8134:
7047:
474:, not all but the first few of the infinite set of parameters in a nonrenormalizable theory are suppressed by huge energy scales and hence can be neglected when computing low-energy effects. Thus, at least in the low-energy regime, the model is a predictive quantum field theory. Furthermore, many theorists argue that the Standard Model should be regarded as an effective field theory itself, with "nonrenormalizable" interactions suppressed by large energy scales and whose effects have consequently not been observed experimentally.
20:
5369:
8146:
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234:
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524:
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420:(counterterm coefficients) needed to define the theory. For a given choice of those parameters, one could make sense of the theory, but since it is impossible to conduct infinite experiments to fix the values of every parameter, it has been argued that one does not, in perturbation theory, have a meaningful physical theory. At low energies, the logic of the
567:, and that "condensation" of certain vibration modes of strings is equivalent to a modification of the original background. In this sense, string perturbation theory exhibits exactly the features one would expect of a perturbation theory that may exhibit a strong dependence on asymptotics (as seen, for example, in the
627:, in which particles exist in certain accelerating frames but not in stationary ones, do not pose any difficulty when considered on a curved background (the Unruh effect occurs even in flat Minkowskian backgrounds). The vacuum state is the state with the least energy (and may or may not contain particles).
666:
There are a number of proposed quantum gravity theories. Currently, there is still no complete and consistent quantum theory of gravity, and the candidate models still need to overcome major formal and conceptual problems. They also face the common problem that, as yet, there is no way to put quantum
192:
approaches have been suggested as a testing tool for quantum gravity theories. In the field of quantum gravity there are several open questions â e.g., it is not known how spin of elementary particles sources gravity, and thought experiments could provide a pathway to explore possible resolutions to
510:
On the other hand, quantum mechanics has depended since its inception on a fixed background (non-dynamic) structure. In the case of quantum mechanics, it is time that is given and not dynamic, just as in
Newtonian classical mechanics. In relativistic quantum field theory, just as in classical field
347:
of the electromagnetic interaction. Under mild assumptions, the structure of general relativity requires them to follow the quantum mechanical description of interacting theoretical spin-2 massless particles. Many of the accepted notions of a unified theory of physics since the 1970s assume, and to
783:
representing the energy of each frequency of the field has a discrete spectrum. Thus the energy of each frequency is quantized, and the quanta are the photons. In the case of gravity, the operators representing the area and the volume of each surface or space region likewise have discrete spectra.
619:
Quantum field theory on curved (non-Minkowskian) backgrounds, while not a full quantum theory of gravity, has shown many promising early results. In an analogous way to the development of quantum electrodynamics in the early part of the 20th century (when physicists considered quantum mechanics in
981:
As was emphasized above, quantum gravitational effects are extremely weak and therefore difficult to test. For this reason, the possibility of experimentally testing quantum gravity had not received much attention prior to the late 1990s. However, in the past decade, physicists have realized that
596:
provided an example of background-independent quantum theory, but with no local degrees of freedom, and only finitely many degrees of freedom globally. This is inadequate to describe gravity in 3+1 dimensions, which has local degrees of freedom according to general relativity. In 2+1 dimensions,
775:
Loop quantum gravity seriously considers general relativity's insight that spacetime is a dynamical field and is therefore a quantum object. Its second idea is that the quantum discreteness that determines the particle-like behavior of other field theories (for instance, the photons of the
503:; the spacetime geometry is dynamic. While simple to grasp in principle, this is a complex idea to understand about general relativity, and its consequences are profound and not fully explored, even at the classical level. To a certain extent, general relativity can be seen to be a
784:
Thus area and volume of any portion of space are also quantized, where the quanta are elementary quanta of space. It follows, then, that spacetime has an elementary quantum granular structure at the Planck scale, which cuts off the ultraviolet infinities of quantum field theory.
481:, one can actually make legitimate predictions for quantum gravity, at least for low-energy phenomena. An example is the well-known calculation of the tiny first-order quantum-mechanical correction to the classical Newtonian gravitational potential between two masses.
258:. No theory has yet proven successful in describing the general situation where the dynamics of matter, modeled with quantum mechanics, affect the curvature of spacetime. If one attempts to treat gravity as simply another quantum field, the resulting theory is not
123:
are among the current unsolved mysteries regarding gravity, all of which signal the collapse of the general theory of relativity at different scales and highlight the need for a gravitational theory that goes into the quantum realm. At distances close to the
424:
tells us that, despite the unknown choices of these infinitely many parameters, quantum gravity will reduce to the usual
Einstein theory of general relativity. On the other hand, if we could probe very high energies where quantum effects take over, then
163:. Some of the approaches, such as loop quantum gravity, make no such attempt; instead, they make an effort to quantize the gravitational field while it is kept separate from the other forces. Other lesser-known but no less important theories include
641:
A conceptual difficulty in combining quantum mechanics with general relativity arises from the contrasting role of time within these two frameworks. In quantum theories, time acts as an independent background through which states evolve, with the
701:
in quantum field theory with a quantum theory of one-dimensional extended objects: string theory. At the energies reached in current experiments, these strings are indistinguishable from point-like particles, but, crucially, different
4298:
The IceCube
Collaboration; Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Alameddine, J. M.; Alispach, C.; Alves Jr, A. A.; Amin, N. M.; Andeen, K.; Anderson, T.; Anton, G.; ArgĂŒelles, C. (2022-11-01).
745:, which would constitute a uniquely defined and consistent theory of quantum gravity. As presently understood, however, string theory admits a very large number (10 by some estimates) of consistent vacua, comprising the so-called "
103:, which incorporates his theory of special relativity and deeply modifies the understanding of concepts like time and space. Although general relativity is highly regarded for its elegance and accuracy, it has limitations: the
846:
There are a number of other approaches to quantum gravity. The theories differ depending on which features of general relativity and quantum theory are accepted unchanged, and which features are modified. Examples include:
1134:
Quantum effects in the early universe might have an observable effect on the structure of the present universe, for example, or gravity might play a role in the unification of the other forces. Cf. the text by Wald cited
196:
In the early 21st century, new experiment designs and technologies have arisen which suggest that indirect approaches to testing quantum gravity may be feasible over the next few decades. This field of study is called
554:
can be seen as a generalization of quantum field theory where instead of point particles, string-like objects propagate in a fixed spacetime background, although the interactions among closed strings give rise to
241:
Much of the difficulty in meshing these theories at all energy scales comes from the different assumptions that these theories make on how the universe works. General relativity models gravity as curvature of
1019:
satellite measured polarization of photons of different wavelengths and was able to place a limit in the granularity of space that is less than 10 m, or 13 orders of magnitude below the Planck scale.
803:
to derive naturally from a non-perturbative quantization of general relativity. Spin networks do not represent quantum states of a field in spacetime: they represent directly quantum states of spacetime.
779:
The main result of loop quantum gravity is the derivation of a granular structure of space at the Planck length. This is derived from the following considerations: In the case of electromagnetism, the
1035:
in the early universe. Had the signal in fact been primordial in origin, it could have been an indication of quantum gravitational effects, but it soon transpired that the polarization was due to
432:
It is conceivable that, in the correct theory of quantum gravity, the infinitely many unknown parameters will reduce to a finite number that can then be measured. One possibility is that normal
3777:
Bose, Sougato; Mazumdar, Anupam; Morley, Gavin W.; Ulbricht, Hendrik; ToroĆĄ, Marko; Paternostro, Mauro; Geraci, Andrew A.; Barker, Peter F.; Kim, M. S.; Milburn, Gerard (2017-12-13).
667:
gravity predictions to experimental tests, although there is hope for this to change as future data from cosmological observations and particle physics experiments become available.
356:. While gravitons are an important theoretical step in a quantum mechanical description of gravity, they are generally believed to be undetectable because they interact too weakly.
178:
One of the difficulties of formulating a quantum gravity theory is that direct observation of quantum gravitational effects is thought to only appear at length scales near the
4389:
1344:
266:, developing quantum field theory becomes more mathematically challenging, and many ideas physicists use in quantum field theory on flat spacetime are no longer applicable.
269:
It is widely hoped that a theory of quantum gravity would allow us to understand problems of very high energy and very small dimensions of space, such as the behavior of
838:
formulation of the theory, the quantum dynamics is obtained via a sum over discrete versions of spacetime, called spinfoams. These represent histories of spin networks.
452:. Another possibility is that there are new, undiscovered symmetry principles that constrain the parameters and reduce them to a finite set. This is the route taken by
5571:
6601:
726:
of gravity; however, the price of this success is unusual features such as six extra dimensions of space in addition to the usual three for space and one for time.
139:
The field of quantum gravity is actively developing, and theorists are exploring a variety of approaches to the problem of quantum gravity, the most popular being
136:
and the observed values (which, depending on considerations, can be of 60 or 120 orders of magnitude) highlight the necessity for a quantum theory of gravity.
1222:"Black Holes May Hide a Mind-Bending Secret About Our Universe - Take gravity, add quantum mechanics, stir. What do you get? Just maybe, a holographic cosmos"
1680:
1571:
Marletto, C.; Vedral, V. (2017). "Gravitationally
Induced Entanglement between Two Massive Particles is Sufficient Evidence of Quantum Effects in Gravity".
1231:
304:.) However, in quantum gravity, the metric is dynamical, so that whether two points are spacelike separated depends on the state. In fact, they can be in a
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classical electromagnetic fields), the consideration of quantum field theory on a curved background has led to predictions such as black hole radiation.
