157:
135:. Some individual may have served at different times as a hired scout and an enlisted scout. Prior to the act in 1866 these scouts were considered employees rather than soldiers. Enlistment records and muster rolls, from 1866 to 1912 were in many instances filed by state, some records were broken down by company or military post providing information such as when, where, and by whom the scout was enlisted; period of enlistment; place of birth; age at time of enlistment; physical description; and possibly additional remarks such as discharge information, including date and place of discharge, rank at the time, and if the scout died in service. Indian scouts who were officially enlisted in the army after 1866 were issued old pattern uniforms from surplus stock legally exempt from sale. Their uniforms were worn with less regulation, sometimes mixed with their native dress. In 1870, Captain Bourke of the
111:
249:
33:
214:
Department of
Arizona, 50, Departments of the Dakota, Platte and Missouri, 25 each; Department of Texas, 15, and Departments of the Columbia, 10. Pension files provide information not only on Indian Scouts but also about his family and others with whom he may have served or who knew him or his wife. Indian Scouts and their widows became eligible for pensions with the passage of an act on March 4, 1917, relating to
126:"The President is authorized to enlist and employ in the Territories and Indian country a force of Indians not to exceed one thousand to act as scouts, who shall receive the pay and allowances of cavalry soldiers, and be discharged whenever the necessity for further employment is abated, at the discretion of the department commander
213:
The end of hostilities on the frontier meant a reduction in the number of the Indian scouts needed. Army
General Order No. 28 issued on March 9, 1891 reduced the number of scouts to 150, down from 275 authorized in 1889, distributed among the different departments. This brought the numbers down to;
204:
There existed doubts as to whether Indian Scouts would remain faithful or whether they would betray the White soldiers and turn against them in conflict. The
Cibicue Apaches were among the first regular Army Scouts. They are also the only recorded 19th-century incident in which Indian scouts turned
195:
During the Indian wars, scouts were able to detect horse tracks where other soldiers could only detect hard ground. From these tracks, scouts could estimate the number of horses in a group. From the moisture content of horse dung, scouts could estimate the age of the trail. Scouts were also able to
152:
Scout leader Luther H. North commented, "Neither the Wild Tribes, nor the
Government Indian Scouts ever adopted any of the White soldier's tactics. They thought their own much better." Another chief of scouts, Stanton G. Fisher, emphasized the importance of Indian Scouts by saying of the soldiers,
147:
In the Indian wars following the U.S. Civil War, the Indian Scouts were a fast-moving, aggressive, and knowledgeable asset to the U.S. Army. They often proved to be immune to army notions of discipline and demeanor, but they proved expert in traversing the vast distances of the
American West and
143:
scouts in
Arizona as "almost naked, their only clothing being a muslin loin-cloth, a pair of point toed moccasins and a hat of hawk feather". In 1876 a description of Crow Scouts reads that they wore, "an old black army hat with top cut out and sides bound round with feathers, fur and scarlet
280:
recipients, including twelve from the 19th century. In the 20th century, five
American Indians have been among those soldiers to be distinguished by receiving the United States' highest military honor: This honor is given for military heroism "above and beyond the call of duty", exhibiting
260:, a member of the Crow tribe who became a scout in April 1876 under Colonel John Gibbon. He then joined Lieutenant Colonel Custer. Curley is most often identified as the lone survivor of "Custer's Last Stand". He denied witnessing the battle.
205:
against the U.S. Army at
Cibicue Creek in Arizona Territory. These Apache scouts were asked to campaign against their own kin, resulting in a mutiny against the army soldiers. Three of the scouts were court-martialed and executed.
144:
cloth". With the availability of army clothing some Native scouts took advantage of the availability of the clothing. In 1902 when new regulations were introduced in March the U.S. Scouts received a new more regulated uniform.
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claimed that "Curley said that Custer remained alive throughout the greater part of the engagement, animating his men to determined resistance, but about an hour before the close of the fight received a mortal wound."
