53:
120:
125:
1269:
1281:
4380:
1980:
1834:
2065:(ALJs) and are generally considered to be part of the executive branch even though they exercise quasi-judicial powers. With limited exceptions, they cannot render final judgments in cases involving life, liberty, and private property rights, but may make preliminary rulings subject to review by an Article III judge.
2285:
of enemy ships, last resort for resolution of disputes between two or more states (including disputes over borders and jurisdiction), and final determination of controversies between private parties arising from conflicting land grants issued by two or more states prior to settlement of which state
2234:
Notably, the only federal court that can issue proclamations of federal law that bind state courts is the
Supreme Court itself. Decisions of the lower federal courts, whether on issues of federal law or state law (when the question was not certified to a state court), are persuasive but not binding
2572:
The
Supreme Court's differing treatment of the traditional actors and the jury and the deference to traditional actors has contributed to the jury's decline…The Court has failed to acknowledge any specific authority in the jury or any necessity to guard that authority...Moreover it has ultimately
2226:
requires federal courts to apply substantive state law to claims arising from state law (which may be heard in federal courts under supplemental or diversity jurisdiction). In difficult cases, the federal courts must either guess as to how a court of that state would decide the issue or, if that
2099:
is the primary support agency for the U.S. federal courts. It is directly responsible to the
Judicial Conference. The AO prepares the judiciary's budget, provides and operates secure court facilities, and provides the clerical and administrative staff essential to the efficient operation of the
2158:
The 30,000 people who work for the judiciary have mostly no workplace protections unlike millions of employees around the United States, including in U.S. Congress, who have more civil rights as employees. The judiciary has been critiqued as an example of how self-policing does not work and
2601:
as the jury continued to be more diverse in gender and race, the jury was less desirable to judges and corporations…this shift has occurred, particularly in the 1930s…The
Supreme Court likely has been influenced by legal elites as well as by corporations to reduce jury authority over
2250:". The IRS "will recognize these principles and generally concede issues accordingly during administrative proceedings". In rare cases, however, the IRS may continue to litigate a legal issue in a given circuit even where the IRS has already lost a case on that issue in that circuit.
2056:
of the federal
Constitution, Congress also has the power to establish other tribunals, which are usually quite specialized, within the executive branch to assist the president in the execution of his or her powers. Judges who staff them normally serve terms of fixed duration, as do
1693:. There is therefore generally no basic right of appeal that extends automatically all the way to the Supreme Court. In a few situations (like lawsuits between state governments or some cases between the federal government and a state) it sits as a court of original jurisdiction.
2276:
provided a clear basis for the initial establishment of United States of
America judicial authority by Congress prior to the Constitution. This authority, enumerated by Article IX, allowed for the establishment of United States jurisdiction in the trial of
2159:
transparency and accountability from an independent body is needed. This extends to the incomplete disclosure of gifts, including luxury trips, for judges throughout the judiciary, which hampers the ability of the public to know whether there are enough
2246:. In the context of administration of U.S. internal revenue laws by the Internal Revenue Service, nonacquiescences (published in a series of documents called Actions on Decisions) "generally do not affect the application of stare decisis or the rule of
1894:
Besides these federal courts, described as
Article III courts, there are other adjudicative bodies described as Article I or Article IV courts in reference to the article of the Constitution from which the court's authority stems.
1668:
may include this designation as part of its name. The federal courts are generally divided between trial courts, which hear cases in the first instance, and appellate courts, which review contested decisions made by lower courts.
2993:
3910:
2640:
7969:
7618:
7588:
7493:
3785:
3208:
1773:. The U.S. District Courts and federal judicial districts are organized according to U.S. state boundaries. Depending on a state's population, it may be covered by only a single district court, such as the
3200:
3168:
7959:
7613:
2693:
Mitchell
Rogovin and Donald L. Korb, "The Four R's Revisited: Regulations, Rulings, Reliance, and Retroactivity in the 21st Century: A View From Within", 46 Duquesne Law Review 323, 366-367 (2008).
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186:
3613:
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1710:
449:
5960:
3216:
1686:
7603:
2901:
2259:
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1961:
1949:
7608:
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3192:
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2290:
was the first United States court established by the United States. Additional United States courts were established to adjudicate border disputes between the states of
1740:. Nearly all appeals are heard by three-judge panels, but on rare occasions, after a three-judge panel decides a case, all the judges in the circuit may rehear the case
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1651:
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2325:
in 1789, Congress gained the authority to establish the federal judicial system as a whole. Only the
Supreme Court was established by the Constitution itself. The
1184:
434:
2174:
for itself thanks in part to the influence of legal elites and companies that prefer judges over juries as well as the inability of the jury to defend its power.
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6367:
5247:
2001:
1855:
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1312:
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321:
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6143:
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1801:
444:
423:
141:
7528:
7453:
7199:
5478:
3549:
3240:
1952:
was transformed from an
Article IV court to an Article III court in 1966, and reform advocates say the other territorial courts should be changed as well.
1717:
1746:. Decisions of the U.S. Courts of Appeals can be appealed to the Supreme Court, but the Court of Appeals is the "end of the line" for most federal cases.
7287:
7121:
5515:
3878:
2861:
1903:
6055:
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2707:
1899:
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is the policymaking body of the U.S. federal courts. The conference is responsible for creating and revising federal procedural rules pursuant to the
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214:
1813:
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1809:
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920:
1754:
7990:
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4753:
2810:
2573:
held constitutional almost every modern procedure before and after the a jury deliberation that has eliminated or reduced jury authority. (75-77)
2263:
1937:
406:
17:
2329:
created the first inferior (i.e., lower) federal courts established pursuant to the Constitution and provided for the first Article III judges.
2188:
The Supreme Court has interpreted the Constitution as placing some additional restrictions on the federal courts. For example, the doctrines of
1709:
hear all appeals of right from the lower courts. In some cases, Congress has diverted appellate jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the
7644:
6265:
5183:
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3256:
1925:
870:
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6479:
5715:
4922:
4617:
3589:
3397:
2053:
1969:
1644:
1356:
795:
316:
178:
6097:
5694:
5510:
5451:
5034:
4992:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4535:
3597:
3224:
2869:
1965:
1161:
1002:
895:
2503:
7221:
7064:
6959:
6704:
6442:
5562:
5473:
5215:
5200:
5082:
2336:
offer an elective course that focuses specifically on the powers and limitations of U.S. federal courts, with coverage of topics such as
1805:
1305:
1017:
439:
2482:
2132:
is an Executive Branch agency that is responsible for providing protection for the federal judiciary and transporting federal prisoners.
