American bison - Knowledge

1309: 1545: 1585: 2139: 1602: 1485: 1729: 1714:, was done to define the relationships between different herds of bison in the United States and Canada, and to determine whether the bison at Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada and the Yellowstone Park bison herd were possibly separate subspecies. The Wood Buffalo Park bison were determined to actually be crossbreeds between plains and wood bison, but their predominant genetic makeup was that of the expected "wood buffalo". However, the Yellowstone Park bison herd was pure plains bison, and not any of the other previously suggested subspecies. Another finding was that the bison in the Antelope Island herd in Utah appeared to be more distantly related to other plains bison in general than any other plains bison group that was tested, though this might be due to 2124: 1771: 1389: 1565:

minutes to over nine hours. Bison display five apparent defense strategies in protecting calves from wolves: running to a cow; running to a herd; running to the nearest bull; running in the front or center of a stampeding herd; entering water bodies, such as lakes or rivers. When fleeing wolves in open areas, cows with young calves take the lead, while bulls take to the rear of the herds to guard the cows' escape. Bison typically ignore wolves not displaying hunting behavior. Wolf packs specializing in bison tend to have more males because their larger size than females allows them to wrestle prey to the ground more effectively. Healthy, mature bulls in herds rarely fall prey.

2838: 148: 1805: 1429: 2810: 1121: 2117:, with the Inter Tribal Bison Council being one of the most significant. It was formed in 1990, composed of 56 tribes in 19 states. These tribes represent a collective herd of more than 15,000 bison and focus on reestablishing herds on tribal lands in order to promote culture, revitalize spiritual solidarity, and restore the ecosystem. Some Inter Tribal Bison Council members argue that the bison's economic value is one of the main factors driving its resurgence. Bison serve as a low cost substitute for cattle, and can withstand the winters in the Plains region far easier than cattle. 1913:

alleles per locus of 4.75, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park herd had an average of 4.15 alleles per locus, but the TSBH only had an average of 2.54 alleles per locus, statistically significantly lower than the others. The heterozygosity level of the Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and TSBH populations were 0.63, 0.57, and 0.38 respectively, with the TSBH again having a statistically significantly lower value. This low genetic diversity found in TSBH is likely due to the critically low starting population, several additional bottlenecks throughout the herd's history–leading to

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individual herds. Small populations of bison are at considerably larger risk due to their decreased gene pool and are susceptible to catastrophic events more so than larger herds. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative aims to translocate up to three bison every five to ten years between the Department of the Interior's herds. Specific smaller herds will require a more intense management plan. Translocated bison will also be screened for any health defects such as infection of brucellosis bacteria as to not put the larger herd at risk.

1533: 2826: 2788: 2437:, the bison is considered a sacred animal and religious symbol. According to University of Montana anthropology and Native American studies professor S. Neyooxet Greymorning, "The creation stories of where buffalo came from put them in a very spiritual place among many tribes. The buffalo crossed many different areas and functions, and it was utilized in many ways. It was used in ceremonies, as well as to make tipi covers that provided homes for people, utensils, shields, weapons and parts were used for sewing with the sinew." The 1169: 11947: 213: 858: 2752: 917:

that 3/4 of all bison over 1000 kg were wood bison. When raised in captivity and farmed for meat, the bison can grow unnaturally heavy and the largest semidomestic bison weighed 1,724 kg (3,801 lb). The heads and forequarters are massive, and both sexes have short, curved horns that can grow up to 60 cm (2 ft) long with 90 cm (3 ft) to 124 cm (4 ft) width, which they use in fighting for status within the herd and for defense.

1380:, and the number of biting insects. The size of preserve and availability of water may also be a factor. Bison are largely grazers, eating primarily grasses and sedges. On shortgrass pasture, bison predominately consume warm-season grasses. On mixed prairie, cool-season grasses, including some sedges, apparently compose 79–96% of their diet. In montane and northern areas, sedges are selected throughout the year. Bison also drink water or consume snow on a daily basis. 126: 2770: 13231: 1276: 188: 1360: 11518: 1881:

population of the herd unknown from 1930 until the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, with a population of 36 individuals, solely descended from the original five calves. By 2002, the population of the TSBH consisted of 40 individuals and had concerningly low birth rates and high rates of calf mortality. This led to extra attention being given to this herd by conservationists who then performed significant amounts of genetic testing.

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chance of extinction of the TSBH in less than 50 years, with an estimation in 2004 giving the TSBH a 99% chance of extinction in 41 years without the introduction of any outside individuals (Halbert et al. 2004). Importantly for conservation, another simulation predicted that the addition of multiple (3–9) outside male bison into the herd would increase genetic diversity enough to give the herd a 100% chance of surviving for another 100 years.

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from July through September. However, female herds may also contain a few older males. During the breeding season, dominant bulls maintain a small harem of females for mating. Individual bulls "tend" cows until allowed to mate, by following them around and chasing away rival males. The tending bull shields the female's vision with his body so she will not see any other challenging males. A challenging bull may

2422: 13220: 11941: 1642:), they have a lot of genetic compatibility with cattle. American bison can interbreed with cattle, although only the female offspring are fertile in the first generation. These female hybrids can be bred back to either bison or domestic bulls, resulting in either 1/4 or 3/4 bison young. Female offspring from this cross are also fertile, but males are not reliably fertile unless they are either 4216: 1728: 2408:. The most successful systems involve large, 6-metre (20 ft) fences made from welded steel I beams sunk at least 1.8 m (6 ft) into concrete. These fencing systems, while expensive, require very little maintenance. Furthermore, making the fence sections overlap so the grassy areas beyond are not visible prevents the bison from trying to get to new range. 1085:

hair than that of the European bison. The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of its face, making it more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favors charging. American bison are more easily tamed than the European and breed more readily with domestic cattle.

2078:, providing more than 150 uses for all parts of the animal, including being a major food source, hides for clothing and shelter, bones and horns as tools as well as ceremonial and adornment uses. Bison hunting was later adopted by American professional hunters, as well as by the U.S. government, in an effort to sabotage the central resource of some 932:. Their daily schedule involves two-hour periods of grazing, resting, and cud chewing, then moving to a new location to graze again. Sexually mature young bulls may try to start mating with cows by the age of two or three years, but if more mature bulls are present, they may not be able to compete until they reach five years of age. 1224:. Many of these routes, hammered by countless hoofs instinctively following watersheds and the crests of ridges in avoidance of lower places' summer muck and winter snowdrifts, were followed by the aboriginal North Americans as courses to hunting grounds and as warriors' paths. They were invaluable to explorers and were adopted by 866: 2504:" series, each feature bison. The Kansas state quarter has only the bison and does not feature any writing, while the North Dakota state quarter has two bison. The Montana state quarter prominently features a bison skull over a landscape. The Yellowstone National Park quarter also features a bison standing next to a geyser. 1663:

cattle with bison, and some natural hybridization could be expected in areas where cattle and bison occur in the same range. Since cattle and bison eat similar food and tolerate similar conditions, they have often been in the same range together in the past, and opportunity for crossbreeding may sometimes have been common.

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herds, the Antelope Island bison herd has a small number of genes from domestic cattle. In 2002, the United States government donated some bison calves from South Dakota and Colorado to the Mexican government. Their descendants live in the Mexican nature reserves El Uno Ranch at Janos and Santa Elena Canyon,

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Despite being the closest relatives of domestic cattle native to North America, bison were never domesticated by Native Americans. Later attempts of domestication by Europeans prior to the 20th century met with limited success. Bison were described as having a "wild and ungovernable temper"; they can

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The Yellowstone National Park Bison herd started with only 25 individuals, and there was evidence of two population bottlenecking events from 1896 to 1912, with a population ranging between 25 and 50 individuals during this time. In 1902, 18 female and 3 male bison from outside herds–the Pablo-Allard

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from an estimated 60 million individuals–an estimation based on an observation made by Colonel R.I. Dodge along the Arkansas River in Kansas in 1871–to a founding population of around 100 individuals, split into six herds, five of which were managed by private ranchers and one managed by the New York

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In recent decades, tests were developed to determine the source of mitochondrial DNA in cattle and bison, and most private "buffalo" herds were actually crossbred with cattle, and even most state and federal buffalo herds had some cattle DNA. With the advent of nuclear microsatellite DNA testing, the

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Bison are among the most dangerous animals encountered by visitors to the various North American national parks and will attack humans if provoked. They appear slow because of their lethargic movements but can easily outrun humans; bison have been observed running as fast as 65 to 70 km/h (40 to

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Female bison live in maternal herds which include other females and their offspring. Male offspring leave their maternal herd when around three years old and either live alone or join other males in bachelor herds. Male and female herds usually do not mingle until the breeding season, which can occur

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During the population bottleneck, after the great slaughter of American bison during the 19th century, the number of bison remaining alive in North America declined to as low as 541. During that period, a handful of ranchers gathered remnants of the existing herds to save the species from extinction.

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The Texas State Bison Herd is also a useful example of the deleterious effects of extreme population bottlenecking, with an average natality rate of 0.376 offspring per female and a 1st-year mortality rate of 52.6% from 1997 to 2002, compared to an average natality rate of 0.560 offspring per female

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A landmark study of bison genetics performed by James Derr of Texas A&M University corroborated this. The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas, and it noted that bison seem to be adapting successfully, despite

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are known to feed on carcass and may steal wolves' kills. While grizzlies can also pose a threat to calves and sometimes old, injured, or sick adult bison, direct killing of non-calves is rare even when targeting lone and injured young individuals; attacking healthy bison is risky for bears, who can

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Bison mate in late spring and summer in more open plain areas. During fall and winter, bison tend to gather in more wooded areas. During this time, bison partake in horning behaviors. They rub their horns against trees, young saplings, and even utility poles. Aromatic trees like cedars and pine seem

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The southern extent of the historic range of the American bison includes northern Mexico and adjoining areas in the United States as documented by archeological records and historical accounts from Mexican archives from 700 CE to the 19th century. The Janos-Hidalgo bison herd has ranged between

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while the number of recorded samples for the former was limited after the rediscovery of a relatively pure herd. Elk Island National Park, which has wild populations of both wood and plains bison, has recorded maximum weights for bull bison of 1186 kg (plains) and 1099 kg (wood), but noted

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down to just 541 animals by 1889 as part of the subjugation of the Native Americans, because the American bison was a major resource for their traditional way of life (food source, hides for clothing and shelter, and horns and bones for tools). Recovery efforts expanded in the mid-20th century, with

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in Utah, consisting of 550 to 700 bison, is also one of the largest and oldest public herds in the United States, but the bison in that herd are considered to be only semifree roaming, since they are confined to the Antelope Island. In addition, recent genetic studies indicate that, like most bison

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that were examined, the TSBH had 8 monomorphic loci (i.e., each loci had only one allele), whereas in both the Yellowstone and Theodore Roosevelt herds there was only one monomorphic locus, indicating a much lower level of genetic diversity in the TSBH. The Yellowstone herd had an average number of

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Between 1980 and 1999, more than three times as many people in Yellowstone National Park were injured by bison than by bears. During this period, bison charged and injured 79 people, with injuries ranging from goring puncture wounds and broken bones to bruises and abrasions. Bears injured 24 people

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Bison mate in August and September; gestation is 285 days. A single reddish-brown calf nurses until the next calf is born. If the cow is not pregnant, a calf will nurse for 18 months. Cows nurse their calves for at least 7 or 8 months, but most calves seem to be weaned before the end of their first

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Bison are migratory and herd migrations can be directional as well as altitudinal in some areas. Bison have usual daily movements between foraging sites during the summer. In the Hayden Valley, Wyoming, bison have been recorded traveling, on average, 3 km (2 mi) per day. The summer ranges

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American bison live in river valleys, and on prairies and plains. Typical habitat is open or semiopen grasslands, as well as sagebrush, semiarid lands, and scrublands. Some lightly wooded areas are also known historically to have supported bison. Bison also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where

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domestic. Moreover, when they do interbreed, crossbreed animals in the first generation tend to look very much like purebred bison, so appearance is completely unreliable as a means of determining what is a purebred bison and what is a crossbred cow. Many ranchers have deliberately crossbred their

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Officially, the "American buffalo" is classified by the United States government as a type of cattle, and the government allows private herds to be managed as such. This is a reflection of the characteristics that bison share with cattle. Though the American bison is a separate species and usually

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A bison has a shaggy, long, dark-brown winter coat, and a lighter-weight, lighter-brown summer coat. Male bison are significantly larger and heavier than females. Plains bison are often in the smaller range of sizes, and wood bison in the larger range. Head-rump lengths at maximum up to 3.5 m

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From the late 19th century onwards, the bison population gradually rose from 325 in 1884 to 500,000 in 2017, as a result of careful preservation and a general population boom. Although they are no longer classified as endangered, there are still conservation efforts in order to prevent population

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The conservation efforts and copious amounts of data taken on American bison populations allow for American bison to serve as a useful study case of population bottlenecking and its effects. This is especially true of the Texas State Bison Herd, which underwent very extreme genetic bottlenecking,

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Bison herds have dominance hierarchies that exist for both males and females. A bison's dominance is related to its birth date. Bison born earlier in the breeding season are more likely to be larger and more dominant as adults. Thus, bison are able to pass on their dominance to their offspring as

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less than their European relatives because their necks are set differently. Compared to the nose of the American bison, that of the European species is set farther forward than the forehead when the neck is in a neutral position. The body of the American bison is hairier, though its tail has less

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in the mid-1880s with five wild-caught calves. In 1887, the herd consisted of 13 individuals; in 1910, the population consisted of 125 individuals; and in the 1920s, the population ranged from 200 to 250 individuals. In 1929, Goodnight died and the herd switched hands multiple times, leaving the

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Gennady G. Boeskorov, Olga R. Potapova, Albert V. Protopopov, Valery V. Plotnikov, Larry D. Agenbroad, Konstantin S. Kirikov, Innokenty S. Pavlov, Marina V. Shchelchkova, Innocenty N. Belolyubskii, Mikhail D. Tomshin, Rafal Kowalczyk, Sergey P. Davydov, Stanislav D. Kolesov, Alexey N. Tikhonov,

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Additionally, if it were not for the intervention of conservationists, the Texas State Bison Herd would have most likely gone extinct, as the population bottleneck would have proven to be too severe. Multiple population models based on the genetics of the TSBH in the early 2000s predicted a 99%

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migrates south and bison are distressed with heavy snows and shortages of food sources, with attacks usually being concentrated on weakened and injured cows and calves. Wolves more actively target herds with calves than those without. The length of a predation episode varies, ranging from a few

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described it: "When the buffalo went away the hearts of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them up again. After this nothing happened. There was little singing anywhere." Spiritual loss was rampant; bison were an integral part of traditional tribal societies, and they would

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In the study, cattle genes were also found in small amounts throughout most national, state, and private herds. "The hybridization experiments conducted by some of the owners of the five foundation herds of the late 1800s, have left a legacy of a small amount of cattle genetics in many of our

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Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd, which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park, the Wind Cave bison herd, and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and

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In order to bolster the genetic diversity of the American bison, the National Park Service alongside the Department of the Interior announced on May 7, 2020, the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative. This initiative focuses on maintaining the genetic diversity of the metapopulation rather than

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analysis—indicate only if the maternal line (back from mother to mother) ever included domesticated bovines, thus say nothing about possible male input in the process. Most hybrids were found to look exactly like purebred bison; therefore, appearance is not a good indicator of genetics.

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jump close to 1.8 m (6 ft) vertically, and run 55–70 km/h (35–45 mph) when agitated. This agility and speed, combined with their great size and weight, makes bison herds difficult to confine, as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems, including most

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is a shallow depression in the soil, which bison use either wet or dry. Bison roll in these depressions, covering themselves with dust or mud. Past and current hypotheses to explain the purpose of wallowing include grooming associated with shedding, male-male interaction (typically

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caused by the small size of only 12 individuals in the founder population. A side finding of this was that the Antelope Island bison herd appears to be most closely related to the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd, though the Antelope Island bison are actually plains bison.

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Goodnight was an advocate for the hybridization of bison with cattle, in the hopes of creating a stronger and healthier breed. When the herd was donated to the State of Texas, genetic testing revealed that 6 out of 36 individuals still carried cattle mitochondrial DNA.

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Such a distinction is not a general feature of the language (for example, Arapaho possesses gender-neutral terms for other large mammals such as elk, mule deer, etc.), and so presumably is due to the special significance of the bison in Plains Indian life and culture.