7352:
3738:
5406:
250:, "Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve." On the other hand, quantum field theory is typically formulated in the
3908:
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658:, it removes any possibility of employing a fixed notion of time, similar to the conception of time in quantum theory, at the macroscopic level.
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Cosmology and
Gravitation: Xth Brazilian School of Cosmology and Gravitation; 25th Anniversary (1977â2002), Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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evidence for quantum gravitational effects can guide the development of the theory. Since theoretical development has been slow, the field of
7553:
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2421:
4087:"Quantum principle of sensing gravitational waves: From the zero-point fluctuations to the cosmological stochastic background of spacetime"
3522:
730:
182:, around 10 meters, a scale far smaller, and hence only accessible with far higher energies, than those currently available in high energy
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which relates directly with matter and moreover requires the
Hamiltonian constraint to vanish. Because this variability of time has been
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6883:
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1734:
Carney, Daniel; Stamp, Philip C. E.; Taylor, Jacob M. (7 February 2019). "Tabletop experiments for quantum gravity: a user's manual".
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The most widely pursued possibilities for quantum gravity phenomenology include gravitationally mediated entanglement, violations of
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819:. In the quantum theory, space is represented by a network structure called a spin network, evolving over time in discrete steps.
8088:
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6012:
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5685:
186:. Therefore, physicists lack experimental data which could distinguish between the competing theories which have been proposed.
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however, gravity is a topological field theory, and it has been successfully quantized in several different ways, including
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4636:
851:
449:
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227:
224:
force and remain correct at microscopic length scales? What verifiable predictions does any theory of quantum gravity make?
2445:
Donoghue, John F. (1995). "Introduction to the
Effective Field Theory Description of Gravity". In Cornet, Fernando (ed.).
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5816:
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3855:"Gravitationally Induced Entanglement between Two Massive Particles is Sufficient Evidence of Quantum Effects in Gravity"
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of spacetime are expected to play an important role. Finally, the discrepancies between the predicted value for the
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leads researchers to believe that at least one must exist for gravity. This hypothetical particle is known as the
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1257:. International series of monographs on physics (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1â4.
866:
507:, in which the only physically relevant information is the relationship between different events in spacetime.
164:
95:
as the only interaction that has not been fully accommodated. The current understanding of gravity is based on
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382:. One might expect that, as with electromagnetism, the gravitational force should also have a corresponding
159:, try to develop a framework that describes all fundamental forces. Such a theory is often referred to as a
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393:. For a quantum field theory to be well defined according to this understanding of the subject, it must be
100:
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of the infinitely many unknown parameters would begin to matter, and we could make no predictions at all.
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of all particles and interactions. The theory is successful in that one mode will always correspond to a
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A.P. Klimets. (2023). Quantum
Gravity. Current Research in Statistics & Mathematics, 2(1), 141-155.
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11th Marcel
Grossmann Meeting on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity
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A fundamental lesson of general relativity is that there is no fixed spacetime background, as found in
787:
The quantum state of spacetime is described in the theory by means of a mathematical structure called
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these parameters are the charge and mass of the electron, as measured at a particular energy scale.
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of oscillation of one and the same type of fundamental string appear as particles with different (
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The dynamics of the theory is today constructed in several versions. One version starts with the
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406:
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891:
827:
456:, where all of the excitations of the string essentially manifest themselves as new symmetries.
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Goroff, Marc H.; Sagnotti, Augusto; Sagnotti, Augusto (1985). "Quantum gravity at two loops".
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Searching for
Decoherence from Quantum Gravity at the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory
2660:(2007). "Loop Quantum Gravity: Four Recent Advances and a Dozen Frequently Asked Questions".
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305:
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4412:"Constraints on Lorentz Invariance Violation using integral/IBIS observations of GRB041219A"
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2009:
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into a single mathematical framework. However, many approaches to quantum gravity, such as
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8:
8023:
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4243:"A Planck-scale limit on spacetime fuzziness and stochastic Lorentz invariance violation"
1104:
986:, which studies the possibility of experimental tests, has obtained increased attention.
733:, it was conjectured that both string theory and a unification of general relativity and
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and not of quantum gravity, it was soon discovered that the string spectrum contains the
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41:
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is not a reliable guide to the renormalizability of the theory, and that there really
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2057:
2017:
1977:
1955:
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88:
80:
6828:
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Laurent, P.; Götz, D.; Binétruy, P.; Covino, S.; Fernandez-Soto, A. (2011-06-28).
193:
these questions, even in the absence of lab experiments or physical observations.
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3207:
2957:
2953:
2795:
2597:
2409:
2151:
2000:
1960:
1340:
1002:
998:
997:(in particular its polarization), and decoherence induced by fluctuations in the
636:
365:
259:
237:
Diagram showing the place of quantum gravity in the hierarchy of physics theories
96:
6626:
3582:. Philosophy Documentation Center, Western University â Canada. pp. 25â32.
3398:
3110:
1822:
8150:
8138:
8028:
7997:
7987:
7609:
7599:
7433:
7242:
6941:
6868:
6540:
6524:
6520:
6423:
6393:
6250:
6153:
5903:
5313:
4632:
4445:
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4198:
4120:
4042:
3964:
3313:
3132:
3084:
2687:
2657:
2075:
2035:
1995:
1765:
1508:
Bose, S.; et al. (2017). "Spin Entanglement Witness for Quantum Gravity".
1309:
1217:
964:
945:
940:
816:
812:
698:
536:
441:
340:
172:
4728:
4616:
4497:
4301:"Search for quantum gravity using astrophysical neutrino flavour with IceCube"
3062:
2289:
2061:
1397:
1202:
1175:
19:
8160:
7947:
7800:
7691:
7525:
7495:
7448:
7212:
7171:
6858:
6838:
6833:
6748:
6616:
6444:
6388:
6220:
6173:
5840:
5509:
5288:
5198:
4853:
4754:
4552:
4530:
4453:
4368:
4364:
4342:
4297:
4276:
3517:
3485:
3239:
3158:
2624:
2518:
2240:
2155:
2093:
1916:
1473:
1171:
1145:
796:
792:
749:". Sorting through this large family of solutions remains a major challenge.
734:
676:
551:
453:
448:
quantum field theory, finding a reliable answer is difficult, pursued in the
405:
parameters, which could, in principle, be set by experiment. For example, in
156:
133:
125:
57:
4925:
3692:(1987). "Quantum cosmology". In Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner (eds.).
3576:
2021:
1981:
7830:
7443:
7438:
7194:
7125:
7034:
6992:
6982:
6878:
6798:
6763:
6293:
6255:
5798:
5607:
5216:
5123:
5030:
5025:
5020:
4995:
4814:
4665:
4085:
Quiñones, D. A.; Oniga, T.; Varcoe, B. T. H.; Wang, C. H.-T. (2017-08-15).
3896:
3820:
3675:
3299:
3118:
2326:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. xxxviâxxxviii, 211â212.
1787:
Danielson, Daine L.; Satishchandran, Gautam; Wald, Robert M. (2022-04-05).
1657:
1612:
1549:
1180:
1099:
1094:
959:
788:
768:
738:
697:
The central idea of string theory is to replace the classical concept of a
624:
598:
179:
5384:
4583:
Ahluwalia, D. V. (2002). "Interface of Gravitational and Quantum Realms".
4537:. Vol. l (25th Anniversary ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr.
3166:
1144:
On the quantization of the geometry of spacetime, see also in the article
7868:
7108:
7002:
6970:
6965:
6662:
6631:
6178:
5767:
5283:
3656:
2772:
2542:
1884:
1789:"Gravitationally mediated entanglement: Newtonian field versus gravitons"
1292:
1036:
879:
703:
559:
in a dynamic way. Although string theory had its origins in the study of
540:
221:
116:
112:
53:
24:
4928:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Gribbin, Lee Smolin and Janna Levin (
4657:
3280:
1411:
Lea, Rob (2021). "A new generation takes on the cosmological constant".
1278:
Mannheim, Philip (2006). "Alternatives to dark matter and dark energy".
807:
The theory is based on the reformulation of general relativity known as
6873:
6439:
6283:
6278:
5981:
5348:
5133:
5068:
4990:
3553:
3190:
3045:
3003:
2893:
2755:
2532:
2129:
1487:
Rovelli, Carlo (2001). "Notes for a brief history of quantum gravity".
1450:
The road to reality : a complete guide to the laws of the universe
950:
800:
556:
528:
270:
108:
8145:
4797:
4684:
4599:
4267:
4242:
4009:"Quantum coherence, radiance, and resistance of gravitational systems"
3638:
3536:
3468:
3381:
3332:
3262:
2877:
Ibanez, L. E. (2000). "The second string (phenomenology) revolution".
2793:
An accessible introduction at the undergraduate level can be found in
2633:
2459:
2272:
2213:
2112:
1932:
Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime and Black Hole Thermodynamics
1493:
147:. All of these approaches aim to describe the quantum behavior of the
7722:
7418:
6270:
5986:
5968:
5772:
5749:
5303:
5171:
5083:
5055:
4718:
4207:
4129:
4051:
3973:
2561:
Pages 220â226 are annotated references and guide for further reading.
262:. Even in the simpler case where the curvature of spacetime is fixed
243:
216:
How can the theory of quantum mechanics be merged with the theory of
7330:
3462:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 434. Springer. pp. 1â21.