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1359:
requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts and place limitations on their
1247:
883:
785:
236:
225:
7263:
7059:
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1388:
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1113:
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1038:
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952:
932:
830:
815:
458:
133:
1664:
All federal courts can be readily identified by the words "United States" (abbreviated to "U.S.") in their official names; no
7995:
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7355:
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4774:
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3248:
3017:
2913:
2623:
2594:
2565:
1915:
1907:
1816:. The district courts usually have jurisdiction to hear appeals from such tribunals (unless, for example, appeals are to the
1073:
957:
804:
253:
8000:
7282:
7179:
7116:
7106:
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2140:
1945:
1400:
1174:
174:
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7226:
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6921:
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6311:
5908:
5567:
5463:
5347:
4388:
4227:
3136:
2932:
1384:
1090:
967:
487:
278:
203:
7211:
7152:
7037:
7032:
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6692:
6652:
6499:
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5520:
5049:
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4407:
3902:
3304:
2845:
2807:
1678:
1342:
1232:
1212:
987:
982:
937:
625:
507:
350:
342:
90:
2728:
2231:
from federal courts when state law is unclear or uncertain, ask an appellate court of that state to decide the issue.
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7253:
7233:
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7174:
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2027:
1881:
1334:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1120:
1095:
1056:
947:
890:
855:
570:
72:
2538:
2009:
1863:
7941:
7498:
7393:
7258:
7204:
7189:
7091:
6926:
6402:
6355:
6350:
6252:
6179:
5879:
5644:
5173:
4602:
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4525:
3264:
2183:
2111:
charged with making "necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice".
2104:
1411:
1166:
1151:
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1042:
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5689:
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5294:
5274:
5264:
5259:
4622:
4484:
4412:
4344:
3605:
3461:
3296:
2824:
2616:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
2587:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
2558:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
2108:
1933:
1702:
1346:
1179:
1030:
972:
927:
755:
414:
1705:
are the intermediate federal appellate courts. They operate under a system of mandatory review which means they
7503:
7275:
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6802:
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5220:
5131:
4429:
3942:
3894:
3232:
3144:
2733:
2129:
2058:
2042:
2005:
1911:
1859:
1368:
997:
992:
492:
472:
295:
261:
2641:"Inferiority Complex: Should State Courts Follow Lower Federal Court Precedent on the Meaning of Federal Law?"
1898:
There are a number of Article I courts with appellate jurisdiction over specific subject matter including the
7027:
6891:
6807:
6738:
6709:
6647:
6537:
6509:
6153:
5525:
5418:
4656:
4520:
4364:
3974:
3703:
3328:
3312:
3001:
2519:
1350:
977:
962:
680:
85:
40:
2704:
7322:
7315:
7248:
7111:
6994:
6916:
6906:
6760:
6721:
6677:
6637:
6594:
6542:
6474:
6447:
6407:
6385:
6194:
6008:
5955:
5888:
5745:
5701:
5629:
5550:
5468:
5279:
5143:
4972:
4880:
4688:
4587:
4417:
4006:
3918:
3389:
3112:
3038:
1929:
1766:
1416:
419:
311:
7949:
7867:
7832:
7243:
7194:
7009:
6911:
6834:
6716:
6612:
6437:
6422:
6360:
5995:
5950:
5757:
5639:
5493:
4565:
4454:
3687:
3128:
3104:
3029:
2216:
2209:
2171:
1665:
1364:
1252:
1066:
850:
775:
720:
685:
1689:, which means that the Supreme Court can choose which cases to hear, by granting petitions for writs of
7907:
7812:
7772:
7147:
7017:
6849:
6829:
6817:
6627:
6617:
6299:
6204:
5817:
5807:
5334:
5329:
5319:
5314:
4836:
4555:
4243:
3445:
3320:
2924:
2791:
760:
665:
2170:
Suja A. Thomas argues the federal judiciary has taken most of the constitutionally-defined power from
1685:. It generally hears appeals from the courts of appeals (and sometimes state courts), operating under
7872:
7862:
7857:
7837:
6726:
6032:
5837:
5832:
5394:
4848:
4627:
4489:
4054:
3413:
2273:
1906:, as well as Article I courts with appellate jurisdiction over specific geographic areas such as the
725:
715:
710:
690:
1749:
Although several other federal courts bear the phrase "Court of Appeals" in their names—such as the
7964:
7787:
7702:
7578:
7488:
7438:
7398:
6839:
6219:
6189:
6184:
6174:
5940:
5896:
5737:
5498:
5284:
5148:
4962:
4902:
4582:
4323:
4275:
4046:
3695:
3485:
3453:
3160:
2940:
2062:
1990:
1844:
1338:
790:
640:
555:
80:
2281:
and felonies committed on the high seas, final appeals from state court decisions in all cases of
7822:
7817:
7692:
7418:
6333:
6069:
5827:
4794:
4637:
4444:
4259:
4251:
4188:
3830:
3280:
2977:
2125:
transfers and consolidates cases in multiple judicial districts that share common factual issues.