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number of herds known to contain cattle genes has increased. As of 2011, though about 500,000 bison existed on private ranches and in public herds, perhaps only 15,000 to 25,000 of these bison were pure and not actually bison-cattle hybrids. DNA from domestic cattle (

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The size of the Canadian domesticated herd (genetic questions aside) grew dramatically through the 1990s and 2000s. The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported the Canadian herd at 195,728 head, a 34.9% increase since 2001. Of this total, over 95% were located in

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Bison have a life expectancy around 15 years in the wild and up to 25 years in captivity. However, males and females from a hunted population also subject to wolf predation in northern Canada have been reported to live to 22 and 25 years of age, respectively.

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to be preferred. Horning appears to be associated with insect defense, as it occurs most often in the fall when the insect population is at its highest. Cedar and pines emit an aroma after bison horn them and this seems to be used as a deterrent for insects.

1106:, many ranchers are now using DNA testing to cull the residual cattle genetics from their bison herds. The U.S. National Bison Association has adopted a code of ethics which prohibits its members from deliberately crossbreeding bison with any other species. 901:) in males, and 360 to 640 kg (790 to 1,410 lb) with medians of 450 to 497.6 kg (992 to 1,097 lb) in females, although the lowest weights probably representing typical weight around the age of sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years of age. 1804: 1200:

have been observed to roam mountainous areas, including high ridges and steep drainages, and archaeological finds indicate that some bison historically may have spent their lives within mountains while others may have migrated in and out of mountains.

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exhibit a number of physical and behavioral differences. Adult American bison are slightly heavier on average because of their less rangy build and have shorter legs, which render them slightly shorter at the shoulder. American bison tend to

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It appears that the one state herd that had no cattle genes was the Henry Mountains bison herd; the Henry Mountain herd was started initially with transplanted animals from Yellowstone Park. However, the extension of this herd into the

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The inbreeding depression resulting from the multiple extreme population bottlenecks in the TSBH led to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0.367, equal to the level of inbreeding that results from two generations of full-siblings mating.

3090: 1949:=7.2 individuals. The Yellowstone herd was kept completely isolated from 1902 to around 1920, and these previously mentioned founders contributed between 60 and 70% of the genetics of the current bison population at Yellowstone. 1679:

their apparent genetic bottleneck. One possible explanation for this might be the small amount of domestic cattle genes that are now in most bison populations, though this is not the only possible explanation for bison success.

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Chihuahua, Mexico, and New Mexico, United States, since at least the 1920s. The persistence of this herd suggests that habitat for bison is suitable in northern Mexico. In 2009, genetically pure bison were reintroduced to the

1098:". Accidental crossings were also known to occur. Generally, male domestic bulls were crossed with bison cows, producing offspring of which only the females were fertile. The crossbred animals did not demonstrate any form of 3931:

Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (March 28, 2017).

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Wang, K., Lenstra, J. A., Liu, L., Hu, Q., Ma, T., Qiu, Q., & Liu, J. (2018). Incomplete lineage sorting rather than hybridization explains the inconsistent phylogeny of the wisent. Communications biology, 1(1),

2368:(shared between Alberta and British Columbia) being the most important cluster, accounting for 14.4% of the national herd. Canada also exports bison meat, totaling 2,075,253 kilograms (4,575,150 lb) in 2006. 1452:

year. At three years of age, bison cows are mature enough to produce a calf. The birthing period for bison in boreal biomes is protracted compared to that of other northern ungulates, such as moose and caribou.

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Johannes van der Plicht, 2016, The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, Bison priscus from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia, pp.7,

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Rurik List; Gerardo Ceballos; Charles Curtin; Peter J.P. Gogan; Jesus Pacheco; Joe Truett (November 7, 2007). "Historic Distribution and Challenges to Bison Recovery in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert".

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Similar to the Texas State Bison Herd, the introduction of new individuals into the population in 1902 likely was the savior of this herd, which now numbers around 5,900 individuals as of summer 2022.

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respectively. Typically weights can range from 318 to 1,179 kg (701 to 2,599 lb), 460 to 988 kg (1,014 to 2,178 lb) with medians of 730 to 792.5 kg (1,609 to 1,747 lb) (

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Population estimates in 2010 ranged from 400,000 to 500,000, with approximately 20,500 animals in 62 conservation herds and the remainder in approximately 6,400 commercial herds. According to the

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is home to 1,500 bison, one of the largest publicly held herds in the world, but some question the genetic purity of the animals. Wildlife officials believe that free roaming herds with minimal

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products. The majority of American bison in the world are raised for human consumption or fur clothing. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef, but is lower in fat and

1102:, so the practice was abandoned. The proportion of cattle DNA that has been measured in introgressed individuals and bison herds today is typically quite low, ranging from 0.56 to 1.8%. In the 3604:

C. G Van Zyll de Jong, 1986, A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads 1898), p.37, National Museum of Natural Sciences

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to get a female's attention, and the tending bull has to bellow or roar back. The most dominant bulls mate in the first 2–3 weeks of the season. More subordinate bulls mate with any remaining

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of central Utah involved mixing the founders with additional bison from another source, so it is not known if the Book Cliffs extension of the herd is also free of cattle hybridization.

5551:~TEACHABLE TUESDAY~ Did you know...Bison may look big and cumbersome, but they're very agile and quick. Bison can run an impressive 30 to 45 mph and jump as high as six vertical feet. 1945:

herd and Goodnight (TSBH) herds respectively–were introduced to the Yellowstone herd. After the addition of those individuals, the effective population size is estimated to have been N

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McMillan, Brock R.; Cottam, Michael R.; Kaufman, Donald W. (2000). "Wallowing Behavior of American Bison (Bos Bison) in Tallgrass Prairie: An Examination of Alternate Explanations".

881:(11 ft 6 in) for males and 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) for females long and the tail adding 30 to 95 cm (1 ft 0 in to 3 ft 1 in). Heights at 4571: 2123: 1904:, where high heterozygosity is representative of high genetic diversity) for the TSBH were significantly lower than that of the Yellowstone National Park bison population and the 168: 790:

languages in general, male and female bison are distinguished, with each having a different designation rather than there being a single generic word covering both sexes. Thus:

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to have a large effect. Before any addition of new individuals, the rate of loss of genetic diversity was estimated to be between 30 and 40% over the proceeding 50 years.

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Halloran F.A., 1960, American Bison Weights and Measurements from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, pp.212-218, Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science (POAS)

166: 5397: 1142:(TNC) has reintroduced bison to over a dozen nature preserves around the United States. In October 2016, TNC established its easternmost bison herd in the country, at 630:

a resurgence to roughly 31,000 wild bison as of March 2019. For many years, the population was primarily found in a few national parks and reserves. Through multiple

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Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Wild Plains Bison or Each of Four Distinct Population Segments as Threatened

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in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from domestic cattle. With an estimated population of 60 million in the late 18th century, the species was

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Popp, Jewel Kay. (1981). "Range Ecology of Bison on Mixed Grass Prairie at Wind Cave National Park". Unpubl. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 59 p.

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Aune, K., Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. 2017. Bison bison (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T2815A123789863.

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dominant bison breed earlier in the season. In addition to dominance, the older bison of a generation also have a higher fertility rate than the younger ones.

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Those in Yukon, Canada, typically summer in alpine plateaus above treeline. The first thoroughfares of North America, except for the time-obliterated paths of

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descend. While these herds have remained mostly isolated, some more than others, there has been some interbreeding between the herds over the past 150 years.

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45 mph). Bison may approach people for curiosity. Close encounters, including to touch the animals, can be dangerous, and gunshots do not startle them.

5686: 3490: 1252: 167: 13714: 1489: 5429: 2217:, a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle. In 2005, about 35,000 bison were processed for meat in the U.S., with the National Bison Association and 1344:). The bison are adapting well to the cold climate, and Yakutia's Red List officially registered the species in 2019; a second herd was formed in 2020. 4071:, By Dale F. Lott, Harry W. Greene, ebrary, Inc., Contributor Harry W. Greene, Edition: illustrated, Published by University of California Press, 2003 6575: 1154:. In 2014, U.S. Tribes and Canadian First Nations signed a treaty to help with the restoration of bison, the first to be signed in nearly 150 years. 2395:, and continuing significant human population loss over the last 60 years. However, this plan is opposed by some who live in the areas in question. 1860:) of an estimated 5 to 7 individuals, for a total combined effective population size of between 30 and 50 individuals, from which all of the modern 1699:

existing bison herds," said Derr. "All of the state owned bison herds tested (except for possibly one) contain animals with domestic cattle mtDNA."

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Recent genetic studies of privately owned herds of bison show that many of them include animals with genes from domestic cattle. For example, the

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bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S., and the meat is then distributed nationwide.

13607: 13400: 5857: 5491: 598:) subspecies, bringing the total to three. However, this is generally not supported. The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of extant 13754: 13674: 5177: 4503: 1231:

Bison traces were characteristically north and south, but several key east–west trails were used later as railways. Some of these include the

13729: 13646: 13478: 11426: 6511: 3646: 3329: 1225: 590:), the larger of the two and having a taller, square hump. Furthermore, the plains bison has been suggested to consist of a northern plains ( 6344: 1196:, Utah, as well as in mountain valleys of the Henry Mountains to an altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft). Reintroduced plains bison in 5786:"Genetic and demographic consequences of importing animals into a small population: a simulation model of the Texas State Bison Herd (USA)" 3068:

Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands

2825: 1593:

during the same time. Three people died from the injuries inflicted—one person by bison in 1983, and two people by bears in 1984 and 1986.

4568: 13739: 13724: 13075: 6135:

Ewers, John C. (1988): "The last Bison Drive of the Blackfoot Indians". Indian Life On The Upper Missouri. Norman and London, pp. 157–168

6106: 1556:

While often secure from predation because of their size and strength, in some areas, vulnerable individuals are regularly preyed upon by

4639: 4665: 4113: 1601: 6375: 5592: 3876:

Sorbelli, Leonardo; Alba, David M.; Cherin, Marco; Moullé, Pierre-Élie; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (June 1, 2021).

1936:

Conservation efforts have led the current TSBH population to be at the carrying capacity of their habitat, at around 300 individuals.

5617: 5321: 2473:. The bison is a popular symbol in the Great Plains states: Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming have adopted the animal as their official 13594: 13374: 6580: 4588: 13764: 13694: 13633: 13413: 6555: 6466: 4685: 4295: 4231: 2218: 2102:

frequently take part in ceremonies for each bison they killed to honor its sacrifice. In order to boost morale during this time,

1611: 1484: 4834: 3843:

Grange, Thierry; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Flori, Laurence; Gautier, Mathieu; Uzunidis, Antigone; Geigl, Eva-Maria (September 2018).

2344:

was the province with the largest herd, accounting for 49.7% of the herd and 45.8% of the farms. The next-largest herds were in

6607: 1588:

Tourists approach dangerously close to a wild herd of American bison to take a photograph in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

1460: 4911:

Green W. C. H. R., Aron (1993). "Persistent influences of birth date on dominance, growth and reproductive success in bison".

2477:, and many sports teams have chosen the bison as their mascot. In Canada, the bison is the official animal of the province of 2469:

The American bison is often used in North America in official seals, flags, and logos. In 2016, the American bison became the

908:

ever recorded weighed 1,270 kg (2,800 lb) while there had been bulls estimated to be 1,400 kg (3,000 lb).

13719: 13709: 13689: 13444: 12887: 11273: 11059: 6446: 5656: 5301: 5276: 4404: 4084: 4057: 3787: 3405: 2769: 2733: 2470: 666: 13638: 13418: 6551: 3193:

Wilson, G. A. & C. Strobeck (1999). "Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations".

1810:

Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003.

13769: 12892: 4529: 4246: 1300:. A private reserve named Jagüey de Ferniza has kept bisons since before the above-mentioned reintroductions in Coahuila. 622: 2093:

Thus, when the U.S. government began to massacre the buffalo, it was particularly harrowing to the Indigenous people. As

6145: 2114: 13774: 13699: 6059: 5711: 5663:. PDF. FY 2006 Challenge Cost Share Program. Final Project Report. September 30, 2007. Retrieved on September 16, 2011. 4147:

Polziehn, R; Strobeck, C; Sheraton, J; Beech, R (1995). "Bovine mtDNA Discovered in North American Bison Populations".

3823:

William Henry Burt, 1976, A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico, p.224, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

5138:"Ecosystem engineering by bison (Bison bison) wallowing increases arthropod community heterogeneity in space and time" 3550:

Champlain, Samuel, Henry P. Biggar. 1929. The Works of Samuel de Champlain, vol 3. Toronto: Champlain Society. p. 105.

2154: 13535: 13317: 11419: 5216:"Gray wolf (Canis lupus) predation and scavenging of reintroduced American bison (Bison bison) in southwestern Yukon" 5038: 4076: 4049: 3307: 3254: 935:

For the first two months of life, calves are lighter in color than mature bison. One extremely rare condition is the

20: 5054:

Coppedge, B. R.; Carter, T.S.; Shaw, J.H.; Hamilton, R.G. (1997). "Agonistic behavior associated with orphan bison (

4608: 2148:

drove bison over cliffs in the autumn to secure the winter supply. The Blackfoot used pishkuns as late as the 1850s.

13734: 1905: 737:, who said they traveled forty days (from east of Lake Huron) to trade with another nation who hunted the animals. 12944: 4555: 3486: 997:, around 2.6 million years ago. Bison only arrived in North America 195,000 to 135,000 years ago, during the late 13483: 11378: 11078: 2751: 2640: 2517: 2512: 2375:

has been suggested by a handful of academics and policymakers to restore large parts of the drier portion of the

348: 5098: 4782:

Peden, D. G. Van Dyne; R. Rice; R. Hansen (1974). "The trophic ecology of Bison bison L. on shortgrass plains".

11860: 11245: 5440: 2975: 2871: 2561: 2497: 2222: 1388: 1376:

of bison appear to be influenced by seasonal vegetation changes, interspersion and size of foraging sites, the

1115: 974:. While nuclear DNA indicates that the two living bison species are each other's closest living relatives, the 3297: 2166: 13465: 11252: 6959: 5710:"New Bison Conservation Initiative Focuses On Genetic Diversity | THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY". Wildlife.Org, 2020, 4114:"Where the buffalo roam: The role of history and genetics in the conservation of bison on U.S. federal lands" 2679: 2656: 2482: 1504:), social behavior for group cohesion, play, relief from skin irritation due to biting insects, reduction of 4320: 658: 13174: 11412: 7748: 3695: 2724: 2593: 2261: 1626:

the species experienced during its near-extinction event. Another genetic issue is the entry of genes from

1501: 1377: 1264: 610:

land animals in North America, the bison is the heaviest and the longest, and the second tallest after the

1267:'s phrase saluting these sagacious path-makers, the bison paved the way for the railroads to the Pacific. 147: 13759: 13620: 13439: 13037: 12897: 11357: 11350: 11294: 6076: 5563: 5496: 4939: 3766:

Dominance, age and weight in American bison males (Bison bison) during non-rut in semi-natural conditions

3061:"Reintroduction of bison into the Rocky Mountain parks of Canada: historical and archaeological evidence" 2728: 2665: 2588: 2281: 2245: 1185: 548: 13749: 13704: 12603: 11371: 11093: 7028: 6600: 5831:

Park, Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National; Us, WY 82190-0168 Phone: 307-344-7381 Contact.

5518: 5501: 4396: 2881: 2876: 2474: 2320: 2288: 2273: 2249: 1836:

Because of the mass slaughtering of bison during the 1870s, the plains bison population went through a

1393: 1189: 983: 6279: 6223: 5785: 3877: 733:

in 1616 (published 1619), after seeing skins and a drawing. These were shown to him by members of the

13586: 12939: 11946: 11322: 11287: 11073: 10005: 6950: 6941: 6390:

Flores Dan Louie (1991). "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850".

4863:

Wolff, J. O. (1998). "Breeding strategies, mate choice, and reproductive success in American bison".

2551: 2458: 1853: 1846: 1433: 1173: 682: 6194: 4345: 13080: 13012: 12902: 12445: 11224: 9792: 5181: 3629: 3388:

Hubbard, Tasha (2014). "Buffalo Genocide in Nineteenth Century North America: 'Kill, Skin, Sell'".

