362:
3150:
3145:
1382:
1239:
1235:
1198:
that is outside the particle's apparent horizon. The event's forward
963:
922:
272:
1855:
4615:
3965:
3722:
3681:
3579:
2542:
2436:
1889:
1594:
1493:
1313:
observer. It is never contacted, even by an accelerating observer.
852:
641:
451:
291:
2602:
2489:
2391:
2094:
2025:
2007:"Evolution of the cosmological horizons in a concordance universe"
1226:
For example, this occurs with a uniformly accelerated particle. A
3762:
2798:. The Commonwealth Fund Book Program. New York / London: Norton.
1489:
1357:
1346:
1331:
4295:
3782:
3772:
3752:
3474:
3073:
3063:
1309:, the horizon always appears to be a fixed distance away for a
1139:
817:
of the gravitational influence of a massive object exceeds the
2883:
1168:
3856:
1875:
Curiel, Erik (2019). "The many definitions of a black hole".
1407:
1406:, this radius is approximately 3 kilometers (1.9 miles); for
1143:
1080:{\displaystyle d_{p}=\int _{0}^{t_{0}}{\frac {c}{a(t)}}\,dt.}
876:
More specific horizon types include the related but distinct
802:
790:
is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer.
4276:
2475:
Visser, Matt (2014). "Physical observability of horizons".
1967:
1158:
1548:
and so emit radiation. For black holes, this manifests as
1791:
1720:
the light cones don't change shape or orientation at all.
1700:
The set of possible paths, or more accurately the future
1403:
884:
found around a black hole. Other distinct types include:
2815:"Isolated and dynamical horizons and their applications"
2795:
Black holes and time warps: Einstein's outrageous legacy
2302:"Isolated and dynamical horizons and their applications"
2683:
1454:
1305:
In the case of a horizon perceived by an occupant of a
1459:
A misconception concerning event horizons, especially
2259:"Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities"
1438:
Topologically, the event horizon is defined from the
1249:
1010:
935:, which are important in current black hole research.
64:
1608:
1556:. For accelerating particles, this manifests as the
1296:
1243:
horizon). The distance to this boundary is given by
2732:
2640:
2147:
2695:General Relativity: An introduction for physicists
2377:Senovilla, José M. M. (2011). "Trapped surfaces".
2186:
1932:
1270:
1079:
120:
1749:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
27:Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
4714:
2812:
2750:(27. printing ed.). New York, NY: Freeman.
2299:
1316:
2082:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
2012:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
829:to introduce a stricter definition of a local
3872:
2899:
2421:
1422:, which is approximately three solar masses.
763:
2580:
2159:
1527:
2698:. Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
2143:
2141:
1215:from these events intersect the particle's
1169:Apparent horizon of an accelerated particle
3879:
3865:
3465:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
2906:
2892:
770:
756:
2866:
2848:
2830:
2813:Ashtekar, Abhay; Krishnan, Badri (2004).
2655:"Journey into a Schwarzschild black hole"
2646:
2601:
2541:
2530:International Journal of Modern Physics D
2488:
2435:
2424:International Journal of Modern Physics D
2390:
2379:International Journal of Modern Physics D
2376:
2345:
2335:
2317:
2300:Ashtekar, Abhay; Krishnan, Badri (2004).
2284:
2093:
2069:
2024:
1888:
1854:
1811:
1760:
1390:on the spacetime coordinate system used.
1067:
813:were dominant. In these theories, if the
2138:
1927:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1178:
949:
2764:
2253:
2217:
2167:The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time
1845:
1783:
1739:
939:
14:
4715:
2788:
2474:
1874:
1841:
1839:
873:, which travel at the speed of light.
3860:
2887:
2665:from the original on 3 September 2019
2590:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
1863:
3841:
2652:
2527:
2184:
2126:from the original on 8 December 2019
2057:from the original on 8 December 2019
1597:. Another such candidate theory is
1455:Interacting with black hole horizons
4451:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff equation
4404:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker
1836:
24:
2726:
1570:An alternative is provided by the
1540:At present, it is expected by the
81:
25:
4749:
4221:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein equation
2641:Misner, Thorne & Wheeler 1973
2148:Misner, Thorne & Wheeler 1973
1745:"Visual Horizons in World Models"
1710:EddingtonâFinkelstein coordinates
1297:Interacting with a cosmic horizon
805:cannot escape. At that time, the
4699:
4698:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3129:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff limit
3000:
2588:(2016). "Black Hole Paradoxes".