811:, which represent geometric gravity using mathematical analogues of
7287:
6813:
6163:
6043:
5853:
5846:
5211:
5010:
4915:
4911:
4317:
4240:
4181:
4103:
4025:
3947:
3871:
3795:
1805:
1748:
1648:
1587:
1524:
1016:
1006:
835:
742:
719:
707:
564:
322:
274:
208:
140:
61:
60:, as well as in the early stages of the universe moments after the
4935:
4428:
2670:
1380:
233:
6960:
6910:
5415:
4558:
The road to reality: a complete guide to the laws of the universe
3180:
Thiemann, Thomas (2007). "Loop Quantum Gravity: An Inside View".
2739:
Schwarz, John H. (2007). "String Theory: Progress and Problems".
1054:
1028:
1009:, placing limits on phenomenological quantum gravity parameters.
568:
523:
289:
92:
49:
3743:
Classical and Quantum Gravity: Theory, Analysis and Applications
650:
of quantum states through time. In contrast, general relativity
6493:
834:, which can be defined within the theory. In the covariant, or
763:
459:
344:
52:
nor quantum effects can be ignored, such as in the vicinity of
4165:"Spacetime foam induced collective bundling of intense fields"
3577:"Philosophy Documentation Center, Western University â Canada"
741:
form part of a hypothesized eleven-dimensional model known as
44:
that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of
6054:
5635:
3371:
Thiemann, Thomas (2003). "Lectures on Loop Quantum Gravity".
3184:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 721. pp. 185â263.
3135:(1987). "New Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity".
1627:
681:
285:
3520:(1997). "Forks in the Road, on the Way to Quantum Gravity".
3375:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 631. pp. 41â135.
776:
electromagnetic field) also affects the structure of space.
348:
some degree depend upon, the existence of the graviton. The
6474:
4363:
Abbasi, R. and others, IceCube Collaboration (June 2023). "
3620:"Discrete Approaches to Quantum Gravity in Four Dimensions"
3087:(1986). "New variables for classical and quantum gravity".
3029:(1996). "M-Theory (the Theory Formerly Known as Strings)".
2825:
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1786:
311:
3776:
2199:(2006). "Gauge/gravity duality". In Oriti, Daniele (ed.).
1001:. The latter scenario has been searched for in light from
4409:
1333:"Black Hole Singularities Are as Inescapable as Expected"
1012:
2937:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGreenSchwarzWitten1987 (
2627:(2000). "Notes for a brief history of quantum gravity".
2349:
Quantum Gravitation â The Feynman Path Integral Approach
2038:(1957). "Einstein's and Other Theories of Gravitation".
4720:
Quantum gravitation: the Feynman path integral approach
4084:
3931:"Quantum gravitational decoherence of light and matter"
2989:
Townsend, Paul K. (1996). "Four Lectures on M-Theory".
1857:
Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics
412:
On the other hand, in quantizing gravity there are, in
2931:
For the graviton as part of the string spectrum, e.g.
2596:
Novello, Mario; Bergliaffa, Santiago E. (2003-06-11).
2371:
1633:
8122:
2602:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 95.
1366:
Bousso, Raphael (2008). "The cosmological constant".
1027:
detected what was initially thought to be primordial
2964:
The Quantum Theory of Fields II: Modern Applications
2850:
String Theory Vol. II: Superstring Theory and Beyond
4832:
Quantum Gravity: From Theory to Experimental Search
3312:
993:, imprints of quantum gravitational effects in the
4521:
4163:Oniga, Teodora; Wang, Charles H.-T. (2016-09-19).
4007:Oniga, Teodora; Wang, Charles H.-T. (2017-10-05).
3929:Oniga, Teodora; Wang, Charles H.-T. (2016-02-09).
2961:
2932:
2194:
578:
484:
401:. The theory must be characterized by a choice of
359:
56:or similar compact astrophysical objects, such as
2595:
2571:Sakurai, J. J.; Napolitano, Jim J. (2010-07-14).
2570:
2096:(1970). "Self-Interaction and Gauge Invariance".
1733:
604:
8158:
4717:Hamber, H. W. (2009). Hamber, Herbert W. (ed.).
3696:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 631â651.
1681:"What Quantum Gravity Needs Is More Experiments"
308:of being spacelike and not spacelike separated.
71:of nature are described within the framework of
4479:
3779:"Spin Entanglement Witness for Quantum Gravity"
7077:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
5709:Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories
4668:(2001). "Quantum Gravity: a Progress Report".
3852:
2150:
1570:
1166:
1164:
714:. In this way, string theory promises to be a
128:, like those near the center of a black hole,
48:. It deals with environments in which neither
7346:
6926:
6070:
5400:
4951:
4561:(8. printing ed.). New York, NY: Knopf.
4382:"Integral challenges physics beyond Einstein"
3721:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPenrose2004 (
2253:
1948:
791:. Spin networks were initially introduced by
693:the extra dimensions posited by string theory
352:places some constraints on theories in which
4881:
3736:
3523:International Journal of Theoretical Physics
3460:Canonical Gravity: From Classical to Quantum
1998:(1954). "Gravitation and Electromagnetism".
1678:
460:Quantum gravity as an effective field theory
16:Description of gravity using discrete values
5414:
2844:
2497:Phase transitions and renormalization group
2491:
1210:
1161:
826:of general relativity. The analogue of the
210:
7353:
7339:
6933:
6919:
6077:
6063:
5407:
5393:
4958:
4944:
4829:
2943:; for the extra dimensions, ibid sec. 4.2.
2819:
2742:Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement
4796:
4683:
4598:
4582:
4427:
4316:
4266:
4206:
4180:
4162:
4128:
4102:
4050:
4024:
4006:
3972:
3946:
3928:
3870:
3794:
3739:"Experimental Search for Quantum Gravity"
3665:
3655:
3637:
3535:
3467:
3380:
3331:
3289:
3279:
3261:
3189:
3044:
3032:International Journal of Modern Physics A
3002:
2892:
2754:
2669:
2632:
2458:
2271:
2212:
2111:
2086:
2080:Recent Developments in General Relativity
2078:(1962). "Quantum Theory of Gravitation".
2068:
2028:
1988:
1954:
1923:
1804:
1747:
1703:
1647:
1586:
1523:
1492:
1379:
1291:
1201:
586:is the fruit of an effort to formulate a
444:for gravity. Since this is a question of
4631:
3370:
3179:
3131:
3083:
2988:
2952:
2794:
2656:
2622:A timeline and overview can be found in
2444:
2158:(1980). "Limits on massless particles".
1727:
1679:Hossenfelder, Sabine (2 February 2017).
1672:
1280:Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
1277:
771:of the type used in loop quantum gravity
762:
680:
611:Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
571:correspondence) which is a weak form of
522:
312:Quantum mechanics and general relativity
282:quantum field theory in curved spacetime
232:
18:
6013:Gravitational interaction of antimatter
4852:
4551:
3853:Marletto, C.; Vedral, V. (2017-12-13).
3717:
3688:
3574:
3429:
3238:
2738:
2623:
2408:
2321:
2254:Rothman, Tony; Boughn, Stephen (2006).
1854:
1711:Experimental search for quantum gravity
1486:
1445:
1216:
1170:
1005:and both astrophysical and atmospheric
752:
648:generator of infinitesimal translations
515:is the fixed background of the theory.
8159:
4780:
4761:
4716:
4664:
3516:
2993:. ICTP Series in Theoretical Physics.
2876:
2531:
2346:
1365:
1252:
418:infinitely many independent parameters
331:except gravity have one or more known
7360:
7334:
6914:
6058:
6018:Physics in the medieval Islamic world
5941:(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity
5437:Newton's law of universal gravitation
5388:
4939:
4637:"The winding road to quantum gravity"
4485:
3454:
2440:
2438:
2092:
2074:
2034:
1994:
1330:
1234:from the original on 16 November 2022
976:
795:in abstract form, and later shown by
661:
477:By treating general relativity as an
153:unifying all fundamental interactions
151:, which does not necessarily include
7313:
5763:Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity
3617:
3025:
1929:
1507:
852:Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity
527:Interaction in the subatomic world:
370:Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity
354:the graviton is a composite particle
6649:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff equation
6602:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker
4965:
4893:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4535:Superstring theory. 1: Introduction
2575:(2 ed.). Pearson. p. 68.
2082:. Pergamon Press. pp. 251â258.
1883:
1410:
1080:List of quantum gravity researchers
652:treats time as a dynamical variable
389:However, gravity is perturbatively
228:(more unsolved problems in physics)
13:
6940:
5515:GibbonsâHawkingâYork boundary term
4882:Weinstein, Steven; Rickles, Dean.
4576:
2435:
2099:General Relativity and Gravitation
1890:Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell
1877:
1368:General Relativity and Gravitation
1347:from the original on 14 April 2020
670:
630:
14:
8193:
8177:Physics beyond the Standard Model
6419:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein equation
5630:Modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND
5546:Classical theories of gravitation
5373:Template:Quantum mechanics topics
4875:
3182:Approaches to Fundamental Physics
2991:High Energy Physics and Cosmology
2818:, and more complete overviews in
841:
8144:
8132:
8107:
8106:
7312:
7301:
7300:
7045:
6897:
6896:
5368:
5367:
5089:Topological quantum field theory
2933:Green, Schwarz & Witten 1987
1855:Wheeler, John Archibald (2010).
1331:Nadis, Steve (2 December 2019).
984:phenomenological quantum gravity
594:Topological quantum field theory
518:
199:phenomenological quantum gravity
5452:History of gravitational theory
5074:Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity
4830:LĂ€mmerzahl, Claus, ed. (2003).
