586:, which denied entry for immigrants from East Asia and the Pacific Islands. The literacy test and head tax that came with this act were ineffective, preventing just 1,500 immigrants annually, from entering the country between 1918 and 1921. Following these results, a quota system designed to prevent immigration, based on nationality was enacted (Emergency Quota Act), which meant that 3% of the amount of a particular nationality in a 1910 census, were to be permitted entry. Nativists were not satisfied by the results, culminating in the Johnson–Reed Act of 1924, which would limit Europeans to 150,000 a year, zero Japanese immigrants, and 2% of every other nationality's population in the 1890 census. Immigration in America declined much more significantly after this law was enforced, in 1929:
46:
358:
413:". When referring to Russian immigrants, they described them as "clannish", which shared community through "gangs" as reason for non-assimilation. When considering educational standards applicable to immigrants, only 2 out of 26 questions on an assessment form related to student achievements and failed to take into account economic differences, when reaching conclusions on literacy levels. The Commission's investigation stated that "the ability to speak English is a matter of great importance, for it increases industrial efficiency and assists in the process of assimilation the degree of assimilation which has taken place".
381:, and places most associated with immigration to the United States, which would then be used to inform states across America on which immigration would be most suited for the needs of America, and where. This sort of classification was not new to the Commission, with racial classification remaining popular from the turn of the century, into the 20th and beyond, scientifically informing the nativist rhetoric of the time. Data collected by the Commission did not support racial preconceptions, when taking to account the success of immigrants and their level of assimilation, but recommendations were made, nonetheless.
422:
349:, most restrictions were exclusively directed to the Asian population, without classification of races; factors such as income and education came first. Immigration acts had previously banned prostitutes, convicts, the insane, and those with serious illness or disability. Nativism changed this through moving toward a racial hierarchy which pitted the superior natives of the United States against the 'inferior' immigrants.
274:
233:. This was in response to increasing political concerns about the effects of immigration and its brief was to report on the social, economic, and moral state of the nation. During its time in action the Commission employed a staff of more than 300 people for over 3 years, spent better than a million dollars and accumulated mass data.
518:
Abundant unskilled labor is damaging, therefore: Satisfactory amounts of labor were recommended excluded from the existing labor force. Furthermore, immigrants that came with no intention of becoming
American citizens and plans of residence, were recommended for deportation by the relevant authority.
568:
Benton-Cohen described the commission as "one of the first federal agencies to employ women in professional positions", because the
Commission employed around 200 women. The Commission came during a period in which women were offered very little opportunity to climb the professional ladder, and this
455:
Development of business may be done through a lower standard of living of the wage earners. A slower expansion of industry, allowing for the mixing of incoming labor supply with
Americans, is preferred. Rapid expansion can result in laborers of low standard emigrating to the United States. Thus, the
384:
In the words of the report, "The former (immigrants) were from the most progressive sections of Europe and assimilated quickly... On the other hand, the new immigrants have come from the less progressive countries of Europe and congregated separately from native
Americans and the older immigrants to
256:
was a serious threat to
American society and culture and should be greatly reduced in the future, as well as continued restrictions on immigration from China, Japan, and Korea. The report highly influenced public opinion around the introduction of legislation to limit immigration and can be seen to
551:
Finally, they determined that reading and writing should be tested through literacy tests, as the best way to eliminate the inclusion of undesired citizens in
American society. The Commission recommended that further restrictions be placed on unskilled immigrants with a literacy test to prove they
372:
Tension between nativists on one side of the debate (who wanted more restriction of immigration) and those that wished to reform existing rules and immigration systems which promoted the inclusion of "good" immigrants in
American society, played a part in the Dillingham Commission's investigation.
764:
In 1911, the
Dillingham Commission issued a 41-volume report containing statistical overviews and other analyses of topics related to immigrant occupations, living conditions, education, legislation (at the state as well as the federal level), and social and cultural organizations. A planned 42nd
333:
to acknowledge the perceived negative effect of immigration on the
American-born workforce helped influenced the formation of the Dillingham Commission. Nonetheless, this fails to acknowledge that the immigration debate had been around for decades as well as early ideas of racial distinctions and
404:
reports, state bureaus of labor and statistics or other agencies". The
Commission used its own investigators to present their personal findings. This led investigators to form racial distinctions between different groups of immigrants, as evidenced by way of example by the reports description of
494:
It was also agreed that immigrants should be protected from exploitation. States were recommended to push regulations onto immigrant banks and employment was also targeted for regulation, to ensure stability. Immigrants that convinced others to send money overseas, thereby encouraging
482:
A statute should be enacted which provides the enforcement of law by government officials on vessels carrying passengers at sea, for the protection of the immigrants. Sending officials to the lower decks of ships, disguised as immigrants, should be allowed to continue, under the
495:
non-assimilation, were recommended deported. Finally, it was also recommended that information about opportunities for agricultural purposes be made available by states that desire more settlers, in order to attract immigrants that were willing to help with this need.