2115:
1994:
1919:
1848:
1796:
In certain cases, Congress has diverted original jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the
1560:
675:
670:
545:
1769:
are the general federal trial courts. There are 94 U.S. District Courts, one for each of the 94
7912:
7877:
7782:
7757:
7558:
7331:
6785:
6135:
5945:
5925:
5727:
5582:
5377:
5324:
5309:
5153:
4841:
4632:
4022:
3740:
3437:
3176:
3120:
3096:
2853:
1941:
1521:
1516:
1156:
765:
730:
635:
610:
111:
103:
7897:
7847:
7827:
7802:
7792:
7777:
7767:
7752:
7732:
7707:
7697:
7687:
7458:
7403:
6984:
6667:
5782:
5339:
5304:
5299:
5242:
5225:
4955:
4379:
4129:
4030:
3862:
3805:
3557:
3541:
3517:
3421:
3381:
2994:
Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
2784:
2466:
2402:
2326:
1590:
1553:
750:
700:
655:
645:
630:
620:
605:
585:
560:
550:
540:
397:
52:
7917:
7892:
7797:
7737:
7712:
7682:
7672:
7463:
7443:
7336:
6464:
6338:
6229:
5607:
5039:
5019:
4967:
4917:
4858:
4789:
2748:
2398:
2307:
2160:
2136:
2046:
1910:. The Article I courts with original jurisdiction over specific subject matter include the
1372:
1273:
770:
745:
650:
590:
565:
535:
525:
195:
2776:
8:
7852:
7807:
7747:
7722:
7677:
7468:
7413:
7408:
6876:
6792:
6602:
6318:
6003:
5634:
4831:
4462:
3846:
3822:
3732:
3679:
3365:
3152:
2836:
2345:
2341:
2315:
2205:
2061:. Judges in Article I tribunals attached to executive branch agencies are referred to as
1548:
705:
660:
600:
575:
530:
1716:
The U.S. Courts of Appeals are divided into 13 circuits: 12 regional circuits, numbered
7882:
7762:
7727:
6116:
6104:
5822:
5812:
5789:
5772:
5168:
4912:
4907:
4779:
4369:
4235:
4121:
4078:
3934:
3911:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
3814:
3715:
3533:
3373:
3272:
2968:
2228:
2089:
1456:
900:
735:
615:
580:
2435:
119:
7954:
7887:
7842:
7742:
7423:
6859:
6015:
5367:
4865:
4784:
4769:
4267:
4135:
4113:
4097:
4062:
4038:
3793:
3629:
3525:
3429:
3080:
2948:
2885:
2619:
2590:
2561:
2472:
2408:
2322:
2243:
1732:, which has special jurisdiction over appeals involving specialized subjects such as
910:
780:
740:
695:
595:
497:
392:
7927:
7629:
6775:
6622:
6328:
6148:
5158:
4999:
4982:
4977:
4816:
4172:
3637:
3184:
2956:
2520:"Victims of harassment by federal judges often find the judiciary is above the law"
2299:
2201:
1543:
1538:
1508:
502:
2238:
Some commentators assert that another limitation upon federal courts is executive
7378:
6484:
6260:
6158:
5930:
5230:
5163:
4932:
4853:
4799:
4359:
4219:
4180:
3926:
3886:
3838:
3405:
2755:
2711:
2267:
2239:
1503:
1496:
1285:
905:
387:
370:
360:
303:
239:
166:
3209:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
1341:
of the federal government. The U.S. federal judiciary consists primarily of the
7347:
6954:
6854:
6237:
5372:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5024:
4887:
4821:
3950:
3854:
3786:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
3777:
3658:
2985:
2337:
2311:
2197:
1595:
1446:
1204:
1131:
7984:
5935:
5235:
5044:
4679:
3761:
3724:
3201:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
2349:
2303:
2220:
1777:, or by up to four district courts, such as the U.S. District Courts for the
1682:
286:
228:
206:
155:
124:
3169:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
2242:
in judicial decisions, where the executive simply refuses to accept them as
6242:
6214:
5269:
4292:
3958:
2664:
2295:
1486:
1471:
1466:
1425:
1360:
382:
365:
353:
217:
144:
6519:
6050:
5387:
5289:
5029:
4892:
4648:
4504:
2291:
2282:
2118:
is the primary research and education agency for the U.S. federal courts.
2078:
2049:
to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die.
1580:
1432:
375:
1280:
5382:
5188:
5014:
5009:
4927:
2333:
1690:
1623:
1476:
3622:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
2743:
6871:
6864:
2738:
2247:
2154:
Supreme Court of the United States § Criticism and controversies
1737:
1461:
269:
2539:"When judges get free trips to luxury resorts, disclosure is spotty"
1979:
1833:
5054:
5004:
3752:
3670:
2215:
limit the power of lower federal courts to disturb rulings made by
2193:
2189:
1616:
1439:
3967:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
3871:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
2041:
Federal judges, like Supreme Court justices, are appointed by the
2560:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–77, 109.
2164:
1742:
1375:
to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, or die.
1353:. It also includes a variety of other lesser federal tribunals.
3614:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
2362:
Uniformity and jurisdiction in U.S. federal court tax decisions
2278:
2074:
1733:
1605:
3217:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
2902:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
2260:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
1570:
3574:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
3566:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
2618:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–93.
1962:
List of United States federal judges by longevity of service
1950:
United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
3193:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
2894:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
2806:
2235:
authority in the states in which those federal courts sit.
1793:. Most cases "are tried by a single judge, sitting alone".
1585:
1194:
4106:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
3010:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
2769:
2749:
CourtWEB, Online Federal Court Opinions Information System
2705:
A Litigation-Oriented Approach to Teaching Federal Courts
2589:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
1199:
2739:
Debates on the Federal Judiciary: A Documentary History
2671:(Philadelphia: American Law Institute, 2006), 418-425.
2504:
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
3999:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
2878:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
2314:. A United States court was also established for the
1757:
and are not considered to sit in appellate circuits.
7659:
3550:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3241:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
2862:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
2458:
3879:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
3478:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
2471:(6th ed.). Clifton Park: Delmar. p. 36.
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2286:actually has jurisdiction over the territory. The
3494:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
3055:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
2682:How Courts Impact Federal Administrative Behavior
2097:Administrative Office of the United States Courts
1711:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
450:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
7982:
7377:
6083:Native American recognition in the United States
3991:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
3047:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
2536:
2537:Dreisbach, Tom; Johnson, Carrie (May 1, 2024).
2407:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 60.
2374:
2264:Article Three of the United States Constitution
1938:District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands
3257:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
2744:History of the Courts of the Federal Judiciary
2464:
2397:
1775:U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska
7645:
7363:
6480:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
4664:
4308:
3590:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
3398:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
2792:
1970:List of current United States district judges
1645:
1306:
4322:
3598:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
3225:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
2870:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
1966:List of current United States circuit judges
2008:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1862:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7652:
7638:
7370:
7356:
4678:
4671:
4657:
4315:
4301:
3502:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
3289:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
2799:
2785:
2123:Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
1652:
1638:
1313:
1299:
6093:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
2028:Learn how and when to remove this message
1882:Learn how and when to remove this message
1751:U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
1696:
1393:State supreme courts of the United States
27:Third constitutional branch of government
4071:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
3983:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
2086:Judicial Conference of the United States
1818:Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
6144:List of counties and county equivalents
2517:
2446:from the original on September 27, 2018
1802:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
1760:
1331:federal government of the United States
445:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
435:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel
34:This article is part of a series on the
14:
7991:Federal judiciary of the United States
7983:
2669:Litigation with the Federal Government
2613:
2584:
2555:
2200:prohibit district courts from issuing
1389:Federal tribunals in the United States
1327:federal judiciary of the United States
7633:
7351:
4652:
4296:
4207:
4158:
3656:
3351:
3249:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
3018:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
2822:
2780:
2638:
2632:
1908:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
1904:Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
1672:
805:Elections in the District of Columbia
4015:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
3510:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
2734:Creating the Federal Judicial System
2729:Federal Court Concepts, Georgia Tech
2684:(New York: Routledge, 2009), 92-106.