4468:from the original on 2023-01-22
4403:
4392:from the original on 2021-11-13
4374:
4357:
4291:
4234:
4223:from the original on 2023-01-22
4156:
4145:from the original on 2023-01-22
4078:
4067:from the original on 2023-01-22
4000:
3989:from the original on 2023-01-22
3922:
3911:from the original on 2023-01-22
3846:
3835:from the original on 2023-01-22
3770:
3730:
3710:
3682:
3611:
3600:
3589:from the original on 2019-07-01
3568:
3510:
3448:
3423:
3364:
3306:
3232:
3173:
3125:
3077:
3019:
2982:
2946:
2925:
2870:
2800:A First Course in String Theory
2787:
2732:
2650:
2616:
2589:
2564:
2525:
2485:
2424:from the original on 2019-02-11
2402:
2365:
2340:
2324:Feynman Lectures on Gravitation
2315:
2304:from the original on 2020-08-06
2247:
2188:
2144:
1934:. University of Chicago Press.
1848:
1837:from the original on 2023-01-22
1780:
1564:
1501:
1138:
1128:
579:Background independent theories
485:Spacetime background dependence
360:Nonrenormalizability of gravity
300:. (This is a way of imposing a
280:One major obstacle is that for
8056:Relativistic quantum mechanics
7228:Causal dynamical triangulation
6226:Massâenergy equivalence (E=mc)
6084:
5758:Causal dynamical triangulation
5447:Poisson's equation for gravity
5279:Causal dynamical triangulation
5147:Black hole information paradox
4901:"Planck Era" and "Planck Time"
4860:. Cambridge University Press.
4737:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-471D-A
4671:Reports on Progress in Physics
3889:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.240402
3813:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.240401
3434:. Cambridge University Press.
2968:. Cambridge University Press.
2538:Three Roads to Quantum Gravity
1605:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.240402
1542:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.240401
1480:
1439:
1404:
1359:
1324:
1271:
1246:
867:Causal dynamical triangulation
605:Semi-classical quantum gravity
165:Causal dynamical triangulation
1:
8034:Quantum statistical mechanics
7811:Quantum differential calculus
7733:Delayed-choice quantum eraser
7516:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
7067:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
5245:Wheeler–DeWitt equation
3741:. In Frignanni, V. R. (ed.).
3737:Hossenfelder, Sabine (2011).
3319:Classical and Quantum Gravity
2880:Classical and Quantum Gravity
2201:Approaches to Quantum Gravity
1736:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1155:
731:second superstring revolution
5167:Cosmic censorship hypothesis
4986:BatalinâVilkovisky formalism
3625:Living Reviews in Relativity
3249:Living Reviews in Relativity
3208:10.1007/978-3-540-71117-9_10
2396:10.1016/0370-2693(85)91470-4
2322:Feynman, Richard P. (1995).
2256:"Can Gravitons be Detected?"
2182:10.1016/0370-2693(80)90212-9
1085:Orders of magnitude (length)
111:, the ad hoc postulation of
101:general theory of relativity
7:
7836:Quantum stochastic calculus
7826:Quantum measurement problem
7748:MachâZehnder interferometer
6241:Relativistic Doppler effect
5620:Infinite derivative gravity
4766:. Oxford University Press.
3399:10.1007/978-3-540-45230-0_3
3350:10.1088/0264-9381/21/15/R01
3111:10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2244
1823:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.086001
1042:
995:cosmic microwave background
339:. These particles act as a
316:
211:Unsolved problem in physics
204:
105:gravitational singularities
81:electromagnetic interaction
10:
8198:
6712:In computational physics:
6236:Relativity of simultaneity
5808:Unified-field-theoric and
5263:Hartle–Hawking state
5162:Bousso's holographic bound
5142:Black hole complementarity
4702:10.1088/0034-4885/64/8/301
4515:
4446:10.1103/PhysRevD.83.121301
4335:10.1038/s41567-022-01762-1
4199:10.1103/PhysRevD.94.061501
4121:10.1103/PhysRevD.96.044018
4043:10.1103/PhysRevD.96.084014
3965:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.044027
2911:10.1088/0264-9381/17/5/321
2854:Cambridge University Press
2829:Cambridge University Press
2804:Cambridge University Press
2688:10.1142/9789812834300_0008
2205:Cambridge University Press
1895:Princeton University Press
1861:W. W. Norton & Company
1433:10.1088/2058-7058/34/03/32
1310:10.1016/j.ppnp.2005.08.001
756:
674:
634:
608:
488:
463:
363:
320:
298:spacelike separated points
8102:
8064:
8016:
7896:Quantum complexity theory
7874:Quantum cellular automata
7849:
7781:
7715:
7628:
7592:
7579:Path integral formulation
7546:
7411:
7368:
7296:
7255:
7233:Canonical quantum gravity
7203:
7170:
7139:
7096:
7085:
7054:
7043:
6948:
6894:
6726:
6591:
6563:
6549:LenseâThirring precession
6432:
6381:
6343:
6322:
6311:
6269:
6213:
6197:
6139:
6131:Doubly special relativity
6103:
6092:
6031:
5963:
5951:JackiwâTeitelboim gravity
5921:
5807:
5786:
5730:Canonical quantum gravity
5725:Euclidean quantum gravity
5717:
5564:
5538:
5527:
5460:
5429:
5422:
5359:
5326:
5271:
5255:Euclidean quantum gravity
5253:
5232:Canonical quantum gravity
5230:
5197:
5190:
5182:Gravitational singularity
5152:Black-hole thermodynamics
5132:
5097:
5054:
5036:RyuâTakayanagi conjecture
4973:
4729:10.1007/978-3-540-85293-3
4617:10.1142/S021773230200765X
4498:10.1038/nature.2015.16830
3063:10.1142/S0217751X96002583
2290:10.1007/s10701-006-9081-9
2062:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.334
2041:Reviews of Modern Physics
1398:10.1007/s10714-007-0557-5
1203:10.4249/scholarpedia.7117
1065:Gravitational decoherence
1060:Doubly special relativity
970:Canonical quantum gravity
922:MacDowellâMansouri action
892:Dilatonic quantum gravity
857:Euclidean quantum gravity
450:asymptotic safety program
374:General relativity, like
327:The observation that all
7963:Quantum machine learning
7943:Quantum key distribution
7933:Quantum image processing
7923:Quantum error correction
7773:Wheeler's delayed choice
7238:Superfluid vacuum theory
6409:Post-Newtonian formalism
6399:Einstein field equations
6335:Mathematical formulation
6159:Hyperbolic orthogonality
5827:Superfluid vacuum theory
5651:Nonsymmetric gravitation
5500:Post-Newtonian formalism
5309:Superfluid vacuum theory
5064:2+1D topological gravity
4910:(up to 10 seconds after
4836:Lecture Notes in Physics
4586:Modern Physics Letters A
3694:300 Years of Gravitation
3486:10.1007/3-540-58339-4_13
3159:10.1103/PhysRevD.36.1587
2573:Modern Quantum Mechanics
1930:Wald, Robert M. (1994).
1766:10.1088/1361-6382/aaf9ca
1713:. Cham: Springer. 2017.
1121:
656:observed macroscopically
119:and its relation to the
7879:Quantum finite automata
7020:Quantum electrodynamics
7010:Electroweak interaction
6120:Galilean transformation
6111:Principle of relativity
5992:Mechanical explanations
5861:Heterotic string theory
5817:Noncommutative geometry
5736:WheelerâDeWitt equation
5462:General relativity (GR)
5442:Gauss's law for gravity
5416:Theories of gravitation
5299:Noncommutative geometry
5046:WeinbergâWitten theorem
5041:Trans-Planckian problem
4369:arXiv:hep-ex/2308.00105
3859:Physical Review Letters
3783:Physical Review Letters
3727:and references therein.
3575:Klimets, A. P. (2017).
3430:Rovelli, Carlo (2004).
3090:Physical Review Letters
2501:Oxford University Press
2022:10.1103/PhysRev.96.1683
1982:10.1103/PhysRev.98.1118
1574:Physical Review Letters
1511:Physical Review Letters
1446:Penrose, Roger (2007).
1115:Weak Gravity Conjecture
927:Noncommutative geometry
917:HoĆavaâLifshitz gravity
907:WheelerâDeWitt equation
832:WheelerâDeWitt equation
491:Background independence
407:quantum electrodynamics
350:WeinbergâWitten theorem
169:Noncommutative geometry
7983:Quantum neural network
6998:Quantum chromodynamics
6205:Lorentz transformation
5833:Logarithmic BEC vacuum
5778:Rainbow gravity theory
5656:Scalarâtensor theories
5430:Newtonian gravity (NG)
4981:AdS/CFT correspondence
4815:10.1002/andp.200510175
4762:Kiefer, Claus (2007).
3244:"Loop Quantum Gravity"
2347:Hamber, H. W. (2009).
2260:Foundations of Physics
1658:10.1002/andp.202100348
1253:Kiefer, Claus (2012).
1090:Penrose interpretation
875:Causal fermion systems
824:canonical quantization
772:
729:In what is called the
694:
623:Phenomena such as the
588:background-independent
548:
479:effective field theory
472:effective field theory
466:Effective field theory
380:classical field theory
275:origin of the universe
248:John Archibald Wheeler
238:
30:
8008:Quantum teleportation
7536:Waveâparticle duality
7114:Cosmological constant
6673:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
6414:Raychaudhuri equation
6353:Equivalence principle
5910:Twistor string theory
5889:Type II string theory
5882:Bosonic string theory
5822:Semiclassical gravity
5787:Unified-field-theoric
5572:Poincaré gauge theory
5207:Bosonic string theory
5119:Semiclassical gravity
5016:Holographic principle
5006:Gravitational anomaly
4386:European Space Agency
3618:Loll, Renate (1998).
