1985:
1413:
1980:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\alpha _{1}&={\frac {1}{2}}n-{\frac {2}{3}}n^{2}+{\frac {5}{16}}n^{3},&\alpha _{2}&={\frac {13}{48}}n^{2}-{\frac {3}{5}}n^{3},&\alpha _{3}&={\frac {61}{240}}n^{3},\\\beta _{1}&={\frac {1}{2}}n-{\frac {2}{3}}n^{2}+{\frac {37}{96}}n^{3},&\beta _{2}&={\frac {1}{48}}n^{2}+{\frac {1}{15}}n^{3},&\beta _{3}&={\frac {17}{480}}n^{3},\\\delta _{1}&=2n-{\frac {2}{3}}n^{2}-2n^{3},&\delta _{2}&={\frac {7}{3}}n^{2}-{\frac {8}{5}}n^{3},&\delta _{3}&={\frac {56}{15}}n^{3}.\end{aligned}}}
513:
42:
692:
704:
larger) coordinates for both adjoining UTM zones are usually printed within a minimum distance of 40 km on either side of a zone boundary. Ideally, the coordinates of each position should be measured on the grid for the zone in which they are located, but because the scale factor is still relatively small near zone boundaries, it is possible to overlap measurements into an adjoining zone for some distance when necessary.
621:
4715:
3732:
3963:
4537:
2361:
3109:
3290:
2586:
2173:
1407:
703:
Distortion of scale increases in each UTM zone as the boundaries between the UTM zones are approached. However, it is often convenient or necessary to measure a series of locations on a single grid when some are located in two adjacent zones. Around the boundaries of large scale maps (1:100,000 or
695:
Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid Zones 31N thru 37N differ from the standard 6° wide by 84° zone for the northern hemisphere, in part to accommodate the western part of the Kingdom of Norway. For more on its history, see Clifford J. Mugnier's article on Grids & Datums of The Kingdom of
541:. It was probably carried out by the Abteilung für Luftbildwesen (Department for Aerial Photography). From 1947 onward the US Army employed a very similar system, but with the now-standard 0.9996 scale factor at the central meridian as opposed to the German 1.0. For areas within the
537:) apparently dating from 1943–1944 bear the inscription UTMREF followed by grid letters and digits, and projected according to the transverse Mercator, a finding that would indicate that something called the UTM Reference system was developed in the 1942–43 time frame by the
716:(MGRS). They are however sometimes included in UTM notation. Including latitude bands in UTM notation can lead to ambiguous coordinates—as the letter "S" either refers to the southern hemisphere or a latitude band in the northern hemisphere—and should therefore be avoided.
667:, or lines of true scale, about 180 km on each side of, and about parallel to, the central meridian (Arc cos 0.9996 = 1.62° at the Equator). The scale is less than 1 inside the standard lines and greater than 1 outside them, but the overall distortion is minimized.
3515:
3740:
2748:
2907:
4545:
2915:
749:
meters is about 100 km west of the central meridian. For most such points, the true distance would be slightly more than 100 km as measured on the surface of the Earth because of the distortion of the projection. UTM eastings range from about
4226:
4336:
4328:
2181:
3117:
2009:
1258:
4052:
632:
The UTM system divides the Earth into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude in width. Zone 1 covers longitude 180° to 174° W; zone numbering increases eastward to zone 60, which covers longitude 174°E to 180°. The polar regions south of
3507:
4146:
2369:
564:
WGS84 ellipsoid is now generally used to model the Earth in the UTM coordinate system, which means current UTM northing at a given point can differ up to 200 meters from the old. For different geographic regions, other
873:
north. Two points in Zone 17 have these coordinates, one in the northern hemisphere and one in the south; the non-ambiguous format is to specify the full zone and hemisphere designator, that is, "17N 630084 4833438".