2995: 2801: 2660: 2630: 2607: 2446: 2277: 2269: 1371:

Grazing in winter, Yellowstone National Park: Bison use their heads to clear out snow for the grass

1321: 885:

in the species can reach up to 186 to 201 cm (6 ft 1 in to 6 ft 7 in) for

13457: 6266: 6245: 4346:"Dietary overlap and potential competition in a dynamic ungulate community in Northwestern Canada" 3845:"The Evolution and Population Diversity of Bison in Pleistocene and Holocene Eurasia: Sex Matters" 3665: 3091:"Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms" 2930: 212: 13679: 13060: 12861: 11462: 10441: 9834: 7730: 6871: 6508: 6348: 5538: 4472:

Rurik List; Jesus Pacheco; Eduardo Ponce; Rodrigo Sierra-Corona; Gerardo Ceballos (August 2010).

3360: 3003: 2866: 2699: 2546: 2257: 1777: 1606: 1289: 1120: 9954: 7390: 6475:

Rister Carl Coke (1929). "The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest".

5268: 5262: 4125: 3421: 3156: 1136:, roughly 15,000 bison are considered wild, free-range bison not primarily confined by fencing. 13612: 13522: 13405: 13252: 12871: 12846: 12814: 11385: 11329: 11315: 7492: 7198: 7117: 5577: 5550: 3436:"Bison are being introduced to the Russian Arctic to replace extinct woolly mammoths. But why?" 2855: 2714: 2694: 2669: 2617: 1397: 1213: 1184:

the slopes are not steep. Though not particularly known as high-altitude animals, bison in the

1151: 1139: 734: 6114: 5026: 3512: 2221:

providing a "Certified American Buffalo" program with birth-to-consumer tracking of bison via

1428: 13517: 13290: 13147: 13090: 13022: 12924: 12450: 11741: 11517: 11404: 11392: 11238: 10642: 9672: 7897: 7126: 7010: 6593: 5202: 4643: 3460: 3238: 2967: 2688: 2674: 2265: 2145: 1914: 1837: 1623: 1521: 1333: 327: 13509: 6457: 6436: 6427: 4268: 13530: 13348: 13299: 12866: 12856: 11336: 11113: 11103: 10949: 10715: 10706: 10651: 10276: 10240: 10213: 9621: 9612: 9057: 9048: 7414: 7273: 7216: 7162: 6527: 5797: 5149: 4872: 4791: 4430: 4357: 4156: 4016: 3945: 3889: 2997: 2952: 2886: 2710: 2570: 1464: 1244: 1236: 1081: 696:

are considered correct terms for the American bison. However, in British English, the word

556: 13431: 5998: 5398:

Amateur Photographer Captures a Grizzly Bear Chasing a Bison Down a Highway in Yellowstone

2996:

William T. Hornaday, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park (February 10, 2006) .

2449:, their primary cultural prophet and the bringer of their "Seven Sacred Rites". Among the 2110:, which consisted of hundreds of people dancing until 100 persons were lying unconscious. 8: 13157: 12851: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12809: 12801: 11615: 11537: 11487: 11199: 10895: 10597: 10588: 10336: 10204: 10177: 10113: 9774: 9654: 9603: 7282: 7189: 6780: 5344: 4471: 4225: 2843:

First postage stamp with image of bison was issued US in 1898—4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo"

2635: 2626: 2598: 2522: 2130: 1691: 1463:, males much more so than females. In the case of males, it is unlikely to be related to 1197: 1077: 726: 177: 11028: 5801: 5153: 4940:"Early and late births in high-latitude populations of free-ranging Bison (Bison bison)" 4876: 4795: 4711:

Van Vuren, D. (1983). "Group dynamics and summer home range of bison in southern Utah".

4434: 4419: 4361: 4168: 4160: 4020: 4003:

from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of

3949: 3893: 2074:

Buffalo hunting, i.e. hunting of the American bison, was an activity fundamental to the

1876:

The Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH), also known as the Goodnight herd, was established by

1094:

These ranchers bred some of the bison with cattle in an effort to produce "cattalo" or "

842: 13744: 13199: 12839: 12729: 12530: 11853: 11711: 10982: 10973: 10345: 10285: 10267: 10249: 10195: 10168: 10159: 9783: 9765: 9699: 9392: 9118: 8595: 8586: 8305: 7739: 7207: 7019: 7001: 6880: 6407: 5981: 5962: 5243: 5118: 5110: 5008: 4924: 4888: 4807: 4728: 4454: 4172: 3976: 3933: 3913: 3657: 3352: 2943:

Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is "Near Threatened".

2704: 2575: 2565: 2493: 2489: 2384: 2365: 1739: 1297: 1260: 1051: 998: 870: 419: 207: 5872: 5071: 4697: 3999:

Wilson, M.C.; Hills, L.V.; Shapiro, B. (2008). "Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing

2481:

and appears on the Manitoba flag. It is also used in the official coat of arms of the

1029:. The first appearance of bison in North America is considered to define the regional 13571: 13504: 13335: 13125: 13027: 12632: 12483: 12196: 11807: 11655: 11529: 11492: 11447: 11280: 11259: 11168: 11144: 10615: 10606: 10294: 10222: 10150: 9981: 9963: 9816: 8766: 8161: 8152: 8004: 7906: 7685: 7652: 7595: 7465: 6992: 6853: 6442: 6055: 5851: 5813: 5766: 5758: 5297: 5272: 5235: 5102: 5034: 5012: 5000: 4961: 4838: 4659: 4473: 4446: 4442: 4400: 4373: 4080: 4072: 4053: 4045: 3981: 3963: 3934:"Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America" 3917: 3905: 3783: 3401: 3303: 3260: 3250: 3210: 2907: 2738: 2584: 2531: 2501: 2357: 2324: 2297: 2233: 1901: 1877: 1619: 1537: 1532: 1420: 1293: 1280: 994: 975: 847: 541: 294: 13304: 12749: 12151: 5809: 5712:

https://wildlife.org/new-bison-conservation-initiative-focuses-on-genetic-diversity/

5247: 5122: 4458: 4176: 3901: 3157:

Halbert, Natalie D.; Terje Raudsepp; Bhanu P. Chowdhary & James N. Derr (2004).

2488:

Several American coins feature the bison, most famously on the reverse side of the "

13194: 13095: 12989: 12984: 12493: 12405: 12331: 12316: 12266: 11787: 11746: 11602: 11572: 11452: 11308: 11009: 10763: 10754: 10633: 10474: 10465: 10258: 9930: 9921: 9869: 9860: 9708: 9681: 9594: 9374: 8982: 8408: 8399: 8389: 8362: 8083: 7952: 7153: 7144: 7135: 6917: 6908: 6844: 6771: 6762: 6399: 5805: 5748: 5375: 5336: 5317: 5227: 5157: 5094: 5067: 5053: 4992: 4951: 4920: 4880: 4799: 4720: 4438: 4365: 4164: 4024: 3971: 3953: 3897: 3856: 3806: 3582: 3393: 3344: 3242: 3202: 3170: 3105: 3039: 2925: 2797: 2684: 2612: 2426: 2353: 1893: 1735: 1517: 1348: 1163: 1147: 1125: 1042: 795: 758: 552: 525: 13576: 13340: 11206: 5832: 5653: 13562: 13491: 13130: 13032: 12470: 12425: 12415: 12256: 12033: 11890: 11582: 11472: 11343: 11192: 11186: 10739: 10730: 10678: 10669: 10450: 9307: 9298: 8775: 8371: 7423: 7333: 7171: 6983: 6862: 6835: 6826: 6515: 5660: 4595: 4575: 3740:

Birth synchrony in American bison (Bison bison): response to predation or season?

2860: 2761: 2651: 2621: 2602: 2372: 2292: 1734:

Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the "

1635: 1627: 1193: 1019: 814: 701: 506: 192: 13651: 13470: 6052:

Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations

6024: 5578:"Wildlife-Human Conflicts in Yellowstone: When Animals and People Get Too Close" 4533: 3089:

Bork, A. M.; C. M. Strobeck; F. C. Yeh; R. J. Hudson & R. K. Salmon (1991).

2863:— proposed multistate nature preserve of Great Plains habitat for American bison 1897: 1168: 13684: 13100: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12623: 12455: 12311: 12136: 12101: 12076: 12068: 12013: 11827: 11577: 11477: 11457: 11301: 11266: 11158: 11108: 10939: 10877: 10507: 10498: 10023: 9972: 9893: 9884: 9825: 9663: 9365: 9187: 8733: 8700: 8682: 8170: 7980: 7855: 7694: 6682: 6654: 5944: 5904:

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (January 1965). "The American Buffalo".

4996: 4981:"Longevity in a hunted population of reintroduced American bison (Bison bison)" 4042:

Trophy Bowhunting: Plan the Hunt of a Lifetime and Bag One for the Record Books

2816: 2719: 2579: 2556: 2541: 2526: 2507:

Other institutions which have adopted the bison as a symbol or mascot include:

2434: 2337: 2333: 2079: 2075: 1909: 1496: 1406: 1325: 1313: 1296:

adding to the Mexican bison population. In 2020, the second herd was formed in

1232: 1188:

are frequently found at elevations above 2,400 m (8,000 ft), and the

1177: 1143: 1072: 1025: 662: 647: 631: 564: 537: 514: 6585: 6295:"Genocide by Other Means: U.S. Army Slaughtered Buffalo in Plains Indian Wars" 3397: 3088: 2819:—this style of coin featuring an American bison was produced from 1913 to 1938 865: 13668: 13426: 13235: 13142: 13047: 12962: 12934: 12784: 12684: 12535: 12498: 12385: 12291: 12286: 12261: 12121: 12106: 11940: 11920: 11905: 11846: 11792: 11766: 11665: 11610: 11557: 11497: 11482: 11467: 11364: 11163: 10564: 10546: 10432: 10369: 10360: 9419: 9154: 9127: 8898: 8808: 8799: 8784: 8649: 8613: 8568: 8505: 8496: 8013: 7971: 7864: 7830: 7820: 7721: 7703: 7366: 7315: 7225: 6789: 6567: 6490:

The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State

5817: 5762: 5239: 5136:

Nickell, Zachary; Varriano, Sofia; Plemmons, Eric; Moran, Matthew D. (2018).

5106: 5027:"Going with the herd: same-sex interaction and competition in American bison" 5004: 4980: 4965: 4956: 4377: 3967: 3909: 3714:

Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives

3264: 2916: 2776: 2536: 2442: 2361: 2241: 2173: 1970: 1918: 1715: 1414: 1103: 1030: 987: 936: 787: 705: 665:

have had cultural and spiritual connections to the American bison. It is the

635: 626: 568: 510: 344: 197: 69: 5833:"Yellowstone Bison - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 5753: 5736: 5322:"Descriptions of Wolf Attacks on Bison Calves in Wood Buffalo National Park" 3958: 857: 13625: 13275: 13164: 13152: 13120: 13004: 12689: 12628: 12593: 12553: 12351: 12188: 12176: 12086: 11983: 11895: 11822: 11797: 11782: 11731: 11562: 11542: 11231: 11153: 11098: 10958: 10927: 10817: 10489: 10303: 10231: 10104: 10047: 10038: 9756: 9690: 9452: 9410: 9325: 9136: 8856: 8847: 8709: 8640: 8529: 8520: 8262: 8031: 7712: 7667: 7634: 7405: 7297: 7264: 7180: 5784:

Halbert, Natalie D.; Grant, William E.; Derr, James N. (January 20, 2005).

5770: 4450: 4332: 3985: 3246: 3214: 2376: 2345: 2237: 2098: 1861: 1568: 1549: 1505: 1337: 1256: 1099: 1002: 971: 575: 371: 133: 4044:, by Rick Sapp, Edition: illustrated, published by Stackpole Books, 2006, 3560: 1417:

cow that has not mated yet. Male bison play no part in raising the young.

13496: 13452: 13387: 13327: 13284: 13224: 13135: 13085: 13070: 13055: 12774: 12764: 12734: 12664: 12659: 12598: 12583: 12525: 12520: 12505: 12326: 12306: 12231: 12221: 12206: 12201: 12156: 12126: 12116: 12081: 12058: 11930: 11925: 11802: 11502: 10579: 10327: 9489: 9443: 9434: 9383: 9335: 9196: 9038: 8631: 8622: 8450: 8244: 8235: 8225: 8119: 7962: 7772: 7763: 7676: 7519: 7441: 7324: 7249: 7240: 6617: 4146: 3206: 2645: 2388: 2253: 2210: 2198: 2107: 2094: 1704: 1037:

of the continent. Modern American bison are thought to have evolved from

978:

of European bison is more closely related to that of domestic cattle and

952: 264: 125: 44: 6269:. Museum.state.il.us (September 1, 2011). Retrieved on January 29, 2012. 5340: 3685:. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 316 pp. 3529: 3060: 3044: 3019: 2185: 13599: 13379: 13204: 13179: 12699: 12694: 12613: 12460: 12321: 12028: 12023: 11988: 11690: 11685: 11625: 11587: 11547: 11083: 10186: 10086: 9911: 9503: 8925: 8907: 8658: 8353: 8338: 8329: 8296: 8073: 7879: 7796: 7787: 7562: 7553: 7432: 7357: 6898: 6719: 6562: 6497: 6411: 5537:

Bert Gildart, Jane Gildart, 2021, Hiking the Black Hills Country, p.5,

5114: 4892: 4811: 4732: 3661: 2405: 2383:

grazed by bison. Proponents argue that current agricultural use of the

2313: 2305: 2213:, yet higher in protein than beef, which has led to the development of 2087: 2083: 1687: 1275: 1248: 1014: 1013:. Following their first appearance in North America, the bison rapidly 925: 607: 583: 364: 155: 89: 54: 5999:"Bison Bellows: A day to thank the bison (U.S. National Park Service)" 5903: 5411:"Yellowstone grizzly vs. bison video vaults Wyoming man to prominence" 5162: 5137: 4756: 4344:

Jung, Thomas S.; Stotyn, Shannon A.; Czetwertynski, Sophie M. (2015).

3861: 3844: 3356: 2425:

Big Medicine (1933–1959) was a sacred white buffalo that lived on the

1746:) is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison. 1351:, there are also 24 plains bison as wood bison could not be acquired. 13392: 13361: 13017: 12739: 12647: 12637: 12618: 12588: 12440: 12400: 12366: 12336: 12271: 12131: 12096: 12018: 11998: 11955: 11885: 11675: 11670: 11620: 11592: 11088: 10886: 10807: 10660: 10531: 10522: 9996: 9570: 9561: 9546: 9537: 9401: 8973: 8757: 8691: 8577: 8092: 7888: 7577: 7501: 7381: 6932: 6817: 6807: 6701: 6692: 5654:

Remove Threats to Irreplaceable Bison Herd at Wind Cave National Park

5430:"Grizzly bear predation on a bull bison in Yellowstone National Park" 4781: 4369: 4329:

April 30, 2019: This old bone - discovering the bison of Banff's past

2779: 2392: 1842: 1221: 921: 783:

and, per Etymonline, first applied to American buffalo in the 1690s.

677: 529: 224: 94: 38: 13246: 10853: 6489: 6403: 5231: 4884: 4803: 4724: 4028: 3175: 3158: 3109: 1682: 715:

was used to refer to the American mammal as early as 1625. The word

13556: 13366: 13269: 13189: 13184: 12994: 12744: 12724: 12719: 12709: 12704: 12573: 12563: 12515: 12478: 12281: 12236: 12211: 12171: 12141: 12091: 12003: 11993: 11736: 11635: 11507: 10795: 10423: 10095: 9807: 9645: 9585: 9250: 8949: 8481: 8426: 8314: 8143: 7619: 7610: 7586: 7474: 7348: 7098: 6974: 6670: 6648: 6636: 4621: 4111: 3348: 2793: 2478: 2356:(6%). The main producing regions were in the northern parts of the 2349: 2301: 1240: 1205: 1046: 1010: 956: 851: 545: 494: 244: 114: 84: 79: 64: 59: 49: 411: 13065: 12929: 12779: 12759: 12642: 12568: 12435: 12410: 12380: 12372: 12356: 12341: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12226: 12216: 12166: 12111: 11973: 11910: 11877: 11817: 11812: 11761: 11756: 11567: 11552: 11000: 10835: 10696: 10555: 9945: 9732: 9723: 9636: 9522: 9513: 9485: 9241: 9145: 9109: 9024: 9020: 8991: 8916: 8604: 8477: 8438: 8022: 7939: 7845: 7108: 7058: 6753: 6428:

The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920

4247:"Restoring North America's Wild Bison to Their Home on the Range" 3330:"The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865–1883" 2757: 2500:

series. The Kansas and North Dakota state quarters, part of the "

2496:

coined a nickel with a new depiction of the bison as part of its

2454: 2380: 2341: 2226: 2214: 1929:

and a 1st-year mortality rate of 4.2% for the other bison herds.