2513:
2511:
2288:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
2006:adding citations to reliable sources
1973:
1946:District Court of the Virgin Islands
1900:Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
1860:adding citations to reliable sources
1827:
1329:is one of the three branches of the
1175:United States and the United Nations
407:Inferior Courts of the United States
4228:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
3770:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
3137:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
2933:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
2485:from the original on March 29, 2023
1385:List of courts of the United States
279:Vice President of the United States
24:
3903:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
3657:
3305:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
2846:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
2722:
2715:, 53 St. Louis U. L.J. 857 (2009).
2549:
2518:Johnson, Carrie (April 30, 2024).
2177:
1823:
1679:Supreme Court of the United States
343:Supreme Court of the United States
51:
25:
8012:
5489:Director of National Intelligence
3089:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
2761:
2508:
2147:
2068:
73:Constitution of the United States
7660:Judiciaries of the United States
7494:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5645:Government Accountability Office
4378:
3352:
3265:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
2184:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
1978:
1832:
1412:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
1279:
1267:
518:Elections by State and Territory
123:
118:
3606:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
3297:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
2696:
2687:
2674:
2658:
2204:. Other doctrines, such as the
1914:(for each district court), the
1703:United States courts of appeals
1357:Article III of the Constitution
1180:United Nations Security Council
1083:District of Columbia Government
18:United States federal judiciary
7288:Separation of church and state
5504:National Reconnaissance Office
5447:President of the United States
3943:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
3895:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
3233:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
3145:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2823:
2607:
2578:
2530:
2497:
2428:
2130:United States Marshals Service
1791:Southern Districts of New York
296:United States Attorney General
262:President of the United States
13:
1:
4365:Bill (United States Congress)
3975:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
3704:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
3313:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
3002:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
2465:Walston-Dunham, Beth (2012).
2404:American Law: An Introduction
2367:
1806:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
1767:United States district courts
440:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
7996:United States federal courts
7619:United States Virgin Islands
5650:Government Publishing Office
5118:Technological and industrial
3919:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
3113:Schillinger v. United States
3039:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
1930:High Court of American Samoa
1798:Court of International Trade
1726:District of Columbia Circuit
1417:Doctrines of civil procedure
430:Court of International Trade
7:
8001:Courts in the United States
7122:Women's reproductive health
6088:Federally recognized tribes
5951:Public utilities commission
5855:Public Health Service Corps
5758:Code of Federal Regulations
5640:Congressional Budget Office
5494:Central Intelligence Agency
5400:Water supply and sanitation
4827:Declaration of Independence
4159:
3688:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
3129:United States v. Wunderlich
2440:Legal Information Institute
2355:
2172:juries in the United States
10:
8017:
6300:Red states and blue states
6205:City commission government
6200:Council–manager government
4244:Mistretta v. United States
4208:
3470:Burton v. United States II
3446:City of St. Louis v. Myers
3321:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
2925:Murdock v. City of Memphis
2257:
2253:
2181:
2151:
2072:
1959:
1771:federal judicial districts
1728:; and a 13th circuit, the
1382:
1363:. Article III states that
1335:United States Constitution
7940:
7926:
7665:
7594:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7512:
7386:
7309:
7135:
7008:
6940:
6593:
6589:
6580:
6528:
6393:
6384:
6280:
6251:
6228:
6167:
6134:
6125:
6068:
6056:Comparison of governments
6031:
5994:
5971:
5887:
5867:
5798:
5736:
5658:
5581:
5439:
5430:
5426:
5417:
5139:
5130:
5075:
5035:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
4876:drafting and ratification
4849:Articles of Confederation
4762:
4696:
4687:
4513:
4490:Law School Admission Test
4475:
4453:
4398:
4387:
4376:
4330:
4214:
4203:
4167:
4154:
4089:
4055:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
3804:
3751:
3714:
3669:
3665:
3652:
3462:Burton v. United States I
3414:United States v. Jackalow
3390:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
3360:
3347:
3065:
3028:
2967:
2912:
2835:
2831:
2818:
2274:Articles of Confederation
2139:provide security for the
2063:administrative law judges
1955:
1378:
871:List of political parties
7960:Northern Mariana Islands
7614:Turks and Caicos Islands
7075:Prescription drug prices
6195:Mayor–council government
6185:Coterminous municipality
6175:Consolidated city-county
5941:Agriculture commissioner
5591:House of Representatives
5499:National Security Agency
5149:Contiguous United States
4324:Law of the United States
4276:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
4047:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3696:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3486:Muskrat v. United States
3454:Barrett v. United States
3161:United States v. Stanley
2941:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
2916:independent state ground
2614:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
2585:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
2556:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
2401:; Hayden, Grant (2017).
2045:with the consent of the
1530:Resolution without trial
1371:with the consent of the
1274:United States portal
786:Northern Mariana Islands
134:House of Representatives
7160:Criticism of government
6505:Social welfare programs
6098:State-recognized tribes
5083:Outline of U.S. history
4795:Continental Association
4260:United States v. Hatter
4252:Peretz v. United States
4189:Cramer v. United States
3831:Massachusetts v. Mellon
3582:Thomas v. Union Carbide
3281:United States v. Bormes
3030:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
2978:United States v. Hudson
2116:Federal Judicial Center
2107:are panels within each
1916:Court of Federal Claims
1003:Individualist anarchism
175:Congressional districts
7544:British Virgin Islands
7222:Environmental movement
7065:Health insurance costs
6960:Educational attainment
6485:Federal Reserve System
6443:Science and technology
5946:Insurance commissioner
5484:Intelligence Community
5179:minor outlying islands
4942:Civil rights movement
4023:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
3741:Nixon v. United States
3438:United States v. Klein
3329:Trump v. United States
3177:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
3121:Feres v. United States
3097:Mississippi v. Johnson
2854:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
2639:Frost, Amanda (2015).