1611:
1468:never intersects the observer's
1420:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff limit
1356:
1345:
1330:
1202:never intersects the particle's
737:
736:
723:
53:
3246:Innermost stable circular orbit
2913:
2712:from the original on 2019-03-31
2690:"11. Schwarzschild black holes"
2677:
2634:
2574:
2521:
2468:
2415:
2370:
2293:
2247:
2211:
2178:
2153:
1694:
1593:. One such candidate theory is
1563:According to the controversial
1113:is the age of the Universe. If
807:Newtonian theory of gravitation
4028:Massâenergy equivalence (E=mc)
3886:
3672:Timeline of black hole physics
2688:; Lasenby, Anthony N. (2006).
2620:10.1088/1742-6596/759/1/012060
2225:. Cambridge University Press.
1998:
1961:
1921:
1777:
1733:
1175:Hyperbolic motion (relativity)
1061:
1055:
794:coined the term in the 1950s.
32:Event horizon (disambiguation)
13:
1:
3440:Nonsingular black hole models
2112:10.1088/1475-7516/2013/02/015
2043:10.1088/1475-7516/2012/12/035
1727:
1317:Event horizon of a black hole
2819:Living Reviews in Relativity
2306:Living Reviews in Relativity
1798:. The Royal Society: 35â57.
1718:KruskalâSzekeres coordinates
1652:Cosmic censorship hypothesis
36:Horizon (general relativity)
7:
4043:Relativistic Doppler effect
3662:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
3627:Hypercompact stellar system
3617:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
2195:University of Chicago Press
1604:
1499:Assuming that the possible
1416:neutron degeneracy pressure
966:, the event horizon of the
811:corpuscular theory of light
234:Gravitational time dilation
10:
4754:
4514:In computational physics:
4038:Relativity of simultaneity
3348:Black hole complementarity
3315:Bousso's holographic bound
3300:Quasi-periodic oscillation
2998:
2992:MalamentâHogarth spacetime
2771:The universe in a nutshell
2507:10.1103/PhysRevD.90.127502
2172:Cambridge University Press
1941:W. W. Norton & Company
1320:
1172:
943:
354:MathissonâPapapetrouâDixon
195:Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
29:
4696:
4528:
4393:
4365:
4351:LenseâThirring precession
4234:
4183:
4145:
4124:
4113:
4071:
4015:
3999:
3941:
3933:Doubly special relativity
3905:
3894:
3826:
3700:
3552:
3514:
3493:
3432:
3391:
3340:
3219:Gravitational singularity
3206:
3099:
3009:
2934:
2921:
2560:10.1142/S0218271823420129
2454:10.1142/S0218271822300154
2409:10.1142/S0218271811020354
2286:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57
1907:10.1038/s41550-018-0602-1
1714:Schwarzschild coordinates
1672:Kugelblitz (astrophysics)
1572:complementarity principle
1554:black hole thermodynamics
1528:Beyond general relativity
1482:Schwarzschild coordinates
1464:horizon-crossing event's
1240:asymptotically approaches
989:expansion of the universe
974:from which light emitted
4723:Concepts in astrophysics
4211:Post-Newtonian formalism
4201:Einstein field equations
4137:Mathematical formulation
3961:Hyperbolic orthogonality
3803:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
3728:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
3261:BlandfordâZnajek process
2231:10.1017/CBO9780511804533
2185:Wald, Robert M. (1984).
1704:containing all possible
1687:
1518:supermassive black holes
1135:, a horizon is present.
359:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein
339:Einstein field equations
162:Mathematical formulation
3922:Galilean transformation
3913:Principle of relativity
3059:Active galactic nucleus
2742:Wheeler, John Archibald
2653:Hamilton, Andrew J. S.
2536:(14): 2342012â2342235.
2264:Physical Review Letters
1972:; Schneider, Nicholas;
1762:10.1093/mnras/116.6.662
1662:Event Horizon Telescope
1271:{\displaystyle c^{2}/a}
4007:Lorentz transformation
3687:Tidal disruption event
3657:Supermassive dark star
3575:Black holes in fiction
3560:Outline of black holes
3193:Supermassive dark star
3112:Gravitational collapse
2684:Hobson, Michael Paul;
2430:(9): 2230015â2230276.