482:. However, it differs from global latitude/longitude in that it divides earth into 60 zones and projects each to the plane as a basis for its coordinates. Specifying a location means specifying the zone and the
1418:
3727:{\displaystyle \xi '=\xi -\sum _{j=1}^{3}\beta _{j}\sin \left(2j\xi \right)\cosh \left(2j\eta \right),\,\,\,\eta '=\eta -\sum _{j=1}^{3}\beta _{j}\cos \left(2j\xi \right)\sinh \left(2j\eta \right),}
572:
Prior to the development of the
Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, several European nations demonstrated the utility of grid-based conformal maps by mapping their territory during the
3958:{\displaystyle \sigma '=1-\sum _{j=1}^{3}2j\beta _{j}\cos \left(2j\xi \right)\cosh \left(2j\eta \right),\,\,\,\tau '=\sum _{j=1}^{3}2j\beta _{j}\sin \left(2j\xi \right)\sinh \left(2j\eta \right),}
883:
1263:
4710:{\displaystyle \gamma =\mathrm {H} \mathrm {e} \mathrm {m} \mathrm {i} \times \tan ^{-1}\left({\frac {\tau '+\sigma '\tan \xi '\tanh \eta '}{\sigma '-\tau '\tan \xi '\tanh \eta '}}\right).}
3104:{\displaystyle k={\frac {k_{0}A}{a}}{\sqrt {\left\{1+\left({\frac {1-n}{1+n}}\tan \varphi \right)^{2}\right\}{\frac {\sigma ^{2}+\tau ^{2}}{t^{2}+\cos ^{2}(\lambda -\lambda _{0})}}}},}
656:
to 0.9996 (a reduction of 1:2500), the amount of distortion is held below 1 part in 1,000 inside each zone. Distortion of scale increases to 1.0010 at the zone boundaries along the
986:
4532:{\displaystyle k={\frac {k_{0}A}{a}}{\sqrt {\left\{1+\left({\frac {1-n}{1+n}}\tan \varphi \right)^{2}\right\}{\frac {\cos ^{2}\xi '+\sinh ^{2}\eta '}{\sigma '^{2}+\tau '^{2}}}}},}
4154:
2356:{\displaystyle \xi '=\tan ^{-1}\left({\frac {t}{\cos(\lambda -\lambda _{0})}}\right),\,\,\,\eta '=\tanh ^{-1}\left({\frac {\sin(\lambda -\lambda _{0})}{\sqrt {1+t^{2}}}}\right),}
3285:{\displaystyle \gamma =\tan ^{-1}\left({\frac {\tau {\sqrt {1+t^{2}}}+\sigma t\tan(\lambda -\lambda _{0})}{\sigma {\sqrt {1+t^{2}}}-\tau t\tan(\lambda -\lambda _{0})}}\right).}
817:
2597:
2756:
1210:
1105:
648:
projection that can map a region of large north-south extent with low distortion. By using narrow zones of 6° of longitude (up to 668 km) in width, and reducing the
1177:
1078:
1028:
1007:
940:
1243:
2168:{\displaystyle t=\sinh \left(\tanh ^{-1}\left(\sin \varphi \right)-{\frac {2{\sqrt {n}}}{1+n}}\tanh ^{-1}\left({\frac {2{\sqrt {n}}}{1+n}}\sin \varphi \right)\right),}
4234:
3373:
1141:
1402:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}n&={\frac {f}{2-f}},&A&={\frac {a}{1+n}}\left(1+{\frac {n^{2}}{4}}+{\frac {n^{4}}{64}}+\cdots \right),\\{}\end{aligned}}}
1053:
3353:
3333:
3313:
4845:; Pfahlbusch, René. Geodetic grids in authoritative maps–new findings about the origin of the UTM Grid. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2016,
509:, and each has a designated central meridian. The scale factor at the central meridian is specified to be 0.9996 of true scale for most UTM systems in use.
3400:
4063:
2581:{\displaystyle \sigma =1+\sum _{j=1}^{3}2j\alpha _{j}\cos(2j\xi ')\cosh(2j\eta '),\,\,\,\tau =\sum _{j=1}^{3}2j\alpha _{j}\sin(2j\xi ')\sinh(2j\eta ').}
5191:
5168:
3971:
4814:
5174:
4750:
683:, the zones 32, 34 and 36 are not used, while zones 31 (9° wide), 33 (12° wide), 35 (12° wide), and 37 (9° wide) are extended to cover the gaps.
