Pawnee people - Knowledge

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it was time to prepare for the various steps of the ritual. The visionary would consult with the Morning Star priest, who helped him prepare for his journey to find a sacrifice. During the initial meeting both would cry and cry, because they knew the missions forced upon them by divine demand were wrong to carry out. With help from others, the warrior would capture a young unmarried girl from an enemy tribe. The Pawnee kept the girl and cared for her over the winter, taking her with them as they made their buffalo hunt. They arranged her sacrifice in the spring, in relation to the rising of the Morning Star. She was well treated and fed throughout this period.

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carried among the men – accompanied the girl out of the village to the scaffold. Together they awaited the morning star. When the star was due to rise, the girl was placed and tied on the scaffold. At the moment the star appeared above the horizon, the girl was shot with an arrow from a sacred bow, then the priest cut the skin of her chest to increase bleeding. She was shot quickly with arrows by all the participating men and boys to hasten her death. The girl was carried to the east and placed face down so her blood would soak into the earth, with appropriate prayers for the crops and life she would bring to all life on the prairie.

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before the hunters could get in position for the attack on the herd. Anyone who broke ranks could be severely beaten. During the chase, the hunters guided their ponies with their knees and wielded bows and arrows. They could incapacitate buffalo with a single arrow shot into the flank between the lower ribs and the hip. The animal would soon lie down and perhaps bleed out, or the hunters would finish it off. An individual hunter might shoot as many as five buffalo in this way before backtracking and finishing them off. They preferred to kill cows and young bulls, as the taste of older bulls was disagreeable.

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were nearly naked. Coronado was impressed with the size of the Quivirans and all the other Indians he met. They were "large people of very good build". Coronado spent twenty-five days among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the horizon. He found nothing but straw-thatched villages of up to two hundred houses and fields containing corn, beans, and squash. A copper pendant was the only evidence of wealth he discovered. The Quivirans were almost certainly Caddoans, and they built grass lodges as only the

1214: 1701: 1672:. Like other groups of Native American scouts, Pawnee warriors were recruited in large numbers to fight on the Northern and Southern Plains in various conflicts against hostile Native Americans. Because the Pawnee people were old enemies of the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, and Kiowa tribes, they served with the army for 14 years between 1864 and 1877, earning a reputation as being a well-trained unit, especially in tracking and reconnaissance. The Pawnee Scouts took part with distinction in the 717: 4496: 1517: 3660: 3252: 1183: 37: 1382:"In the middle of the 17th century the Pawnees were being savagely raided by eastern tribes that had obtained metal weapons from the French, which gave them a terrible advantage over Indians who had only weapons of wood, flint, and bone. The raiders carried off such great numbers of Pawnees into slavery, that in the country on and east of the upper Mississippi the name Pani developed a new meaning: 1038:". They continued this practice regularly through the 1810s and possibly after 1838 – the last reported sacrifice. They believed the longstanding rite ensured the fertility of the soil and success of the crops, as well as renewal of all life in spring and triumphs on the battlefields. The sacrifice was related to the belief that the first human being was a girl, born of the mating of the 527: 799: 924:, the Pawnee classify the varieties of corn by color: black, spotted, white, yellow, and red (which, excluding spotted, related to the colors associated with the four semi-cardinal directions). The women kept the different strains separate as they cultivated the corn. While important in agriculture, squash and beans were not given the same theological meaning as corn. 1206:, were the only Caddoan groups to survive the era of iron, firearms, and horses, and they all did so by forming compact villages on high ground and surrounding them with ditch and wall defenses. Most of the year was spent in these well-insulated homes, but many would go on communal deer hunts several days' travel from their homes. Some would even hunt 1739:

In 1875 most members of the nation moved to Indian Territory, a large area reserved to receive tribes displaced from east of the Mississippi River and elsewhere. The warriors resisted the loss of their freedom and culture, but gradually adapted to reservations. On 23 November 1892, the Pawnee in

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outside the village. It was made of sacred woods and leathers from different animals, each of which had important symbolism. It was erected over a pit with elements corresponding to the four cardinal directions. All the elements of the ritual related to symbolic meaning and belief, and were necessary

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that by historical times tended to be oval in shape; at earlier stages, they were rectangular. They constructed the frame, made of 10–15 posts set some 10 feet (3.0 m) apart, which outlined the central room of the lodge. Lodge size varied based on the number of poles placed in the center of

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The Pawnee were divided into two large groups: the Skidi / Skiri-Federation living in the north and the South Bands, which were further divided into several villages. While the Skidi / Skiri Federation were the most populous group of Pawnee, the Cawi / Chaui Band of the South Bands were generally the

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to make peace (in the French interest) between the Pawnees and their enemies in 1724. He reported that the Pawnee were a strong tribe and good horsemen, but, located at the far end of every trade route for European goods, were unfamiliar with Europeans and were treated like country bumpkins by their

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in the course of the next century or so. Their settlement pattern also changed from little villages of small rectangular earth-lodges to more defensible larger, compact villages of larger, circular lodges, the Skidis uniting in this way about 1680 while their close relations the Arikaras established

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Once buffalo were located, hunting did not begin until the tribal priests considered the time propitious. The hunt began by the men stealthily advancing together toward the buffalo, but no one could kill any buffalo until the warriors of the tribe gave the signal, in order not to startle the animals

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The holy corn was cultivated and harvested to replace corn in the sacred bundles prepared for the major seasons of winter and summer. Seeds were taken from sacred bundles for the spring planting ritual. The cycle of corn determined the annual agricultural cycle, as it was the first to be planted and

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As many as 30–50 people might live in each lodge, and they were usually of related families. A village could consist of as many as 300–500 people and 10–15 households. Each lodge was divided in two (the north and south), and each section had a head who oversaw the daily business. Each

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In the 1960s, the government settled a suit by the Pawnee Nation regarding their compensation for lands ceded to the US government in the 19th century. By an out-of-court settlement in 1964, the Pawnee Nation was awarded $ 7,316,097 for land ceded to the US and undervalued by the federal government

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Coronado reached Quivira itself after a few more days of traveling. He found Quivira "well settled ... along good river bottoms, although without much water, and good streams which flow into another". Coronado believed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and women Quivirans

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in 1541. With cavalry, steel weapons, and guns he had forced his way through the Apaches, Pueblos, and other nations of the modern southeastern US, but they had no gold. Coronado's interpreter repeated rumours (or confirmed Coronado's fantasies) that gold was to be had elsewhere in a location named

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The ritual stood outside the organization of the ceremonial year and was not necessarily an annual occurrence. The commencement of the ceremony required that a man had been commanded to sponsor it while asleep. Typically, a warrior would dream of the Morning Star, usually in the autumn, which meant

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After successful kills, the women processed the bison meat, skin and bones for various uses: the flesh was sliced into strips and dried on poles over slow fires before being stored. Prepared in this way, it was usable for several months. Although the Pawnee preferred buffalo, they also hunted other

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The tribe went on buffalo hunts in summer and winter. Upon their return, the inhabitants of a lodge would often move into another lodge, although they generally remained within the village. Men's lives were more transient than those of women. They had obligations of support for the wife (and family

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The frame was covered first with smaller poles, tied with willow withes. The structure was covered with thatch, then earth. A hole left in the center of the covering served as a combined chimney / smoke vent and skylight. The door of each lodge was placed to the east and the rising sun. A long, low

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the enactment of legislation, the transaction of business, and by otherwise speaking or acting on behalf of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma on all matters which the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma is empowered to act, including the authority to hire legal counsel to represent the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma.