320:
Modern historians have continued to argue that eugenic ideology supported immigration policy. However, Katherine Benton-Cohen's recent work highlights the importance of economics within the Commission's thinking, in particular when referring to Commission member
569:
even extended to college-educated women. Women were therefore able to have an impact on 'reform efforts', in regards to immigration, particularly focusing on 'sex trafficking, as well as the economic conditions of immigrant laborers'.
581:
of 1924. It therefore placed immigration policy firmly in the hands of the federal government, as opposed to the previous state level of enforcement. Immigration from China, Japan, and Korea continued to be restricted leading to the
572:
The Commission's recommendations had a substantial impact on American immigration policy. The recommendations eventually led to the introduction of literacy tests (Congress overrode the second veto by Woodrow Wilson in 1917), the
469:
The President should appoint commissioners, who can make arrangements with other countries for copies of police records. Only once documents which prove zero convictions are produced, can a person be admitted to the United
774:
400:. The Commission was highly influential due to it being based on "scientific research". However, the Commission did not hold any public hearings or cross-examine witnesses, also choosing not to use "information from
285:
In 1800, the American population was about 5 million, by 1914, migration had led to a further 50 million people in the country. The population had amassed to a total of 77 million, 14 years earlier, in 1900.
452:
Health of a country is not shown by total investment, products produced, or trade, unless there is corresponding opportunity to citizens requiring "employment for material, mental and moral development".
552:
would be of a sufficient educational standard to assimilate into American society. This led to the proposed bills for the new literacy test which were passed by Congress but vetoed first by
903:
Volumes 26-27: Emanuel A. Goldenweiser. Immigrants in Cities: A Study of the Population of Selected Districts in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Milwaukee.
1793:
1680:
Kim, Seonmin. "Re-Categorizing Americans: Difference, Distinction, and Belonging in the Dillingham Commission (1907-1911)" (PhD dissertation, U California--Berkeley, 2018)
861:
Volume 16: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries: Copper Mining and Smelting (pt. 17); Iron Ore Mining (pt. 18); Anthracite Coal Mining (pt. 19); Oil Refining (pt. 20).
1768:
1788:
1765:, Harvard University online copies of 400,000+ pages from 2,200+ books, pamphlets, and magazines, and 9,600+ pages from manuscript and archival collections
17:
388:
In reaching this conclusion the Commission made distinctions between "old" and more recent "new" immigrants. The report favored "old" immigrants from
479:
All previous recommendations should be enforced regularly, enacted by Congress, specifically regarding women being imported for immoral purpose.
1402:
1188:
1159:
1128:
1757:
484:
1552:
Cannato, Vincent J. (2019-06-01). "Katherine Benton-Cohen. Inventing the Immigration Problem: The Dillingham Commission and Its Legacy".
218:
99:
1070:
519:
Those to be excluded were described as "least desirable", in reference to habits or personal qualities known to relevant authorities.
769:
Volumes 1-2: Abstracts of Reports of The Immigration Commission, with Conclusions and Recommendations and Views of the Minority.
950:
Steerage Conditions, Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes, Immigrant Homes and Aid Societies, Immigrant Banks
990:
825:
Silk Goods and Manufacturing and Dyeing (pt. 5); Clothing Manufacturing (pt. 6); Collar, Cuff, and Shirt Manufacturing (pt. 7)
241:
169:
818:
313:
on advocating for eugenics found heightened interest and readership during the late 1800s, reflecting the growth of racial
45:
1657:
1363:
733:
301:'s works which argued that the old immigrant races were in danger of being overtaken by inferior races, particularly
713:
700:
687:
666:
652:
639:
625:
512:
230:
210:
110:
873:
Volumes 19-20: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries: Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining.