526:
735:
of each UTM zone is the intersection of the equator and the zone's central meridian. To avoid dealing with negative numbers, a false
Easting of
663:
In each zone the scale factor of the central meridian reduces the diameter of the transverse cylinder to produce a secant projection with two
17:
5127:
223:
4726:
533:, starting in the early 1940s. However, a series of aerial photos found in the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (the military section of the
391:
359:
5376:
5041:
5156:
369:
679:, zone 32 is extended 3° further west, and zone 31 is correspondingly shrunk to cover only open water. Also, in the region around
5059:
A General
Formula for Calculating Meridian Arc Length and its Application to Coordinate Conversion in the Gauss-Krüger Projection
4919:
4884:
777:
meters at latitude 84 degrees North, the north end of the UTM zones. The southern hemisphere's northing at the equator is set at
4818:
5539:
5266:
530:
349:
4888:
767:
In the northern hemisphere positions are measured northward from zero at the equator. The maximum "northing" value is about
1056:
1031:
5437:
329:
471:
130:
5320:
607:, which means it preserves angles and therefore shapes across small regions. However, it distorts distance and area.
429:
576:. Calculating the distance between two points on these maps could be performed more easily in the field (using the
5120:
5077:
887:
5341:
5325:
4744:
4732:
807:
meters at 80 degrees South, the south end of the UTM zones. Therefore, no point has a negative northing value.
713:
215:
5489:
5409:
5239:
4221:{\displaystyle \lambda _{0}=\mathrm {Z} \mathrm {o} \mathrm {n} \mathrm {e} \times 6^{\circ }-183^{\circ }\,}
604:
585:
549:
231:
4738:
949:
581:
455:
516:
UTM zones on an equirectangular world map with irregular zones in red and New York City's zone highlighted
5403:
5398:
5392:
2743:{\displaystyle E=E_{0}+k_{0}A\left(\eta '+\sum _{j=1}^{3}\alpha _{j}\cos(2j\xi ')\sinh(2j\eta ')\right),}
2902:{\displaystyle N=N_{0}+k_{0}A\left(\xi '+\sum _{j=1}^{3}\alpha _{j}\sin(2j\xi ')\cosh(2j\eta ')\right),}
5276:
5150:
5113:
5512:
5271:
194:
4970:
5484:
5449:
4741:, a variation of UTM used in Canada with zones spaced 3° of longitude apart as opposed to UTM's 6°.
905:
625:
542:
161:
108:
4878:"THE UNIVERSAL GRIDS: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)"
4782:
1182:
1083:
580:) than was possible using the trigonometric formulas required under the graticule-based system of
1149:
1061:
557:
534:
299:
259:
4323:{\displaystyle \lambda =\lambda _{0}+\tan ^{-1}\left({\frac {\sinh \eta '}{\cos \xi '}}\right),}
1012:
991:
919:
5432:
1215:
279:
5038:
Concise
Derivation of Extensive Coordinate Conversion Formulae in the Gauss-Krüger Projection
4957:
3358:
1113:
584:. In the post-war years, these concepts were extended into the Universal Transverse Mercator/
561:
546:
422:
339:
89:
5544:
5297:
5003:
4842:
1036:
732:
725:
675:
The UTM zones are uniform across the globe, except in two areas. On the southwest coast of
653:
239:
189:
115:
5082:
4984:
Karney, Charles F. F. (2011). "Transverse
Mercator with an accuracy of a few nanometers".
724:
A position on the Earth is given by the UTM zone number and hemisphere designator and the
697:
8:
5494:
5454:
1144:
1108:
898:
of the central meridian. Concise commentaries for their derivation have also been given.
645:
638:
634:
592:
588:(UTM/UPS) coordinate system, which is a global (or universal) system of grid-based maps.
577:
499:
151:
99:
5007:
3378:
5351:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5019:
4993:
4826:
4756:
3338:
3318:
3298:
71:
41:
4912:
512:
5346:
5221:
5216:
5180:
5023:
3502:{\displaystyle \xi ={\frac {N-N_{0}}{k_{0}A}},\,\,\,\eta ={\frac {E-E_{0}}{k_{0}A}},}
913:
600:
171:
156:
5549:
5162:
5011:
4945:
4846:
4141:{\displaystyle \varphi =\chi +\sum _{j=1}^{3}\delta _{j}\sin \left(2j\chi \right),}
415:
166:
5098:
Map
Projections – A Working Manual. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395
4877:
909:
573:
4941:
4047:{\displaystyle \chi =\sin ^{-1}\left({\frac {\sin \xi '}{\cosh \eta '}}\right).}
5336:
5186:
4949:
596:
566:
451:
379:
146:
120:
5096:
5015:
5533:
5504:
5460:
833:
819:
742:
meters is added to the central meridian. Thus a point that has an easting of
664:
5058:
5037:
4867:
Equatorial radius 6,378,388 meters, reciprocal of the flattening 297 exactly
1990:
5231:
5208:
104:
5518:
5424:
3391:
Note: Hemi = +1 for
Northern, Hemi = −1 for Southern
649:
61:
5371:
5315:
5244:
943:
891:
502:
projection. The parameters vary by nation or region or mapping system.