1978:The Cosmic Perspective
1813:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008
1784:Michell, John (1784).
1272:
1207:
1081:
959:
860:gravitational redshift
229:Gravitational redshift
122:
4475:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
4216:Raychaudhuri equation
4155:Equivalence principle
3565:Black Hole Initiative
3378:Holographic principle
2160:Hawking, Stephen W.;
1627:AbrahamâLorentz force
1291:particle accelerators
1273:
1182:
1148:cosmological constant
1082:
953:
919:cosmological horizons
517:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
472:KerrâNewmanâde Sitter
292:EinsteinâRosen bridge
224:Gravitational lensing
180:Equivalence principle
123:
4516:Numerical relativity
4357:pulsar timing arrays
3368:Final parsec problem
3327:Schwarzschild radius
2850:10.12942/lrr-2004-10
2774:. New York: Bantam.
2337:10.12942/lrr-2004-10
2223:Cosmological Physics
1599:loop quantum gravity
1395:Schwarzschild radius
1377:is greater than the
1247:
1186:showing a uniformly
1008:
946:Cosmological horizon
940:Cosmic event horizon
867:cosmic event horizon
846:, suggested that an
447:EinsteinâRosen waves
173:Fundamental concepts
62:
30:For other uses, see
4408:Friedmann equations
4302:HulseâTaylor binary
4264:Gravitational waves
4160:Riemannian geometry
3986:Proper acceleration
3971:Maxwell's equations
3917:Galilean relativity
3667:Superluminal motion
3642:Population III star
3612:Gravitational waves
3570:Black hole starship
3353:Information paradox
2841:2004LRR.....7...10A
2766:Hawking, Stephen W.
2612:2016JPhCS.759a2060J
2552:2023IJMPD..3242012M
2499:2014PhRvD..90l7502V
2446:2022IJMPD..3130015M
2401:2011IJMPD..20.2139S
2328:2004LRR.....7...10A
2277:1965PhRvL..14...57P
2104:2013JCAP...02..015M
2035:2012JCAP...12..035M
1899:2019NatAs...3...27C
1847:Hawking, Stephen W.
1804:1784RSPT...74...35M
1682:Rindler coordinates
1647:Black hole starship
1642:Black hole electron
1565:black hole firewall
1510:stellar black holes
1486:proper acceleration
1399:rotating black hole
1393:The surface at the
1371:gravitational field
1284:proper acceleration
1045:
968:observable universe
871:gravitational waves
401:KaluzaâKlein theory
287:Minkowski spacetime
239:Gravitational waves
4738:Physical phenomena
4733:General relativity
4457:ReissnerâNordström
4375:BransâDicke theory
4206:Linearized gravity
4033:Length contraction
3951:Frame of reference
3928:Special relativity
3501:Optical black hole
3414:ReissnerâNordström
3373:Firewall (physics)
3278:Gravitational lens
2734:Misner, Charles W.
2686:Efstathiou, George
2189:General Relativity
1968:Bennett, Jeffrey;
1637:Beyond black holes
1576:no-cloning theorem
1336:Far away from the
1307:de Sitter universe
1268:
1208:
1152:de Sitter universe
1090:In this equation,
1077:
1024:
960:
956:reachable Universe
933:dynamical horizons
827:general relativity
809:and the so-called
730:Physics portal
502:OppenheimerâSnyder
442:ReissnerâNordström
334:Linearized gravity
282:Spacetime diagrams
185:Special relativity
118:
47:General relativity
4710:
4709:
4524:
4523:
4503:OzsvĂĄthâSchĂŒcking
4109:
4108:
4091:Minkowski diagram
4048:Thomas precession
3991:Relativistic mass
3854:
3853:
3647:Supermassive star
3637:Naked singularity
3632:Membrane paradigm
3358:Cosmic censorship
3332:Spaghettification
3320:Immirzi parameter
3273:Hawking radiation
3214:Astrophysical jet
3183:Supermassive star
3173:Binary black hole
3107:Stellar evolution
3049:Intermediate-mass
2805:978-0-393-31276-8
2781:978-0-553-80202-3
2757:978-0-7167-0344-0
2705:978-0-521-82951-9
2659:jila.colorado.edu
2477:Physical Review D
2385:(11): 2139â2168.