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The Pawnee Business Council is the supreme governing body of the Pawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. Subject to the limitations imposed by the Constitution and applicable Federal law, the Pawnee Business Council shall exercise all the inherent, statutory, and treaty powers of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma by

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in modern Nebraska. The expedition sent their only Pawnee slave to make contact; he did not obtain any welcome for the Spanish party and he failed to return to the Spanish camp. The Pawnees attacked at dawn, shooting heavy musketry fire and flights of arrows, then charging into combat clad only in

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Coronado was escorted to the further edge of Quivira, called Tabas, where the neighboring land of Harahey began. He summoned the "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred followers, came to meet with the Spanish. He was disappointed in his hopes for riches. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with

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Most of the actual ceremony took place in the earth lodge of the visionary, since the Pawnee villages did not have a special ceremonial lodge. Bystanders outside dug holes in the wall and tore the roof apart to follow the elaborate ceremony. A procession of all the men and boys – even male infants

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bundles that included various materials, such as an ear of sacred corn, with great symbolic value. These were used in many religious ceremonies to maintain the balance of nature and the Pawnee relationship with the gods and spirits. In the 1890s, already in Oklahoma, the people participated in the

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The people returned to their villages to harvest crops when the corn was ripe in late summer, or in the spring when the grass became green and they could plant a new cycle of crops. Summer hunts extended from late June to about the first of September; but might end early if hunting was successful.

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The Rêsâru’karu, also known as the Nasharo or Chiefs Council consists of eight members, each serving four-year terms. Each band has two representatives on the Nasharo Council selected by the members of the tribal bands, Cawi, Kitkahaki, Pitahawirata, and Ckiri. The Nasharo Council has the right to

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The Pawnee believed that the Morning Star and Evening Star gave birth to the first Pawnee woman. The first Pawnee man was the offspring of the union of the Moon and the Sun. As they believed they were descendants of the stars, cosmology had a central role in daily and spiritual life. They planted

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About 1670 the Apaches of the Southern Plains obtained horses and metal weapons in sufficient quantity to make them the dread of all their neighbors. For some decades the Pawnees were the victims of intensive raiding by large bands of mounted Apaches with iron weapons, and also by war parties of

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further south. They had suffered many losses due to Eurasian infectious diseases brought by the expanding Europeans and European-Americans. By 1860, the Pawnee population was reduced to just 4,000. It further decreased, because of disease, crop failure, warfare, and government rations policy, to

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people. Ancestral descent is traced through the mother, and children are considered born into the mother's clan and are part of her people. In the past, a young couple moved into the bride's parents' lodge. People work together in collaborative ways, marked by both independence and cooperation,

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review all acts of the Pawnee Business Council regarding the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma membership and Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma claims or rights growing out of treaties between the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma and the United States according to provisions listed in the Pawnee Nation Constitution.

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Mats were hung on the perimeter of the main room to shield small rooms in the outer ring, which served as sleeping and private spaces. The lodge was semi-subterranean, as the Pawnee recessed the base by digging it approximately three feet (one meter) below ground level, thereby insulating the

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As noted above, the Pawnee were subjected to continual raids by Lakota from the north and west. On one such raid, 5 August 1873, a Sioux war party of over 1,000 warriors ambushed a Pawnee hunting party of 350 men, women, and children. The Pawnee had gained permission to leave the

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In 2005, the last 25 remaining seeds of the Pawnee Eagle Corn variety were successfully sprouted. The unique taste of Eagle Corn is described as being similar to almonds with cream. In November 2010, a traditional Pawnee ceremony with Eagle Corn soup was held in Oklahoma. According to

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In 1852, a combined Indian force of Cheyennes and invited Kiowa and Kiowa Apaches attacked a Pawnee camp in Kansas during the summer hunt. First when a Pawnee shot a very reckless Cheyenne with an arrow in the eye, it was discovered he wore a hidden scale mailed armor under his shirt.

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try to turn the Pawnees away from their French connections (which had been greatly magnified in Spanish imagination). Guided mainly by Apaches and led by an officer lacking experience with Indians, the expedition approached the Skidi Pawnee villages along the outflow of the

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At first contact, they were distributed widely through modern Oklahoma and Kansas, and they reached modern Nebraska about 1750. (Other Caddoan-speakers lived to the south, in modern Texas, forming a belt of related populations along the eastern edge of the Great Plains.)

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had pointed out the government's view on the ceremony to a visiting Pawnee delegation already in 1811. Slowly, a Skidi faction that opposed the old rite developed. Two Skidi leaders, Knife Chief and his young relative Petalesharo, spearheaded the reformist movement.

1249:. The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast for three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo. The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment and fear, but calmed down when one of Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language. 1544:, among others, began visiting the Pawnee villages. Under pressure from Siouan tribes and European-American settlers, the Pawnee ceded territory to the United States government in treaties in 1818, 1825, 1833, 1848, 1857, and 1892. In 1857, they settled on the 317:

The tribal constitution established the government of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma. This government consists of the Resaru Council, the Pawnee Business Council, and the Supreme Court. Enrollment into the tribe requires a minimum of one-eighth Pawnee

489:, two fuel stations, and one truck stop. Their estimated economic impact for 2010 was $ 10.5 million. Increased revenues from the casinos have helped them provide for education and welfare of their citizens. They issue their own 4085: 1370:(anglicized to Pawnee), as most, during this period, had been captured from the Pawnee tribe or their relations. Pawnee became synonymous with "Indian slave" in general use in Canada, and a slave from any tribe came to be called 811:

passageway, which helped keep out outside weather, led to an entry room that had an interior buffalo-skin door on a hinge. It could be closed at night and wedged shut. Opposite the door, on the west side of the central room, a

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Like many other Native American tribes, the Pawnee had a cosmology with elements of all of nature represented in it. They based many rituals in the four cardinal directions. Pawnee priests conducted ceremonies based on the

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captive from the scaffold in 1817 and carried her to safety. For this, he received lasting fame among the whites. Indian agent John Dougherty and a number of influential Pawnees tried in vain to save the life of a captive

4217: 1717:. Because of the ongoing hostilities with the Sioux and encroachment from American settlers to the south and east, the Pawnee decided to leave their Nebraska reservation in the 1870s and settle on a new reservation in 1174:

lifestyle in valley-bottom lands on the Great Plains. Unlike other groups of the Great Plains, they had a stratified society with priests and hereditary chiefs. Their religion included cannibalism and human sacrifice.

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Women tended to be responsible for decisions about resource allocation, trade, and inter-lodge social negotiations. Men were responsible for decisions which pertained to hunting, war, and spiritual/health issues.