3456:Isham, Christopher J.
766:
689:, one of the ways of
684:
615:Semiclassical gravity
573:background dependence
526:
422:renormalization group
364:Further information:
306:quantum superposition
302:principle of locality
284:with a fixed metric,
236:
184:particle accelerators
121:cosmological constant
22:
8039:Quantum field theory
7968:Quantum metamaterial
7913:Quantum cryptography
7643:Consistent histories
7223:Loop quantum gravity
7162:Theory of everything
7157:Grand Unified Theory
7131:Neutrino oscillation
6978:Quantum field theory
6714:Numerical relativity
6555:pulsar timing arrays
5977:Aristotelian physics
5946:GaussâBonnet gravity
5896:Little string theory
5875:Type 0 string theory
5868:Type I string theory
5743:Loop quantum gravity
5670:Scalarâtensorâvector
5643:Tensorâvectorâscalar
5598:Gauge theory gravity
5556:Theory of everything
5240:Loop quantum gravity
5099:Quantum field theory
4932:, February 22, 2001)
4920:University of Oregon
4723:. Berlin: Springer.
4593:(15â17): 1135â1145.
3657:10.12942/lrr-1998-13
2773:10.1143/PTPS.170.214
1050:De Sitter relativity
828:Schrödinger equation
759:Loop quantum gravity
753:Loop quantum gravity
644:Hamiltonian operator
584:Loop quantum gravity
384:quantum field theory
161:theory of everything
145:loop quantum gravity
130:quantum fluctuations
77:quantum field theory
8182:Theories of gravity
8024:Quantum fluctuation
7993:Quantum programming
7953:Quantum logic gates
7938:Quantum information
7918:Quantum electronics
7393:Classical mechanics
7190:Split supersymmetry
7152:KaluzaâKlein theory
7025:Fermi's interaction
6606:Friedmann equations
6500:HulseâTaylor binary
6462:Gravitational waves
6358:Riemannian geometry
6184:Proper acceleration
6169:Maxwell's equations
6115:Galilean relativity
5794:KaluzaâKlein theory
5109:BunchâDavies vacuum
5101:in curved spacetime
5001:FaddeevâPopov ghost
4807:2006AnP...518..129K
4694:2001RPPh...64..885C
4609:2002MPLA...17.1135A
4438:2011PhRvD..83l1301L
4327:2022NatPh..18.1287I
4259:2015NatPh..11..344V
4191:2016PhRvD..94f1501O
4113:2017PhRvD..96d4018Q
4035:2017PhRvD..96h4014O
3957:2016PhRvD..93d4027O
3881:2017PhRvL.119x0402M
3805:2017PhRvL.119x0401B
3745:. Nova Publishers.
3690:Hawking, Stephen W.
3648:1998LRR.....1...13L
3546:1997IJTP...36.2759S
3478:1994LNP...434....1I
3391:2003LNP...631...41T
3342:2004CQGra..21R..53A
3281:10.12942/lrr-1998-1
3272:1998LRR.....1....1R
3200:2007LNP...721..185T
3151:1987PhRvD..36.1587A
3103:1986PhRvL..57.2244A
3055:1996IJMPA..11.5623D
3013:1997hepcbconf..385T
2903:2000CQGra..17.1117I
2765:2007PThPS.170..214S
2680:2008mgm..conf..126A
2469:1995gr.qc....12024D
2418:golem.ph.utexas.edu
2388:1985PhLB..160...81G
2351:. Springer Nature.
2282:2006FoPh...36.1801R
2223:2006gr.qc.....2037H
2195:Horowitz, Gary T.;
2174:1980PhLB...96...59W
2122:1970GReGr...1....9D
2054:1957RvMP...29..334G
2014:1954PhRv...96.1683G
1974:1955PhRv...98.1118K
1893:(second ed.).
1815:2022PhRvD.105h6001D
1758:2019CQGra..36c4001C
1597:2017PhRvL.119x0402M
1534:2017PhRvL.119x0401B
1454:. Vintage. p.
1425:2021PhyW...34c..42L
1390:2008GReGr..40..607B
1302:2006PrPNP..56..340M
1220:(10 October 2022).
1194:2008SchpJ...3.7117R
1105:Swampland (physics)
1033:gravitational waves
1029:B-mode polarization
716:unified description
687:CalabiâYau manifold
543:swept up by closed
513:Minkowski spacetime
497:Newtonian mechanics
434:perturbation theory
414:perturbation theory
399:asymptotically safe
395:asymptotically free
333:messenger particles
246:: in the slogan of
149:gravitational field
42:theoretical physics
23:A depiction of the
8172:General relativity
8077:in popular culture
7859:Quantum algorithms
7707:Von NeumannâWigner
7687:Objective collapse
7398:Old quantum theory
7218:Superstring theory
6988:Strong interaction
6655:ReissnerâNordström
6573:BransâDicke theory
6404:Linearized gravity
6231:Length contraction
6149:Frame of reference
6126:Special relativity
6039:Gravitational wave
5922:Generalisations /
5810:quantum-mechanical
5718:Quantum-mechanical
5531:general relativity
5505:Linearized gravity
5294:Group field theory
5222:Superstring theory
5177:Firewall (physics)
4906:2018-11-28 at the
4784:Annalen der Physik
3554:10.1007/BF02435709
2935:, sec. 2.3 and 5.3
2846:Polchinski, Joseph
2821:Polchinski, Joseph
2197:Polchinski, Joseph
2130:10.1007/BF00759198
1691:on 28 January 2018
1636:Annalen der Physik
1337:quantamagazine.org
1227:The New York Times
1110:Virtual black hole
991:Lorentz invariance
977:Experimental tests
902:Group field theory
897:Double copy theory
884:Covariant Feynman
809:Ashtekar variables
773:
724:messenger particle
695:
662:Candidate theories
549:
501:special relativity
329:fundamental forces
256:special relativity
254:spacetime used in
239:
218:general relativity
190:Thought experiment
69:fundamental forces
67:Three of the four
31:
8120:
8119:
8094:Quantum mysticism
8072:Schrödinger's cat
8003:Quantum simulator
7973:Quantum metrology
7901:Quantum computing
7864:Quantum amplifier
7841:Quantum spacetime
7806:Quantum cosmology
7796:Quantum chemistry
7511:Scattering theory
7459:Zero-point energy
7454:Degenerate levels
7362:Quantum mechanics
7328:
7327:
7251:
7250:
7126:Strong CP problem
7104:Hierarchy problem
6908:
6907:
6722:
6721:
6701:OzsvĂĄthâSchĂŒcking
6307:
6306:
6289:Minkowski diagram
6246:Thomas precession
6189:Relativistic mass
6052:
6051:
6023:Theory of impetus
5959:
5958:
5931:Liouville gravity
5675:Conformal gravity
5603:Composite gravity
5593:Bimetric theories
5523:
5522:
5382:
5381:
5339:Eternal inflation
5334:Quantum cosmology
5322:
5321:
5114:Hawking radiation
5079:Liouville gravity
4926:"Quantum Gravity"
4884:"Quantum Gravity"
4867:978-0-521-83733-0
4845:978-3-540-40810-9
4773:978-0-19-921252-1
4746:978-3-540-85292-6
4652:(12): 2064â2074.
4568:978-0-679-45443-4
4544:978-1-107-02911-8
4523:Green, Michael B.
4416:Physical Review D
4311:(11): 1287â1292.
4268:10.1038/nphys3270
4169:Physical Review D
4091:Physical Review D
4013:Physical Review D
3935:Physical Review D
3752:978-1-61122-957-8
3703:978-0-521-37976-2
3530:(12): 2759â2781.
3518:Sorkin, Rafael D.
3495:978-3-540-58339-4
3441:978-0-521-71596-6
3408:978-3-540-40810-9
3217:978-3-540-71115-5
3138:Physical Review D
3097:(18): 2244â2247.
3039:(32): 5623â5642.
2975:978-0-521-55002-4
2863:978-0-521-63304-8
2838:978-0-521-63303-1
2813:978-0-521-83143-7
2697:978-981-283-426-3
2609:978-0-7354-0131-0
2582:978-0-8053-8291-4
2556:978-0-465-07835-6
2493:Zinn-Justin, Jean
2478:978-981-02-2908-5
2375:Physics Letters B
2358:978-3-540-85292-6
2266:(12): 1801â1825.
2161:Physics Letters B
1941:978-0-226-87027-4
1908:978-0-691-14034-6
1793:Physical Review D
1264:978-0-19-958520-5
1176:"Quantum gravity"
1148:, in the examples
1075:Hawking radiation
1037:interstellar dust
1025:BICEP2 experiment
936:quantum cosmology
880:Causal Set Theory
561:quark confinement
505:relational theory
391:nonrenormalizable
73:quantum mechanics
46:quantum mechanics
8189:
8149:
8148:
8137:
8136:
8128:
8110:
8109:
7821:Quantum geometry
7816:Quantum dynamics
7673:Superdeterminism
7569:Matrix mechanics
7424:Braâket notation
7355:
7348:
7341:
7332:
7331:
7316:
7315:
7304:
7303:
7094:
7093:
7049:
7048:
7030:Weak hypercharge
7015:Weak interaction
6956:Particle physics
6935:
6928:
6921:
6912:
6911:
6900:
6899:
6683:van Stockum dust
6455:Two-body problem
6373:Mach's principle
6320:
6319:
6261:Terrell rotation
6101:
6100:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6056:
6055:
6007:
6005:Entropic gravity
6000:
5924:extensions of GR
5912:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5835:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5699:Geometrodynamics
5688:
5664:
5645:
5638:
5587:
5580:
5536:
5535:
5427:
5426:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5386:
5385:
5371:
5370:
5195:
5194:
5157:Bekenstein bound
4974:Central concepts
4960:
4953:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4897:
4888:Zalta, Edward N.