806:
800:
505:
1522:
Brief Statement of the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Immigration Commission: With Views of the Minority
1482:
Brief Statement of the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Immigration Commission: With Views of the Minority
1456:
Brief Statement of the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Immigration Commission: With Views of the Minority
979:
Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in the Subject of Immigration
914:
Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States; Fecundity of Immigrant Women
865:
893:. Immigrants in Industries: Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States.
819:
Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States (pt. 3); Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing (pt. 4)
884:
881:
850:
237:
330:
1632:
864:
Volumes 17-18: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries: Diversified Industries. Washington: G.P.O., 1911.
898:
894:
874:
868:
856:
830:
812:
803:
357:
325:, arguing that it predates eugenics. In addition to this, pressure from labor leaders such as President
1205:
Cannato, Vincent (2019). "Inventing The Immigration Policy:The Dillingham Commission and its Legacy".
490:
Boards of inquiry should be appointed for the purpose of judicial review of appeals and other matters.
1723:
1419:, Senate Document no. 633, 61st Congress, 2nd Session, 25 (Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 360.
1316:
Thomas, V., 'Immigrants, Progressives, and Exclusion Politics: The Dilligham Commission, 1900-1927',
1300:
Thomas, V., 'Immigrants, Progressives, and Exclusion Politics: The Dilligham Commission, 1900-1927',
466:
Those with convictions for serious crimes within the first 5 years after arrival were to be deported.
437:
The Commission recommended that any future legislation should follow a set of principles, as follows:
1432:
Senate Document no. 633, 61st Congress, 2nd Session, 25 (Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 359.
1031:, Senate Document no. 633, 61st Congress, 2nd Session, 25 (Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 2.
511:
Policy that excludes Chinese laborers should be extended to East Indians, with assistance from the
1642:
Benton-Cohen, Katherine. "Other immigrants: Mexicans and the Dillingham Commission of 1907-1911."
857:
Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing (pt. 14); Furniture Manufacturing (pt 15); Sugar Refining (pt. 16)
1589:
Young, J. G. (2017). "Making America 1920 Again? Nativism and US Immigration, Past and Present".
583:
578:
289:
Historically, immigration policy had been based on economic arguments, but new research suggests
262:
1762:
1666:
Cannato, Vincent. 'Inventing The Immigration Policy: The Dillingham Commission and its Legacy',
1647:
973:
The Immigration Situation in other Countries: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil
222:
77:
1538:
Cannato, V. J., 'Inventing The Immigration Policy:The Dillingham Commission and its Legacy',
621:
476:
An immigrant that "becomes a public charge within three years" of arrival should be deported.
443:
361:
214:
156:
59:
841:
837:
833:
824:
456:
standard of wages and conditions of employment would be negatively affected for all workers.
442:
Immigrants should be considered with quality and quantity as stipulation for the process of
880:
Volume 21-22: Alexander Cance. Immigrants in Industries: Recent Immigrants in Agriculture.
846:
Volume 13: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries: Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (pt. 11)
401:
245:
173:
1231:
Cannato, V., "Inventing The Immigration Policy:The Dillingham Commission and its Legacy".
449:
Legislation must consider businesses and the economy, for the well-being of all Americans.
8:
1000:
787:
780:
770:
574:
553:
410:
342:
258:
1623:
Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission: With Conclusions and Recommendations
1143:
943:
937:
928:
794:
1717:
1687:
1396:
1283:
1182:
1153:
1122:
742:
683:
374:
278:
226:
81:
1745:
Immigrants, Progressives, and Exclusion Politics: The Dillingham Commission, 1900-1927
345:
as the motivation for the legal enforcement of immigration in this period. But before
1569:
1369:
1359:
1356:
Still struggling for equality : American public library services with minorities
1287:
1005:
978:
972:
959:
925:
922:
919:
913:
907:
904:
696:
635:
425:
294:
1769:
Dillingham Commission's Ranking of Immigrant Groups Affected U.S. Policy for Decades
1702:
1661:
1626:
811:
Volumes 8-9: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries: Iron and Steel Manufacturing.
1609:
Reports of the Immigration Commission. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911
1561:
1273:
1214:
781:
Statistical Review of Immigration, 1820-1910. Distribution of Immigrants, 1850-1900
729:
704:
120:
1738:
405:
Polish immigrants: "In their physical inheritance they resemble the 'Eastern' or '
334:
these factors continued to influence Commission members as much as economic ones.
248:. The Commission published its findings in 1911, concluding that immigration from
1335:
Pula, James (1980). "American Immigration Policy and the Dillingham Commission".