1776:

Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889. This map based on

1441: 1437: 1095: 1063: 1034: 979: 929: 882: 776: 560: 518: 498: 284: 274: 99: 74: 6528:"Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison" 4504:"Cemex aids reintroduction of American bison in Northern Mexico" 4190: 3231:

Conservation of North American Bison: Status and Recommendations

13353: 13312: 12754: 12654: 12608: 12509: 12488: 12430: 12420: 12390: 12276: 12161: 12008: 11963: 11751: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11680: 11640: 10844: 10413: 10318: 10141: 10131: 9747: 9259: 9099: 9081: 9072: 8958: 8880: 8832: 8823: 8281: 8272: 8207: 8198: 8188: 8110: 7643: 7456: 7306: 6642: 6630: 6509:

The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883

6224:"Canadian Agriculture at a Glance: Bison on the comeback trail" 5685:. The Ecological Future of North American Bison. Archived from 2450: 2421: 1889: 1831: 1557: 1329: 1209: 1049:, with likely intermediates between the species referred to as 948: 780: 651: 643: 639: 533: 254: 234: 11434: 6379:(1929, new ed. University of Nebraska Press,), classic history 5737:"Conservation Genetics and North American Bison (Bison bison)" 2905: 634:, the species now freely roams wild in several regions in the 13169: 12769: 12714: 12679: 12674: 12578: 12558: 12346: 12296: 12038: 11915: 11695: 11650: 10868: 10826: 10401: 10071: 10062: 9356: 9283: 9274: 9205: 8934: 8889: 8748: 8673: 8553: 8544: 8055: 8046: 7538: 7529: 6738: 6729: 6326:"It's official: America's first national mammal is the bison" 5873:"The Bison: from 30 million to 325 (1884) to 500,000 (today)" 5291: 3753:

Dominance and its fitness consequences in American bison cows

3422:

https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en

3159:"Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd" 2438: 2309: 2206: 2103: 1845:). Additionally, a wild herd consisting of 25 individuals in 1524:

effects and enhances plant and animal diversity on prairies.

1467:, but rather to social bonding or gaining sexual experience. 611: 599: 502: 304: 13219: 6246:"Table 1 Bison meat exports continue to climb, 2001 to 2006" 5671: 5669: 5135: 4906: 4904: 4902: 12395: 12301: 12146: 12048: 12043: 11968: 11869: 11660: 11118: 10014: 9344: 9232: 9214: 8871: 8724: 8128: 7995: 7811: 7085: 7046: 5099:

10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0159:WBOABB]2.0.CO;2

4938:

Jung, Thomas S.; Larter, Nicholas C.; Powell, Todd (2018).

3930: 3777: 2244:

on public lands in North America can be found only in: the

2202: 2194: 2144:

Ulm Pishkun. Buffalo jump, SW of Great Falls, Montana. The

1513: 1509: 1410: 1217: 1133: 618: 603: 559:, and according to some sources, further south to northern 513:. It is one of two extant species of bison, along with the 9482: 6345:"Buffalo T-Shirt Sale – Ralph Nader for President in 2008" 1071:

Although they are superficially similar, the American and

12669: 12053: 11900: 11645: 11123: 11058: 10624: 9223: 9169: 8101: 7483: 5666: 4899: 3764:

Roden, C., Vervaecke, H., & Van Elsacker, L. (2005).

2831:

Series 1901 $ 10 legal tender depicting an American bison

2115:

conservation measures have been taken by Native Americans

1561: 1320:

Since 2006, an outherd of wood bison sent from Alberta's

961: 955:

indicates that the closest living relatives of bison are

582:), smaller in size and with a more rounded hump; and the 3875: 3842: 3683:

North American Bison: Their classification and Evolution

3513:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3192: 621:, the species nearly became extinct by a combination of 11838: 8474: 6498:

How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?

5641:

Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Volume III: Animals

5466:

To Save the Wild Bison: Life on the Edge in Yellowstone

5264:

To save the wild bison: life on the edge in Yellowstone

4910: 4343: 3727:

Variability in size-weight relationships of Bison bison

3070:. Hancock, Michigan: George Wright Soc. pp. 143–51 1939: 19:"American Buffalo" redirects here. For other uses, see 9017: 4325:

August 11, 2018: Bison are exploring Banff in new ways

2232:

Bison are found in publicly and privately held herds.

1710:

A separate study by Wilson and Strobeck, published in

1560:. Wolf predation typically peaks in late winter, when 1220:

in seasonal migration and between feeding grounds and

5575: 5294:

Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone

5084: 5058:) claves released into a mixed resident population". 1671:) has been found in almost all examined bison herds. 5292:

Douglas W. Smith; Gary Ferguson (November 1, 2006).

5203:

Wolf–Bison Interactions in Yellowstone National Park

4622:"Wood bison to be listed in Yakutia's Red Data Book" 3058: 3028:" Rhoads 1897, is not a valid taxon, but an ecotype" 1017:, such as the largest of all bison, the long-horned 912:

is significantly larger and heavier on average than

681:

Adult male (behind) and adult female (in front), in

574:

Two subspecies or ecotypes have been described: the

5638: 5316: 3780:

Bison: mating and conservation in small populations

3768:. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 92(1), 169-177. 3383: 3381: 1852:Each of the privately ranched herds had an initial 1618:A major problem that bison face today is a lack of 1383: 5980: 5961: 4598:, CanWest MediaWorks Publications, October 5, 2006 4112:Halbert, N; Gogan, P; Hiebert, R; Derr, J (2007). 3998: 3487:"What's the Difference Between Bison and Buffalo?" 2433:Among many Native American tribes, especially the 1917:–, and a continuously low population allowing for 1868:with a founding population of only 5 individuals. 1630:into the bison population, through hybridization. 1058: 6471:(Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1973) 6218: 6216: 5513: 5511: 3675: 3524: 3522: 2906:Aune, K.; Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. (2018) . 1336:; wood bison are the most similar to the extinct 646:. The American bison has also been introduced to 385:IUCN range of the two American bison subspecies. 13666: 6474: 6389: 6107:"Restoration of Bison onto the American Prairie" 5783: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 4937: 4095:Newman, Edward and James Edmund Harting (1859). 3801: 3799: 3378: 2391:, pointing to periodic disasters, including the 982:, which is suggested to be the result of either 6615: 5260: 5049: 5047: 4097:Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History 3992: 3938:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3623: 3621: 3619: 3292: 3183: 749:(an antelope, gazelle, or wild ox), from Greek 6504:, Vol. 17, No. 5 (Oct. 1995), pp. 148–150 6213: 5932:. Toronto Canada: University of Toronto Press. 5508: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4474:"The Janos Biosphere Reserve, Northern Mexico" 4107: 4105: 3640: 3638: 3519: 3188: 3186: 11854: 11420: 11044: 6601: 6100: 6098: 6003:NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service) 5717: 5679:American Bison: The Ultimate Genetic Survivor 5427: 4858: 4856: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4710: 4296:"Tribe Treaty to Restore Wild Bison up North" 3796: 3390:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America 2931:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en 2264:in Montana; Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary in the 2129:Bison being chased off a cliff as painted by 1888:Researchers found that the average number of 1675:subsidiary herds started from it, in Canada. 1536:American bison standing its ground against a 1033:faunal stage, due to its major impact on the 805: 799: 6017: 5044: 4862: 3826: 3632:, Vol.406 (June 25, 2016), Part B, pp.94-110 3616: 3323: 3321: 3319: 2648:(mascot for his 2008 campaign for president) 2461:was the most sacred of societies for women. 2160:Bison hunt under the wolf-skin mask, 1832–33 1832:Population bottlenecking and near extinction 1088: 824: 818: 13715:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) 6323: 5856:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5675: 5533: 5531: 4672: 4102: 3778:Joel Berger; Carol Cunningham (June 1994). 3635: 3059:Kay, Charles E.; Clifford A. White (2001). 2429:(display at the Montana Historical Society) 2308:, and around the grassland state line with 1634:regarded as being in a separate genus from 1303: 959:, with bison being nested within the genus 11861: 11847: 11435:Game animals and shooting in North America 11427: 11413: 11051: 11037: 6690: 6608: 6594: 6525: 6095: 5991: 5566:, The Voice, Summer 2016, Carleton College 5371:"Bigger is better if you're a hungry wolf" 4853: 4757:"Social behavior of the American buffalo ( 4754: 4739: 3782:. Columbia University Press. p. 162. 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 2084:later portions of the American Indian Wars 1908:bison population. Additionally, of the 54 1001:, descending from the widespread Siberian 939:, in which the calf turns entirely white. 602:in the world, surpassed only by the Asian 410: 186: 146: 124: 10925: 8397: 6286: 5983:Complete Field Guide to American Wildlife 5936: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5752: 5161: 5033:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–53 4955: 4683: 4569:"Elk Island wood bison big hit in Russia" 3975: 3957: 3860: 3316: 3296:; Ruvinsky, Anatoly (November 28, 2014). 3174: 3043: 2929: 2321:herd on Santa Catalina Island, California 2304:, located near the southern banks of the 1871: 779:), from a Proto-Germanic word similar to 10806: 8196: 5959: 5942: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5528: 5267:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 4690:National Park Service Science Monographs 4686:"The bison of Yellowstone National Park" 4293: 4140: 3706: 3017: 2420: 2184: 1681: 1600: 1583: 1543: 1531: 1483: 1427: 1419: 1387: 1358: 1307: 1274: 1167: 1119: 1062: 993:Bison first appeared in Asia during the 864: 856: 841: 745:(water buffalo), which comes from Latin 676: 7097: 6668: 6556:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 6195:"Study: Catalina bison aren't purebred" 5978: 5734: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5598:from the original on December 26, 2011. 4478:The Journal of International Wilderness 4232:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 3729:. Journal of Mammalogy, 69(3), 618-624. 3644: 3589: 3387: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 2999:The Extermination of the American Bison 2955:The Extermination of the American Bison 1723:Range history of bison in North America 1612:The Extermination of the American Bison 1354: 1109: 13667: 6815: 6522:25 (1994): 313–38 and 26 (1995) 203–8. 6467:The Bison of Yellowstone National Park 6292: 6074: 5916: 5408: 4664:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4294:Stallard, Brian (September 25, 2014). 3725:Berger, J., & Peacock, M. (1988). 3392:. Duke University Press. p. 294. 3286: 2076:Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains 1955: 771:in the early 17th century, from Latin 13755:National symbols of the United States 13675:IUCN Red List near threatened species 13251: 13250: 11842: 11408: 11060:National symbols of the United States 11032: 10924: 10793: 10792: 10398: 9481: 9016: 8473: 7935: 7081: 6667: 6589: 6461:(University of Nebraska Press, 1972). 6342: 6192: 6152:from the original on January 20, 2011 6104: 6049: 5953: 5890: 5870: 5643:. The MacMillan Company. p. 291. 5615: 5481:, p.213, University of Nebraska Press 5468:, p.201, University of Oklahoma Press 5368: 5078: 5029:. In: Sommer V, Vasey PL, (editors). 4390: 4244: 4238: 3742:Journal of Mammalogy, 65(3), 418-423. 3327: 3020:"Phantom subspecies: the wood bison, 2775:Skin effigy of a Buffalo used in the 2734:Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo 1552:feeding on an American bison carcass. 1479: 1157: 897:) and 943.6 kg (2,080 lb) ( 725:was applied to the American bison by 13730:Cuisine of the Western United States 8233: 6576:Traditional use of Tatanka (buffalo) 6493:(University of Toronto Press, 1951). 6434: 6422:(University of Nebraska Press, 1954) 6193:Chang, Alicia (September 21, 2007). 5871:Heath, Jessica (December 30, 2017). 5602: 5402: 5310: 5213: 4978: 3484: 3433: 3427: 3227: 3131: 2471:national mammal of the United States 1940:Yellowstone National Park Bison Herd 1575: 1392:A herd of American bison grazing at 1216:, were the traces made by bison and 667:national mammal of the United States 7082: 6280:"Species Spotlight: American Bison" 6146:"| National Bison Association" 5927: 5196: 4979:Jung, Thomas S. (October 8, 2020). 4609:"More Alberta bison to roam Russia" 4578:, Hanneke Brooymans, August 5, 2010 4169:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09061638.x 3493:from the original on August 2, 2020 3299:The Genetics of Cattle, 2nd Edition 3082: 2917:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2899: 2416: 2225:ear tags. A market even exists for 478: 16:Species of bovid artiodactyl mammal 13: 13740:Pre-Columbian Great Plains cuisine 13725:Fauna of the Western United States 11516: 11274:America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee) 10399: 7936: 6581:Bison skeletal structure and bones 6441:. University of California Press. 6431:(Cambridge University press, 2000) 6366: 6077:"The Ghost Dance Among the Lakota" 6054:. Smithsonian Books. p. 101. 6029:Bison (U.S. National Park Service) 5968:. New York: The MacMillan Company. 5830: 5549:National Bison Association, 2021, 5178:"What do wolves do in the winter?" 4925:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02680.x 4009:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3696:"American Bison: The Animal Files" 2492:" from 1913 to 1938. In 2005, the 2193:Bison are increasingly raised for 2106:and other tribes took part in the 1192:is found on the plains around the 869:Plains bison galloping, photos by 14: 13786: 6544: 6477:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 6438:American Bison: A Natural History 5564:Field Guide to the American Bison 4069:American Bison: A Natural History 21:American Buffalo (disambiguation) 13230: 13229: 13218: 11945: 11939: 6386:. (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1974) 6336: 6317: 6272: 6260: 6238: 6186: 6164: 6138: 6129: 6068: 6043: 5972: 5864: 5824: 5777: 5704: 5676:Derr, James (October 24, 2006). 5576:Tom Olliff; Jim Caslick (2003). 5060:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 4556:"Alberta bison bound for Russia" 4443:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00810.x 4219: This article incorporates 4214: 3585:. Merriam Webster. May 12, 2023. 3337:The Western Historical Quarterly 2836: 2824: 2808: 2786: 2768: 2750: 2464: 2398: 2256:and Henry Mountains in Utah; at 2165: 2153: 2137: 2122: 1906:Theodore Roosevelt National Park 1803: 1769: 1727: 1520:. Bison wallowing has important 1384:Social behavior and reproduction 623:commercial hunting and slaughter 551:in some areas), as far north as 211: 164: 42: 11379:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 6960:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 6347:. Votenader.org. Archived from 6343:Nader, The (October 18, 2008). 5949:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 5810:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.02.022 5735:Hedrick, P. W. (July 1, 2009). 5647: 5632: 5569: 5556: 5543: 5484: 5471: 5458: 5421: 5409:French, Brett (June 11, 2020). 5390: 5362: 5285: 5254: 5207: 5170: 5129: 5031:Homosexual behaviour in animals 5019: 4972: 4931: 4827: 4818: 4775: 4704: 4632: 4614: 4601: 4581: 4561: 4548: 4522: 4496: 4465: 4413: 4384: 4337: 4313: 4287: 4261: 4208: 4183: 4089: 4062: 4035: 3924: 3902:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106933 3869: 3836: 3817: 3771: 3758: 3745: 3732: 3719: 3688: 3607: 3575: 3553: 3544: 3505: 3478: 3453: 3434:Pare, Sascha (August 9, 2023). 3414: 3228:Boyd, Delaney P. (April 2003). 3221: 3008:Retrieved on February 24, 2013. 2641:Independence Party of Minnesota 2518:Bethany College (West Virginia) 2513:U.S. Department of the Interior 2180: 1488:A bison wallowing on dirt near 1059:Differences from European bison 1015:differentiated into new species 947:Bison are members of the tribe 13765:Provincial symbols of Manitoba 13695:Endemic fauna of North America 11246:Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean 11147:Liberty Enlightening the World 7749:Central American red brocket ( 6293:Jawort, Adrian (May 9, 2011). 6248:. Statcan.gc.ca. April 3, 2009 6226:. Statcan.gc.ca. April 9, 2009 5500:. May 10, 2011. Archived from 5025:Vervaecke H, Roden C. (2006). 4835:"American Bison – Bison bison" 4393:Dictionary of American History 4350:Journal of Wildlife Management 4269:"Bison Come to Kankakee Sands" 3424:. Downloaded on March 6, 2019. 3052: 3011: 2989: 2976:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2960: 2946: 2872:Conservation of American bison 2727:and its athletic program, the 2713:and its athletic program, the 2668:and its athletic program, the 2659:and its athletic program, the 2629:and its athletic program, the 2620:and its athletic program, the 2601:and its athletic program, the 2587:and its athletic program, the 2578:and its athletic program, the 2564:and its athletic program, the 2525:and its athletic program, the 2411: 1780:'s late-19th century research. 1116:Conservation of American bison 1009:), which had migrated through 837: 741:in turn comes from Portuguese 524:9000 BC is referred to as the 1: 12888:Countries by meat consumption 11253:The Stars and Stripes Forever 5987:. New York: Harper & Row. 5943:Hornaday, William T. (1904). 5369:Smith, Doug (March 1, 2009). 5072:10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00035-X 4837:. NatureWorks. Archived from 4391:Adams, James Truslow (1940). 3716:. Princeton University Press. 3563:. Online Etymology Dictionary 3532:. Online Etymology Dictionary 2893: 2725:West Texas A&M University 2680:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2657:North Dakota State University 2483:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 924:, grazing on the grasses and 873:, first published in 1887 in 402:Bison bison subsp. athabascae 13720:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains 13710:Mammals of the United States 13690:Conservation-reliant species 13175:Non-vegetarian food in India 12893:Countries by meat production 8456:Large subfamily listed below 8444:Large subfamily listed below 8432:Large subfamily listed below 6520:Western Historical Quarterly 5960:Cahalane, Victor H. (1947). 5946:The American Natural History 5639:Liberty Hyde Bailey (1908). 5296:. Globe Pequot. p. 68. 3328:Smits, David (Autumn 1994). 2729:West Texas A&M Buffaloes 2687:(the official mascot of the 2594:Seal of the State of Indiana 2300:, and Boquillas del Carmen, 2262:Fort Peck Indian Reservation 2090:was foreign to many tribes. 1527: 1461:display homosexual behaviors 1459:Bison have been observed to 942: 708:and not used for the bison. 672: 7: 13770:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 12898:Food and drink prohibitions 11358:Battle Hymn of the Republic 11295:The Army Goes Rolling Along 6951:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 6942:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 6392:Journal of American History 6373:Branch, E. Douglas. (1997) 6324:Elahe Izadi (May 9, 2016). 6105:Patel, Moneil (June 1997). 5928:Roe, Frank Gilbert (1951). 5616:Staff (November 15, 2011). 5497:National Geographic Society 5087:American Midland Naturalist 4530:"Fraccionamiento Campestre" 4099:Published by J. Van Voorst. 3489:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2953:Project Gutenburg E Book – 2848: 2666:Oklahoma Baptist University 2282:Prince Albert National Park 2246:Yellowstone Park bison herd 2067: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2038: 2030: 2022: 2014: 2006: 1998: 1990: 1596: 1432:A cow suckling calf at the 1394:Tall Grass Prairie Preserve 1255:and ran west, crossing the 1186:Yellowstone Park bison herd 904:The heaviest wild bull for 753:. From the same Greek word 711:In English usage, the term 10: 13791: 11937: 6568:Watch the NFB documentary 6376:The Hunting of the Buffalo 6267:Illinois State Museum page 6172:"Bison from Farm to Table" 5979:Collins, Henry H. (1959). 5930:The North American Buffalo 5618:"Restoring a Prairie Icon" 4997:10.1007/s13364-020-00540-9 4784:Journal of Applied Ecology 4594:November 10, 2012, at the 4574:November 29, 2014, at the 4249:. Environment News Service 4195:National Bison Association 4124:(2): 22–29. Archived from 3882:Quaternary Science Reviews 3755:. Behaviour, 96(1), 62-91. 2882:List of animals with humps 2289:Antelope Island bison herd 2274:Wood Buffalo National Park 2250:Henry Mountains bison herd 2189:Canned bison meat for sale 1968: 1964: 1470: 1316:program in Sakha Republic. 1190:Henry Mountains bison herd 1161: 1124:Bison herd grazing at the 1113: 984:incomplete lineage sorting 719:was applied in the 1690s. 688:In American English, both 18: 13775:Mammals described in 1758 13700:Fauna of the Great Plains 13546: 13259: 13213: 13111: 13046: 13003: 12955: 12940:Psychology of eating meat 12915: 12880: 12800: 12793: 12544: 12484:Black soldier fly maggots 12469: 12365: 12187: 12067: 11954: 11876: 11775: 11704: 11601: 11528: 11514: 11440: 11351:The Washington Post March 11288:Lift Every Voice and Sing 11216: 11179: 11137: 11066: 10999: 10971: 10947: 10938: 10934: 10920: 10887:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 10878:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 10866: 10815: 10802: 10788: 10752: 10728: 10704: 10695: 10577: 10544: 10520: 10487: 10463: 10442:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 10421: 10412: 10408: 10394: 10358: 10316: 10139: 10130: 10084: 10060: 10036: 9994: 9943: 9919: 9910: 9882: 9858: 9851: 9805: 9745: 9721: 9634: 9583: 9559: 9535: 9511: 9502: 9498: 9477: 9432: 9333: 9324: 9296: 9272: 9167: 9107: 9098: 9070: 9046: 9037: 9033: 9012: 8971: 8947: 8869: 8845: 8821: 8797: 8746: 8722: 8671: 8566: 8542: 8518: 8494: 8490: 8469: 8449: 8437: 8425: 8388: 8351: 8327: 8294: 8270: 8261: 8224: 8187: 8141: 8081: 8072: 8044: 7993: 7960: 7951: 7947: 7931: 7877: 7843: 7809: 7785: 7761: 7731:Amazonian brown brocket ( 7665: 7632: 7608: 7575: 7551: 7527: 7518: 7454: 7403: 7379: 7346: 7295: 7262: 7238: 7106: 7093: 7077: 7064:Large family listed below 7057: 7052:Large family listed below 7045: 7029:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 6972: 6930: 6906: 6897: 6806: 6751: 6727: 6718: 6681: 6677: 6663: 6625: 5439:: 375–377. Archived from 4944:Canadian Field-Naturalist 4492:– via ResearchGate. 3465:Animal Facts Encyclopedia 3398:10.1215/9780822376149-014 2552:Buffalo Grove High School 2459:White Buffalo Cow Society 2172:A bison hunt depicted by 2043: 1854:effective population size 1849:survived the bottleneck. 1847:Yellowstone National Park 1841:Zoological Park (now the 1609:, illustrating his book, 1434:Cologne Zoological Garden 1270: 1174:Grand Teton National Park 1089:Crossbreeding with cattle 846:Male plains bison in the 767:was borrowed from French 683:Yellowstone National Park 594:) and a southern plains ( 567:near Buffalo Ford on the 493:(not to be confused with 485:), commonly known as the 425: 418: 409: 384: 380: 361: 356: 333: 326: 208:Scientific classification 206: 184: 175: 154: 145: 132: 123: 30: 13013:Beef hormone controversy 11868: 11225:The Star-Spangled Banner 9128:Domestic water buffalo ( 7493:Central Asian red deer ( 7118:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 6464:Meagher, Margaret Mary. 6081:PBS Archives of the West 5964:Mammals of North America 5714:. Accessed July 5, 2020. 5539:Rowman & Littlefield 5261:Mary Ann Franke (2005). 5214:Jung, Thomas S. (2011). 4957:10.22621/cfn.v132i3.1983 3630:Quaternary International 2661:North Dakota State Bison 2631:Marshall Thundering Herd 2608:Coat of arms of Manitoba 2447:White Buffalo Calf Woman 2441:consider the birth of a 2287:Another population, the 2278:Grasslands National Park 2270:Elk Island National Park 1322:Elk Island National Park 1304:Introductions to Siberia 970:without including bison 951:. Genetic evidence from 861:Skeleton of plains bison 392:Bison bison subsp. bison 13735:Native American cuisine 11372:You're a Grand Old Flag 10006:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 9793:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 7898:Yucatan brown brocket ( 7127:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 7011:Philippine mouse-deer ( 6458:The Time of the Buffalo 5479:The Time of the Buffalo 5464:Mary Ann Franke, 2005, 5220:Northwestern Naturalist 4696:: 1–161. Archived from 4397:Charles Scribner's Sons 4245:staff (March 3, 2010). 4155:(6): 1638–1643 (1642). 3959:10.1073/pnas.1620754114 3807:"Legendary Bison Bulls" 3751:Rutberg, A. T. (1986). 3738:Rutberg, A. T. (1984). 3712:Castelló, J.R. (2016). 3004:Smithsonian Institution 2700:Southwestern Law School 2547:Buffalo Gap High School 2258:Wind Cave National Park 2080:American Indian Nations 1961:crashes down the line. 1910:nuclear microsatellites 1778:William Temple Hornaday 1607:William Temple Hornaday 1290:Janos Biosphere Reserve 1067:An adult European bison 825: 819: 806: 800: 13038:Water holding capacity 11641:Cougar (mountain lion) 11522: 11386:This Land Is Your Land 10716:White-lipped peccary ( 10652:Philippine warty pig ( 10277:Yellow-backed duiker ( 10241:Black-fronted duiker ( 10214:White-bellied duiker ( 9835:Przewalski's gazelle ( 9058:Four-horned antelope ( 7856:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 7415:Visayan spotted deer ( 7274:European fallow deer ( 7217:Northern red muntjac ( 7163:Southern red muntjac ( 6570:The Great Buffalo Saga 6563:Buffalo Field Campaign 6532:Great Plains Quarterly 6420:The Great Buffalo Hunt 6075:Parker, Z. A. (1890). 