4871:
4849:
4826:
4800:
4777:
4758:
4713:
4687:
4661:
4641:
4628:
4602:
4572:
4548:
4527:Schwarz, John H.
4510:
4509:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4431:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4378:
4372:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4320:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4270:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4210:
4184:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4132:
4106:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4054:
4028:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3976:
3950:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3874:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3798:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3755:. Archived from
3734:
3728:
3726:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3659:
3641:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3539:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3471:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3384:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3335:
3326:(15): R53âR152.
3310:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3265:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3193:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3145:(6): 1587â1602.
3129:
3123:
3122:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3048:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3006:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2954:Weinberg, Steven
2950:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2896:
2887:(5): 1117â1128.
2874:
2868:
2867:
2842:
2817:
2796:Zwiebach, Barton
2791:
2785:
2784:
2758:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2673:
2654:
2648:
2639:(verify against
2638:
2636:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2462:
2451:World Scientific
2442:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2410:Distler, Jacques
2406:
2400:
2399:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2275:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2216:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2152:Weinberg, Steven
2148:
2142:
2141:
2115:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2008:(6): 1683â1685.
1992:
1986:
1985:
1968:(4): 1118â1122.
1956:Kraichnan, R. H.
1952:
1946:
1945:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1808:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1751:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1687:. Archived from
1676:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1590:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1527:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1383:
1374:(2â3): 607â637.
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1295:
1293:astro-ph/0505266
1275:
1269:
1268:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1168:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1070:Gravitomagnetism
1003:gamma-ray bursts
955:quantum graphity
934:based models of
912:Geometrodynamics
781:quantum operator
747:string landscape
685:Projection of a
590:quantum theory.
547:in string theory
446:non-perturbative
376:electromagnetism
292:operator fields
212:
40:) is a field of
8197:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8167:Quantum gravity
8157:
8156:
8155:
8143:
8131:
8123:
8121:
8116:
8098:
8084:Wigner's friend
8060:
8051:Quantum gravity
8012:
7998:Quantum sensing
7978:Quantum network
7958:Quantum machine
7928:Quantum imaging
7891:Quantum circuit
7886:Quantum channel
7845:
7791:Quantum biology
7777:
7753:ElitzurâVaidman
7728:DavissonâGermer
7711:
7663:Hidden-variable
7653:de BroglieâBohm
7630:Interpretations
7624:
7588:
7542:
7429:Complementarity
7407:
7364:
7359:
7329:
7324:
7292:
7247:
7205:Quantum gravity
7199:
7166:
7135:
7088:
7081:
7072:Higgs mechanism
7050:
7046:
7041:
6944:
6939:
6909:
6904:
6890:
6718:
6622:BKL singularity
6612:LemaĂźtreâTolman
6587:
6583:Quantum gravity
6565:
6559:
6545:geodetic effect
6519:(together with
6489:LISA Pathfinder
6428:
6377:
6363:Penrose diagram
6345:
6339:
6314:
6303:
6299:Minkowski space
6265:
6209:
6193:
6141:
6135:
6095:
6088:
6083:
6053:
6048:
6027:
6003:
5996:
5967:
5965:
5955:
5936:Lovelock theory
5923:
5917:
5908:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5831:
5809:
5803:
5782:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5713:
5704:Induced gravity
5684:
5680:Scalar theories
5660:
5641:
5634:
5625:Massive gravity
5585:Teleparallelism
5583:
5578:EinsteinâCartan
5576:
5560:
5551:Quantum gravity
5530:
5529:Alternatives to
5519:
5485:Exact solutions
5456:
5418:
5413:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5355:
5344:FRW/CFT duality
5318:
5267:
5249:
5226:
5186:
5128:
5100:
5093:
5050:
4969:
4967:Quantum gravity
4964:
4908:Wayback Machine
4878:
4868:
4858:Quantum Gravity
4846:
4774:
4764:Quantum Gravity
4747:
4645:Current Science
4639:
4633:Ashtekar, Abhay
4579:
4577:Further reading
4569:
4545:
4518:
4513:
4484:
4480:
4471:
4469:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4362:
4358:
4296:
4292:
4239:
4235:
4226:
4224:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4146:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3912:
3851:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3735:
3731:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3687:
3683:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3515:
3511:
3496:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3432:Quantum Gravity
3428:
3424:
3409:
3373:Quantum Gravity
3369:
3365:
3314:Ashtekar, Abhay
3311:
3307:
3237:
3233:
3218:
3178:
3174:
3133:Ashtekar, Abhay
3130:
3126:
3085:Ashtekar, Abhay
3082:
3078:
3024:
3020:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2951:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2839:
2814:
2792:
2788:
2737:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2664:. p. 126.
2658:Ashtekar, Abhay
2655:
2651:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2530:
2526:
2511:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2407:
2403:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2193:
2189:
2149:
2145:
2091:
2087:
2073:
2069:
2033:
2029:
2001:Physical Review
1993:
1989:
1961:Physical Review
1953:
1949:
1942:
1928:
1924:
1909:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:. p. 235.
1853:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1785:
1781:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1673:
1632:
1628:
1569:
1565:
1506:
1502:
1485:
1481:
1466:
1444:
1440:
1409:
1405:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1341:Quanta Magazine
1329:
1325:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1255:Quantum gravity
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1218:Overbye, Dennis
1215:
1211:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1045:
999:space-time foam
979:
974:
862:Integral method
844:
817:magnetic fields
761:
755:
679:
673:
664:
639:
637:Problem of time
633:
631:Problem of time
617:
609:Main articles:
607:
581:
521:
493:
487:
468:
462:
372:
366:Renormalization
362:
343:similar to the
325:
319:
314:
231:
230:
225:
214:
207:
97:Albert Einstein
34:Quantum gravity
17:
12:
11:
5:
8195:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8154:
8153:
8141:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8036:
8031:
8029:Casimir effect
8026:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7988:Quantum optics
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7787:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7763:Quantum eraser
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7436:
7434:Density matrix
7431:
7426:
7421:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7358:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7335:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7310:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7243:Twistor theory
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7209:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7111:
7106:
7100:
7098:
7091:
7089:Standard Model
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6942:Standard Model
6938:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6915:
6906:
6905:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6809:Choquet-Bruhat
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6661:Axisymmetric:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6600:Cosmological:
6597:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6541:frame-dragging
6538:
6533:
6528:
6525:Einstein rings
6521:Einstein cross
6514:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6468:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6424:Ernst equation
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6394:BSSN formalism
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6349:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6317:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:Ladder paradox
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6154:Speed of light
6151:
6145:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6098:
6090:
6089:
6082:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6059:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6032:Related topics
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5904:Twistor theory
5901:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5581:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5314:Twistor theory
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4923:
4898:
4877:
4876:External links
4874:
4873:
4872:
4866:
4854:Rovelli, Carlo
4850:
4844:
4827:
4791:(1): 129â148.
4778:
4772:
4759:
4745:
4714:
4678:(8): 885â942.
4666:Carlip, Steven
4662:
4629:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4553:Penrose, Roger
4549:
4543:
4531:Witten, Edward
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4478:
4422:(12): 121301.
4402:
4388:. 2011-06-30.
4373:
4356:
4305:Nature Physics
4290:
4253:(4): 344â346.
4247:Nature Physics
4233:
4155:
4077:
3999:
3921:
3865:(24): 240402.
3845:
3789:(24): 240401.
3769:
3751:
3729:
3716:See ch. 33 in
3709:
3702:
3681:
3610:
3599:
3567:
3509:
3494:
3447:
3440:
3422:
3407:
3363:
3305:
3240:Rovelli, Carlo
3231:
3216:
3191:hep-th/0608210
3172:
3124:
3076:
3046:hep-th/9608117
3018:
3004:hep-th/9612121
2981:
2974:
2945:
2924:
2894:hep-ph/9911499
2869:
2862:
2837:
2812:
2786:
2756:hep-th/0702219
2731:
2722:|journal=
2696:
2649:
2625:Rovelli, Carlo
2615:
2608:
2588:
2581:
2563:
2555:
2524:
2509:
2484:
2477:
2434:
2412:(2005-09-01).
2401:
2382:(1â3): 81â86.
2364:
2357:
2339:
2333:978-0201627343
2332:
2314:
2246:
2231:
2187:
2168:(1â2): 59â62.
2156:Witten, Edward
2143:
2085:
2067:
2048:(3): 334â336.
2027:
1987:
1947:
1940:
1922:
1907:
1876:
1869:
1847:
1779:
1726:
1719:
1702:
1671:
1626:
1581:(24): 240402.
1563:
1500:
1479:
1464:
1438:
1403:
1358:
1323:
1286:(2): 340â445.
1270:
1263:
1245:
1209:
1172:Rovelli, Carlo
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:interference.