1046:
Pula, James (1980). "American Immigration Policy and the Dillingham Commission".
995:
966:
949:
890:
709:
389:
338:
306:
253:
1278:
1261:
934:
738:
656:
648:
557:
393:
326:
322:
310:
302:
249:
851:
Glass Manufacturing; Agricultural Implement and Vehicle Manufacturing (pt. 12)
799:
Volumes 6-7: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries: Bituminous Coal Mining.
1782:
1573:
643:
429:
314:
298:
133:
1681:
1373:
547:
Reducing the head tax of male immigrants that are skilled and with families.
1654:
Inventing the Immigration Problem: The Dillingham Commission and Its Legacy
1262:"Making America 1920 Again? Nativism and US Immigration, Past and Present"
1175:
Inventing The Immigration Problem:The Dillingham Commission and its Legacy
421:
1565:
1218:
670:
662:
346:
293:
as influencing public opinion on admission criteria. This change towards
1688:
The Economic Investigations of the United States Immigration Commission
955:
748:
691:
1675:
The Passing Of The Great Race Or The Racial Basis Of European History
1428:
Dillingham, W. P., 'Immigrants in Industries (in Twenty-Five Parts)',
1415:
Dillingham, W. P., 'Immigrants in Industries (in Twenty-Five Parts)',
1027:
Dillingham, W. P., 'Immigrants in Industries (in Twenty-Five Parts)',
1145:
The Passing Of The Great Race Or The Racial Basis of European History
1714:
Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens And The Making Of Modern America
1389:
Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens And The Making Of Modern America
541:
Increasing the required amount of money on such persons at the port.
504:
Necessity to import labor for new industries, to be reviewed by the
515:. Japanese and Korean immigration should continue to be questioned.
290:
508:, when required and should determine the conditions of such labor.
396:
and opposed "new" immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe and
717:
629:
365:
524:
The restriction of immigrants was to be determined considering:
378:
1735:
Dividing Lines: The Politics Of Immigration Control In America
337:
Historian Robert F. Zeidel situated the Commission within the
273:
406:
765:
volume, an index of the other 41 volumes, was never issued.
397:
1724:
American Immigration Policy and the Dillingham Commission
1772:
1794:
Defunct joint committees of the United States Congress
918:
Volumes 29-33: The Children of Immigrants in Schools.
793:
Volume 5: Daniel Folkmar, assisted by Elnora Folkmar.
473:
Immigrant seamen to be considered under existing laws.
1656:. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2018)
563:
317:
based ideas amongst the American public at the time.
1703:
Boundaries of Restriction: The Dillingham Commission
855:
Volume 15: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries:
849:
Volume 14: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries:
829:
Volume 12: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries:
817:
Volume 10: W. Jett Lauck. Immigrants in Industries:
590:
European immigration to the United States, 1921–1930
535:
Unskilled workers accompanied by wives and families.
257:
have played an integral part in the adoption of the
1747:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004.
960:
Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants
416:
352:
229:, to study the origins and consequences of recent
1758:Online copies of report volumes; free to download
1330:
1328:
1326:
385:such an extent that assimilation has been slow".
1780:
1041:
1039:
1037:
532:Quotas for each race, every year, by percentage.
109:To study the origins and consequences of recent
1318:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
1302:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
1323:
933:Volumes 34-35: Immigrants as Charity Seekers.
1034:
1353:
1172:
1789:History of immigration to the United States
1401:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1187:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1158:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1127:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1074:. New York: Harper & Bros. p. 13.
1071:American Immigration Policy: A Reappraisal
601:1925–1928: approximately 300,000 per annum
538:Limits on the number of arrivals at ports.
373:The Commission was dedicated to taking an
44:
1277:
1115:Races and Ethnic Groups In American Life
420:
356:
272:
1591:Journal on Migration and Human Security
1551:
1266:Journal on Migration and Human Security
1204:
1112:
1084:
1067:
14:
1781:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1430:Reports of the Immigration Commission,
991:California Joint Immigration Committee
823:Volume 11: Immigrants in Industries:
723:
677:
615:
1605:
1603:
1585:
1583:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
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1470:
1468:
1466:
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1442:
1440:
1438:
1417:Reports of the Immigration Commission
1312:
1310:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1141:
1029:Reports of the Immigration Commission
759:
608:
1707:University of Vermont History Review
1633:The Rude Birth of Immigration Reform
1386:
1334:
1200:
1198:
1063:
1061:
1045:
1023:
1021:
203:United States Immigration Commission
50:Members of the Dillingham Commission
30:United States Immigration Commission
18:United States Immigration Commission
1527:
146:Immigration policy, social research
24:
1670:, Vol. 124.3 (2019), pp. 1021-1024
1644:Journal of American Ethnic History
1616:
1600:
1580:
1487:
1461:
1435:
1358:. Libraries Unlimited. p. 6.