316:
in the final campaigns of the Indian Wars. In 1915 Scott persuaded
Congress to allow I-See-O to serve on active duty for life. I-See-O, who, according to Scott, "has simply been stunned by civilization", lived in a
176:. All of its enlisted men in Troop L were Indian Scouts. The troop served until 1897 when the enlistments of the Scouts expired and it was disbanded. Scott would rise to the rank of major general and served as
854:
284:
The role of Native
American women in the U.S. Army is being slowly filled by the efforts of such groups as The Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation. It is known of individuals such as
719:
301:, and various female nurses have aided the military as far back as the American Revolution. Little information is currently listed on women's roles as scouts during the 19th century.
229:
Frontier Scouts included black, native and mixed blood individuals. Native involvement in military service came from different tribes and regions across the United States including
342:
156:
196:
discern whether females rode with a group based on the position of a horse's urine within its tracks - women sometimes/often rode mares while men rode stallions.
556:
607:
Dunlay, Thomas W. Wolves for the blue soldiers: Indian scouts and auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
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have made up an integral part of U.S. military conflicts since America's beginning. Colonists recruited Indian allies during such instances as the
17:
874:
849:
252:
Ashishishe (c. 1856–1923), known as Curly (or Curley) and Bull Half White, was a Crow scout in the United States Army during the Sioux Wars
131:
There were different types of scouts, some enlisted as Indian Scouts for brief terms and there were others who were hired as scouts by the
844:
859:
839:
177:
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When the Army was reorganized by the Act of March 3, 1898, the authorized number of Indian Scouts was further reduced to 75.
44:
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71:. The Scouts were active in the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Including those who accompanied
350:
818:
808:
704:
312:
who served as an Indian Scout from 1889 until his death in 1927. He served alongside future Army Chief of Staff
448:
361:, the crossed arrows became part of their insignia being authorized as branch of service insignia in 1984.
730:
Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army. Francis B. Heitman. Vol. 2. pg. 614-617.
637:
Plante, Trevor. (2009, Summer). Researching U.S. Army Indian Scouts, 1866–1914 . Prologue Magazine, 41(2)
864:
494:
52:
425:
354:
580:
531:
358:
673:
Children of Grace: The Nez Perce War of 1877. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994, p. 216, 243
72:
618:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"
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37:
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providing intelligence—and often a shock force—to the soldiers who sought hostile Indians.
561:
230:
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169:
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culture and their first major encounter with the Whites' way of thinking and doing things.
649:
Field,Ron. US Army Frontier Scouts 1840-1921. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2003.
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8:
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173:
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published an article claiming that Curly had made statements to them about the battle.
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extraordinary bravery, and for some, making the ultimate sacrifice for their country.
248:
814:
700:
684:
546:
99:
785:
581:"20th Century Warriors: Native American Participation in the United States Military"
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were officially deactivated in 1947 when their last member retired from the Army at
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of crossed arrows. In 1942 the insignia was authorized to be worn by the
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Recruitment of Indian scouts was first authorized on July 28, 1866 by an
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56:
541:
478:
437:
48:
63:, as well as military missions abroad including the most notable, the
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Military units and formations of the United States in the Indian Wars
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132:
766:
Native American Medal of Honor Recipients accessed September 2, 2010
32:
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95:
98:. For many Indians it was an important form of interaction with
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Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898
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and Alaska Natives (who would become involved in the 1940s).
810:
Encyclopedia of United States Army Insignia and Uniforms
59:. Native Americans also fought on both sides during the
36:
Soldiers and Indian scouts take observations before the
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434:(Traveling Bear - mistakenly translated as "Mad Bear")
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during his later days. He was a guest of President
256:
One of the most notable U.S. Army Indian Scouts was
153:"Uncle Sam's boys are too slow for this business."
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660:War Party in Blue: Pawnee Scouts in the U.S. Army.
628:
224:
831:
778:"Women In Military Service For America Memorial"
349:In 1890 the Scouts were authorized to wear the
183:The last detachment of Indian Scouts served at
813:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 287.
105:
645:
643:
406:The following 16 Indian Scouts received the
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160:Two Indian scouts at Fort Huachuca, 1942.
870:1866 establishments in the United States
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340:
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178:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
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31:
806:
357:. As their traditions passed into the
27:Native Americans serving in the US Army
14:
832:
208:
875:Military history of Native Americans
114:A group of Warm Spring Apache scouts
850:United States federal Indian policy
695:. Scholarly Resources Inc. p.