978:
975:
973:
972:
967:
965:Twistor theory
962:
957:
948:
946:Shape Dynamics
943:
941:Regge calculus
938:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
882:
877:
871:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
843:
842:Other theories
840:
757:Main article:
754:
751:
699:point particle
675:Main article:
672:
669:
663:
660:
646:acting as the
635:Main article:
632:
629:
606:
603:
580:
577:
537:Standard Model
531:of point-like
520:
517:
489:Main article:
486:
483:
464:Main article:
461:
458:
442:UV fixed point
361:
358:
341:force particle
321:Main article:
318:
315:
313:
310:
260:renormalizable
226:
215:
209:
206:
203:
173:Twistor theory
91:; this leaves
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8194:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8113:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7948:Quantum logic
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7801:Quantum chaos
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7768:SternâGerlach
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7702:Transactional
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7692:Quantum logic
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7526:Wave function
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7501:Superposition
7499:
7497:
7496:Quantum state
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7449:Excited state
7447:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7356:
7351:
7349:
7344:
7342:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7321:
7320:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7213:String theory
7211:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7172:Supersymmetry
7169:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6936:
6931:
6929:
6924:
6922:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6903:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6794:Chandrasekhar
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6754:Schwarzschild
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6640:Schwarzschild
6637:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6536:Shapiro delay
6534:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:collaboration
6476:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:Event horizon
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6389:ADM formalism
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:Biquaternions
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:Time dilation
6219:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:Proper length
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6073:
6068:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5998:FatioâLe Sage
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5964:Pre-Newtonian
5962:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:String theory
5839:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5526:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:ADM formalism
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5374:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Dual graviton
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5199:String theory
5196:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4798:gr-qc/0508120
4794:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4685:gr-qc/0108040
4681:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4600:gr-qc/0205121
4596:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4482:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4175:(6): 061501.
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4097:(4): 044018.
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4019:(8): 084014.
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3941:(4): 044027.
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3759:on 2017-07-01
3758:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3639:gr-qc/9805049
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3608:
3603:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3537:gr-qc/9706002
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3469:gr-qc/9310031
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3382:gr-qc/0210094
3378:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3333:gr-qc/0404018
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3263:gr-qc/9710008
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:Duff, Michael
3022:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2646:
2645:9789812777386
2642:
2635:
2634:gr-qc/0006061
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2510:9780199665167
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2460:gr-qc/9512024
2456:
2452:
2449:. Singapore:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2273:gr-qc/0601043
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:9780511575549
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2214:gr-qc/0602037
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2113:gr-qc/0411023
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1870:9780393079487
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1799:(8): 086001.
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1742:(3): 034001.
1741:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1720:9783319645360
1716:
1712:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1518:(4): 240401.
1517:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1495:
1494:gr-qc/0006061
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1465:9780679776314
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:Physics World
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1147:
1146:Planck length
1141:
1131:
1127:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
933:
932:Path-integral
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
887:
886:path integral
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
802:
798:
797:Carlo Rovelli
794:
793:Roger Penrose
790:
789:spin networks
785:
782:
777:
770:
765:
760:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:supersymmetry
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
692:
691:compactifying
688:
683:
678:
677:String theory
671:String theory
668:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
628:
626:
621:
616:
612:
602:
600:
599:spin networks
595:
591:
589:
585:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
552:String theory
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
519:String theory
516:
514:
508:
506:
502:
498:
492:
482:
480:
475:
473:
467:
457:
455:
454:string theory
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
403:finitely many
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
371:
367:
357:
355:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
229:
223:
222:gravitational
219:
202:
200:
194:
191:
187:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:string theory
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
134:vacuum energy
131:
127:
126:Planck length
122:
118:
115:, as well as
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:neutron stars
55:
51:
50:gravitational
47:
43:
39:
35:
29:
27:
21:
8050:
7831:Quantum mind
7743:FranckâHertz
7605:KleinâGordon
7554:Formulations
7547:Formulations
7476:Interference
7466:Entanglement
7444:Ground state
7439:Energy level
7412:Fundamentals
7376:Introduction
7317:
7305:
7204:
7195:Supergravity
7055:Constituents
7035:Weak isospin
6993:Color charge
6983:Gauge theory
6884:
6582:
6578:KaluzaâKlein
6330:Introduction
6256:Twin paradox
5966:theories and
5799:Supergravity
5612:
5608:
5550:
5470:Introduction
5364:
5327:Applications
5217:Supergravity
5124:Unruh effect
5031:Quantum foam
5026:Planck units
5021:IR/UV mixing
4996:Causal patch
4966:
4929:
4891:
4857:
4838:. Springer.
4831:
4788:
4782:
4763:
4719:
4675:
4669:
4649:
4643:
4590:
4584:
4557:
4534:
4487:
4481:
4470:. Retrieved
4419:
4415:
4405:
4394:. Retrieved
4385:
4376:
4359:
4308:
4304:
4293:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4225:. Retrieved
4172:
4168:
4158:
4147:. Retrieved
4094:
4090:
4080:
4069:. Retrieved
4016:
4012:
4002:
3991:. Retrieved
3938:
3934:
3924:
3913:. Retrieved
3862:
3858:
3848:
3837:. Retrieved
3786:
3782:
3772:
3761:. Retrieved
3757:the original
3742:
3732:
3718:Penrose 2004
3712:
3693:
3684:
3629:
3623:
3613:
3602:
3591:. Retrieved
3570:
3527:
3521:
3512:
3459:
3450:
3431:
3425:
3372:
3366:
3323:
3317:
3308:
3253:
3247:
3234:
3181:
3175:
3142:
3136:
3127:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3036:
3030:
3021:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2963:
2958:"Chapter 31"
2948:
2927:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2849:
2824:
2799:
2789:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2661:
2652:
2618:
2598:
2591:
2572:
2566:
2537:
2527:
2496:
2487:
2446:
2426:. Retrieved
2417:
2414:"Motivation"
2404:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2348:
2342:
2323:
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2263:
2259:
2249:
2200:
2190:
2165:
2159:
2146:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2076:Gupta, S. N.
2070:
2045:
2039:
2036:Gupta, S. N.
2030:
2005:
1999:
1996:Gupta, S. N.
1990:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1931:
1925:
1899:172, 434â435
1889:
1885:Zee, Anthony
1879:
1856:
1850:
1839:. Retrieved
1796:
1792:
1782:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1710:
1705:
1695:21 September
1693:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1684:
1674:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1482:
1449:
1441:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1254:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1225:
1212:
1185:
1181:Scholarpedia
1179:
1140:
1130:
1100:Planck units
1095:Planck epoch
1022:
1011:
988:
980:
960:Supergravity
845:
821:
806:
786:
778:
774:
769:spin network
739:supergravity
728:
696:
665:
640:
625:Unruh effect
622:
618:
592:
582:
550:
509:
494:
476:
469:
437:
431:
426:
417:
411:
402:
388:
373:
336:
326:
294:supercommute
279:
268:
263:
251:
240:
195:
188:
180:Planck scale
177:
138:
85:strong force
66:
37:
33:
32:
25:
8089:EPR paradox
7869:Quantum bus
7738:Double-slit
7716:Experiments
7682:Many-worlds
7620:Schrödinger
7584:Phase space
7574:Schrödinger
7564:Interaction
7521:Uncertainty
7491:Nonlocality
7486:Measurement
7481:Decoherence
7471:Hamiltonian
7256:Experiments
7147:Technicolor
7109:Dark matter
7003:Quark model
6971:Higgs boson
6966:Gauge boson
6667:KerrâNewman
6638:Spherical:
6507:Other tests
6450:Singularity
6382:Formulation
6344:Fundamental
6198:Formulation
6179:Proper time
6140:Fundamental
5768:Causal sets
5662:BransâDicke
5480:Mathematics
5284:Causal sets
5134:Black holes
4930:In Our Time
2749:: 214â226.
2545:. pp.
2543:Basic Books
2533:Smolin, Lee
2106:(1): 9â18.
1897:. pp.
1188:(5): 7117.
951:String-nets
710:and other)
541:world sheet
529:world lines
271:black holes
117:dark energy
113:dark matter
109:black holes
54:black holes
8161:Categories
8017:Extensions
7851:Technology
7697:Relational
7648:Copenhagen
7559:Heisenberg
7506:Tunnelling
7369:Background
7263:Gran Sasso
7087:Beyond the
7062:CKM matrix
6949:Background
6819:Zel'dovich
6727:Scientists
6706:Alcubierre
6513:of Mercury
6511:precession
6440:Black hole
6323:Background
6315:relativity
6284:World line
6279:Light cone
6104:Background
6096:relativity
6086:Relativity
5982:CGHS model
5969:toy models
5349:Multiverse
5191:Approaches
5069:CGHS model
5056:Toy models
4991:CA-duality
4472:2021-11-06
4396:2021-11-06
4318:2111.04654
4227:2021-01-02
4182:1603.09193
4149:2021-01-02
4104:1702.03905
4071:2021-01-01
4026:1701.04122
3993:2021-01-01
3948:1511.06678
3915:2022-07-13
3872:1707.06036
3839:2022-07-13
3796:1707.06050
3763:2012-04-01
3593:2020-04-24
2499:. Oxford:
2428:2018-02-24
2308:2020-05-15
1841:2022-12-11
1806:2112.10798
1749:1807.11494
1649:1812.11450
1588:1707.06036
1525:1707.06050
1238:16 October
1156:References
1031:caused by
801:Lee Smolin
557:space-time
273:, and the
89:weak force
87:, and the
7723:Bell test
7593:Equations
7419:Born rule
6789:Robertson
6774:Friedmann
6769:Eddington
6759:de Sitter
6593:Solutions
6471:detectors
6466:astronomy
6433:Phenomena
6368:Geodesics
6271:Spacetime
6214:Phenomena
5987:RST model
5773:DGP model
5750:Spin foam
5694:Whitehead
5686:Nordström
5615:) gravity
5565:Classical
5539:Paradigms
5490:Resources
5365:See also:
5304:Spin foam
5084:RST model
4755:248994165
4710:118923209
4625:119358167
4533:(2012) .