1307:
1238:
564:The Commission's legacy and impact
25:
1805:
1751:
1195:
1058:
1018:
1173:Benton-Cohen, Katherine (2018).
1113:Woofter, Thomas Jackson (1933).
1101:World History: A New Perspective
1087:World History: A New Perspective
499:The Commission also agreed that:
417:The Commission's recommendations
240:composed of members of both the
231:immigration to the United States
111:immigration to the United States
1545:
1422:
1409:
1380:
1347:
1294:
1225:
1089:. London: Pimlico. p. 701.
788:Emigration Conditions in Europe
506:Secretary of Commerce and Labor
368:and chairman of the Commission.
353:The Commission's investigations
221:formed in February 1907 by the
1730:, vol. 37, no. 1 (1980): 5–31.
1554:The American Historical Review
1166:
1135:
1106:
1093:
1078:
836:; Boot and Shoe Manufacturing
795:Dictionary of Races or Peoples
529:Those unable to read or write.
377:approach, with plans to visit
297:was evident in the success of
13:
1:
1763:Dillingham Commission Reports
1625:(1911, the official summary)
1011:
779:Volume 3: Frederick Croxton.
560:in 1915 (and again in 1917).
432:and member of the Commission.
309:. Similarly, the work of Sir
281:helped set up the Commission.
268:
1692:Journal of Political Economy
1343:(1): 5–31 – via JSTOR.
331:American Federation of Labor
7:
1520:Dillingham, W. P., et al.,
1480:Dillingham, W. P., et al.,
1454:Dillingham, W. P., et al.,
984:
942:Volume 36: Leslie Hayford.
751:Commissioner of Immigration
598:1924: approximately 700,000
595:1921: approximately 800,000
461:The Commission agreed that:
10:
1810:
1668:American Historical Review
1631:Benton-Cohen, Katherine. "
1540:American Historical Review
1391:. New Jersey. p. 115.
1279:10.1177/233150241700500111
1233:American Historical Review
1207:American Historical Review
1103:. London: Pimlico, p. 657.
897:Vol 24, (pt. 25, vol. II)
1652:Benton-Cohen, Katherine.
1542:. 124(3) (2019), p. 1022.
1068:Bernard, William (1950).
885:Vol. 22 (pt. 24, vol. II)
866:Vol. 17 ( vol. 1, pt. 21)
556:in 1913 and subsequently
544:Increase of the head tax.
409:' race more than that of
189:
179:
162:
150:
142:
126:
116:
105:
95:
87:
73:
65:
55:
43:
34:
1686:Lauck, W. Jett (1910). "
912:Volume 28: Joseph Hill.
899:Vol. 25 (pt 25, vol III)
295:racial scientific theory
35:
1728:Polish American Studies
1337:Polish American Studies
1235:124(3) (2019), p. 1022.
1142:Grant, Madison (1916).
1117:. New York. p. 31.
1099:Ponting, Clive (2001).
1085:Ponting, Clive (2001).
1048:Polish American Studies
967:Immigration Legislation
895:Vol. 23 (pt 25, vol. I)
882:Vol. 21 (pt 24, vol. I)
869:Vol 18 (vol. 2, pt. 22)
604:1930: less than 150,000
584:Asiatic Barred Zone Act
1737:(Princeton UP, 2002).
1716:(Princeton UP, 2004)
840:; Glove Manufacturing
433:
369:
282:
223:United States Congress
78:United States Congress
1354:Jones, P. A. (2004).
1320:103(4) (2005), p. 810
1304:103(4) (2005), p. 808
1260:Young, J. G. (2017).
944:Immigration and Crime
831:Leather Manufacturing
622:William P. Dillingham
424:
362:William P. Dillingham
360:
276:
215:William P. Dillingham
207:Dillingham Commission
157:William P. Dillingham
60:William P. Dillingham
37:Dillingham Commission
1646:30.2 (2011): 33-57.