5476:
5361:
5305:
4858:
Equatorial radius 6,378,206.4 meters, polar radius 6,356,583.8 meters
4819:"NOAA History - Surveying and Mapping - Geodetic Surveys 1940 - 1990"
1249:
691:
538:
506:
495:
479:
467:
140:
66:
5465:
5286:
811:
680:
491:
475:
463:
319:
136:
125:
5105:
4998:
5443:
5331:
5310:
5136:
4762:
657:
199:
56:
33:
4735:, a variant of UTM designed to simplify transfer of coordinates.
3379:
From UTM coordinates (E, N, Zone, Hemi) to latitude, longitude (
620:
5197:
902:
712:
Latitude bands are not a part of UTM, but rather a part of the
676:
553:
309:
269:
207:
552:
of 1866 was used. For the remaining areas of Earth, including
5061:, Bulletin of the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan,
459:
94:
5101:. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
719:
696:
Norway that appeared in the
October 1999 issue of PE&RS
5356:
529:(NOAA) website states that the system was developed by the
396:
289:
698:
http://www.asprs.org/a/resources/grids/10-99-norway.pdf
591:
The transverse
Mercator projection is a variant of the
4548:
4339:
4237:
4157:
4066:
3974:
3743:
3518:
3403:
3361:
3341:
3321:
3301:
3120:
2918:
2759:
2600:
2372:
2184:
2012:
1416:
1261:
1218:
1185:
1152:
1116:
1086:
1064:
1039:
1015:
994:
952:
922:
854:, which is in UTM zone 17, and the grid position is
4942:"Konforme Abbildung des Erdellipsoids in der Ebene"
4709:
4531:
4322:
4220:
4140:
4046:
3957:
3726:
3501:
3367:
3347:
3327:
3307:
3284:
3103:
2901:
2742:
2580:
2355:
2167:
1979:
1401:
1237:
1204:
1171:
1135:
1099:
1072:
1047:
1022:
1001:
980:
934:
628:UTM zones, projected with Lambert conformal conic.
1069:
1044:
5531:
1248:In the following formulas, the distances are in
787:meters. Northings decrease southward from these
5094:
4787:PROJ coordinate transformation software library
4751:Universal Polar Stereographic coordinate system
527:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4838:
4836:
3394:First let's compute some intermediate values:
490:coordinate in that plane. The projection from
5121:
423:
4833:
2003:First we compute some intermediate values:
1252:. First, here are some preliminary values:
1030:and compute its UTM coordinates as well as
5128:
5114:
5051:
5030:
4727:European Terrestrial Reference System 1989
478:and treats the earth surface as a perfect
430:
416:
397:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
392:International Terrestrial Reference System
5042:Geospatial Information Authority of Japan
4997:
4217:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3452:
3451:
3450:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2262:
2261:
2260:
1068:
1043:
1016:
995:
974:
970:
720:Locating a position using UTM coordinates
1080:using a reference meridian of longitude
882:These formulae are truncated version of
690:
619:
595:, which was originally developed by the
511:
4920:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
4885:National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency
890:in 1912. They are accurate to around a
14:
5532:
4983:
4977:
4944:. Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ.
4939:
4799:
884:Transverse Mercator: flattening series
877:
5109:
4933:
4808:
4783:"Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)"
981:{\displaystyle 1/f=298.257\,223\,563}
728:planar coordinate pair in that zone.
531:United States Army Corps of Engineers
4753:, used at the North and South poles.