5659:July 23, 2011, at the 5428:Wyman, Travis (2002). 4273:The Nature Conservancy 4221:public domain material 3700:www.theanimalfiles.com 2877:Great Plains Ecoregion 2856:American Bison Society 2802:Manitoban coat of arms 2715:Utah Tech Trailblazers 2695:Smoky Hill High School 2670:Oklahoma Baptist Bison 2618:University of Manitoba 2562:University of Colorado 2430: 2360:, specifically in the 2336:, and less than 5% in 2190: 1872:Texas State Bison Herd 1797: Range as of 1889 1791: Range as of 1870 1695: 1615: 1589: 1553: 1541: 1492: 1444: 1425: 1401: 1372: 1317: 1284: 1279:Bison herd grazing in 1212:and the routes of the 1180: 1152:Newton County, Indiana 1140:The Nature Conservancy 1129: 1068: 928:of the North American 877: 862: 854: 735:Nipissing First Nation 685: 663:Native American tribes 161:Bison bison athabascae 13518:Paleobiology Database 13023:Feed conversion ratio 12925:Ethics of eating meat 11520: 11393:Battle Cry of Freedom 11344:National Emblem March 11239:America the Beautiful 10896:Wild Bactrian camel ( 10598:Bornean bearded pig ( 10589:Palawan bearded pig ( 10178:White-legged duiker ( 9604:Red-fronted gazelle ( 7283:Persian fallow deer ( 7199:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 6872:Himalayan musk deer ( 6781:Reticulated giraffe ( 6514:July 6, 2020, at the 6435:Lott, Dale F (2002). 6050:Harjo, Suzan (2014). 5754:10.1093/jhered/esp024 5562:Teresa Scalzo, 2016, 5320:; Trottier T (1988). 4319:Banff National Park, 3671:on December 29, 2011. 3274:on September 28, 2007 3239:University of Calgary 2924:: e.T2815A123789863. 2800:, as seen inside the 2689:Oklahoma City Thunder 2675:Point Park University 2424: 2266:Northwest Territories 2188: 1915:inbreeding depression 1900:levels (a measure of 1838:population bottleneck 1685: 1624:population bottleneck 1604: 1587: 1547: 1535: 1522:ecosystem engineering 1487: 1431: 1423: 1391: 1370: 1334:pleistocene rewilding 1311: 1278: 1171: 1123: 1114:Further information: 1066: 868: 860: 845: 680: 617:Once roaming in vast 457:Krumbiegel, 1980 13076:Environmental impact 11493:Snipe (common snipe) 11473:Ring-necked pheasant 11114:Pledge of Allegiance 11104:General Grant (tree) 10983:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 10643:Oliver's warty pig ( 10268:Red-flanked duiker ( 9673:Erlanger's gazelle ( 9393:Harnessed bushbuck ( 9119:Wild water buffalo ( 8596:East Caucasian tur ( 8587:West Caucasian tur ( 7740:Little red brocket ( 7208:Truong Son muntjac ( 7020:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 7002:Greater mouse-deer ( 6881:Siberian musk deer ( 6487:Roe, Frank Gilbert. 6425:Isenberg, Andrew C. 6299:Indian Country Today 6148:. Bisoncentral.com. 5790:Ecological Modelling 5396:David Maccar, 2010, 4841:on February 17, 2014 4713:Journal of Mammalogy 4611:, September 23, 2013 4423:Conservation Biology 4149:Conservation Biology 3681:McDonald, J., 1981. 3645:Meagher, M. (1986). 3247:10.11575/PRISM/22701 3207:10.1139/gen-42-3-483 3163:Journal of Mammalogy 2887:Plains hide painting 2867:Buffalo Hunters' War 2711:Utah Tech University 2571:Gallaudet University 2445:to be the return of 2371:A proposal known as 2242:cattle introgression 1785: Original range 1751: Holocene bison 1355:Behavior and ecology 1237:Blue Ridge Mountains 1110:Range and population 1052:Bison "occidentalis" 700:is reserved for the 563:, with sightings in 454:Bison bison montanae 390: Plains bison ( 11488:Sharp-tailed grouse 11458:Hungarian partridge 11200:Novus ordo seclorum 11145:Statue of Liberty ( 10616:Celebes warty pig ( 10607:Visayan warty pig ( 10223:Red forest duiker ( 9955:Günther's dik-dik ( 9817:Mongolian gazelle ( 9622:Heuglin's gazelle ( 9613:Thomson's gazelle ( 8767:Long-tailed goral ( 8162:Mountain reedbuck ( 8153:Southern reedbuck ( 8005:East African oryx ( 7907:White-tailed deer ( 7686:Small red brocket ( 7653:South Andean deer ( 7596:Siberian roe deer ( 7587:European roe deer ( 7424:Philippine sambar ( 7391:Père David's deer ( 6993:Lesser mouse-deer ( 6854:Kashmir musk deer ( 6526:Zontek Ken (1995). 6351:on October 21, 2010 5802:2005EcMod.181..263H 5741:Journal of Heredity 5585:Yellowstone Science 5504:on October 9, 2016. 5446:on October 11, 2017 5341:10.14430/arctic1736 5154:2018Ecosp...9E2436N 4877:1998Oikos..83..529W 4796:1974JApEc..11..489P 4755:McHugh, T. (1958). 4558:, February 14, 2011 4435:2007ConBi..21.1487L 4362:2015JWMan..79.1277J 4161:1995ConBi...9.1638P 4021:2008CaJES..45..827W 3950:2017PNAS..114.3457F 3894:2021QSRv..26106933S 3045:10.14430/arctic1552 2968:"American Buffalo ( 2798:its provincial flag 2636:Milligan University 2627:Marshall University 2599:Lipscomb University 2523:Bucknell University 2131:Alfred Jacob Miller 1956:Population recovery 1572:be killed instead. 1324:was established in 1198:Banff National Park 1146:nature preserve in 1045:- beginning of the 729:as the French word 727:Samuel de Champlain 449:(Gmelin, 1788) 441:Linnaeus, 1758 178:Conservation status 13760:Symbols of Wyoming 13200:Warmed-over flavor 12968:Semi-vegetarianism 11712:American alligator 11523: 11323:The Air Force Song 10764:Collared peccary ( 10634:Flores warty pig ( 10475:Giant forest hog ( 10337:Maxwell's duiker ( 10259:Ruwenzori duiker ( 10205:Jentink's duiker ( 10114:Sharpe's grysbok ( 9870:Tibetan antelope ( 9775:Bright's gazelle ( 9709:Goitered gazelle ( 9682:Mountain gazelle ( 9655:Cuvier's gazelle ( 9595:Mongalla gazelle ( 8983:Pyrenean chamois ( 8409:Tibetan antelope ( 8363:Black wildebeest ( 7190:Reeves's muntjac ( 7154:Sumatran muntjac ( 7145:Gongshan muntjac ( 6918:Water chevrotain ( 6845:Alpine musk deer ( 6772:Southern giraffe ( 6763:Northern giraffe ( 6201:. Associated Press 6031:. November 1, 2018 6025:"People and Bison" 6005:. November 6, 2017 5519:"Bison Fact Sheet" 5477:Tom McHugh, 1979, 4913:Journal of Zoology 4684:Meagher M (1973). 4587:Edmonton Journal, 4567:Edmonton Journal, 4005:Bison occidentalis 2705:Tooele High School 2576:Harding University 2566:Colorado Buffaloes 2498:"Westward Journey" 2494:United States Mint 2431: 2385:shortgrass prairie 2366:Peace River region 2284:in Saskatchewan. 2191: 1821: Plains bison 1763: Plains bison 1744:Bison occidentalis 1696: 1616: 1590: 1554: 1542: 1493: 1490:Lamar River Canyon 1480:Wallowing behavior 1445: 1426: 1402: 1373: 1318: 1298:Maderas del Carmen 1285: 1265:Thomas Hart Benton 1261:Vincennes, Indiana 1181: 1172:Bison fighting in 1158:Habitat and trails 1130: 1069: 1041:at the end of the 999:Middle Pleistocene 878: 871:Eadweard Muybridge 863: 855: 686: 540:, and east to the 528:, a tract of rich 400: Wood bison ( 13750:American frontier 13705:Mammals of Canada 13662: 13661: 13505:Open Tree of Life 13253:Taxon identifiers 13244: 13243: 12911: 12910: 11836: 11835: 11808:Waterfowl hunting 11656:White-tailed deer 11521:Waterfowl hunters 11402: 11401: 11281:God Bless America 11260:Hail to the Chief 11169:West Potomac Park 11026: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11018: 11017: 10995: 10994: 10916: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10784: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10740:Chacoan peccary ( 10691: 10690: 10679:Javan warty pig ( 10670:Timor warty pig ( 10477:H. meinertzhageni 10451:Togian babirusa ( 10390: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10346:Walter's duiker ( 10286:Abbott's duiker ( 10250:Ogilby's duiker ( 10196:Harvey's duiker ( 10160:Brooke's duiker ( 10126: 10125: 9906: 9905: 9847: 9846: 9784:Peter's gazelle ( 9766:Grant's gazelle ( 9700:Speke's gazelle ( 9473: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9350: 9320: 9319: 9308:African buffalo ( 9139:B. depressicornis 9094: 9093: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9003: 8776:Himalayan goral ( 8598:C. cylindricornis 8465: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8421: 8420: 8384: 8383: 8372:Blue wildebeest ( 8306:Common tsessebe ( 8257: 8256: 8220: 8219: 8183: 8182: 8095:K. ellipsiprymnus 8068: 8067: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7867:P. mephistophiles 7823:P. mephistophiles 7514: 7513: 7210:M. truongsonensis 7172:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 7073: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7041: 7040: 6984:Java mouse-deer ( 6893: 6892: 6863:Black musk deer ( 6836:Dwarf musk deer ( 6827:Anhui musk deer ( 6802: 6801: 6765:G. camelopardalis 6714: 6713: 6507:Smits, David D. " 6448:978-0-520-24062-9 6117:on April 15, 2015 5906:Conservation Note 5622:National Wildlife 5303:978-1-59228-886-1 5278:978-0-8061-3683-7 5163:10.1002/ecs2.2436 4759:Bison bison bison 4700:on June 29, 2011. 4646:on March 21, 2020 4406:978-0-8226-0349-8 4300:Nature World News 4275:. August 29, 2017 4085:978-0-520-24062-9 4058:978-0-8117-3315-1 3944:(13): 3457–3462. 3862:10.3390/d10030065 3811:allaboutbison.com 3789:978-0-231-08456-7 3654:Mammalian Species 3407:978-0-8223-5779-7 3018:Geist V. (1991). 2739:Bloomington Bison 2585:Howard University 2532:Buffalo, New York 2358:Canadian prairies 2325:mitochondrial DNA 2260:in South Dakota; 2234:Custer State Park 2072: 2071: 1902:genetic diversity 1878:Charles Goodnight 1620:genetic diversity 1605:Map from 1889 by 1576:Dangers to humans 1368: 1332:as a practice of 1253:Falls of the Ohio 1243:. A heavily used 995:Early Pleistocene 976:mitochondrial DNA 875:Animal Locomotion 848:Wichita Mountains 571:as late as 1750. 542:Atlantic Seaboard 465: 464: 433:Gmelin, 1788 201: 169: 139:Bison bison bison 118: 13782: 13655: 13654: 13642: 13641: 13629: 13628: 13616: 13615: 13603: 13602: 13590: 13589: 13580: 13579: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13539: 13538: 13526: 13525: 13513: 13512: 13500: 13499: 13487: 13486: 13474: 13473: 13471:NHMSYS0020975270 13461: 13460: 13448: 13447: 13435: 13434: 13422: 13421: 13409: 13408: 13396: 13395: 13383: 13382: 13370: 13369: 13357: 13356: 13344: 13343: 13331: 13330: 13321: 13320: 13308: 13307: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13248: 13247: 13233: 13232: 13223: 13222: 13195:Roadkill cuisine 12990:Meat alternative 12985:Plant-based diet 12903:Meat substitutes 12798: 12797: 11949: 11943: 11863: 11856: 11849: 11840: 11839: 11788:Big-game hunting 11573:Northern pintail 11429: 11422: 11415: 11406: 11405: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11030: 11029: 10945: 10944: 10936: 10935: 10922: 10921: 10813: 10812: 10804: 10803: 10790: 10789: 10702: 10701: 10508:Common warthog ( 10499:Desert warthog ( 10419: 10418: 10410: 10409: 10396: 10395: 10295:Weyns's duiker ( 10169:Peters' duiker ( 10151:Aders's duiker ( 10137: 10136: 10024:Royal antelope ( 9982:Salt's dik-dik ( 9973:Silver dik-dik ( 9964:Kirk's dik-dik ( 9917: 9916: 9894:Saiga antelope ( 9856: 9855: 9795:N. soemmerringii 9664:Dorcas gazelle ( 9509: 9508: 9500: 9499: 9493: 9479: 9478: 9366:Mountain nyala ( 9349: 9348: 9340: 9331: 9330: 9286:P. nghetinhensis 9188:European bison ( 9179:American bison ( 9105: 9104: 9044: 9043: 9035: 9034: 9028: 9014: 9013: 8890:Domestic sheep ( 8734:Himalayan tahr ( 8701:Mainland serow ( 8683:Japanese serow ( 8492: 8491: 8485: 8471: 8470: 8395: 8394: 8268: 8267: 8231: 8230: 8194: 8193: 8171:Bohor reedbuck ( 8079: 8078: 8058:A. nasomaculatus 7981:Sable antelope ( 7958: 7957: 7949: 7948: 7942: 7933: 7932: 7695:Merida brocket ( 7525: 7524: 7466:Thorold's deer ( 7318:A. calamianensis 7201:M. rooseveltorum 7147:M. gongshanensis 7104: 7103: 7095: 7094: 7088: 7079: 7078: 6904: 6903: 6813: 6812: 6792:G. tippelskirchi 6725: 6724: 6688: 6687: 6679: 6678: 6665: 6664: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6587: 6586: 6559: 6539: 6496:Shaw, James H. " 6484: 6452: 6415: 6384:The Buffalo Book 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6301:. Archived from 6290: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6113:. Archived from 6102: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5925: 5914: 5913: 5901: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5756: 5732: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5692:on July 25, 2011 5691: 5684: 5673: 5664: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5613: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5492:"American Bison" 5488: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5445: 5434: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5415:Billings Gazette 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5376:Billings Gazette 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5350:on June 26, 2012 5349: 5343:. Archived from 5326: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5211: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5184:on June 17, 2020 5180:. Archived from 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5051: 5042: 5023: 5017: 5016: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4908: 4897: 4896: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4752: 4737: 4736: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4681: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4642:. Archived from 4636: 4630: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4589:"Bison troubles" 4585: 4579: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4532:. Archived from 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4429:(6): 1487–1494. 4417: 4411: 4410: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4370:10.1002/jwmg.946 4356:(8): 1277–1285. 4341: 4335: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4128:on March 3, 2013 4109: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4066: 4060: 4039: 4033: 4032: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3961: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3664:. Archived from 3651: 3642: 3633: 3625: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3526: 3517: 3516:, Fifth Edition: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3359:. Archived from 3334: 3325: 3314: 3313: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3273: 3267:. Archived from 3236: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3154: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3118: 3112:. Archived from 3095: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3015: 3009: 3007: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2964: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2903: 2840: 2828: 2812: 2796:uses a bison in 2790: 2772: 2760:uses a bison in 2754: 2685:Rumble the Bison 2613:Flag of Manitoba 2502:50 State Quarter 2427:CSKT Bison Range 2417:Native Americans 2354:British Columbia 2169: 2157: 2141: 2126: 2052:15,000 (Canada) 1975: 1974: 1820: 1815: Wood bison 1814: 1807: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1773: 1762: 1757: Wood bison 1756: 1750: 1736:great bison belt 1731: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1518:thermoregulation 1369: 1349:Pleistocene Park 1164:Great bison belt 1126:CSKT Bison Range 1043:Late Pleistocene 891:B. b. athabascae 828: 822: 809: 803: 759:Bubal hartebeest 757:we also get the 588:B. b. athabascae 526:great bison belt 519:historical range 509:(or native) to 487:American buffalo 480: 458: 450: 446:Bison americanus 442: 434: 414: 399: 389: 365:B. b. athabascae 339: 216: 215: 195: 190: 189: 171: 170: 150: 128: 112: 111: 41: 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 13790: 13789: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13650: 13645: 13637: 13632: 13624: 13619: 13611: 13606: 13598: 13593: 13585: 13583: 13575: 13570: 13561: 13560: 13555: 13542: 13534: 13529: 13521: 13516: 13508: 13503: 13495: 13492:Observation.org 13490: 13482: 13477: 13469: 13464: 13456: 13451: 13443: 13438: 13430: 13425: 13417: 13412: 13404: 13399: 13391: 13386: 13378: 13373: 13365: 13360: 13352: 13347: 13339: 13334: 13326: 13324: 13316: 13311: 13303: 13298: 13289: 13288: 13283: 13274: 13273: 13268: 13255: 13245: 13240: 13225:Food portal 13217: 13209: 13131:Case-ready meat 13113: 13107: 13081:Factory farming 13042: 12999: 12951: 12917: 12907: 12876: 12789: 12546: 12540: 12465: 12370: 12361: 12183: 12063: 12034:Lamb and mutton 11950: 11944: 11935: 11872: 11867: 11837: 11832: 11771: 11700: 11631:Bison (buffalo) 11597: 11524: 11512: 11463:Prairie chicken 11436: 11433: 11403: 11398: 11212: 11193:E pluribus unum 11187:In God We Trust 11175: 11133: 11062: 11057: 11027: 11014: 10991: 10967: 10930: 10904: 10862: 10798: 10772: 10748: 10724: 10687: 10654:S. philippensis 10591:S. ahoenobarbus 10573: 10565:Red river hog ( 10540: 10516: 10483: 10459: 10433:Buru babirusa ( 10404: 10378: 10370:Common duiker ( 10354: 10312: 10122: 10080: 10056: 10032: 9990: 9939: 9902: 9878: 9843: 9828:P. picticaudata 9801: 9741: 9717: 9711:G. subgutturosa 9630: 9579: 9555: 9531: 9494: 9483: 9461: 9428: 9420:Cape bushbuck ( 9413:T. strepsiceros 9342: 9341: 9339: 9316: 9292: 9268: 9163: 9155:Mountain anoa ( 9090: 9084:B. tragocamelus 9066: 9060:T. quadricornis 9029: 9018: 9000: 8967: 8943: 8899:Bighorn sheep ( 8865: 8841: 8817: 8809:Mountain goat ( 8793: 8785:Chinese goral ( 8742: 8718: 8703:C. sumatraensis 8667: 8650:Siberian ibex ( 8614:Domestic goat ( 8562: 8538: 8514: 8506:Barbary sheep ( 8486: 8475: 8457: 8445: 8433: 8417: 8380: 8347: 8323: 8290: 8253: 8216: 8179: 8137: 8064: 8040: 8014:Scimitar oryx ( 7989: 7972:Roan antelope ( 7943: 7937: 7915: 7873: 7865:Northern pudu ( 7839: 7831:Southern pudu ( 7821:Northern pudu ( 7805: 7781: 7757: 7722:Pygmy brocket ( 7704:Dwarf brocket ( 7661: 7628: 7604: 7571: 7547: 7510: 7450: 7399: 7375: 7342: 7316:Calamian deer ( 7291: 7285:D. mesopotamica 7258: 7234: 7228:M. vuquangensis 7226:Giant muntjac ( 7136:Fea's muntjac ( 7089: 7083: 7065: 7053: 7037: 6968: 6926: 6889: 6847:M. chrysogaster 6798: 6790:Masai giraffe ( 6747: 6710: 6673: 6659: 6621: 6614: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6516:Wayback Machine 6449: 6404:10.2307/2079530 6369: 6367:Further reading 6364: 6354: 6352: 6341: 6337: 6330:Washington Post 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6305:on July 2, 2016 6291: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6103: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5977: 5973: 5958: 5954: 5941: 5937: 5926: 5917: 5902: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5869: 5865: 5849: 5848: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5825: 5782: 5778: 5733: 5718: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5667: 5661:Wayback Machine 5652: 5648: 5637: 5633: 5614: 5603: 5595: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5561: 5557: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5324: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5259: 5255: 5232:10.1898/10-07.1 5212: 5208: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5134: 5130: 5083: 5079: 5052: 5045: 5024: 5020: 4985:Mammal Research 4977: 4973: 4936: 4932: 4909: 4900: 4885:10.2307/3546680 4861: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4804:10.2307/2402203 4780: 4776: 4753: 4740: 4725:10.2307/1380570 4709: 4705: 4682: 4673: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4647: 4640:"Archived copy" 4638: 4637: 4633: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4596:Wayback Machine 4586: 4582: 4576:Wayback Machine 4566: 4562: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4536:on May 13, 2021 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4510:. March 4, 2020 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4389: 4385: 4342: 4338: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4110: 4103: 4094: 4090: 4067: 4063: 4040: 4036: 4029:10.1139/E08-027 3997: 3993: 3929: 3925: 3874: 3870: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3590: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3485:Tikkanen, Amy. 