2321:When the Constitution
2141:Supreme Court building
1942:District Court of Guam
1697:U.S. Courts of Appeals
1522:Request for production
1517:Request for admissions
1347:U.S. Courts of Appeals
1140:Diplomatic missions of
1018:Political polarization
488:Presidential elections
112:United States Congress
56:
7484:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7048:Immigrant health care
6563:Transportation safety
6558:Transportation policy
6548:Public transportation
5618:President pro tempore
5474:Executive departments
5243:National Park Service
4898:Territorial evolution
4181:United States v. Burr
4130:Rucho v. Common Cause
4031:Texas v. Pennsylvania
4007:Bond v. United States
3863:Sierra Club v. Morton
3558:Arizona v. New Mexico
3542:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
3518:Wisconsin v. Illinois
3422:Ex parte Vallandigham
3382:United States v. More
3072:presidential immunity
2648:Vanderbilt Law Review
2399:Friedman, Lawrence M.
2327:Judiciary Act of 1789
2258:Further information:
2182:Further information:
2161:conflicts of interest
1960:Further information:
1555:Involuntary dismissal
1383:Further information:
1367:are appointed by the
215:President Pro Tempore
55:
7217:Environmental issues
6882:Political ideologies
6781:Indigenous languages
5981:List of legislatures
5778:separation of powers
5479:Independent agencies
5405:World Heritage Sites
5040:September 11 attacks
4963:Spanish–American War
4903:Mexican–American War
4859:Confederation period
4790:Continental Congress
4500:Admission to the bar
4350:Separation of powers
3105:United States v. Lee
2342:abstention doctrines
2137:Supreme Court Police
2002:improve this section
1856:improve this section
1814:Article IV tribunals
1761:U.S. District Courts
1687:discretionary review
1683:court of last resort
1403:in the United States
1351:U.S. District Courts
1333:organized under the
1144:in the United States
884:Political ideologies
508:Presidential primary
7970:U.S. Virgin Islands
7499:Trinidad and Tobago
7394:Antigua and Barbuda
7060:Health care finance
6553:Rail transportation
6319:Imperial presidency
6041:State constitutions
5986:List of legislators
5936:Auditor/Comptroller
5909:Lieutenant governor
5635:Library of Congress
5526:Diplomatic Security
5169:Indian reservations
4832:American Revolution
4440:International Trade
3847:Altvater v. Freeman
3823:Fairchild v. Hughes
3733:Goldwater v. Carter
3680:DeFunis v. Odegaard
3366:Chisholm v. Georgia
3153:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
2468:Introduction to Law
2346:abrogation doctrine
2332:Virtually all U.S.
2316:Northwest Territory
2229:certified questions
2206:abstention doctrine
1928:courts include the
1549:Voluntary dismissal
1286:Politics portal
1121:Department of State
796:U.S. Virgin Islands
7434:Dominican Republic
7170:affirmative action
7143:Capital punishment
7102:Poverty and health
7097:Physician shortage
7070:Health care prices
7000:Standard of living
6683:standard of living
6490:Financial position
6117:Hawaiian home land
6105:Indian reservation
6078:Tribal sovereignty
5921:Secretary of state
5790:United States Code
5706:Territorial courts
5678:Associate Justices
5563:Inspector generals
5050:War in Afghanistan
4913:Reconstruction era
4780:Stamp Act Congress
4536:Child sexual abuse
4526:Administrative law
4370:United States Code
4332:Constitutional law
4236:Forrester v. White
4122:Vieth v. Jubelirer
4079:Murthy v. Missouri
3935:Diamond v. Charles
3815:Bailiff v. Tipping
3716:Political question
3534:Colegrove v. Green
3374:Marbury v. Madison
3273:Samantar v. Yousuf
3067:Sovereign immunity
2969:Federal common law
2808:U.S. Supreme Court
2754:2010-03-27 at the
2710:2014-08-14 at the
2702:Michael L. Wells,
2090:Rules Enabling Act
1934:territorial courts
1755:Article III courts
1673:U.S. Supreme Court
1487:Pretrial procedure
1457:Service of process
1343:U.S. Supreme Court
1128:Secretary of State
498:Off-year elections
480:National Elections
187:Non-voting members
65:Federal government
57:
7978:
7977:
7627:
7626:
7516:other territories
7345:
7344:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7271:National security
6980:Income inequality
6860:Statue of Liberty
6663:income inequality
6576:
6575:
6568:Trucking industry
6380:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6307:Foreign relations
6295:Electoral College
6276:
6275:
6064:
6063:
6016:District attorney
5863:
5862:
5690:Courts of appeals
5413:
5412:
5126:
5125:
5067:COVID-19 pandemic
5020:Feminist Movement
4866:American frontier
4785:Thirteen Colonies
4646:
4645:
4471:
4470:
4426:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4268:Stern v. Marshall
4199:
4198:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4136:Benisek v. Lamone
4114:Davis v. Bandemer
4063:Biden v. Nebraska
4039:Trump v. New York
3794:Trump v. New York
3648:
3647:
3630:Bowles v. Russell
3526:Crowell v. Benson
3430:Ex parte McCardle
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3081:Little v. Barreme
2949:Harrison v. NAACP
2886:Younger v. Harris
2625:978-1-316-61803-5
2596:978-1-107-05565-0
2567:978-1-316-61803-5
2244:binding precedent
2202:advisory opinions
2105:judicial councils
2059:magistrate judges
2038:
2037:
2030:
1912:bankruptcy courts
1892:
1891:
1884:
1662:
1661:
1323:
1322:
1162:Visa requirements
1114:Foreign relations
1013:Political culture
953:Constitutionalism
831:Political parties
816:List of Elections
503:Primary elections
493:Midterm elections
415:Courts of appeals
43:
16:(Redirected from
8008:
7934:Washington, D.C.