686:
505:Most zones in UTM span 6 degrees of
5135:
886:, which were originally derived by
458:to locations on the surface of the
402:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
364:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
24:
5088:
4804:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
472:horizontal position representation
274:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
240:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
131:Horizontal position representation
25:
5561:
5083:Understanding the UTM projection.
5071:
4847:doi:10.1080/15230406.2015.1128851
4802:Map projections: A working manual
4747:, the map projection used by UTM.
988:. Let's take a point of latitude
707:
462:. Like the traditional method of
190:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
40:
5078:UTM coordinates in Google Maps.
4894:from the original on 2024-02-13
912:along north-south axis with an
354:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
5342:Military Grid Reference System
5326:International Map of the World
4905:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4793:
4775:
4745:Transverse Mercator projection
4733:Military grid reference system
3269:
3250:
3207:
3188:
3090:
3071:
2888:
2871:
2862:
2845:
2729:
2712:
2703:
2686:
2572:
2555:
2546:
2529:
2471:
2454:
2445:
2428:
2322:
2303:
2247:
2228:
714:military grid reference system
610:
603:, in 1570. This projection is
384:Internet link to a point 2010
314:Geodetic Reference System 1980
232:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
13:
1:
5540:Geographic coordinate systems
5410:Ordnance Survey National Grid
4769:
4765:, a hierarchical zoned system
4759:, a hierarchical zoned system
670:
586:Universal Polar Stereographic
444:Universal Transverse Mercator
374:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
18:Universal transverse Mercator
5395:(north-east Atlantic region)
4739:Modified transverse Mercator
1205:{\displaystyle k_{0}=0.9996}
1100:{\displaystyle \lambda _{0}}
888:Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger
644:Each of the 60 zones uses a
599:geographer and cartographer
324:Geographic point coord. 1983
7:
5490:ITU-T country calling codes
5404:National Topographic System
5399:Irish grid reference system
5393:ICES Statistical Rectangles
4720:
1999:) to UTM coordinates (E, N)
1172:{\displaystyle N_{0}=10000}
1073:{\displaystyle \gamma \,\!}
615:
284:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
10:
5566:
5495:ITU-T mobile calling codes
4950:10.2312/GFZ.b103-krueger28
4913:"Military Map Reading 201"
1991:From latitude, longitude (
1023:{\displaystyle \,\lambda }
1002:{\displaystyle \,\varphi }
935:{\displaystyle a=6378.137}
520:
344:World Geodetic System 1984
5513:Maidenhead Locator System
5503:
5475:
5461:United Kingdom post codes
5423:
5385:
5296:
5285:
5230:
5207:
5143:
5016:10.1007/s00190-011-0445-3
3375:is the Grid Convergence.
3355:is the Scale Factor, and
1238:{\displaystyle E_{0}=500}
652:factor along the central
474:, which means it ignores
334:North American Datum 1983
304:South American Datum 1969
5095:Snyder, John P. (1987).
4843:Buchroithner, Manfred F.
4800:Snyder, John P. (1987).
4057:The final formulae are:
2591:The final formulae are:
1107:. By convention, in the
906:spatial reference system
834:43.6425667°N 79.387139°W
543:contiguous United States
195:Global Pos. System (GPS)
162:Spatial reference system
3368:{\displaystyle \gamma }
1179:km. By convention also
1136:{\displaystyle N_{0}=0}
764:meters at the equator.
558:International Ellipsoid
535:German Federal Archives
5450:New Zealand post codes
4965:Cite journal requires
4940:Krüger, Louis (1912).
4711:
4533:
4324:
4222:
4142:
4099:
4048:
3959:
3885:
3781:
3728:
3660:
3556:
3503:
3369:
3349:
3329:
3309:
3286:
3105:
2903:
2828:
2744:
2669:
2582:
2506:
2405:
2357:
2169:
1981:
1403:
1239:
1206:
1173:
1137:
1101:
1074:
1049:
1024:
1003:
982:
936:
908:describes Earth as an
839:43.6425667; -79.387139
700:
629:
582:latitude and longitude
517:
494:to a UTM zone is some
5446:(Republic of Ireland)
5433:Australian post codes
4712:
4534:
4325:
4223:
4143:
4079:
4049:
3960:
3865:
3761:
3729:
3640:
3536:
3504:
3370:
3350:
3330:
3310:
3287:
3106:
2904:
2808:
2745:
2649:
2583:
2486:
2385:
2358:
2170:
1982:
1404:
1240:
1207:
1174:
1138:
1102:
1075:
1050:
1048:{\displaystyle k\,\!}
1025:
1004:
983:
937:
694:
623:
569:systems can be used.