2240:978-0-511-80453-3
2204:978-0-2268-7033-5
1991:978-0-134-05906-8
1982:Pearson Education
1929:Chaisson, Eric J.
1741:Rindler, Wolfgang
1667:Hawking radiation
1657:Dynamical horizon
1586:-thick membrane.
1550:Hawking radiation
1542:Hawking radiation
1535:quantum mechanics
1514:spaghettification
1367:
1366:
1286:of the particle.
1228:spacetime diagram
1184:Spacetime diagram
1065:
972:comoving distance
882:apparent horizons
823:David Finkelstein
780:
779:
413:
412:
299:
298:
16:(Redirected from
4745:
4702:
4701:
4485:van Stockum dust
4257:Two-body problem
4175:Mach's principle
4122:
4121:
4063:Terrell rotation
3903:
3902:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3844:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3506:Sonic black hole
3455:Dark-energy star
3310:Bekenstein bound
3295:Mâsigma relation
3224:Ring singularity
3004:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2852:
2834:
2809:
2785:
2761:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2605:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2545:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2492:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2439:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2339:
2321:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2219:Peacock, John A.
2215:
2209:
2208:
2192:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2097:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2028:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1892:
1877:Nature Astronomy
1872:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1755:(6). : 662â677.
1737:
1721:
1698:
1677:Micro black hole
1621:
1616:
1615:
1501:apparent horizon
1440:causal structure
1360:
1349:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1311:non-accelerating
1282:is the constant
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1221:apparent horizon
1134:
1124:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1066:
1064:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1020:
1019:
980:particle horizon
894:Killing horizons
848:apparent horizon
792:Wolfgang Rindler
772:
765:
758:
745:
740:
739:
732:
728:
727:
512:van Stockum dust
497:RobertsonâWalker
323:
322:
213:
212:
127:
125:
124:
119:
117:
116:
104:
96:
95:
77:
76:
57:
43:
42:
21:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4692:
4520:
4424:BKL singularity
4414:LemaĂźtreâTolman
4389:
4385:Quantum gravity
4367:
4361:
4347:geodetic effect
4321:(together with
4291:LISA Pathfinder
4230:
4179:
4165:Penrose diagram
4147:
4141:
4116:
4105:
4101:Minkowski space
4067:
4011:
3995:
3943:
3937:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3855:
3850:
3822:
3798:ULAS J1342+0928
3758:SDSS J0849+1114
3743:Phoenix Cluster
3696:
3548:
3510:
3489:
3428:
3387:
3383:No-hair theorem
3336:
3290:Bondi accretion
3256:Penrose process
3202:
3168:Gamma-ray burst
3095:
3005:
2996:
2982:Direct collapse
2930:
2917:
2912:
2806:
2782:
2758:
2729:
2727:Further reading
2724:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2586:Narayan, Ramesh
2579:
2575:
2526:
2522:
2473:
2469:
2420:
2416:
2375:
2371:
2298:
2294:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2183:
2179:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1984:. p. 156.
1966:
1962:
1955:
1926:
1922:
1873:
1864:
1844:
1837:
1782:
1778:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1632:Acoustic metric
1617:
1610:
1607:
1591:quantum gravity
1530:
1478:proper distance
1457:
1432:accretion disks
1375:escape velocity
1361:
1350:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1299:
1279:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1194:, and an event
1177:
1171:
1163:a perfect fluid
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
970:is the largest
948:
942:
844:Stephen Hawking
815:escape velocity
776:
735:
722:
721:
714:
713:
537:
536:
527:
526:
482:LemaĂźtreâTolman
427:
426:
415:
414:
406:Quantum gravity
393:Advanced theory
320:
319:
318:
301:
300:
249:Geodetic effect
210:
209:
200:
199:
175:
174:
158:
128:
109:
105:
100:
88:
84:
69:
65:
63:
60:
59:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4611:Choquet-Bruhat
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4463:Axisymmetric:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4402:Cosmological:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4343:frame-dragging
4340:
4335:
4330:
4327:Einstein rings
4323:Einstein cross
4316:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4226:Ernst equation
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:BSSN formalism
4193:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Ladder paradox
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Speed of light
3953:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3838:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3818:Swift J1644+57
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:MS 0735.6+7421
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:Sagittarius A*
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3305:Thermodynamics
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3268:Accretion disk
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:BTZ black hole
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2810:
2804:
2790:Thorne, Kip S.