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paint, headband, moccasins and short leggings. Villasur, 45 other Spaniards, and 11 Pueblos were killed, and the survivors fled. In 1721, pressure on the Pawnees was increased by the establishment of a colony in

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bows, and some sort of things on their heads, and their privy parts slightly covered". Hyde identifies them as Awahis, the old Caddoan name for the Pawnees, possibly including the ancestors of the Skidis and the

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reported that the Paniassas or Black Pawnees had recently captured a hundred Apaches, whom they were burning, a few each day. de la Harpe planned to establish French trading posts at the mouth of the

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caused dramatic mortality losses among the Pawnee. From an estimated population of 12,000 in the 1830s, they were reduced to 3,400 by 1859, when they were forcibly constrained to a reservation in modern-day

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of 1975 have allowed the Pawnee Nation to regain some of its self-government. The Pawnee continue to practice cultural traditions, meeting twice a year for the intertribal gathering with their kinsmen the

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Kitkehahkisúraariksisuʾ (S.B. dialect) or Kítkahaahkisuraariksisuʾ (Sk. dialect) (Kitkahahki band proper, literally ‘real Kitkahahki’ – the larger of two late 19th century divisions of the Kitkahahki

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Pahukstatu (S.B. dialect) or Páhukstaatuʾ (Sk. dialect) (‘Pumpkin-Vine Village’ or ‘Squash-Vine Village’, did not join the Skidi and remained politically independent, but in general were counted as Skidi)

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section was further subdivided into three duplicate areas, with tasks and responsibilities related to the ages of women and girls, as described below. The membership of the lodge was quite flexible.

1448:, the Pawnees had also acquired horses and metal weapons from French traders, and they were attacking Apaches in turn, destroying their villages and carrying off Apache women and children. In 1720, 1141:. More recent historians have disputed the proposed connection to Mesoamerican practice: They believe that the sacrifice ritual originated independently, within ancient, traditional Pawnee culture. 1198:

reflected an assumption that large raiding parties would not arrive without warning; their inhabitants could not rapidly co-ordinate defense against a large party of enemies. The Pawnees, with the

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girl on 11 April 1827. For any individual, it was extremely difficult to try to change a practice tied so closely to Pawnee belief in the renewal of life for the tribe. In June 1818, the

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they married into), but could always go back to their mother and sisters for a night or two of attention. When young couples married, they lived with the woman's family in a matrilocal pattern.

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and elsewhere in Caddoan territory, but this was not done and the Pawnee remained dependent on infrequent and casual traders, while their enemies – the Osages – benefited from a regular trade.

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They planted their crops along the fertile river bottomlands. These crops provided a wide variety of nutrients and complemented each other in making whole proteins. In addition to varieties of

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interior from extreme temperatures. Lodges were strong enough to support adults, who routinely sat on them, and the children who played on the top of the structures. (See photo above.)

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Sometimes the hunt was limited to what is now western Nebraska. Winter hunts were from late October until early April and were often to the southwest into what is now western Kansas.

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southern relatives. The mutual hatred between Pawnees and Apaches was so great that both sides were cooking and eating many of their captives. Bourgmont's "peace" had little effect.

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In 2020 Jimmy Whiteshirt was recalled as Pawnee Nation President. Becoming the shortest serving president on the Pawnee Nation Business Council after being recalled in 5 months.

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game, including elk, bear, panther, and skunk, for meat and skins. The skins were used for clothing and accessories, storage bags, foot coverings, fastening ropes and ties, etc.

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for buffalo hunting. They often traveled 500 miles (800 km) or more in a season. In summer the march began at dawn or before, but usually did not last the entire day.

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had counseled Pawnee chiefs to suppress the practice, as they warned of how it would upset the American settlers, who were arriving in ever greater number. Superintendent

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politically leading group, although each band was autonomous. As was typical of many Native American tribes, each band saw to its own. In response to pressures from the

1333:, and they too raided the Pawnees. Archaeology indicates that pressure from hostile Apaches may have persuaded the Skidi Pawnees to move from their settlements on the 1080:) rose ringed with red, the priest knew it was the signal for the sacrifice. He directed the men to carry out the rest of the ritual, including the construction of a 876:

Women tended to remain within a single lodge, while men would typically move between lodges. They took multiple sexual partners in serially monogamous relationships.

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Tskirirara (‘Wolf-in-Water’, although the Skidi-Federation got its name from them, they remained politically independent, but were counted within the Pawnee as Skidi)

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In 1906, in preparation for statehood of Oklahoma, the US government dismantled the Pawnee tribal government and civic institutions. The tribe reorganized under the

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Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans. As a result, they were not exposed to

4840: 4484: 1650: 1277:. Another group, the Guas, may have been known later as the Paniouace. These people put up ferocious resistance when Coronado started to plunder their villages. 602:

Kitkehahkiripacki (S.B. dialect) or Kítkahaahkiripacki (Sk. dialect) (literally ‘Little Kitkahahki’ – a small Kitkahahki group that split off from the main band)

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drew from earlier work of Wissler and Spinden to suggest that the sacrificial practice might have been transferred in the early 16th century from the

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their crops according to the position of the stars, which related to the appropriate time of season for planting. Like many tribal bands, they sacrificed

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Raiders primarily targeted women and children, to be sold as slaves. In 1694, Apaches brought a large number of captive children to the trading fair in

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village in the 19th century. The beehive shaped grass-thatched houses surrounded by corn fields appear similar to those described by Coronado in 1541.

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for consumption, the women planted an archaic breed which they called "Wonderful" or "Holy Corn", specifically to be included in the sacred bundles.

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the structure. Most lodges had 4, 8, or 12 center-poles. A common feature in Pawnee lodges were four painted poles, which represented the four

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in search of the wealth of Quivira. He met "Escansaques", probably Apaches, who tried to persuade him to plunder and destroy "Quiviran" villages.

2502:. Translated by Winship, George Parker. Introduction by Donald C. Cutter. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. pp. 113, 209, 215, 234–237. 1704:

Cloud-Shield's Lakota Winter Count for the years 1873–1874. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska. "They killed many Pawnees on the Republican River."

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describes technique and findings of non-invasive imagery of a Pawnee 18th–19th century archaeological site located on the Republican River.

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Tuhitspiat or Tuhricpiiʾat (S.B. dialect) (‘Village-Stretching-Out-in-the-Bottomlands’, ‘Village Across Bottomland’, ‘Village In The Bottoms’)

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In 2011, there were approximately 3,200 enrolled Pawnee and nearly all of them reside in Oklahoma. Their tribal headquarters is in

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affected the Cheyennes to the point, that they carried their Sacred Arrows against the Pawnee the following summer in an all-out war.

1602:. In the 19th century, however, they were pressed by Siouan groups encroaching from the east, who also brought diseases. Epidemics of 630:– ‘screaming’, the French called them "Tapage Pawnee" – ‘Screaming, Howling Pawnee’, later English-speaking Americans "Noisy Pawnee") 4906: 3455: 1968: 775:

Historically, the Pawnee led a lifestyle combining village life and seasonal hunting, which had long been established on the Plains.

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of 1936 and established the Pawnee Business Council, the Nasharo (Chiefs) Council, and a tribal constitution, bylaws, and charter.

2582: 1386:. The French adopted this meaning, and Indian slaves, no matter from which tribe they had been taken, were presently being termed 1092:

About 1820–1821, news of these sacrifices reached the East Coast; it caused a sensation among European Americans. Before this, US

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studies of ancient sites have demonstrated the people lived in this pattern for nearly 700 years, since about 1250 CE.