562:World Geodetic System
515:
454:system for assigning
90:Geographical distance
27:Map projection system
5144:Administrative codes
4823:www.history.noaa.gov
4546:
4337:
4235:
4155:
4064:
3972:
3741:
3516:
3401:
3359:
3339:
3319:
3299:
3118:
2916:
2757:
2598:
2370:
2182:
2010:
1414:
1259:
1216:
1183:
1150:
1114:
1084:
1062:
1057:meridian convergence
1037:
1013:
992:
950:
920:
726:easting and northing
264:Sea Level Datum 1929
116:Geodetic coordinates
5485:ITU-R country codes
5455:Postal Index Number
5057:Kawase, K. (2011):
5048:, pp 1–6
5036:Kawase, K. (2012):
5008:2011JGeod..85..475K
1145:southern hemisphere
1109:northern hemisphere
878:Simplified formulae
829: /
646:transverse Mercator
624:Simplified view of
593:Mercator projection
578:Pythagorean theorem
500:transverse Mercator
294:European Datum 1950
252:Standards (history)
152:Reference ellipsoid
100:Figure of the Earth
5517:Historical :
5352:Open Location Code
5187:MARC country codes
5040:, Bulletin of the
4986:Journal of Geodesy
4757:Open Location Code
4707:
4529:
4320:
4218:
4138:
4044:
3955:
3724:
3499:
3365:
3345:
3325:
3305:
3282:
3101:
2899:
2740:
2578:
2353:
2165:
1977:
1975:
1399:
1397:
1235:
1202:
1169:
1133:
1097:
1070:
1045:
1032:point scale factor
1020:
999:
978:
942:km and an inverse
932:
701:
630:
518:
172:Vertical positions
5527:
5526:
5419:
5418:
5347:Natural Area Code
5277:FIFA country code
5267:Aircraft prefixes
5240:IANA country code
5222:ICAO airport code
5217:IATA airport code
5151:FIPS country code
4698:
4524:
4522:
4411:
4366:
4311:
4035:
3494:
3445:
3348:{\displaystyle k}
3328:{\displaystyle N}
3308:{\displaystyle E}
3273:
3233:
3171:
3096:
3094:
2990:
2945:
2344:
2343:
2251:
2141:
2127:
2093:
2079:
1958:
1916:
1893:
1835:
1782:
1740:
1717:
1675:
1652:
1636:
1592:
1550:
1527:
1485:
1462:
1446:
1373:
1353:
1325:
1292:
1009:and of longitude
914:equatorial radius
810:For example, the
687:Overlapping grids
601:Gerardus Mercator
440:
439:
388:
387:
167:Spatial relations
157:Satellite geodesy
112:
16:(Redirected from
5557:
5294:
5293:
5272:IOC country code
5183:(United Kingdom)
5163:FIPS county code
5130:
5123:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5066:
5055:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5001:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4953:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4882:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4840:
4831:
4830:
4825:. Archived from
4815:Dracup, Josef F.