7928:Federal district
7654:
7647:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7584:Saint Barthélemy
7514:Dependencies and
7387:Sovereign states
7381:of North America
7372:
7365:
7358:
7349:
7348:
7325:
7318:
7205:African American
7087:Health insurance
6975:Household income
6845:National symbols
6776:American English
6749:Federal holidays
6658:household income
6591:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6391:
6390:
6329:Anti-Americanism
6253:Special district
6180:Independent city
6149:County executive
6132:
6131:
5926:Attorney general
5885:
5884:
5874:Federal District
5457:Executive Office
5437:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5184:populated places
5164:federal enclaves
5159:federal district
5137:
5136:
5000:American Century
4983:Great Depression
4978:Roaring Twenties
4938:Women's suffrage
4817:Halifax Resolves
4810:Founding Fathers
4805:military history
4770:Pre-colonial era
4694:
4693:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4546:Conflict of laws
4420:
4396:
4395:
4382:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4205:
4204:
4173:Ex parte Bollman
4156:
4155:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3638:Patchak v. Zinke
3349:
3348:
3185:Clinton v. Jones
2957:Michigan v. Long
2833:
2832:
2820:
2819:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:Official website
2716:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2680:Robert J. Hume,
2678:
2672:
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2656:
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2645:
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2013:
1982:
1974:
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1544:Summary judgment
1539:Default judgment
1397:
1396:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1091:District Council
1074:Local government
958:Environmentalism
322:Executive Office
317:Federal agencies
127:
122:
42:Politics of the
41:
30:
29:
21:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8010:
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8007:
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7382:
7376:
7346:
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7321:
7314:
7297:
7283:Opioid epidemic
7200:Native American
7180:intersex rights
7131:
7127:Life expectancy
7117:Medical deserts
7107:Race and health
7004:
6990:Personal income
6936:
6840:National anthem
6673:personal income
6638:Economic issues
6572:
6524:
6372:
6272:
6261:School district
6247:
6230:Minor divisions
6224:
6163:
6121:
6060:
6046:Statutory codes
6027:
5990:
5967:
5877:
5872:
5859:
5794:
5751:civil liberties
5732:
5723:Other tribunals
5702:District courts
5654:
5613:current members
5596:current members
5577:
5511:Law enforcement
5409:
5122:
5071:
5062:Great Recession
4933:Progressive Era
4923:Native genocide
4854:Perpetual Union
4842:Treaty of Paris
4800:United Colonies
4758:
4683:
4677:
4647:
4642:
4541:Civil procedure
4509:
4467:
4449:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4360:Act of Congress
4334:
4326:
4321:
4291:
4282:
4220:Stuart v. Laird
4210:
4195:
4163:
4142:
4085:
3927:Allen v. Wright
3887:Warth v. Seldin
3839:Ex parte Levitt
3800:
3747:
3710:
3661:
3644:
3406:Sheldon v. Sill
3356:
3335:
3070:
3061:
3024:
2963:
2915:
2908:
2827:
2814:
2805:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2756:Wayback Machine
2725:
2723:Further reading
2720:
2719:
2712:Wayback Machine
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2663:
2659:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2583:
2579:
2568:
2554:
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2535:
2531:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
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2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2396:
2375:
2370:
2358:
2323:came into force
2270:
2268:Judicial reform
2256:
2240:nonacquiescence
2186:
2180:
2178:Legal procedure
2156:
2150:
2081:
2071:
2040:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1999:
1983:
1972:
1958:
1888:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1853:
1837:
1826:
1824:Other tribunals
1763:
1730:Federal Circuit
1699:
1675:
1658:
1629:
1600:
1591:Burden of proof
1565:
1554:
1513:
1504:Interrogatories
1481:
1402:
1401:Civil procedure
1395:
1381:
1319:
1290:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1209:
1191:
1171:
1152:Nationality law
1148:
1136:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1078:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1009:
944:
886:
876:
875:
867:
847:
833:
823:
822:
810:
800:
522:
514:
484:
475:
465:
464:
459:Other tribunals
454:
420:District courts
402:
337:
327:
326:
308:
304:Merrick Garland
256:
246:
245:
240:Mitch McConnell
237:Minority Leader
226:Majority Leader
191:
167:Hakeem Jeffries
164:Minority Leader
153:Majority Leader
129:
106:
96:
95:
67:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8014:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7950:American Samoa
7946:
7944:
7938:
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7932:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7868:South Carolina
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7833:North Carolina
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
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7604:Sint Eustatius
7601:
7596:
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7576:
7571:
7566:
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7549:Cayman Islands
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7279:
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7266:
7256:
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7246:
7241:
7239:Mass shootings
7236:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7227:Climate change
7224:
7214:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7165:Discrimination
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6997:
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6987:
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6955:American Dream
6952:
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6938:
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6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6922:Transportation
6919:
6914:
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6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
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6857:
6855:Mount Rushmore
6852:
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6475:Federal budget
6472:
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6462:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
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6440:
6435:
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6425:
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6413:Communications
6410:
6405:
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6371:
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6365:
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6353:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6334:exceptionalism
6331:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6312:foreign policy
6304:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6287:
6281:
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6013:
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6009:Chief justices
6004:Supreme courts
6000:
5998:
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5882:
5865:
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5861:
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5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5843:National Guard
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5746:Bill of Rights
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5716:list of judges
5713:
5711:list of courts
5699:
5698:
5697:
5695:list of judges
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5630:Capitol Police
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5587:
5585:
5579:
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5558:
5553:
5551:Secret Service
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5464:Vice President
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5443:
5441:
5434:
5421:
5415:
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5411:
5410:
5408:
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5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5248:National Parks
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5208:
5203:
5201:Extreme points
5198:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
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5156:
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5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4996:
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4953:
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4940:
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4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4888:Federalist Era
4885:
4884:
4883:
4881:Bill of Rights
4878:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4829:
4824:
4822:Lee Resolution
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4772:
4766:
4764:
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4756:
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4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4691:
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4684:
4682: articles
4676:
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4605:
4600:
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4590:
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4578:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4551:Constitutional
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
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4427:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4400:Federal courts
4393:
4385:
4384:
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4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
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4347:
4341:
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4328:
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4305:
4297:
4288:
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4141:
4140:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4098:Hayburn's Case
4093:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3951:Raines v. Byrd
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3855:Flast v. Cohen
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3778:Laird v. Tatum
3774:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
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3700:
3692:
3684:
3675:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3659:Justiciability
3650:
3649:
3646:
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3643:
3642:
3634:
3626:
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3043:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2986:Swift v. Tyson
2982:
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2965:
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2763:
2762:External links
2760:
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2338:justiciability
2312:South Carolina
2255:
2252:
2227:state accepts
2211:Rooker–Feldman
2179:
2176:
2149:
2148:Accountability
2146:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2101:
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2069:Administration
2067:
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1986:
1984:
1977:
1957:
1954:
1890:
1889:
1840:
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1753:—they are not
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1365:federal judges
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1243:European Union
1240:
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1132:Antony Blinken
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1103:
1101:Superior Court
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975:
970:
968:Libertarianism
965:
960:
955:
950:
943:
942:
941:
940:
935:
925:
924:
923:
921:Traditionalist
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
887:
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
866:
865:
864:
863:
858:
846:
845:
840:
834:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
809:
808:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
776:American Samoa
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
721:South Carolina
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
686:North Carolina
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
521:
520:
513:
512:
511:
510:
500:
495:
490:
483:
482:
476:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
417:
411:
410:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
357:
356:
347:
346:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
307:
306:
300:
299:
291:
290:
283:
282:
274:
273:
266:
265:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
233:
232:
222:
221:
211:
210:
200:
199:
190:
189:
183:
182:
171:
170:
160:
159:
149:
148:
138:
137:
116:
115:
107:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
77:
76:
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
48:
47:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8013:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7908:West Virginia
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7813:New Hampshire
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7773:Massachusetts
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7655:
7650:
7648:
7643:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7511:
7505:
7504:United States
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7380:
7373:
7368:
7366:
7361:
7359:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7212:Energy policy
7210:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7153:incarceration
7151:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7038:Prenatal care
7036:
7034:
7033:Birth control
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6970:Homeownership
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6693:working class
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6653:homeownership
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6433:Manufacturing
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6361:Third parties
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5728:U.S. attorney
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Chief Justice
5671:
5670:
5669:
5668:Supreme Court
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5573:Public policy
5571:
5569:
5568:Civil service
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5236:Sierra Nevada
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5174:insular zones
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5045:War on Terror
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:LGBT Movement
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4680:United States
4674:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:Child custody
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4463:State supreme
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:United States
4389:Courts of the
4386:
4381:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4206:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:Poe v. Ullman
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:Baker v. Carr
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
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3619:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2478:9781133707981
2474:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:"Article III"
2431:
2416:
2414:9780190460594
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2350:habeas corpus
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:Massachusetts
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2163:to warrant a
2162:
2155:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:This section
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1883:
1875:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:This section
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:Latin America
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
988:Republicanism
986:
984:
983:Protectionism
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
939:
938:Progressivism
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
880:
879:
872:
869:
868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:Third parties
849:
848:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
827:
826:
819:
817:
812:
811:
807:
806:
802:
801:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
761:West Virginia
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
666:New Hampshire
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Massachusetts
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
515:
509:
506:
505:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
477:
474:
469:
468:
461:
460:
456:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
404:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
355:
352:
351:Chief Justice
349:
348:
345:
344:
340:
339:
336:
331:
330:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
293:
292:
288:
287:Kamala Harris
285:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
255:
250:
249:
241:
238:
235:
234:
230:
229:Chuck Schumer
227:
224:
223:
219:
216:
213:
212:
208:
207:Kamala Harris
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
193:
192:
188:
185:
184:
180:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
162:
161:
157:
156:Steve Scalise
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
128:
126:
121:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
100:
99:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:United States
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
7965:Puerto Rico
7873:South Dakota
7863:Rhode Island
7858:Pennsylvania
7838:North Dakota
7609:Sint Maarten
7589:Saint Martin
7254:Human rights
7234:Gun politics
7185:Islamophobia
7175:antisemitism
7043:Hospice care
6985:Middle class
6965:Homelessness
6942:Social class
6902:Social class
6766:Human rights
6756:Homelessness
6668:middle class
6633:Demographics
6608:Architecture
6515:Unemployment
6495:Labor unions
6243:Town meeting
6220:City council
6215:City manager
5956:State police
5818:Marine Corps
5808:Armed Forces
5783:civil rights
5763:Constitution
5659:
5335:Southwestern
5330:Southeastern
5320:Northwestern
5315:Northeastern
5280:Mid-Atlantic
5270:Great Plains
4988:World War II
4871:Constitution
4775:Colonial era
4754:2008–present
4593:Human rights
4514:Types of law
4455:State courts
4399:
4355:Civil rights
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4134:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3959:FEC v. Akins
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3354:Jurisdiction
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2914:Adequate and
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2703:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2665:Gregory Sisk
2660:
2654:(1): 53–103.