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By 1900, the Pawnee population was recorded by the US Census as 633. Since then the tribe has begun to recover in numbers.

795:). A second outer ring of poles outlined the outer circumference of the lodge. Horizontal beams linked the posts together. 477:

Adult Pawnee citizens elect new council members. The nation holds elections every two years on the first Saturday in May.

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reservation and hunt buffalo. About 70 Pawnee were killed in this attack, which occurred in a canyon in present-day

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hunting seasons. With horses providing a greater range, the people traveled in both summer and winter westward to the

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without coercion. Both women and men are active in political life, with independent decision-making responsibilities.

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until the abolition of slavery in the colony in 1833. Indian slaves comprised close to half of the known slaves in

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considered that the Panis nation "plays ... the same role in America that the Negroes do in Europe." The historian

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The Pawnees in the village of Chief Blue Coat suffered a severe defeat on 27 June 1843. A force of Lakotas

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rivers. The Pawnee tribal economic activities throughout the year alternated between farming crops and hunting

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Duke, Philip (August 1989). "The Morning Star ceremony of the Skiri Pawnee as described by Alfred C. Haddon".

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epidemics broke out on the Great Plains, reducing the Skidi from eight large villages in 1725 to one by 1800.

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visited the Skidi Pawnee. In 1750 the Skidis were reported to be ruled by a grand chief who had 900 warriors.

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After more than thirty days journey, Coronado found a river larger than any he had seen before. This was the

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announced an agreement that aims to help the community with workforce skills in the clean technology sector.

2780:. Annual Report to the Bureau of Ethnology. Vol. 4th. Smithsonian Institution. page facing p. 145. 2042: 1449: 3861: 1630: 1559: 493:

and operate their housing authority. In December 2023, the Pawnee Nation and electric vehicle manufacturer

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who brought large numbers of Pawnee slaves to trade to the Spaniards and Pueblo Indians." George E. Hyde,

4334: 3749: 3430: 3305: 2709:"Letters Concerning the Presbyterian Mission in the Pawnee Country, near Bellevue, Nebraska, 1831–1849". 1828: 1780: 847:

Within the lodge, each north–south section had areas marked by activities of the three classes of women:

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The Pawnee generally settled close to the rivers and placed their lodges on the higher banks. They built

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The Pawnee women are skilled horticulturalists and cooks, cultivating and processing ten varieties of

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first to be harvested (with accompanying ceremonies involving priests and men of the tribe as well.)

237:("dog eater") also moved into Pawnee territory. Collectively, the Pawnee referred to these tribes as 3140:

A museum featuring the excavated floor of a large 1820s Pawnee earth lodge and associated artifacts.

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Jones, Dorothy V. (1969). "John Dougherty and the Pawnee rite of human sacrifice: April 1827".

2231:. The Civilization of the American Indian (New ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 2064: 4891: 4621: 4070: 3932: 3838: 3580: 3445: 3435: 3400: 3039: 1848: 1838: 1729: 1681: 1863:, Skidi Pawnee chief who in 1817 rescued an Ietan Comanche girl from Pawnee ritual human sacrifice 209:

In the early 18th century, the Pawnee numbered more than 60,000 people. They lived along the

3833: 3739: 3375: 3108: 1688:. On the Southern Plains, they fought against their old enemies, the Comanches and Kiowa, in the 1685: 998: 311: 176: 595:(‘Little Muddy Bottom Village’, ‘Little Earth Lodge Village’, often called "Republican Pawnee") 4886: 4871: 4805: 4605: 4524: 4395: 4375: 4355: 3350: 3345: 1624: 1549: 633:

Piitahawiraata, Piítahaawìraata, Pitahaureat, Pitahawirata, (Pitahaureat proper, leading group)

307: 303: 103: 2964: 217:

river areas for centuries; however, several tribes from the Great Lakes began moving onto the

4850: 4212: 3988: 3843: 1886: 1572: 1521: 861:

Among the collection of lodges, the political designations for men were essentially between:

1149: 720:

Kitkahaki George and his son Taloowayahwho, also known as William Pollock, in the mid 1890s.

4769: 4730: 4253: 4049: 3993: 3978: 3785: 3360: 2252: 1479: 161: 1552:, but maintained their traditional way of life. They were subjected to continual raids by 8: 4815: 4759: 4725: 4641: 4365: 3585: 2849:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 157–186. 78 Stat. 585 (1964). 1741: 1525: 1483: 1461: 1035: 947: 788: 490: 145: 1122:

of St. Louis contained the account of a sacrifice. The last known sacrifice was of

4810: 4044: 3962: 3912: 3810: 3780: 3535: 3515: 3425: 3056: 2929: 2906: 2819:

Documents of American Indian Diplomacy Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775–1979

2689: 2448: 2377: 1669: 1599: 1545: 1306: 1246: 990: 930: 2079:"Pawnee Nation, Canoo make 'first-of-its-kind' agreement to develop electric vehicles" 1153:

La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar (Sun Chief) was a Pawnee chief who died fighting the Lakota at

4779: 4697: 4631: 4415: 4380: 4370: 4146: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3719: 3560: 3545: 3530: 3510: 3505: 3063: 2936: 2913: 2867: 2822: 2732:. Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Bulletin 93. 2503: 2316: 2260: 2232: 2167: 2160: 1974: 1882: 1818: 1760: 1689: 1568: 1361: 1167: 2289: 2225: 981: 4764: 4735: 4692: 4682: 4564: 4003: 3957: 3917: 3907: 3897: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3540: 3525: 3520: 3490: 3485: 3465: 3310: 2756: 2659: 2477: 1905: 1866: 1725: 1718: 1541: 1533: 1511: 1334: 1213: 637: 295: 259: 195: 168: 87: 2761: 2744: 2481: 1281: 4876: 4774: 4636: 4579: 4554: 4248: 4039: 4013: 3983: 3892: 3882: 3595: 3575: 3500: 3385: 3330: 3300: 3006: 2998: 2663: 1834: 1796: 1714: 1611: 1329:

also appeared on the Plains about this time, driven west by the expansion of the

1218: 1154: 1031: 803: 644: 172: 91: 1744:

to accept individual allotments of land in a breakup of their communal holding.

1740:

Oklahoma were forced by the US federal government to sign an agreement with the

953:

After they obtained horses, the Pawnee adapted their culture and expanded their

258:

approximately 2,400 by 1873, after which time the Pawnee were forced to move to

4740: 4702: 4687: 4672: 4182: 3902: 3795: 3689: 3615: 3570: 3565: 3495: 3460: 3002: 2986: 2400:

Thurman, Melburn D. (1970). "The Skidi Pawnee Morning Star sacrifice of 1827".