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3461:"Buffalo Facts" 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3440:livescience.com 3432: 3428: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3386: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3366:on July 6, 2020 3363: 3332: 3326: 3317: 3310: 3294:Garrick, Dorian 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3257: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3191: 3184: 3176:10.1644/BER-029 3155: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3119:on May 10, 2017 3116: 3110:10.1139/z91-007 3093: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3016: 3012: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2972:) species page" 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2947: 2936: 2934: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2861:Buffalo Commons 2851: 2844: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2820: 2813: 2804: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2652:Nichols College 2622:Manitoba Bisons 2603:Lipscomb Bisons 2467: 2419: 2414: 2401: 2373:Buffalo Commons 2293:Antelope Island 2183: 2176: 2170: 2161: 2158: 2149: 2142: 2133: 2127: 1982: 1973: 1967: 1958: 1948: 1942: 1874: 1859: 1834: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1732: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1636:domestic cattle 1628:domestic cattle 1599: 1578: 1530: 1482: 1473: 1386: 1359: 1357: 1306: 1273: 1194:Henry Mountains 1166: 1160: 1118: 1112: 1091: 1061: 1020:Bison latifrons 945: 840: 702:African buffalo 675: 632:reintroductions 544:(nearly to the 461: 456: 448: 440: 432: 405: 397: 395: 387: 375:(plains bison) 369: 352: 341: 335: 322: 210: 202: 193:Near Threatened 191: 187: 180: 165: 158: 136: 119: 110: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 36: 35: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13788: 13778: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13680:American bison 13677: 13660: 13659: 13657: 13656: 13643: 13630: 13617: 13604: 13591: 13581: 13568: 13552: 13550: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13540: 13527: 13514: 13501: 13488: 13475: 13462: 13449: 13436: 13423: 13410: 13397: 13384: 13371: 13358: 13345: 13332: 13322: 13309: 13296: 13281: 13265: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13236:Category: Meat 13227: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13161: 13160: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13139: 13138: 13128: 13123: 13117: 13115: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13101:Slaughterhouse 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13052: 13050: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13009: 13007: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12978:Pollotarianism 12975: 12973:Pescetarianism 12965: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12921: 12919: 12913: 12912: 12909: 12908: 12906: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12884: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12795: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12645: 12635: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12550: 12548: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12503: 12502: 12501: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12475: 12473: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12377: 12375: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12073: 12071: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11960: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11882: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11866: 11865: 11858: 11851: 11843: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11828:Upland hunting 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11607: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11534: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11448:Bobwhite quail 11444: 11442: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11409: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11396: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11354: 11347: 11340: 11333: 11330:Semper Paratus 11326: 11319: 11316:Semper Fidelis 11312: 11305: 11302:Anchors Aweigh 11298: 11291: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11267:Hail, Columbia 11263: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11228: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11161: 11159:Mount Rushmore 11156: 11151: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11109:American Creed 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11056: 11055: 11048: 11041: 11033: 11024: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 11005: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10985:C. liberiensis 10979: 10977: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10965: 10959:Hippopotamus ( 10955: 10953: 10942: 10940:Hippopotamidae 10932: 10931: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10893: 10889:C. dromedarius 10884: 10874: 10872: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10860: 10851: 10842: 10833: 10823: 10821: 10810: 10800: 10799: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10760: 10758: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10736: 10734: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10712: 10710: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10676: 10672:S. timoriensis 10667: 10658: 10649: 10640: 10631: 10625:Domestic pig ( 10622: 10613: 10604: 10595: 10585: 10583: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10528: 10526: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10505: 10501:P. aethiopicus 10495: 10493: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10471: 10469: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10453:B. togeanensis 10448: 10439: 10429: 10427: 10416: 10406: 10405: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10366: 10364: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10343: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10304:Zebra duiker ( 10301: 10292: 10283: 10279:C. silvicultor 10274: 10265: 10256: 10247: 10238: 10232:Black duiker ( 10229: 10220: 10216:C. leucogaster 10211: 10202: 10193: 10184: 10175: 10166: 10157: 10147: 10145: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10111: 10105:Cape grysbok ( 10102: 10092: 10090: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10048:Klipspringer ( 10044: 10042: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10021: 10012: 10002: 10000: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9979: 9975:M. piacentinii 9970: 9961: 9951: 9949: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9927: 9925: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9866: 9864: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9841: 9837:P. przewalskii 9832: 9823: 9813: 9811: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9790: 9781: 9772: 9763: 9757:Dama gazelle ( 9753: 9751: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9706: 9697: 9691:Rhim gazelle ( 9688: 9679: 9670: 9661: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9619: 9610: 9601: 9591: 9589: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9567: 9565: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9549:A. marsupialis 9543: 9541: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9506: 9496: 9495: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9453:Common eland ( 9450: 9440: 9438: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9417: 9411:Greater kudu ( 9408: 9399: 9390: 9381: 9372: 9363: 9353: 9351: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9304: 9302: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9280: 9278: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9257: 9248: 9239: 9230: 9224:Domestic yak ( 9221: 9212: 9203: 9194: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9152: 9148:B. mindorensis 9143: 9137:Lowland anoa ( 9134: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9078: 9076: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9054: 9052: 9041: 9031: 9030: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8989: 8979: 8977: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8955: 8953: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8932: 8923: 8914: 8905: 8896: 8887: 8877: 8875: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8857:Nilgiri tahr ( 8853: 8851: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8827: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8805: 8803: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8782: 8773: 8764: 8754: 8752: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8710:Taiwan serow ( 8707: 8698: 8689: 8679: 8677: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8656: 8647: 8641:Iberian ibex ( 8638: 8629: 8620: 8611: 8602: 8593: 8584: 8574: 8572: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8550: 8548: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8530:Arabian tahr ( 8526: 8524: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8488: 8487: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8369: 8359: 8357: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8312: 8302: 8300: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8168: 8164:R. fulvorufula 8159: 8149: 8147: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8108: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8032:Arabian oryx ( 8029: 8020: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7955: 7945: 7944: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7909:O. virginianus 7904: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7828: 7817: 7815: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7775:O. bezoarticus 7769: 7767: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7746: 7737: 7728: 7719: 7715:M. gouazoubira 7713:Gray brocket ( 7710: 7701: 7692: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7650: 7640: 7638: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7559: 7557: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7499: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7468:C. albirostris 7462: 7460: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7303: 7301: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7252:E. cephalophus 7246: 7244: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7223: 7214: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7181:Leaf muntjac ( 7178: 7174:M. puhoatensis 7169: 7160: 7151: 7142: 7133: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7101: 7091: 7090: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7031:T. williamsoni 7026: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6957: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6883:M. moschiferus 6878: 6874:M. leucogaster 6869: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6838:M. berezovskii 6833: 6823: 6821: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6787: 6778: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6685: 6683:Antilocapridae 6675: 6674: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6655:Laurasiatheria 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6565: 6560: 6546: 6545:External links 6543: 6541: 6540: 6523: 6505: 6494: 6485: 6472: 6462: 6453: 6447: 6432: 6423: 6416: 6387: 6382:Dary David A. 6380: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6335: 6316: 6285: 6271: 6259: 6237: 6212: 6185: 6163: 6137: 6128: 6094: 6067: 6061:978-1588344786 6060: 6042: 6016: 5990: 5971: 5952: 5935: 5915: 5889: 5877:Flat Creek Inn 5863: 5823: 5796:(2): 263–276. 5776: 5747:(4): 411–420. 5716: 5703: 5665: 5646: 5631: 5601: 5568: 5555: 5542: 5527: 5507: 5483: 5470: 5457: 5420: 5401: 5389: 5361: 5335:(4): 297–302. 5309: 5302: 5284: 5277: 5253: 5226:(2): 126–130. 5206: 5195: 5169: 5128: 5077: 5043: 5018: 4971: 4950:(3): 219–222. 4930: 4919:(2): 177–185. 4898: 4871:(2): 529–544. 4852: 4826: 4817: 4790:(2): 489–497. 4774: 4738: 4719:(2): 329–332. 4703: 4671: 4631: 4613: 4600: 4580: 4560: 4547: 4521: 4495: 4464: 4412: 4405: 4383: 4336: 4312: 4286: 4260: 4237: 4207: 4182: 4139: 4101: 4088: 4061: 4034: 4001:Bison antiquus 3991: 3923: 3868: 3835: 3825: 3816: 3795: 3788: 3770: 3757: 3744: 3731: 3718: 3705: 3687: 3674: 3634: 3615: 3606: 3588: 3574: 3561:"buffalo (n.)" 3552: 3543: 3518: 3504: 3477: 3452: 3426: 3413: 3406: 3377: 3349:10.2307/971110 3343:(3): 312–338. 3315: 3308: 3285: 3255: 3220: 3182: 3169:(5): 924–931. 3130: 3081: 3051: 3038:(4): 283–300. 3010: 2988: 2959: 2945: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2817:Buffalo nickel 2814: 2807: 2805: 2792: 2785: 2783: 2774: 2767: 2765: 2762:its state flag 2756: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2722: 2720:CFB Wainwright 2717: 2708: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2596: 2591: 2582: 2580:Harding Bisons 2573: 2568: 2559: 2557:Buffalo Sabres 2554: 2549: 2544: 2542:Buffalo Bisons 2539: 2534: 2529: 2527:Bucknell Bison 2520: 2515: 2509: 2490:buffalo nickel 2466: 2463: 2435:Plains Indians 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2400: 2397: 2338:Eastern Canada 2334:Western Canada 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2121: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1969:Main article: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1898:heterozygosity 1873: 1870: 1857: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1802: 1800: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1740:Holocene bison 1733: 1726: 1724: 1598: 1595: 1577: 1574: 1529: 1526: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1385: 1382: 1356: 1353: 1314:reintroduction 1305: 1302: 1272: 1269: 1233:Cumberland Gap 1214:mound builders 1178:Moose, Wyoming 1159: 1156: 1144:Kankakee Sands 1111: 1108: 1090: 1087: 1073:European bison 1060: 1057: 1026:Bison antiquus 944: 941: 910:B.b.athabascae 899:B.b.athabascae 839: 836: 831: 830: 811: 674: 671: 657:Spanning back 592:B. b. montanae 565:North Carolina 538:Gulf of Mexico 532:spanning from 515:European bison 469:American bison 463: 462: 460: 459: 451: 443: 435: 430:Bos americanus 426: 423: 422: 416: 415: 407: 406: 396: 386: 382: 381: 378: 377: 359: 358: 354: 353: 342: 331: 330: 324: 323: 316: 314: 310: 309: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 272: 268: 267: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 204: 203: 185: 182: 181: 176: 173: 172: 152: 151: 143: 142: 130: 129: 121: 120: 105: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 33: 31:American bison 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13787: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13653: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13582: 13578: 13573: 13569: 13564: 13558: 13554: 13553: 13551: 13549: 13545: 13537: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13323: 13319: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13301: 13297: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13277: 13271: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13249: 13237: 13228: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13215: 13212: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13143:Cultured meat 13141: 13137: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13110: 13102: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13049: 13048:Meat industry 13045: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13006: 13002: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12963:Vegetarianism 12961: 12960: 12958: 12954: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12935:Animal rights 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12914: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12794:List articles 12792: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12695:Luncheon meat 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12543: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12511: 12507: 12504: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12472: 12468: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12292:Pacific saury 12290: 12288: 12287:Orange roughy 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11948: 11942: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11864: 11859: 11857: 11852: 11850: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11793:Bison hunting 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11768: 11767:Snowshoe hare 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11742:Gray squirrel 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11703: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11666:Mountain goat 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11611:Bighorn sheep 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11600: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11558:Greater scaup 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11527: 11519: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11498:Spruce grouse 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11483:Ruffed grouse 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11468:Mourning dove 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11430: 11425: 11423: 11418: 11416: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11394: 11390: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11376: 11373: 11369: 11366: 11365:Yankee Doodle 11362: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11348: 11345: 11341: 11338: 11334: 11331: 11327: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11309:Marines' Hymn 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11285: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11271: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11209: 11208: 11207:Annuit cœptis 11204: 11202: 11201: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11164:National Mall 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11054: 11049: 11047: 11042: 11040: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11011: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10970: 10964: 10962: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10901: 10899: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10880:C. bactrianus 10876: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10859: 10857: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10787: 10769: 10767: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10745: 10743: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10721: 10719: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10684: 10682: 10681:S. verrucosus 10677: 10675: 10673: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10627:S. domesticus 10623: 10621: 10619: 10618:S. celebensis 10614: 10612: 10610: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10570: 10568: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10547:Potamochoerus 10543: 10537: 10535: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10486: 10480: 10478: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10456: 10454: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10444:B. celebensis 10440: 10438: 10436: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10393: 10375: 10373: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10362: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10328:Blue duiker ( 10326: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10243:C. nigrifrons 10239: 10237: 10235: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10225:C. natalensis 10221: 10219: 10217: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10171:C. callipygus 10167: 10165: 10163: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10098:R. campestris 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10077: 10075: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10053: 10051: 10050:O. oreotragus 10046: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10029: 10027: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9987: 9985: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9942: 9936: 9934: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9899: 9897: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9875: 9873: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9854: 9850: 9840: 9838: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9738: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9714: 9712: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9693:G. leptoceros 9689: 9687: 9685: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9597:E. albonotata 9593: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9573:A. cervicapra 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9552: 9550: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9487: 9480: 9476: 9458: 9456: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9444:Giant eland ( 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9422:T. sylvaticus 9418: 9416: 9414: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9384:Lesser kudu ( 9382: 9380: 9378: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9346: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9313: 9311: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9289: 9287: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9199:B. domesticus 9197:Bali cattle ( 9195: 9193: 9191: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9085: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9022: 9015: 9011: 8997: 8995: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8938: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8901:O. canadensis 8897: 8895: 8893: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8862: 8860: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8848:Nilgiritragus 8844: 8838: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8811:O. americanus 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8790: 8788: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8739: 8737: 8736:H. jemlahicus 8732: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8664: 8662: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8632:Nubian ibex ( 8630: 8628: 8626: 8623:Alpine ibex ( 8621: 8619: 8617: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8535: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8511: 8509: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8479: 8472: 8468: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8412: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:Pantholopinae 8387: 8377: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8341:A. buselaphus 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8320: 8318: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8285: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8245:Grey rhebok ( 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8189:Aepycerotinae 8186: 8176: 8174: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8120:Nile lechwe ( 8118: 8116: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7953:Hippotraginae 7950: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7930: 7912: 7910: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7799:B. dichotomus 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7773:Pampas deer ( 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7733:M. nemorivaga 7729: 7727: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7677:Red brocket ( 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7646:H. antisensis 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7486:C. canadensis 7482: 7480: 7478: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7435:R. timorensis 7431: 7429: 7427: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7393:E. davidianus 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7372: 7370: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7360:R. duvaucelii 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7339: 7337: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7325:Bawean deer ( 7323: 7321: 7319: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7250:Tufted deer ( 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7183:M. putaoensis 7179: 7177: 7175: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7129:M. crinifrons 7125: 7123: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7076: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7022:T. versicolor 7018: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6829:M. anhuiensis 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6783:G. reticulata 6779: 6777: 6775: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6619: 6611: 6606: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6552:"Bison bison" 6549: 6548: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6455:McHugh, Tom. 6454: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6418:Gard, Wayne. 