2786:
2780:
2762:
2756:
2738:Thorne, Kip S.
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2704:
2676:
2645:
2633:
2573:
2520:
2483:(12): 127502.
2467:
2414:
2369:
2292:
2255:Penrose, Roger
2246:
2239:
2210:
2203:
2177:
2152:
2137:
2068:
1997:
1990:
1970:Donahue, Megan
1960:
1954:978-0393306750
1953:
1920:
1862:
1835:
1776:
1743:(1956-12-01).
1731:
1729:
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1723:
1722:
1692:
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1684:
1679:
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1634:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:Physics portal
1606:
1603:
1529:
1526:
1456:
1453:
1379:speed of light
1365:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1298:
1295:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1232:speed of light
1170:
1167:
1129:
1117:
1110:
1104:speed of light
1088:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
997:
944:Main article:
941:
938:
937:
936:
926:
912:
901:photon spheres
897:
819:speed of light
778:
777:
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774:
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752:
749:
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689:
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385:Post-Newtonian
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336:
328:
327:
321:
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297:
296:
295:
294:
289:
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276:
275:
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
244:Frame-dragging
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Kepler problem
211:
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201:
198:
197:
192:
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176:
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159:
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140:
138:
130:
129:
115:
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108:
103:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
75:
72:
68:
58:
50:
49:
26:
18:Event horizons
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4705:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Chandrasekhar
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Schwarzschild
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:Schwarzschild
4439:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
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4400:
4398:
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4392:
4386:
4383:
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4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Shapiro delay
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:collaboration
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Event horizon
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:ADM formalism
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
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4166:
4163:
4161:
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4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Biquaternions
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Time dilation
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Proper length
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3934:
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3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3847:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Markarian 501
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:XTE J1118+480
3716:
3714:
3713:XTE J1650-500
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
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3655:
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3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
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3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
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3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3399:Schwarzschild
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Photon sphere
3239:
3237:
3236:Event horizon
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:Related links
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:Related links
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:Related links
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
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3102:
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3087:
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2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Schwarzschild
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
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2886:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:gr-qc/0407042
2828:
2824:
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2816:
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2801:
2797:
2796:
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2777:
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2759:
2753:
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2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2643:, p. 824
2642:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:Joshi, Pankaj
2577:
2569:
2565:
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2557:
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2524:
2516:
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2500:
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2478:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
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2433:
2429:
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2418:
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2373:
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2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
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2338:
2333:
2329:
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2319:gr-qc/0407042
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2287:
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2256:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:Ellis, G.F.R.
2156:
2150:, p. 848
2149:
2144:
2142:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
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2096:
2091:
2087:
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2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:Voit, G. Mark
1971:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1584:Planck length
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1120:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1000:
992:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
957:
952:
947:
934:
930:
927:
924:
920:
916:
913:
910:
909:Kerr solution
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
886:
885:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
788:event horizon
785:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
751:
750:
744:
734:
731:
726:
720:
719:
718:
717:
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:Chandrasekhar
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Schwarzschild
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
531:
530:
523:
522:HartleâThorne
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
437:
433:
432:Schwarzschild
430:
429:
425:
419:
418:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
392:
391:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:
366:
365:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
329:
325:
324:
314:
311:
310:
305:
304:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
274:
271:
270:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
254:Event horizon
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
215:
214:
204:
203:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
169:
168:
163:
160:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
139:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
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56:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4686:
4380:KaluzaâKlein
4246:
4132:Introduction
4058:Twin paradox
3748:PKS 1302-102
3622:Gravity well
3590:Compact star
3544:Microquasars
3529:Most massive
3433:Alternatives
3235:
3198:X-ray binary
3117:Neutron star
3054:Supermassive
3031:Hawking star
2972:Supermassive
2822:
2818:
2794:
2770:
2746:
2714:. Retrieved
2694:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2658:
2648:
2636:
2596:(1): 12â60.