1454: 1445: 1254: 1242: 1207: 1203: 1199: 954: 893: 654:

living to the north, so perhaps they belonged to the refugees (1794–1795) from

203: 128: 2981:

Dancing on Common Ground: Tribal cultures and alliances on the southern plains

4865: 4820: 4227: 4156: 3942: 3440: 3410: 3290: 3193: 3176: 2994: 2340:. Ceremonies of the Pawnee (27). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution: 32. 2155: 1824: 1812: 1764: 1665: 1553: 1429: 1417: 1357: 1130: 1097: 1047: 994: 792: 716: 655: 515: 319: 275: 271: 226: 222: 62: 4784: 4720: 4677: 4664: 4626: 4569: 4289: 4284: 4008: 3800: 3790: 3724: 3676: 3555: 3390: 3380: 3135: 2990: 1876: 1872: 1733: 1564: 1537: 1470: 1318: 1314: 1265: 1109:

ransomed at least two captives before a sacrifice. Petalesharo cut loose a

1093: 1062: 958: 712:

Tuhawukasa (‘Village-across-a-Ridge’ or ‘Village-Stretching-across-a-Hill’)

518:, as well as neighboring tribes, the Pawnee began to draw closer together. 283: 218: 214: 199: 107: 3175:. Gene Weltfish Pawnee Field Notes. Newberry Library. 1935. Archived from 2105:"Canoo Partners With Pawnee Nation On Clean Technology & Job Training" 4279: 4075: 3927: 3744: 3729: 2441:

Diplomats in Buckskin. A history of Indian delegations in Washington City

2010:. Annual Report. Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2013. Archived from 1892: 1860: 1768: 1576: 1195: 1011: 840: 783: 359:

Lester Moon Eagle, 2nd Chief Pitahauirata Band, Nasharo Council Secretary

187: 3154: 2608: 1653:, killed more than 65 inhabitants and burned 20 earth lodges. 4584: 4269: 4125: 3952: 3355: 1516: 1466: 1406: 1338: 1326: 934:, Eagle Corn soup had not been available for ceremonies for 125 years. 909: 905: 776: 486: 210: 191: 851:

Mature women (usually married and mothers), who did most of the labor;

4789: 3937: 3714: 1298: 1171: 1101: 986: 921: 759: 2647: 4559: 4505: 4495: 3709: 3694: 3668: 3659: 3325: 3260: 3251: 2315:(trade paperback ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1619: 1603: 1591: 1505: 1475: 1330: 1115: 1110: 1081: 531: 341:

Ralph Haymond, 2nd Chief Kitkehahki Band, 2nd Nasharo Council Chief

279: 263: 250: 230: 157: 149: 74: 66: 3204: 4549: 3887: 3684: 3450: 1607: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1421: 1302: 1274: 1235: 1073: 889: 675:("Look like wolves People") and were known by the South Bands as 651: 650:– ‘People’, some Pawnee argued that the Kawarakis spoke like the 353:

Warren Pratt Jr., 2nd Chief Skidi Band, Nasharo Council 1st Chief

267: 266:. Many Pawnee warriors enlisted to serve as Indian scouts in the 234: 132: 2845:(1985). "The Pawnee Claims Case, 1947–64". In Sutton, I. (ed.). 2561: 2559: 2065:"2020 Re-Call Election # 2 OFFICIAL Result | Pawnee Nation" 1512:

Increasing contact with English-speakers, ongoing tribal warfare

1182: 3590: 3420: 3084: 1800: 1425: 1395: 1310: 1186:

Approximate distribution of Caddoan-speakers in the early 1800s

1138: 1006: 798: 511: 153: 124: 70: 36: 4207: 4161: 3764: 3759: 3704: 3370: 3295: 2985:... addresses achieving and maintaining peace among the 2556: 1842: 1615: 1322: 1134: 1077: 1043: 1039: 1019: 897: 885: 854:

Young single women, just learning their responsibilities; and

812: 744: 665: 507: 494: 254: 246: 120: 703:

Kitkehaxpakuxtu (‘Old Village’ or ‘Old-Earth-Lodge-Village’)

1210:, though without horses this was difficult and dangerous. 1126:, a 14-year-old Oglala Lakota girl, on 22 April 1838. 1069: 526: 344:

Jimmy Horn, 1st Chief Chaui Band, Nasharo Council Treasurer

1970:

Warriors in Uniform: The legacy of American Indian heroism

1085:

for the renewal of life. The preparations took four days.

2847:

Irredeemable America: The Indians' Estate and Land Claims

2792:"Cattle Annie & Little Britches, taken from Lee Paul" 2570:. Translated by George Tombs. Véhicule Press. p. 64. 2259:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 66–68. 1869:(b. 1946), Otoe-Missouria-Pawnee author and educator 3058:

Some Things are not Forgotten: A Pawnee family remembers

1879:

in 1822 with a delegation of Native American dignitaries

4841:

List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado

1444:

led an expedition to Caddoan lands at the mouth of the

3038:(4). Oklahoma State Historical Society. Archived from 2648:"How the Pawnee captured the Cheyenne medicine arrows" 2583:"The Segesser Hide paintings: History, discovery, art" 2497: 1792:

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

1291: 791:

and the four major star gods (not to be confused with

3755:

Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska

2742: 1030:

The Skidi Pawnees in Village Across a Hill practiced

622:(‘People Downstream’, ‘Man-Going-East’, derived from 2963:. Canterbury, UK: University of Kent. Archived from 2863:

The New Warriors: Native American leaders since 1900

1634:

Cheyenne warrior Alights on the Cloud in his armor.

815:

skull with horns was displayed. This was considered

658:

aggression, who joined their Caddo kin living south)

573:(‘People in the Middle’, also called "Grand Pawnee") 403:

Adrian Spotted Horsechief, 2nd Chief, Kitkahaki Band

4218:

Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site

3124:"Pawnee Indians – Their lands, allies, and enemies" 2817:Deloria, Vine J. Jr.; DeMaille, Raymond J. (1999). 2565: 2399: 1435: 221:and encroaching on Pawnee territory, including the 3055: 2928: 2905: 2866:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 299–322. 2821:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 361–363. 2336:Murie, James R. (1981). "Part I: The Skiri". 2224: 2159: 1638:during an attack on a Pawnee hunting camp in 1852. 447:Current Pawnee Business Council (as of July, 2023) 3053: 2926: 2903: 2859: 2841: 2727: 2645: 2419: 1680:against Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho and in the 1225:The first written records of Caddoans comes from 857:Older women, who looked after the young children. 249:"). The Pawnee were occasionally at war with the 4882:Federally recognized tribes in the United States 4863: 2775: 2438: 1374:As early as 1670, a reference was recorded to a 2816: 2743:Grinnell, George Bird (October–December 1910). 2679: 2367: 2335: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 545:("East Village People") by the Skidi-Federation 2935:. Newberry Library. Indiana University Press. 2566:Trudel, Marcel; d'Allaire, Micheline (2013) . 2493: 2491: 2395: 2393: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 1668:in the latter half of the 19th century in the 1166:The ancestors of the Pawnees were speakers of 1042:, the male figure of light, and the unwilling 186:Historically, the Pawnee lived in villages of 4478: 4193:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital 3642: 3234: 3062:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 2957:Lagace, Robert O. "Pawnee: Culture summary". 2956: 2682:Life of George Bent. Written from his letters 2641: 2639: 2607:. The Segesser Hides Explorer. Archived from 1944:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from 1937: 1695: 1190:Their unfortified villages of well-scattered 737:Akapaxtsawa (‘Buffalo-Skull-Painted-on-Tipi’) 530:Tribal territory of the Pawnee and tribes in 2912:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 2736: 2721: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 1941:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 1841:Director He was elected Attorney General of 1724:In 1874, the Pawnee requested relocation to 1528:, near Council Bluffs, Iowa, in October 1819 1420:documented that close to 2,000 "panis" 1305:from the east who had firearms as well. The 1061:Miniature model of the Morning Star ritual, 725:Arikararikutsu (‘Big-Antlered-Elk-Standing’) 400:Morgan Little Sun, 1st Chief, Kitkahaki Band 372:Ralph Haymond Jr., 2nd Chief, Kitkahaki Band 369:Morgan Little Sun, 1st Chief, Kitkahaki Band 338:Morgan Little Sun, 1st Chief Kitkehahki Band 3025: 2675: 2673: 2646:Dorsey, George E. (October–December 1903). 2488: 2390: 2279: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2121: 2041:. Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma. Archived from 1245:, probably a few miles east of present-day 728:Arikarariki (‘Small-Antlered-Elk-Standing’) 709:Tukitskita (‘Village-on-Branch-of-a-River’) 356:Francis Morris, 1st Chief Pitahauirata Band 4485: 4471: 3649: 3635: 3241: 3227: 2702: 2694:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2636: 2453:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2382:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2162:The Lost Universe: Pawnee life and culture 1973:. National Geographic Books. p. 101. 1831:, older cousin of Walter Echo-Hawk (below) 1268:(c. 1545), probably Coronado in New Mexico 1264:"Episode from the Conquest of America" by 381:Ron Rice Sr., 1st Chief, Pitahawirata Band 270:to track and fight their old enemies, the 2794:. ranchdivaoutfitters.com. Archived from 2760: 2432: 2370:Ceremonies of the Pawnee. The south bands 2344: 2338:Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 2166:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2033: 2031: 1642:The Pawnee won a "hard fought" defensive 1161: 1068:When the morning star (either the planet 1034:, specifically of captive girls, in the " 679:("Wolf People") (both names derived from 671:the northernmost band; called themselves 412:Frank Adson, 1st Chief, Pitahawirata Band 350:Pat Leading Fox Sr., 1st Chief Skidi Band 2978: 2670: 2522:Bolton, 293 and many subsequent scholars 2415: 2413: 2411: 2251: 2154: 1754: 1699: 1629: 1558: 1515: 1259: 1212: 1181: 1148: 1056: 1046:, a female figure of darkness, in their 980: 941: 797: 743:Tstikskaatit (‘Black-Ear-of-Corn,’ i.e.‘ 715: 525: 4452:Native American place names in Nebraska 2853: 2531: 2183: 480: 378:Warren Pratt Jr., 2nd Chief, Ckiri Band 4864: 3018:Encyclopedia of North American Indians 2983:. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas. 2580: 2102: 2028: 1684:. They also fought with the US in the 1352:Panis (slaves of First Nation descent) 1025: 834: 734:Tuwarakaku (‘Village-in-Thick-Timber’) 485:The Pawnee operate two casinos, three 375:Pat Leading Fox, 1st Chief, Ckiri Band 229:("cut throat / cuts the throat"), and 4846:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado 4466: 3630: 3222: 2745:"The Great Mysteries of the Cheyenne" 2408: 2310: 1999: 1997: 1966: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1721:, located in what is today Oklahoma. 1170:, who had developed a semi-sedentary 425:Officers for the Resaru Council are: 415:Tim Jim, 2nd Chief, Pitahawirata Band 409:Pat Leadingfox, 2nd Chief, Ckiri Band 384:Tim Jim, 2nd Chief, Pitahawirata Band 41:Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma tribal flag 16:Indigenous people of the Great Plains 2581:Chavez, Thomas E. (1 January 1990). 2532:Woodson, Carter Godwin (July 1920). 2498:Winship, George Parker, ed. (1990). 2467: 2222: 1659:The killing of this notable Cheyenne 1548:along the Loup River in present-day 1460:In 1720, Spanish colonists sent the 1129:Writing in the 1960s, the historian 750:Turawiu (was only part of a village) 687:– "Wolf-in-Water", therefore called 406:Gilbert Beard, 1st Chief, Ckiri Band 57:Regions with significant populations 4416:Fontenelle Forest Historic District 4300:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site 3138:. Kansas State Historical Society. 2931:The Pawnee: A critical bibliography 2630:"History of Nance County, Nebraska" 2585:. Center for Great Plains Studies. 2280:Bommersbach, Jana (25 April 2012). 2039:"The Nasharo (Rêsâru'karu) Council" 1598:, to which Native Americans had no 1532:A Pawnee tribal delegation visited 1345: 1292:Arrival of horses and metal weapons 179:, and their name for themselves is 13: 4917:Native American tribes in Colorado 4912:Native American tribes in Nebraska 4897:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 3556:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 3107:. Kansas Genealogy. Archived from 2950: 2894:. Associated Press. 10 April 2009. 2888:"Nominee named for Indian Affairs" 2589:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. 1994: 1918: 1857:, 19th century female warrior 421:David Kanuho, 2nd Chief, Cawi Band 227:Lakota (páhriksukat / paahíksukat) 14: 4928: 4223:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 3867:Nebraska Indian Community College 3700:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska 3105:"Pawnee Indian History in Kansas" 3077: 3021:. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. 2632:. NEGenWeb Project. Usgennet.org. 2500:The Journey of Coronado 1540–1542 1821:, 19th-century warrior and raider 1806: 1750: 731:Tuhutsaku (‘Village-in-a-Ravine’) 4907:Native American tribes in Kansas 4494: 3658: 3250: 1736:were imprisoned for this crime. 1489:The French responded by sending 1436:Pawnees acquire metal and horses 455:Jordan D. Kanuho, Vice President 390:Jimmy Horn, 2nd Chief, Cawi Band 35: 4601:Southern Ute Indian Reservation 4421:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites 4305:Frank Parker Archeological Site 2880: 2860:Edmunds, R. David, ed. (2004). 