4812:
4806:
4805:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4682:
4668:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4633:
4619:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4399:
4388:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4294:
4293:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4253:
4252:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4167:
4166:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4093:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4018:
4017:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3926:
3922:
3901:
3900:
3884:
3879:
3861:
3847:
3843:
3822:
3818:
3797:
3796:
3780:
3775:
3751:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3695:
3691:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3630:
3616:
3612:
3591:
3587:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3526:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3460:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3411:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2978:
2967:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2861:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2804:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2702:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2645:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2615:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2545:
2522:
2521:
2505:
2500:
2470:
2444:
2421:
2420:
2404:
2399:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2192:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2042:
2041:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1828:
1810:
1809:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1326:
1324:
1310:
1293:
1291:
1277:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
987:
985:
984:
979:
960:
941:
939:
938:
933:
897:
872:
870:
867:
861:
859:
853:
852:
850:
849:
848:
846:
841:
840:
835:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
806:
805:
802:
797:meters to about
796:
795:
792:
786:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
763:
762:
756:
755:
748:
747:
741:
740:
496:parameterization
432:
425:
418:
256:
255:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
143:
102:
44:
30:
29:
21:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5499:
5471:
5468:(United States)
5415:
5381:
5328:indexing system
5289:
5281:
5226:
5203:
5169:FIPS state code
5157:FIPS place code
5139:
5137:Geocode systems
5134:
5091:
5089:Further reading
5074:
5069:
5056:
5052:
5035:
5031:
4982:
4978:
4966:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4925:
4923:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4841:
4834:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4798:
4794:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4723:
4689:
4675:
4661:
4650:
4649:
4640:
4626:
4612:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4454:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4427:
4400:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4120:
4116:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4083:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4026:
4019:
4010:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3937:
3933:
3912:
3908:
3896:
3892:
3880:
3869:
3854:
3833:
3829:
3808:
3804:
3792:
3788:
3776:
3765:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3706:
3702:
3681:
3677:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3644:
3623:
3602:
3598:
3577:
3573:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3540:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3263:
3259:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3197:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3084:
3080:
3062:
3058:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3006:
2979:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2880:
2854:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2812:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2721:
2695:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2653:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2564:
2538:
2517:
2513:
2501:
2490:
2463:
2437:
2416:
2412:
2400:
2389:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2337:
2333:
2316:
2312:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2263:
2241:
2237:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1014:
1011:
1010:
993:
990:
989:
956:
951:
948:
947:
921:
918:
917:
910:oblate spheroid
895:
880:
868:
865:
863:
857:
855:
844:
842:
838:
836:
832:
831:
828:
823:
820:
818:
816:
815:
803:
800:
798:
793:
790:
788:
783:
780:
778:
773:
770:
768:
760:
758:
753:
751:
745:
743:
738:
736:
733:point of origin
722:
710:
689:
673:
618:
613:
574:interwar period
523:
436:
407:
406:
253:
245:
244:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
185:
177:
176:
135:
85:
77:
76:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5563:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5337:Marsden square
5334:
5329:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5291:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5133:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5073:
5072:External links
5070:
5068:
5067:
5050:
5029:
4992:(8): 475–485.
4976:
4967:|journal=
4932:
4904:
4887:. 1989-09-18.
4869:
4860:
4851:
4832:
4829:on 2019-12-18.
4807:
4792:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4540:
4539:
4528:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4331:
4330:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4229:
4228:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4055:
4054:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
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3899:
3895:
3891:
3888:
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3807:
3803:
3800:
3795:
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3784:
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3768:
3764:
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3735:
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3510:
3509:
3498:
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3458:
3455:
3449:
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3388:
3377:
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3344:
3324:
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3293:
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3277:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:
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3181:
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3160:
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3126:
3123:
3112:
3111:
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3092:
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3070:
3065:
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3052:
3048:
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3027:
3023:
3015:
3009:
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3000:
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2910:
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2807:
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2800:
2795:
2791:
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2782:
2778:
2773:
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2765:
2762:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
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2714:
2711:
2708:
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2698:
2694:
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2688:
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2677:
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2667:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2493:
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2482:
2476:
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2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
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2447:
2443:
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2430:
2427:
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2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
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2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1143:km and in the
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1094:
1090:
1067:
1042:
1019:
998:
977:
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
955:
931:
928:
925:
879:
876:
721:
718:
709:
708:Latitude bands
706:
688:
685:
672:
669:
665:standard lines
641:are excluded.