2593:
2589:
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2533:
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2213:
2188:
2180:
2166:
2155:
2128:. Retrieved
2085:
2081:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2016:
2010:
2000:
1977:
1963:
1934:
1923:
1880:
1876:
1795:
1789:
1779:
1752:
1748:
1735:
1696:
1588:
1569:
1562:
1558:Unruh effect
1539:
1531:
1524:or greater.
1522:solar masses
1506:tidal forces
1498:
1474:
1458:
1444:teleological
1437:
1428:
1424:
1392:
1368:
1304:
1300:
1288:
1225:
1209:
1195:
1191:
1156:
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1099:
1096:scale factor
1091:
1089:
995:
993:
983:
975:
961:
921:relevant to
875:
864:
857:
799:John Michell
796:
787:
784:astrophysics
781:
707:
667:Raychaudhuri
253:
136:Introduction
40:
4728:Black holes
4469:KerrâNewman
4440:Spherical:
4309:Other tests
4252:Singularity
4184:Formulation
4146:Fundamental
4000:Formulation
3981:Proper time
3942:Fundamental
3738:Centaurus A
3692:Planet Nine
3595:Exotic star
3524:Black holes
3470:Planck star
3419:KerrâNewman
3134:White dwarf
3084:Radio-Quiet
3042:Microquasar
2915:Black holes
2747:Gravitation
2193:. Chicago:
2019:(12): 035.
1856:1401.5761v1
1706:world lines
1546:temperature
1449:proper time
1387:light cones
1213:light cones
1188:accelerated
905:ergospheres
835:information
682:van Stockum
612:Oppenheimer
467:KerrâNewman
259:Singularity
4717:Categories
4621:Zel'dovich
4529:Scientists
4508:Alcubierre
4315:of Mercury
4313:precession
4242:Black hole
4125:Background
4117:relativity
4086:World line
4081:Light cone
3906:Background
3898:relativity
3888:Relativity
3788:Q0906+6930
3778:Hercules A
3708:Cygnus X-1
3677:White hole
3652:Quasi-star
3605:Preon star
3600:Quark star
3585:Big Bounce
3445:Black star
3403:Derivation
3251:Ergosphere
3207:Properties
3188:Quasi-star
3178:Quark star
3089:Radio-Loud
2977:Primordial
2967:Kugelblitz
2716:2018-01-26
2543:2210.03750
2437:2112.06515
2130:3 December
2088:(2): 015.
2061:3 December
1943:. p.
1890:1808.01507
1728:References
1702:light cone
1470:world line
1466:light cone
1461:black hole
1338:black hole
1323:Black hole
1217:world line
1204:world line
1200:light cone
1190:particle,
1173:See also:
831:black hole
535:Scientists
367:Formalisms
315:Formalisms
264:Black hole
190:World line
4591:Robertson
4576:Friedmann
4571:Eddington
4561:de Sitter
4395:Solutions
4273:detectors
4268:astronomy
4235:Phenomena
4170:Geodesics
4073:Spacetime
4016:Phenomena
3813:AT2018hyz
3460:Gravastar
3450:Dark star
3283:Microlens
3156:Hypernova
3151:Micronova
3146:Supernova
3100:Formation
2859:2367-3613
2825:(1): 10.
2628:118592546
2603:1402.3055
2568:252781040
2515:119290638
2490:1407.7295
2462:245123647
2392:1107.1344
2312:(1): 10.
2271:(3): 57.
2120:119614479
2095:1302.2186
2051:119704554
2026:1302.1609
1915:119080734
1883:: 27â34.
1822:0261-0523
1771:0035-8711
1383:lightlike
1236:hyperbola
1144:radiation
1026:∫
964:cosmology
923:cosmology
797:In 1784,
627:Robertson
592:Friedmann
587:Eddington
577:Nordström
567:de Sitter
424:Solutions
349:Geodesics
344:Friedmann
326:Equations
312:Equations
273:Spacetime
208:Phenomena
114:ν
111:μ
102:κ
93:ν
90:μ
82:Λ
74:ν
71:μ
4704:Category
4581:LemaĂźtre
4546:Einstein
4536:Poincaré
4496:Others:
4480:TaubâNUT
4446:interior
4368:theories
4366:Advanced
4333:redshift
4148:concepts
3966:Rapidity
3944:concepts
3836:Category
3723:A0620-00
3682:Wormhole
3580:Big Bang
3480:Fuzzball
3363:ER = EPR
3229:Theorems
3027:Electron
3022:Extremal
2952:Rotating
2877:28163644
2792:(1994).