2835: 2810: 2784: 2769: 2622: 2593: 2574: 2525: 2516: 2461: 2329: 2304: 2273: 2245: 1520:Pawnees in a parley with Major 695:by English-speaking Americans), 691:, ("Wolves") by the French and 418:Matt Reed, 1st Chief, Cawi Band 387:Matt Reed, 1st Chief, Cawi Band 347:Matt Reed, 2nd Chief Chaui Band 4520:Outline of Colorado prehistory 4391:Farwell Archeological District 4188:Genoa Indian Industrial School 3136:"Pawnee Indian Village Museum" 2096: 2071: 2057: 1960: 1678:Powder River Expedition (1865) 1022:and other crops to the stars. 879: 470:Council Seat #3 Dr. Gene Evans 464:Council Seat #1 Cynthia Butler 1: 4396:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site 4340:Table Rock Archeological Site 4310:Sweetwater Archeological Site 4203:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House 4167:Cunningham Archeological Site 4035:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 4030:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation 3963:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse 3026:Clark, J.S. (December 1942). 2762:10.1525/aa.1910.12.4.02a00070 2711:Kansas Historical Collections 2482:10.1080/2052546.1989.11909473 2311:Clark, W.P. (1982) . "Hunt". 1911: 1851:(1933–2018), jeweler, painter 1586:infectious diseases, such as 1414:Louis Antoine de Bougainville 946:Pawnee Indians migrating, by 473:Council Seat #4 Sammye Kemble 289: 4096:Fullerton Archeological Site 3862:Little Priest Tribal College 2664:10.1525/aa.1903.5.4.02a00030 2538:The Journal of Negro History 2103:Hanley, Steve (2023-09-22). 1938:Parks, Douglas R. "Pawnee". 1895:, professional roller skater 1827:, lawyer and founder of the 1432:(also called Lower Canada). 636:Kawarakis (derived from the 429:Pat Leadingfox, Head Resaru; 7: 4335:Humphrey Archeological Site 4330:Schrader Archeological Site 4091:Schrader Archeological Site 3750:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska 3677:Historic and present tribes 2778:The Corbusier Winter Counts 2601:"Virtual tour of the hides" 1899: 1829:Native American Rights Fund 1781:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 976: 770: 700:Turikaku (‘Center Village’) 167:, who are headquartered in 148:that historically lived in 10: 4933: 4431:Wiseman Archeological Site 4426:Schulte Archeological Site 4320:Ashland Archeological Site 4315:Burkett Archeological Site 4081:Horse Creek Pawnee Village 3923:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy 3054:Blaine, Martha R. (1997). 2927:Blaine, Martha R. (1980). 2904:Blaine, Martha R. (1990). 2728:Densmore, Frances (1929). 2422:Missouri Historical Review 2083:2 News Oklahoma KJRH Tulsa 1855:Old-Lady-Grieves-the-Enemy 1696:Relocation and reservation 1674:Battle of the Tongue River 1534:President Thomas Jefferson 1349: 1257:were still doing by 1898. 1144: 937: 500: 467:Council Seat #2 Dawna Hare 300:tribal jurisdictional area 4833: 4798: 4749: 4711: 4663: 4654: 4614: 4593: 4542: 4533: 4512: 4444: 4348: 4262: 4236: 4175: 4139: 4058: 4022: 3999:Battle of Warbonnet Creek 3971: 3948:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles 3875: 3855:colleges and universities 3852: 3809: 3773: 3675: 3474: 3267: 2979:Meredith, Howard (1995). 2776:Mallory, Gerrick (1886). 2568:Canada's Forgotten Slaves 2470:The Plains Anthropologist 2439:Viola, Herman J. (1981). 2223:Hyde, George E. (1974) . 1967:Viola, Herman J. (2008). 1787:in the previous century. 1556:from the north and west. 740:Tskisarikus (‘Fish-Hawk’) 614:(Sk. dialect), variants: 583:(Sk. dialect), variants: 557:(Sk. dialect), variants: 461:George Gardipe, Secretary 165:Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma 119: 114: 102: 97: 86: 81: 61: 56: 51: 46: 34: 28: 27: 4622:Battle of Beecher Island 4071:Pike-Pawnee Village Site 3933:Susan La Flesche Picotte 2908:Pawnee Passage 1870–1875 2680:Hyde, George E. (1987). 2368:Murie, James R. (1981). 2313:The Indian Sign Language 1849:Marlene Riding In Mameah 1839:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1682:Battle of Summit Springs 989:by Bruce Caesar (Pawnee- 521: 458:Carol Chapman, Treasurer 438:Gilbert Beard, Secretary 4902:Great Sioux War of 1876 4406:Kurz Omaha Village Site 4349:Other precontact places 4101:Oto Indian Village Site 3740:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska 3521:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 3201:"Pawnee Nation College" 3028:"A Pawnee Buffalo Hunt" 2749:American Anthropologist 2652:American Anthropologist 1713:. The site is known as 1686:Great Sioux War of 1876 999:Oklahoma History Center 865:the Warrior Clique; and 452:Misty Nuttle, President 177:Caddoan language family 156:but today are based in 4806:Cynthia Irwin-Williams 4606:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe 4525:Prehistory of Colorado 4386:Nehawka Flint Quarries 4376:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill 4263:Precontact communities 4140:Historic sacred places 3257:Native American tribes 3147:"Kansas Monument Site" 2587:Great Plains Quarterly 1776: 1705: 1639: 1625:Nance County, Nebraska 1579: 1550:Nance County, Nebraska 1540:, Major G. C. Sibley, 1529: 1403: 1364:were generally called 1269: 1222: 1187: 1162:Before metal or horses 1158: 1065: 1001: 950: 920:In keeping with their 914: 807: 721: 534: 432:Matt Reed, 2nd Resaru; 231:Cheyenne (sáhe / sáhi) 104:Native American Church 4851:Trail of the Ancients 4213:Moses Merrill Mission 4176:Other historic places 4023:Historic reservations 3989:Battle of Mud Springs 3093:"Pawnee Indian Tribe" 2534:"The Slave in Canada" 2282:"Keepers of the Seed" 2253:Carleton, James Henry 1887:Major League Baseball 1758: 1703: 1664:Warriors enlisted as 1633: 1562: 1536:. In 1806 Lieutenant 1519: 1380: 1342:a separate identity. 1263: 1216: 1185: 1152: 1060: 984: 945: 902: 801: 719: 529: 262:, which later became 235:Arapaho (sáriʾitihka) 115:Related ethnic groups 110:, Indigenous religion 4799:Noted archaeologists 4770:Dismal River culture 4731:Mount Albion complex 4534:Contemporary peoples 4076:Skidi Pawnee Village 4059:Historic communities 3994:Battle of Rush Creek 3979:Battle of Ash Hollow 3811:Present reservations 3786:Omaha-Ponca language 3551:Mescalero-Chiricahua 3306:Cheyenne and Arapaho 2257:The Prairie Logbooks 1875:, visited President 1771:, Pawnee, and other 1651:attacked the village 1571:, on display in the 1394:by bands of mounted 481:Economic development 251:Comanche (raaríhtaʾ) 162:federally recognized 29:Chaticks si Chaticks 4816:Waldo Rudolph Wedel 4760:Ancestral Puebloans 4726:Basketmaker culture 4655:Precontact cultures 4642:Sand Creek massacre 4366:Walker Gilmore site 4121:Theodore Davis Site 3032:Oklahoma Chronicles 2605:NMHistorymuseum.org 1742:Cherokee Commission 1526:Engineer Cantonment 1484:Mississippi Company 1462:Villasur expedition 1309:groups that became 1036:Morning Star ritual 1026:Morning Star ritual 948:Alfred Jacob Miller 868:the Hunting Clique. 835:Political structure 802:Pawnee lodges near 789:cardinal directions 673:Ckírihki Kuuruúriki 491:tribal vehicle tags 435:Tim Jim, Treasurer; 241:("enemy tribe") or 146:Plains Indian tribe 24: 4811:Paul Sidney Martin 4536:native to Colorado 4502:Indigenous peoples 4237:Precontact peoples 3913:Francis La Flesche 3321:Citizen Potawatomi 3085:"official website" 2960:Ethnographic Atlas 2286:True West Magazine 2227:The Pawnee Indians 2045:on 15 October 2019 1790:Bills such as the 1777: 1706: 1670:United States Army 1644:battle around 1830 1640: 1580: 1546:Pawnee Reservation 1530: 1400:The Pawnee Indians 1270: 1247:Dodge City, Kansas 1223: 1188: 1159: 1066: 1002: 951: 931:True West Magazine 808: 722: 535: 302:includes parts of 215:Platte (kíckatuus) 181:Chatiks si chatiks 22: 4859: 4858: 4829: 4828: 4780:Panhandle culture 4698:Plainview complex 4650: 4649: 4632:Comanche Campaign 4460: 4459: 4381:Woodcliff Burials 3918:Joseph La Flesche 3774:Present languages 3720:Northern Cheyenne 3624: 3623: 3546:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 3286:Alabama-Quassarte 2843:Wishart, David J. 2828:978-0-8061-3118-4 2717:: 730. 