4506:124938210
4454:1550-7998
4429:1106.1068
4351:243848123
4343:1745-2473
4277:1745-2473
4208:2164/7434
4130:2164/9150
4052:2164/9320
3983:119210226
3974:2164/5830
3632:(1): 13.
3504:119364176
3417:119151491
3358:119175535
3226:119572847
2848:(1998b).
2724:ignored (
2714:cite book
2706:119663169
2671:0705.2222
2519:255563633
2241:873715753
2094:Deser, S.
1917:659549695
1831:245353748
1774:119073215
1666:119342861
1474:716437154
1419:(3): 42.
1381:0708.4231
1007:neutrinos
737:known as
533:particles
427:every one
290:fermionic
244:spacetime
8112:Category
7906:Timeline
7658:Ensemble
7638:Bayesian
7531:Collapse
7403:Glossary
7386:Timeline
7307:Category
7288:Tevatron
7140:Theories
7097:Evidence
6961:Fermions
6902:Category
6779:LemaĂźtre
6744:Einstein
6734:Poincaré
6694:Others:
6678:TaubâNUT
6644:interior
6566:theories
6564:Advanced
6531:redshift
6346:concepts
6164:Rapidity
6142:concepts
6044:Graviton
5854:F-theory
5847:M-theory
5423:Standard
5212:M-theory
5172:ER = EPR
5011:Graviton
4916:Universe
4904:Archived
4856:(2004).
4823:12984346
4658:24111069
4635:(2005).
4555:(2006).
4466:Archived
4462:53603505
4390:Archived
4285:54727053
4221:Archived
4217:54872718
4143:Archived
4139:55056264
4065:Archived
4061:54777871
3987:Archived
3909:Archived
3897:29286752
3833:Archived
3821:29286711
3676:28191826
3584:Archived
3300:28937180
3256:(1): 1.
3242:(1998).
3119:10033673
3071:17432791
2956:(2000).
2919:15707877
2823:(1998).
2798:(2004).
2781:16762545
2535:(2001).
2495:(2007).
2422:Archived
2302:Archived
2298:14008778
2138:14295121
1887:(2010).
1835:Archived
1685:Nautilus
1613:29286752
1550:29286711
1351:22 April
1345:Archived
1318:14024934
1232:Archived
1174:(2008).
1043:See also
1017:INTEGRAL
888:approach
836:spinfoam
813:electric
743:M-theory
720:graviton
708:electric
565:graviton
511:theory,
337:graviton
323:Graviton
317:Graviton
264:a priori
205:Overview
141:M-theory
62:Big Bang
8151:Science
8139:Physics
8125:Portals
8065:Related
8044:History
7783:Science
7615:Rydberg
7381:History
7319:Commons
7283:Super-K
7119:problem
6844:Hawking
6839:Penrose
6824:Novikov
6804:Wheeler
6749:Hilbert
6739:Lorentz
6696:pp-wave
6517:lensing
6313:General
6094:Special
5475:History
4890:(ed.).
4803:Bibcode
4690:Bibcode
4605:Bibcode
4516:Sources
4434:Bibcode
4323:Bibcode
4255:Bibcode
4187:Bibcode
4109:Bibcode
4031:Bibcode
3953:Bibcode
3905:5163793
3877:Bibcode
3829:2684909
3801:Bibcode
3667:5253799
3644:Bibcode
3562:4803804
3542:Bibcode
3474:Bibcode
3387:Bibcode
3338:Bibcode
3291:5567241
3268:Bibcode
3196:Bibcode
3167:9958340
3147:Bibcode
3099:Bibcode
3051:Bibcode
3009:Bibcode
2997:: 385.
2899:Bibcode
2761:Bibcode
2676:Bibcode
2465:Bibcode
2384:Bibcode
2278:Bibcode
2219:Bibcode
2170:Bibcode
2118:Bibcode
2050:Bibcode
2010:Bibcode
1970:Bibcode
1811:Bibcode
1754:Bibcode
1621:5163793
1593:Bibcode
1558:2684909
1530:Bibcode
1421:Bibcode
1386:Bibcode
1298:Bibcode
1190:Bibcode
1055:Dilaton
767:Simple
712:charges
569:AdS/CFT
545:strings
535:in the
378:, is a
286:bosonic
107:inside
93:gravity
7758:Popper
6885:others
6874:Thorne
6864:Misner
6849:Taylor
6834:Geroch
6829:Ehlers
6799:Zwicky
6617:Kasner
5272:Others
4864:
4842:
4821:
4770:
4753:
4743:
4708:
4656:
4623:
4565:
4541:
4504:
4489:Nature
4460:
4452:
4349:
4341:
4283:
4275:
4215:
4137:
4059:
3981:
3903:
3895:
3827:
3819:
3749:
3700:
3674:
3664:
3560:
3502:
3492:
3438:
3415:
3405:
3356:
3298:
3288:
3224:
3214:
3165:
3117:
3069:
2972:
2917:
2860:
2835:
2810:
2779:
2704:
2694:
2643:
2606:
2579:
2553:
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2475:
2355:
2330:
2296:
2239:
2229:
2136:
1938:
1915:
1905:
1867:
1829:
1772:
1717:
1664:
1619:
1611:
1556:
1548:
1472:
1462:
1316:
1261:
1135:above.
722:, the
470:In an
345:photon
171:, and
83:, the
79:: the
7668:Local
7610:Pauli
7600:Dirac
7185:NMSSM
6879:Weiss
6859:Bondi
6854:Hulse
6784:Milne
6688:discs
6632:Milne
6627:Gödel
6484:Virgo
5636:AQUAL
5495:Tests
4912:birth
4886:. In
4819:S2CID
4793:arXiv
4706:S2CID
4680:arXiv
4654:JSTOR
4640:(PDF)
4621:S2CID
4595:arXiv
4502:S2CID
4458:S2CID
4424:arXiv
4347:S2CID
4313:arXiv
4281:S2CID
4213:S2CID
4177:arXiv
4135:S2CID
4099:arXiv
4057:S2CID
4021:arXiv
3979:S2CID
3943:arXiv
3901:S2CID
3867:arXiv
3825:S2CID
3791:arXiv
3634:arXiv
3587:(PDF)
3580:(PDF)
3558:S2CID
3532:arXiv
3500:S2CID
3464:arXiv
3413:S2CID
3377:arXiv
3354:S2CID
3328:arXiv
3258:arXiv
3222:S2CID
3186:arXiv
3067:S2CID
3041:arXiv
2999:arXiv
2915:S2CID
2889:arXiv
2777:S2CID
2751:arXiv
2702:S2CID
2666:arXiv
2629:arXiv
2547:20â25
2455:arXiv
2294:S2CID
2268:arXiv
2209:arXiv
2134:S2CID
2108:arXiv
1827:S2CID
1801:arXiv
1770:S2CID
1744:arXiv
1662:S2CID
1644:arXiv
1642:(1).
1617:S2CID
1583:arXiv
1554:S2CID
1520:arXiv
1489:arXiv
1376:arXiv
1314:S2CID
1288:arXiv
1122:Notes
830:is a
704:modes
539:or a
7180:MSSM
6814:Kerr
6764:Weyl
6663:Kerr
6523:and
6477:and
6475:LIGO
4862:ISBN
4840:ISBN
4768:ISBN
4751:OCLC
4741:ISBN
4563:ISBN
4539:ISBN
4450:ISSN
4339:ISSN
4273:ISSN
3893:PMID
3817:PMID
3747:ISBN
3723:help
3698:ISBN
3672:PMID
3490:ISBN
3436:ISBN
3403:ISBN
3296:PMID
3212:ISBN
3163:PMID
3115:PMID
2970:ISBN
2939:help
2858:ISBN
2843:and
2833:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2726:help
2692:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2515:OCLC
2505:ISBN
2473:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2237:OCLC
2227:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1913:OCLC
1903:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1697:2020
1609:PMID
1546:PMID
1470:OCLC
1460:ISBN
1456:1017
1353:2020
1259:ISBN
1240:2022
1023:The
953:and
815:and
799:and
613:and
499:and
368:and
296:for
252:flat
143:and
75:and
28:cube
7278:SNO
7273:LHC
7268:INO
6869:Yau
6494:GEO
4918:) (
4914:of
4811:doi
4733:hdl
4725:doi
4698:doi
4613:doi
4494:doi
4442:doi
4367:".
4331:doi
4263:doi
4203:hdl
4195:doi
4125:hdl
4117:doi
4047:hdl
4039:doi
3969:hdl
3961:doi
3885:doi
3863:119
3809:doi
3787:119
3662:PMC
3652:doi
3550:doi
3482:doi
3395:doi
3346:doi
3286:PMC
3276:doi
3204:doi
3155:doi
3107:doi
3059:doi
2907:doi
2769:doi
2747:170
2684:doi
2392:doi
2380:160
2286:doi
2178:doi
2126:doi
2058:doi
2018:doi
1978:doi
1819:doi
1797:105
1762:doi
1654:doi
1640:534
1601:doi
1579:119
1538:doi
1516:119
1429:doi
1394:doi
1306:doi
1198:doi
1015:'s
1013:ESA
397:or
99:'s
26:cGh
8163::
6543:/
6509::
6464::
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4834:.
4817:.
4809:.
4801:.
4789:15
4787:.
4749:.
4739:.
4731:.
4704:.
4696:.
4688:.
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