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24:
845:Native American military personnel
662:Norman: U of OK Press, 2010, p. 37
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886:
860:History of the United States Army
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840:United States Army Indian Scouts
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345:Special Forces branch insignia.
225:Notable figures and recognition
18:United States Army Indian Scout
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677:
665:
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1:
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78:in 1916 on his expedition to
807:Emerson, William K. (1996).
272:The official website of the
7:
500:
336:
10:
891:
351:branch of service insignia
276:lists the American Indian
106:Recruitment and enlistment
489:Yuma William "Bill" Rowdy
355:1st Special Service Force
168:organized Troop L of the
359:U.S. Army Special Forces
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364:
164:In 1892 1st Lieutenant
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185:Fort Huachuca, Arizona
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115:
41:
38:Battle of Big Dry Wash
741:"Simkin, John. Curly"
720:Timeline - AmerIndian
381:Black Seminole Scouts
344:
308:(born c. 1849) was a
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159:
113:
35:
562:South Pacific Scouts
321:in a remote part of
170:7th Cavalry Regiment
51:from 1634–1638, the
788:on October 15, 2016
658:Van de Logt, Mark.
323:Fort Sill, Oklahoma
262:The Chicago Tribune
218:from 1859 to 1891.
209:Reduction of forces
180:from 1914 to 1917.
174:Fort Sill, Oklahoma
782:womensmemorial.org
685:Schubert, Frank N.
557:Shadow Hawk Scouts
537:Indian auxiliaries
507:Aboriginal tracker
432:Co-Rux-Te-Chod-Ish
347:
254:
162:
116:
61:American Civil War
42:
865:American frontier
747:on March 27, 2009
547:Philippine Scouts
100:European-American
53:Revolutionary War
16:(Redirected from
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784:. Archived from
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743:. Archived from
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671:Hampton, Bruce.
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416:William Alchesay
191:Tracking methods
76:John J. Pershing
55:, as well as in
45:Native Americans
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266:John F. Finerty
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408:Medal of Honor
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402:Medal of Honor
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376:Arikara scouts
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278:Medal of Honor
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82:in pursuit of
67:who served in
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552:Shadow Wolves
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443:Pompey Factor
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391:Pawnee Scouts
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386:Navajo Scouts
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371:Apache Scouts
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314:Hugh L. Scott
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790:. Retrieved
786:the original
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761:
749:. Retrieved
745:the original
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726:
715:
690:
679:
672:
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659:
654:
621:
612:
588:. Retrieved
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512:Alamo Scouts
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348:
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287:Tyonajanegen
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271:
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231:Narragansett
228:
220:
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125:
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117:
87:
84:Pancho Villa
69:World War II
43:
29:
751:December 7,
590:October 10,
522:Crow scouts
517:Code talker
484:Isaac Payne
469:Nannasaddie
396:Crow Scouts
331:White House
216:Indian wars
137:3rd Cavalry
65:Codetalkers
57:War of 1812
834:Categories
568:References
542:Pequot War
479:Adam Paine
438:Elsatsoosu
139:described
49:Pequot War
495:John Ward
493:Sergeant
447:Sergeant
430:Sergeant
414:Sergeant
333:in 1925.
304:Sergeant
295:Sacajawea
187:in 1942.
133:U.S. Army
687:(1997).
501:See also
426:Chiquito
421:Blanquet
337:Insignia
299:Shoshone
792:July 3,
622:loc.gov
474:Nantaje
329:at the
306:I-See-O
293:woman,
235:Mohegan
96:Arizona
73:General
817:
703:
527:Curley
464:Machol
459:Kosoha
454:Kelsay
319:teepee
291:Oneida
258:Curley
243:Navajo
239:Apache
150:Pawnee
141:Apache
80:Mexico
40:(1882)
310:Kiowa
289:, an
200:Fears
815:ISBN
794:2017
753:2009
701:ISBN
592:2009
365:List
297:, a
274:Navy
697:104
449:Jim
172:at
128:."
836::
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642:^
630:^
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600:^
583:.
410::
241:,
237:,
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94:,
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20:)
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