2768:(2001).
2744:(1973).
2710:Archived
2663:Archived
2364:16566181
2356:28163644
2257:(1965).
2221:(1999).
2164:(1975).
2124:Archived
2055:Archived
1976:(2014).
1931:(1990).
1605:See also
1595:M-theory
1494:freefall
1412:electron
1278:, where
1238:, which
929:Isolated
915:Particle
878:absolute
853:infinity
839:firewall
743:Category
607:LemaĂźtre
572:Reissner
557:Poincaré
542:Einstein
487:TaubâNUT
452:Wormhole
436:interior
149:Timeline
4646:Hawking
4641:Penrose
4626:Novikov
4606:Wheeler
4551:Hilbert
4541:Lorentz
4498:pp-wave
4319:lensing
4115:General
3896:Special
3846:Commons
3808:P172+18
3763:TON 618
3701:Notable
3553:Related
3539:Quasars
3534:Nearest
3494:Analogs
3424:Hayward
3392:Metrics
3037:Stellar
2962:Virtual
2957:Charged
2926:Outline
2868:5253930
2837:Bibcode
2669:28 June
2608:Bibcode
2548:Bibcode
2495:Bibcode
2442:Bibcode
2397:Bibcode
2347:5253930
2324:Bibcode
2273:Bibcode
2100:Bibcode
2084:. 015.
2031:Bibcode
1895:Bibcode
1800:Bibcode
1580:strings
1490:G-force
1484:), the
1102:is the
1094:is the
907:of the
662:Hawking
657:Penrose
632:Bardeen
622:Wheeler
552:Hilbert
547:Lorentz
507:pp-wave
144:History
4687:others
4676:Thorne
4666:Misner
4651:Taylor
4636:Geroch
4631:Ehlers
4601:Zwicky
4419:Kasner
3783:3C 273
3773:NeVe 1
3753:OJ 287
3475:Q star
3341:Issues
3074:Blazar
3064:Quasar
2875:
2865:
2857:
2802:
2778:
2754:
2702:
2626:
2566:
2513:
2460:
2362:
2354:
2344:
2237:
2201:
2118:
2049:
1988:
1951:
1913:
1830:106576
1828:
1820:
1769:
1142:or by
1140:matter
1106:, and
890:Cauchy
741:
708:others
702:Thorne
692:Newman
672:Taylor
652:Ehlers
637:Walker
602:Zwicky
477:Kasner
4681:Weiss
4661:Bondi
4656:Hulse
4586:Milne
4490:discs
4434:Milne
4429:Gödel
4286:Virgo
3516:Lists
3017:Micro
2987:Rogue
2935:Types
2827:arXiv
2624:S2CID
2598:arXiv
2564:S2CID
2538:arXiv
2511:S2CID
2485:arXiv
2458:S2CID
2432:arXiv
2387:arXiv
2360:S2CID
2314:arXiv
2116:S2CID
2090:arXiv
2047:S2CID
2021:arXiv
1911:S2CID
1885:arXiv
1851:arXiv
1826:JSTOR
1688:Notes
1408:Earth
825:used
803:light
786:, an
677:Hulse
617:Gödel
597:Milne
492:Milne
457:Gödel
154:Tests
4616:Kerr
4566:Weyl
4465:Kerr
4325:and
4279:and
4277:LIGO
3485:Geon
3409:Kerr
3010:Size
2873:PMID
2855:ISSN
2800:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2700:ISBN
2671:2020
2352:PMID
2235:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2132:2013
2086:2013
2063:2013
2017:2012
1986:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1818:ISSN
1767:ISSN
1414:and
1159:FLRW
984:past
954:The
931:and
917:and
903:and
899:The
892:and
888:The
880:and
837:and
687:Taub
642:Kerr
582:Weyl
462:Kerr
380:BSSN
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4671:Yau
4296:GEO
3079:OVV
3069:LQG
2863:PMC
2845:doi
2616:doi
2594:759
2556:doi
2503:doi
2450:doi
2405:doi
2342:PMC
2332:doi
2281:doi
2227:doi
2108:doi
2039:doi
1945:213
1903:doi
1808:doi
1757:doi
1753:116
1404:Sun
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