2651:
2647:
2634:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2532:
2523:
2499:
2489:November 26,
2487:. Retrieved
2467:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2439:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2403:
2331:
2320:
2296:Pennsylvania
2271:
2237:
2233:
2221:
2217:state courts
2210:
2187:
2169:
2157:
2051:
2039:
2024:
2015:
2000:Please help
1988:
1936:such as the
1924:
1897:
1893:
1878:
1869:
1854:Please help
1842:
1795:
1764:
1748:
1741:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1676:
1663:
1622:
1615:
1472:Counterclaim
1443:
1429:
1426:Jurisdiction
1361:jurisdiction
1355:
1326:
1324:
1081:
1057:Legislatures
1037:
948:Abolitionism
891:Conservatism
813:
803:
726:South Dakota
716:Rhode Island
711:Pennsylvania
691:North Dakota
517:
479:
457:
405:
354:John Roberts
341:
334:
294:
277:
260:
218:Patty Murray
194:
145:Mike Johnson
132:
117:
110:
71:
33:
7942:Territories
7788:Mississippi
7703:Connecticut
7579:Puerto Rico
7489:Saint Lucia
7439:El Salvador
7379:Judiciaries
7259:Immigration
7190:LGBT rights
7092:Food safety
6927:Video games
6520:Wall Street
6500:Public debt
6403:Agriculture
6339:nationalism
6051:Uniform act
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5833:Space Force
5583:Legislative
5378:Red (South)
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5290:New England
5226:Appalachian
5196:Earthquakes
5093:Discoveries
5088:Demographic
5030:Vietnam War
4973:World War I
4968:Imperialism
4918:Indian Wars
4893:War of 1812
4505:Reading law
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2811:Article III
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7985:Categories
7903:Washington
7823:New Mexico
7818:New Jersey
7693:California
7574:Montserrat
7569:Martinique
7564:Guadeloupe
7419:Costa Rica
7293:Xenophobia
7082:Disability
7023:Healthcare
6932:Visual art
6877:Philosophy
6823:television
6813:newspapers
6803:journalism
6793:Literature
6705:attainment
6356:Republican
6351:Democratic
6324:Ideologies
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5773:preemption
5768:federalism
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5265:West Coast
5260:East Coast
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5015:Space Race
5010:Korean War
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4928:Gilded Age
4485:Law school
4430:Bankruptcy
4345:Federalism
2837:Abstention
2825:Federalism
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2368:References
2152:See also:
2073:See also:
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546:California
7913:Wisconsin
7878:Tennessee
7783:Minnesota
7758:Louisiana
7559:Greenland
7474:Nicaragua
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7276:Terrorism
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6950:Affluence
6897:Sexuality
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6771:Languages
6700:Education
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6603:Americana
6530:Transport
6428:Insurance
6418:Companies
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4956:1954–1968
4951:1896–1954
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636:Minnesota
611:Louisiana
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388:Kavanaugh
371:Sotomayor
335:Judiciary
270:Joe Biden
254:Executive
204:President
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7848:Oklahoma
7828:New York
7803:Nebraska
7793:Missouri
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7524:Anguilla
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681:New York
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7738:Indiana
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7539:Bonaire
7534:Bermuda
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571:Georgia
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536:Arizona
526:Alabama
398:Jackson
393:Barrett
383:Gorsuch
312:Cabinet
142:Speaker
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4435:Claims
4279:(2016)
4271:(2011)
4263:(2001)
4255:(1991)
4247:(1989)
4239:(1988)
4231:(1824)
4223:(1803)
4209:Others
4192:(1945)
4184:(1807)
4176:(1807)
4139:(2019)
4125:(2004)
4117:(1986)
4109:(1985)
4101:(1792)
4090:Others
4082:(2024)
4074:(2024)
4066:(2023)
4058:(2021)
4050:(2021)
4042:(2020)
4034:(2020)
4026:(2016)
4018:(2013)
4010:(2011)
4002:(2011)
3994:(2007)
3986:(2007)
3978:(2006)
3970:(2000)
3962:(1998)
3954:(1997)
3946:(1992)
3938:(1986)
3930:(1984)
3922:(1983)
3914:(1982)
3906:(1978)
3898:(1977)
3890:(1975)
3882:(1974)
3874:(1973)
3866:(1972)
3858:(1968)
3850:(1943)
3842:(1937)
3834:(1923)
3826:(1922)
3818:(1805)
3797:(2020)
3789:(1985)
3781:(1972)
3773:(1967)
3765:(1961)
3744:(1993)
3736:(1979)
3728:(1962)
3707:(2023)
3699:(2021)
3691:(2016)
3683:(1974)
3641:(2018)
3633:(2007)
3625:(2005)
3617:(2002)
3609:(1995)
3601:(1986)
3593:(1986)
3585:(1985)
3577:(1982)
3569:(1977)
3561:(1976)
3553:(1974)
3545:(1962)
3537:(1946)
3529:(1932)
3521:(1929)
3513:(1926)
3505:(1921)
3497:(1916)
3489:(1911)
3481:(1908)
3473:(1906)
3465:(1905)
3457:(1898)
3449:(1885)
3441:(1871)
3433:(1869)
3425:(1864)
3417:(1862)
3409:(1850)
3401:(1828)
3393:(1816)
3385:(1805)
3377:(1803)
3369:(1793)
3332:(2024)
3324:(2020)
3316:(2019)
3308:(2019)
3300:(2015)
3292:(2014)
3284:(2012)
3276:(2010)
3268:(2008)
3260:(2007)
3252:(2006)
3244:(2005)
3236:(2004)
3228:(2003)
3220:(2003)
3212:(2001)
3204:(1999)
3196:(1998)
3188:(1997)
3180:(1993)
3172:(1991)
3164:(1987)
3156:(1982)
3148:(1978)
3140:(1964)
3132:(1951)
3124:(1950)
3116:(1894)
3108:(1882)
3100:(1867)
3092:(1812)
3084:(1804)
3058:(2005)
3050:(1983)
3042:(1923)
3021:(1943)
3013:(1938)
3005:(1938)
2997:(1928)
2989:(1842)
2981:(1812)
2960:(1983)
2952:(1959)
2944:(1935)
2936:(1896)
2928:(1875)
2905:(1983)
2897:(1976)
2889:(1971)
2881:(1964)
2873:(1962)
2865:(1959)
2857:(1943)
2849:(1941)
2622:
2593:
2564:
2475:
2411:
2348:, and
2344:, the
2266:, and
2219:. The
2196:, and
2075:CM/ECF
2052:Under
2047:Senate
1968:, and
1956:Judges
1948:. The
1944:, and
1804:, the
1800:, the
1789:, and
1724:; the
1606:Appeal
1467:Answer
1442:
1428:
1391:, and
1379:Courts
1373:Senate
1345:, the
1233:Canada
1213:Russia
1067:Courts
933:Modern
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911:Paleo-
706:Oregon
661:Nevada
601:Kansas
576:Hawaii
531:Alaska
361:Thomas
196:Senate
91:Policy
7883:Texas
7763:Maine
7728:Idaho
7529:Aruba
7454:Haiti
7323:Index
7148:Crime
7018:Aging
6835:Names
6830:Music
6818:radio
6798:Media
6628:Dance
6618:Crime
6453:Trade
6210:Mayor
6159:Clerk
6127:Local
5869:State
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5231:Rocky
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4638:Trust
4628:State
4612:State
2644:(PDF)
2602:time.
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1218:China
1096:Mayor
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901:Black
861:Green
736:Texas
616:Maine
581:Idaho
376:Kagan
366:Alito
7955:Guam
7888:Utah
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7743:Iowa
7599:Saba
7424:Cuba
6887:Race
6732:list
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6266:list
6110:list
6021:list
5961:list
5914:list
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5683:list
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2167:.
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2522:.
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2442:.
2438:.
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2306:,
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1185:P5
1142:/
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2526:.
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2424:.
2143:.
2092:.
2031:)
2025:(
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2012:.
1998:.
1885:)
1879:(
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1870:(
1866:.
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