617:
614:
612:
609:
560:was used. The
522:
519:
452:map projection
438:
437:
435:
434:
427:
420:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
366:
365:
362:
356:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
262:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
229:
221:
213:
205:
197:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
147:Map projection
144:
133:
128:
123:
121:Geodetic datum
118:
113:
97:
92:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5562:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5505:Amateur radio
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5232:Country codes
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5209:Airport codes
5206:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5100:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4921:
4914:
4908:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4552:
4549:
4542:
4541:
4526:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4333:
4332:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4231:
4230:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3968:
3967:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3496:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3362:
3342:
3335:is Northing,
3322:
3302:
3279:
3275:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3098:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1682:
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821:43°38′33.24″N
813:
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208:BeiDou (BDS)
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5425:Postal codes
5366:
5097:
5065:, 1–13
5062:
5053:
5045:
5032:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4958:cite journal
4935:
4924:. Retrieved
4922:. 2002-05-29
4907:
4896:. Retrieved
4872:
4863:
4854:
4827:the original
4822:
4810:
4801:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4056:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3315:is Easting,
3294:
2590:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1247:
900:
896:3000 km
881:
824:79°23′13.7″W
809:
766:
730:
723:
711:
702:
674:
662:
643:
631:
590:
571:
524:
504:
487:
483:
447:
443:
441:
401:
184:Technologies
139: /
51:Fundamentals
5545:Cartography
5519:QRA locator
5377:WMO squares
5290:place codes
5153:(FIPS 10-4)
837: /
611:Definitions
456:coordinates
62:Geodynamics
5534:Categories
5372:what3words
5316:Geohash-36
5245:ISO 3166-1
5171:(FIPS 5-2)
5165:(FIPS 6-4)
4926:2009-06-19
4898:2024-02-13
4770:References
1250:kilometers
944:flattening
892:millimeter
843: (
757:meters to
671:Exceptions
470:, it is a
5477:Telephony
5362:UN/LOCODE
5306:C-squares
5192:SGC codes
5181:GSS codes
5159:(FIPS 55)
5024:118619524
4999:1002.1417
4691:η
4687:
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4673:
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4638:
4628:ξ
4624:
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4592:
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4300:
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3802:
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3466:−
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3417:−
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3239:τ
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3186:
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3141:
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2996:
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1089:λ
1066:γ
1018:λ
997:φ
605:conformal
550:Ellipsoid
539:Wehrmacht
507:longitude
480:ellipsoid
468:longitude
141:Longitude
67:Geomatics
5466:ZIP Code
5444:Eircodes
5440:(Brazil)
5406:(Canada)
5386:Regional
5287:Geodesic
5194:(Canada)
4889:Archived
4729:(ETRS89)
4721:See also
4694:′
4680:′
4666:′
4655:′
4645:′
4631:′
4617:′
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930:6378.137
845:CN Tower
812:CN Tower
681:Svalbard
654:meridian
616:UTM zone
492:spheroid
476:altitude
464:latitude
320:ISO 6709
218:(Europe)
216:Galileo
202:(Russia)
200:GLONASS
137:Latitude
126:Geodesic
84:Concepts
5550:Geodesy
5457:(India)
5332:Mapcode
5311:Geohash
5260:numeric
5255:alpha-3
5250:alpha-2
5198:UN M.49
5004:Bibcode
4763:MapCode
968:298.257
894:within
871: m
860: m
658:equator
597:Flemish
521:History
498:of the
450:) is a
380:Geo URI
350:NAVD 88
260:NGVD 29
234:(Japan)
226:(India)
210:(China)
72:History
57:Geodesy
34:Geodesy
5321:GEOREF
5298:Global
5022:
3295:where
1200:0.9996
903:WGS 84
862:east,
814:is at
677:Norway
556:, the
554:Hawaii
547:Clarke
370:GCJ-02
360:ETRS89
340:WGS 84
330:NAD 83
310:GRS 80
270:OSGB36
224:NAVIC
105:radius
5020:S2CID
4994:arXiv
4916:(PDF)
4892:(PDF)
4881:(PDF)
1167:10000
650:scale
567:datum
460:Earth
300:SAD69
280:SK-42
95:Geoid
5412:(UK)
5357:QDGC
5200:(UN)
5177:(EU)
5175:NUTS
4971:help
4684:tanh
4635:tanh
4467:sinh
4281:sinh
4021:cosh
3928:sinh
3824:cosh
3697:sinh
3593:cosh
2866:cosh
2707:sinh
2550:sinh
2449:cosh
2276:tanh
2097:tanh
2032:tanh
2020:sinh
1245:km.
1212:and
1055:and
901:The
737:−500
731:The
639:84°N
635:80°S
545:the
525:The
466:and
442:The
290:ED50
107:and
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2993:tan
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1911:8
1901:2
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1307:=
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1230:=
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1197:=
1192:0
1188:k
1164:=
1159:0
1155:N
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1128:=
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1093:0
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965:=
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954:1
927:=
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