1915–1919. 2443:. Washington, DC. 2372:. Washington, DC. 1883:Moses YellowHorse 1819:Big Spotted Horse 1761:Douglas MacArthur 1690:Comanche Campaign 1569:Charles Bird King 1563:1822 portrait of 1524:'s expedition at 1504:From about 1760, 1168:Caddoan languages 839:The Pawnee are a 183:or "Men of Men". 138: 137: 4924: 4834:Related articles 4765:Apishapa culture 4736:Oshara tradition 4693:Hell Gap complex 4683:Folsom tradition 4661: 4660: 4565:Jicarilla Apache 4540: 4539: 4499: 4498: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4086:Cottonwood Creek 4066:Ton'wontongathon 4004:Grattan massacre 3958:James Young Deer 3908:Logan Fontenelle 3898:Joba Chamberlain 3876:Historic figures 3665:Native Americans 3663: 3662: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3476:Tribal languages 3456:United Keetoowah 3386:Muscogee (Creek) 3346:Fort Sill Apache 3281:Absentee Shawnee 3255: 3254: 3243: 3236: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3203:. Archived from 3187: 3185: 3184: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3153:. Archived from 3142: 3131: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3100: 3097:Access Genealogy 3088: 3087:. Pawnee Nation. 3073: 3061: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3022: 3011: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2946: 2942:978-02533-1502-1 2934: 2923: 2911: 2896: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2798:on 25 March 2013 2788: 2782: 2781: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2476:(125): 193–203. 2465: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2417: 2406: 2405: 2402:Nebraska History 2397: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2373: 2365: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2288:. Archived from 2277: 2271: 2270: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2230: 2220: 2181: 2180: 2178:Weltfish Pawnee. 2165: 2152: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2009: 2001: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1948:on 5 August 2011 1935: 1906:Pawnee mythology 1867:Anna Lee Walters 1726:Indian Territory 1719:Indian Territory 1711:Hitchcock County 1542:Major S. H. Long 1346:Pawnees enslaved 1335:Republican River 1120:Missouri Gazette 1076:, or some times 666:Skidi-Federation 638:Arikara language 610:(S.B. dialect), 579:(S.B. dialect), 553:(S.B. dialect), 296:Pawnee, Oklahoma 260:Indian Territory 169:Pawnee, Oklahoma 47:Total population 39: 25: 21: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4892:Caddoan peoples 4862: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4825: 4794: 4775:Fremont culture 4745: 4707: 4656: 4646: 4637:Meeker Massacre 4610: 4589: 4535: 4529: 4508: 4493: 4491: 4461: 4456: 4440: 4436:Durflinger Site 4344: 4258: 4232: 4198:Indian agencies 4171: 4135: 4054: 4018: 4014:Indian Congress 3984:Massacre Canyon 3972:Historic events 3967: 3893:Chief Blackbird 3883:Antonine Barada 3871: 3854: 3848: 3805: 3769: 3671: 3657: 3655: 3625: 3620: 3478: 3470: 3341:Eastern Shawnee 3331:Delaware Nation 3272: 3270: 3263: 3249: 3247: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3160: 3158: 3145: 3134: 3122: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3091: 3083: 3080: 3070: 3045: 3043: 3014: 2970: 2968: 2953: 2951:Further reading 2943: 2920: 2900: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2858: 2854: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2774: 2770: 2741: 2737: 2726: 2722: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2671: 2644: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2579: 2575: 2564: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2496: 2489: 2466: 2462: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2418: 2409: 2398: 2391: 2375: 2374: 2366: 2345: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2292:on 7 March 2018 2278: 2274: 2267: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2221: 2184: 2174: 2153: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2101: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2067:. 5 March 2020. 2063: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2005:"Pawnee Nation" 2003: 2002: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1936: 1919: 1914: 1902: 1835:Larry Echo Hawk 1809: 1797:Wichita Indians 1773:Native American 1753: 1730:Little Britches 1715:Massacre Canyon 1698: 1612:endemic warfare 1514: 1499:Mallet brothers 1438: 1354: 1348: 1294: 1164: 1155:Massacre Canyon 1147: 1137:of present-day 1032:human sacrifice 1028: 979: 940: 896:, and eight of 882: 837: 804:Genoa, Nebraska 773: 681:Ckirir /Tski'ki 645:Pawnee language 612:Piítahaawìraata 524: 503: 483: 312:Pawnee counties 292: 243:cahriksuupiíruʾ 175:belongs to the 173:Pawnee language 160:. They are the 42: 30: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4930: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4741:Picosa culture 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4703:Plano cultures 4700: 4695: 4690: 4688:Goshen complex 4685: 4680: 4675: 4673:Clovis culture 4669: 4667: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4411:Patterson Site 4408: 4403: 4401:Barneston Site 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4244:Central Plains 4240: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4183:Blackbird Hill 4179: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4116:Woodcliff Site 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3903:Larry EchoHawk 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3853:Present tribal 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3796:Sioux language 3793: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3480: 3479:(still spoken) 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3396:Otoe-Missouria 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3336:Delaware Tribe 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3265: 3264: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3197: 3169: 3151:Archaeophysics 3143: 3132: 3120: 3101: 3099:. 9 July 2011. 3089: 3079: 3078:External links 3076: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3051: 3023: 3012: 2976: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2924: 2918: 2898: 2897: 2892:New York Times 2879: 2872: 2852: 2834: 2827: 2809: 2783: 2768: 2755:(4): 542–575. 2751:. New Series. 2735: 2720: 2701: 2669: 2658:(4): 644–658. 2654:. New Series. 2635: 2621: 2592: 2573: 2555: 2524: 2515: 2508: 2487: 2460: 2431: 2407: 2389: 2343: 2328: 2321: 2303: 2272: 2265: 2244: 2237: 2182: 2172: 2156:Weltfish, Gene 2120: 2095: 2070: 2056: 2027: 1993: 1979: 1959: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1880: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1832: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1807:Notable Pawnee 1805: 1752: 1751:Recent history 1749: 1697: 1694: 1513: 1510: 1455:Canadian River 1446:Arkansas River 1437: 1434: 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1293: 1290: 1219:Wichita Indian 1217:A sketch of a 1163: 1160: 1146: 1143: 1048:creation story 1027: 1024: 978: 975: 939: 936: 881: 878: 870: 869: 866: 859: 858: 855: 852: 836: 833: 817:great medicine 772: 769: 768: 767: 757: 754: 751: 748: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 714: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 697: 696: 669: 662: 661: 660: 659: 643:– ‘Horse’ and 634: 608:Piitahawiraata 605: 604: 603: 600: 574: 547: 546: 539: 523: 520: 502: 499: 482: 479: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 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