1637:The Wilson Quarterly
747:William R. Wheeler,
411:North-Western Europe
209:after its chairman,
734:Department of Labor
575:Emergency Quota Act
554:William Howard Taft
259:Emergency Quota Act
217:, was a bipartisan
205:(also known as the
168:Joint Committee of
31:
1743:Zeidel, Robert F.
1733:Tichenor, Daniel.
1662:online book review
1566:10.1093/ahr/rhz438
1387:Njai, Mae (2002).
1219:10.1093/ahr/rhz438
760:Commission reports
743:Cornell University
684:Benjamin F. Howell
609:Commission members
513:British government
434:
370:
307:Southern Europeans
283:
279:Theodore Roosevelt
227:Theodore Roosevelt
82:Theodore Roosevelt
29:
1677:(New York, 1916).
1006:Scientific racism
757:
756:
739:Jeremiah W. Jenks
697:William S. Bennet
679:Representatives:
636:Henry Cabot Lodge
577:of 1921, and the
426:Henry Cabot Lodge
219:special committee
199:
198:
100:Special Committee
16:(Redirected from
1801:
1722:Pula, James S. "
1673:Grant, Madison.
1610:
1607:
1598:
1587:
1578:
1577:
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1536:
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1478:
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1305:
1298:
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1281:
1257:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1213:(3): 1021–1024.
1202:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1177:. Massachusetts.
1170:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1149:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
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1076:
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1065:
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1043:
1032:
1025:
877:Vol. 20 (vol. 2)
875:Vol. 19 (vol. 1)
730:Charles P. Neill
613:
612:
579:Johnson–Reed Act
263:Johnson–Reed Act
261:in 1921 and the
185:Over $ 1,000,000
121:Washington, D.C.
48:
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1617:Further reading
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889:Volumes 23-25:
762:
710:John L. Burnett
611:
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428:, senator from
419:
364:, senator from
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339:Progressive Era
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254:Southern Europe
238:joint committee
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1752:External links
1750:
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1709:, vol 6 (1994)
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311:Francis Galton
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444:assimilation
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117:Headquarters
80:, President
36:
26:
1712:Ngai, Mae.
1560:(3): 1023.
1148:. New York.
977:Volume 41:
971:Volume 40:
965:Volume 39:
954:Volume 38:
948:Volume 37:
725:Unelected:
673:(1910–1911)
663:LeRoy Percy
659:(1907–1910)
347:World War I
56:Named after
1783:Categories
1660:see also
1272:(1): 223.
1054:(1): 5–32.
1012:References
956:Franz Boas
786:Volume 4:
749:California
632:, Chairman
617:Senators:
277:President
269:Background
211:Republican
164:Main organ
1775:interview
1574:0002-8762
1397:cite book
1288:219950261
1183:cite book
1154:cite book
1123:cite book
375:empirical
265:in 1924.
236:It was a
88:Dissolved
66:Formation
1597:: p. 224
1374:56194824
1001:Nativism
985:See also
842:(pt. 10)
390:Northern
343:nativism
291:eugenics
213:Senator
195:Over 300
181:Budget
152:Chairman
127:Location
938:Vol. 35
935:Vol. 34
929:Vol. 32
926:Vol. 31
923:Vol. 30
920:Vol. 29
908:Vol. 27
905:Vol. 26
838:(pt. 9)
834:(pt. 8)
807:(pt. 2)
470:States.
366:Vermont
341:, with
329:of the
303:Eastern
250:Eastern
191:Staff
106:Purpose
74:Founder
1739:online
1718:online
1682:online
1658:online
1648:online
1627:online
1572:
1372:
1362:
1286:
804:Vol. 7
775:Vol. 2
771:Vol. 1
485:Bureau
407:Slavic
402:census
379:Europe
246:Senate
174:Senate
143:Fields
1284:S2CID
242:House
170:House
1595:5(1)
1570:ISSN
1403:link
1370:OCLC
1360:ISBN
1189:link
1160:link
1129:link
398:Asia
392:and
305:and
252:and
244:and
201:The
172:and
96:Type
91:1911
1773:NPR
1726:".
1705:".
1690:".
1635:".
1562:doi
1558:124
1274:doi
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718:AL
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699:,
692:NJ
686:,
671:MS
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657:SC
651:,
644:MA
638:,
630:VT
624:,
1576:.
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1376:.
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1221:.
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446:.
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