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6398:(2): 465–85. 6397: 6393: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6247: 6241: 6225: 6219: 6217: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6167: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6132: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5965: 5956: 5948: 5947: 5939: 5931: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5707: 5688: 5681: 5680: 5672: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5474: 5467: 5461: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5148:(9): e02436. 5147: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093:(1): 159–67. 5092: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5066:(1–2): 1–10. 5065: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5048: 5040: 5039:0-521-86446-1 5036: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4509: 4508:Global Cement 4505: 4499: 4488:September 20, 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4279:September 20, 4274: 4270: 4264: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4211: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4077:0-520-24062-6 4074: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050:0-8117-3315-7 4047: 4043: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4015:(7): 827–59. 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3829: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3647:"Bison bison" 3641: 3639: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3610: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3309:9781780642215 3305: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3256:9780494004128 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201:(3): 483–96. 3200: 3196: 3189: 3187: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3069: 3062: 3055: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537:Buffalo Bills 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2465:North America 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443:white buffalo 2440: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2409: 2407: 2399:Domestication 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362:parkland belt 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2175: 2174:George Catlin 2168: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2064: 2063: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2047:5,000 (U.S.) 2042: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2002: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1971:Bison hunting 1962: 1953: 1950: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1919:genetic drift 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1829: 1806: 1801: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716:genetic drift 1713: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1664: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1573: 1570: 1569:Grizzly bears 1566: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1381: 1379: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1342:Bison priscus 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1277: 1268: 1266: 1263:. In Senator 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1104:United States 1101: 1097: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:Rancholabrean 1028: 1027: 1023:, along with 1022: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:Bison priscus 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 988:introgression 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 963: 958: 954: 950: 940: 938: 937:white buffalo 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 915: 911: 907: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 876: 872: 867: 859: 853: 849: 844: 835: 827: 823:(bison cow), 821: 816: 812: 808: 804:(bison cow), 802: 797: 793: 792: 791: 789: 788:Plains Indian 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 718: 714: 709: 707: 706:water buffalo 703: 699: 695: 691: 684: 679: 670: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 636:United States 633: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 569:Catawba River 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 547: 543: 539: 536:south to the 535: 531: 527: 523: 520: 516: 512: 511:North America 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 476: 475: 470: 455: 452: 447: 444: 439: 436: 431: 428: 427: 424: 421: 417: 413: 408: 403: 393: 383: 379: 376: 374: 373: 367: 366: 360: 355: 350: 346: 340: 338: 332: 329: 328:Binomial name 325: 321: 320: 319:B. bison 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 289: 286: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 270: 269: 266: 263: 260: 259: 256: 253: 250: 249: 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 214: 209: 205: 199: 194: 183: 179: 174: 162: 157: 153: 149: 144: 140: 135: 131: 127: 122: 116: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 40: 29: 26: 22: 13547: 13260: 13165:Mystery meat 13121:Arachnophagy 13061:Branch house 13028:Preservation 13005:Meat science 12956:Alternatives 12945:Meat paradox 12867:Smoked foods 12506:Grasshoppers 12451:Sea cucumber 12446:Shrimp/prawn 11978: 11823:Wolf hunting 11798:Deer hunting 11783:Bear hunting 11732:Fox squirrel 11705:Other quarry 11630: 11583:Ross's goose 11563:Lesser scaup 11543:Canada goose 11337:Semper Supra 11205: 11198: 11191: 11154:Liberty Bell 11146: 11128: 11099:Phrygian cap 10984: 10972: 10961:H. amphibius 10960: 10950:Hippopotamus 10948: 10928:Whippomorpha 10897: 10888: 10879: 10867: 10855: 10846: 10837: 10828: 10816: 10765: 10753: 10741: 10729: 10717: 10705: 10680: 10671: 10662: 10653: 10644: 10635: 10626: 10617: 10609:S. cebifrons 10608: 10599: 10590: 10578: 10566: 10557: 10545: 10533: 10521: 10510:P. africanus 10509: 10500: 10490:Phacochoerus 10488: 10476: 10464: 10452: 10443: 10435:B. babyrussa 10434: 10422: 10371: 10359: 10347: 10339:P. maxwellii 10338: 10330:P. monticola 10329: 10317: 10305: 10296: 10287: 10278: 10270:C. rufilatus 10269: 10260: 10251: 10242: 10233: 10224: 10215: 10206: 10197: 10188: 10187:Bay duiker ( 10180:C. crusalbum 10179: 10170: 10161: 10152: 10140: 10132:Cephalophini 10115: 10107:R. melanotis 10106: 10097: 10085: 10073: 10061: 10049: 10037: 10025: 10017:N. moschatus 10016: 10007: 9995: 9983: 9974: 9965: 9957:M. guentheri 9956: 9944: 9933:D. megalotis 9932: 9920: 9895: 9883: 9872:P. hodgsonii 9871: 9859: 9836: 9827: 9819:P. gutturosa 9818: 9806: 9794: 9785: 9776: 9767: 9758: 9746: 9734: 9722: 9710: 9701: 9692: 9683: 9675:G. erlangeri 9674: 9665: 9656: 9648:G. bennettii 9647: 9635: 9623: 9615:E. thomsonii 9614: 9606:E. rufifrons 9605: 9596: 9584: 9572: 9560: 9548: 9536: 9524: 9512: 9454: 9446:T. derbianus 9445: 9433: 9421: 9412: 9403: 9394: 9385: 9377:T. eurycerus 9376: 9367: 9358: 9334: 9326:Tragelaphini 9309: 9297: 9285: 9273: 9261: 9252: 9244:B. javanicus 9243: 9234: 9226:B. grunniens 9225: 9216: 9208:B. frontalis 9207: 9198: 9189: 9180: 9178: 9168: 9156: 9147: 9138: 9129: 9120: 9108: 9083: 9071: 9059: 9047: 8994:R. rupicapra 8993: 8985:R. pyrenaica 8984: 8972: 8960: 8948: 8936: 8927: 8926:Snow sheep ( 8918: 8909: 8908:Dall sheep ( 8900: 8891: 8882: 8870: 8859:N. hylocrius 8858: 8846: 8835:O. moschatus 8834: 8822: 8810: 8798: 8786: 8777: 8768: 8759: 8747: 8735: 8723: 8711: 8702: 8693: 8684: 8672: 8660: 8659:Walia ibex ( 8651: 8643:C. pyrenaica 8642: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8607:C. falconeri 8606: 8597: 8588: 8579: 8567: 8556:B. taxicolor 8555: 8543: 8531: 8519: 8507: 8495: 8411:P. hodgsonii 8410: 8398: 8373: 8364: 8354:Connochaetes 8352: 8340: 8339:Hartebeest ( 8328: 8316: 8307: 8295: 8283: 8271: 8263:Alcelaphinae 8247:P. capreolus 8246: 8234: 8209: 8197: 8172: 8163: 8155:R. arundinum 8154: 8142: 8130: 8122:K. megaceros 8121: 8112: 8103: 8094: 8082: 8057: 8045: 8033: 8024: 8015: 8006: 7994: 7982: 7973: 7961: 7908: 7899: 7890: 7878: 7866: 7857: 7844: 7832: 7822: 7810: 7798: 7797:Marsh deer ( 7786: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7741: 7732: 7723: 7714: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7679:M. americana 7678: 7666: 7654: 7645: 7635:Hippocamelus 7633: 7621: 7609: 7597: 7589:C. capreolus 7588: 7576: 7564: 7563:Water deer ( 7552: 7540: 7528: 7503: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7455: 7443: 7434: 7426:R. mariannus 7425: 7416: 7404: 7392: 7380: 7368: 7367:Eld's deer ( 7359: 7358:Barasingha ( 7347: 7335: 7326: 7317: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7275: 7263: 7251: 7239: 7227: 7219:M. vaginalis 7218: 7209: 7200: 7191: 7182: 7173: 7164: 7155: 7146: 7137: 7128: 7120:M. atherodes 7119: 7107: 7030: 7021: 7013:T. nigricans 7012: 7003: 6994: 6986:T. javanicus 6985: 6973: 6961: 6952: 6943: 6931: 6920:H. aquaticus 6919: 6907: 6882: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6816: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6752: 6741:O. johnstoni 6740: 6728: 6704:A. americana 6703: 6691: 6653:Superorder: 6647:Infraclass: 6618:Artiodactyla 6569: 6535: 6531: 6519: 6501: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6465: 6456: 6437: 6426: 6419: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6374: 6355:February 19, 6353:. 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Retrieved 4126:the original 4121: 4118:Park Science 4117: 4096: 4091: 4068: 4064: 4041: 4037: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3941: 3937: 3926: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3779: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3752: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3726: 3721: 3713: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3682: 3677: 3666:the original 3656:(266): 1–8. 3653: 3609: 3583:"bison noun" 3577: 3565:. Retrieved 3555: 3546: 3534:. Retrieved 3530:"bison (n.)" 3511: 3507: 3495:. Retrieved 3480: 3468:. Retrieved 3464: 3455: 3443:. Retrieved 3439: 3429: 3416: 3389: 3368:. Retrieved 3361:the original 3340: 3336: 3298: 3288: 3278:February 23, 3276:. Retrieved 3269:the original 3230: 3223: 3198: 3194: 3166: 3162: 3121:. Retrieved 3114:the original 3104:(1): 43–48. 3101: 3097: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3067: 3054: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3013: 2998: 2991: 2981:February 24, 2979:. Retrieved 2969: 2962: 2954: 2948: 2937:February 17, 2935:. Retrieved 2921: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2744: 2589:Howard Bison 2506: 2487: 2475:state mammal 2468: 2432: 2402: 2377:Great Plains 2370: 2346:Saskatchewan 2330: 2318: 2286: 2276:in Alberta; 2238:South Dakota 2231: 2192: 2181:As livestock 2113:Today, many 2112: 2099:Plenty Coups 2092: 2073: 1983:bison (est) 1959: 1951: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1866: 1862:plains bison 1851: 1835: 1826: 1743: 1711: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1639: 1632: 1617: 1610: 1591: 1579: 1567: 1555: 1550:grizzly bear 1516:) load, and 1506:ectoparasite 1497:bison wallow 1494: 1474: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1403: 1398:Osage County 1374: 1346: 1341: 1338:steppe bison 1319: 1292:in northern 1286: 1257:Wabash River 1247:crossed the 1235:through the 1230: 1203: 1182: 1138: 1131: 1100:hybrid vigor 1092: 1070: 1050: 1038: 1024: 1018: 1006: 1003:steppe bison 992: 972:paraphyletic 967: 960: 946: 934: 919: 913: 909: 905: 903: 898: 894: 890: 886: 879: 874: 832: 829:(bison bull) 810:(bison bull) 785: 772: 768: 764: 763: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 730: 722: 721: 716: 712: 710: 697: 693: 689: 687: 656: 616: 595: 591: 587: 579: 576:plains bison 573: 521: 495:true buffalo 490: 489:, or simply 486: 482: 473: 472: 468: 466: 453: 445: 437: 429: 401: 391: 370: 368:(wood bison) 363: 362: 336: 334: 318: 317: 305: 265:Artiodactyla 160: 138: 134:Plains bison 37:0.01–0 25: 13453:NatureServe 13388:iNaturalist 13318:bison-bison 13305:Bison_bison 13291:Bison bison 13285:Wikispecies 13261:Bison bison 13148:Entomophagy 13136:Meat diaper 13126:Cannibalism 12802:Meat dishes 12584:Charcuterie 12547:preparation 12531:Mopane worm 12521:Mezcal worm 11803:Fox hunting 10838:L. guanicoe 10697:Tayassuidae 10661:Wild boar ( 10600:S. barbatus 10558:P. larvatus 10534:P. salvania 10532:Pygmy hog ( 10466:Hylochoerus 10319:Philantomba 10207:C. jentinki 10189:C. dorsalis 10142:Cephalophus 10026:N. pygmaeus 9984:M. saltiana 9922:Dorcatragus 9896:S. tatarica 9786:N. petersii 9724:Litocranius 9624:E. tilonura 9571:Blackbuck ( 9547:Springbok ( 9490:Antilopinae 9488:(subfamily 9435:Taurotragus 9402:Sitatunga ( 9395:T. scriptus 9386:T. imberbis 9343:(including 9336:Tragelaphus 9157:B. quarlesi 9039:Boselaphini 9023:(subfamily 8928:O. nivicola 8769:N. caudatus 8758:Red goral ( 8749:Naemorhedus 8712:C. swinhoei 8692:Red serow ( 8674:Capricornis 8652:C. sibirica 8589:C. caucasia 8580:C. aegagrus 8578:Wild goat ( 8532:A. jayakari 8521:Arabitragus 8480:(subfamily 8451:Antilopinae 8374:C. taurinus 8317:D. pygargus 8210:A. melampus 8131:K. vardonii 8093:Waterbuck ( 8034:O. leucoryx 7963:Hippotragus 7891:O. hemionus 7889:Mule deer ( 7788:Blastocerus 7697:M. bricenii 7655:H. bisulcus 7622:R. tarandus 7598:C. pygargus 7520:Capreolinae 7502:Sika deer ( 7444:R. unicolor 7433:Rusa deer ( 7336:A. porcinus 7156:M. montanus 6953:M. kathygre 6702:Pronghorn ( 6693:Antilocapra 5882:October 11, 5837:www.nps.gov 5628:(1): 20–25. 5056:Bison bison 4991:: 237–243. 4845:February 5, 4132:November 4, 3497:January 14, 3272:(MS thesis) 3123:December 2, 3074:December 2, 3022:Bison bison 2970:Bison bison 2910:Bison bison 2646:Ralph Nader 2412:As a symbol 2389:sustainable 2364:, with the 2352:(10%), and 2254:Book Cliffs 2211:cholesterol 2108:Ghost Dance 2082:during the 2039:300 (U.S.) 2031:541 (U.S.) 2007:35,650,000 1999:40,000,000 1991:60,000,000 1705:Book Cliffs 1622:due to the 1312:Wood bison 1039:B. antiquus 986:or ancient 953:nuclear DNA 887:B. b. bison 838:Description 596:B. b. bison 580:B. b. bison 555:, south to 474:Bison bison 372:B. b. bison 357:Subspecies 337:Bison bison 281:Subfamily: 13669:Categories 13205:White meat 13180:Pink slime 13158:Artificial 13033:Tenderness 12918:psychology 12916:Ethics and 12750:Salt-cured 12456:Sea urchin 12024:Guinea pig 11691:Polar bear 11686:Dall sheep 11626:Brown bear 11616:Black bear 11588:Snow goose 11548:Canvasback 11538:Black duck 11441:Game birds 11084:Bald eagle 11079:Great Seal 10974:Choeropsis 10856:L. vicugna 10742:C. wagneri 10645:S. oliveri 10636:S. heureni 10372:S. grimmia 10361:Sylvicapra 10348:P. walteri 10261:C. rubidis 10252:C. ogilbyi 10198:C. harveyi 10162:C. brookei 10116:R. sharpei 10096:Steenbok ( 10087:Raphicerus 10039:Oreotragus 9912:Neotragini 9861:Pantholops 9777:N. notatus 9735:L. walleri 9684:G. gazella 9657:G. cuvieri 9646:Chinkara ( 9538:Antidorcas 9525:A. clarkei 9514:Ammodorcas 9504:Antilopini 9404:T. spekeii 9368:T. buxtoni 9359:T. angasii 9251:Wild yak ( 9235:B. indicus 9190:B. bonasus 9130:B. bubalis 9073:Boselaphus 9049:Tetracerus 8919:O. gmelini 8787:N. griseus 8760:N. baileyi 8725:Hemitragus 8694:C. rubidus 8685:C. crispus 8634:C. nubiana 8497:Ammotragus 8400:Pantholops 8330:Alcelaphus 8315:Bontebok ( 8308:D. lunatus 8297:Damaliscus 8284:B. hunteri 8173:R. redunca 8074:Reduncinae 8025:O. gazella 7974:H. equinus 7900:O. pandora 7880:Odocoileus 7764:Ozotoceros 7620:Reindeer ( 7565:H. inermis 7554:Hydropotes 7477:C. elaphus 7475:Red deer ( 7417:R. alfredi 7334:Hog deer ( 7192:M. reevesi 7165:M. muntjak 6995:T. kanchil 6962:M. meminna 6909:Hyemoschus 6899:Tragulidae 6856:M. cupreus 6774:G. giraffa 6720:Giraffidae 6671:Ruminantia 6502:Rangelands 6178:January 6, 5553:on Twitter 5354:August 16, 4607:CBC News, 4554:CBC News, 4514:August 11, 4321:Bison blog 3888:: 106933. 3470:August 11, 3098:Can J Zool 3026:athabascae 2894:References 2406:razor wire 2379:to native 2314:New Mexico 2306:Rio Grande 2088:extinction 2015:5,500,000 1692:Coal River 1688:wood bison 1669:Bos taurus 1640:Bos taurus 1400:, Oklahoma 1249:Ohio River 1222:salt licks 1162:See also: 1128:in Montana 966:rendering 922:herbivores 920:Bison are 895:B.b. bison 584:wood bison 291:Subtribe: 156:Wood bison 13745:Livestock 13563:Q52175200 13548:Bos bison 13096:Slaughter 13018:Drip loss 12740:Rillettes 12700:Marinated 12638:Forcemeat 12624:Fermented 12564:Barbecued 12536:Palm grub 12367:Shellfish 12337:Swordfish 12272:Mahi Mahi 12102:Crocodile 12077:Alligator 11956:Livestock 11886:Cassowary 11676:Pronghorn 11671:Mule deer 11621:Razorback 11593:Wood duck 11530:Waterfowl 11478:Ptarmigan 11138:Landmarks 11089:Uncle Sam 10926:Suborder 10836:Guanaco ( 10808:Camelidae 10794:Suborder 10766:D. tajacu 10755:Dicotyles 10731:Catagonus 10718:T. pecari 10663:S. scrofa 10567:P. porcus 10556:Bushpig ( 10424:Babyrousa 10400:Suborder 10297:C. weynsi 10288:C. spadix 10153:C. adersi 10074:O. ourebi 10008:N. batesi 9997:Neotragus 9966:M. kirkii 9768:N. granti 9733:Gerenuk ( 9702:G. spekei 9666:G. dorcas 9523:Dibatag ( 9310:S. caffer 9275:Pseudoryx 9262:B. taurus 9242:Banteng ( 9217:B. gaurus 9146:Tamaraw ( 8992:Chamois ( 8974:Rupicapra 8961:P. nayaur 8937:O. vignei 8917:Mouflon ( 8616:C. hircus 8605:Markhor ( 8508:A. lervia 8273:Beatragus 8199:Aepyceros 8023:Gemsbok ( 8016:O. dammah 7858:P. carlae 7751:M. temama 7742:M. rufina 7706:M. chunyi 7688:M. bororo 7578:Capreolus 7504:C. nippon 7495:C. hanglu 7382:Elaphurus 7327:A. kuhlii 7241:Elaphodus 7109:Muntiacus 6944:M. indica 6933:Moschiola 6865:M. fuscus 6808:Moschidae 6669:Suborder 6629:Kingdom: 6538:: 133–49. 6205:March 14, 6199:USA Today 6111:UC Irving 6087:March 30, 5842:April 24, 5818:0304-3800 5763:0022-1503 5318:Carbyn LN 5240:1051-1733 5142:Ecosphere 5107:0003-0031 5013:225126531 5005:2199-241X 4966:0008-3550 4765:Zoologica 4650:March 21, 4378:1937-2817 4305:August 6, 4200:March 18, 3968:0027-8424 3918:235527116 3910:0277-3791 3855:(3): 65. 3849:Diversity 3370:March 30, 3265:232117310 2815:The 1935 2780:Sun Dance 2393:Dust Bowl 2348:(23.9%), 2298:Chihuahua 2146:Blackfoot 1988:Pre-1800 1843:Bronx Zoo 1694:in Canada 1652:bison or 1528:Predation 1465:dominance 1340:species ( 1294:Chihuahua 1281:Chihuahua 1239:to upper 1080:more and 943:Evolution 914:B.b.bison 906:B.b.bison 826:tȟatȟáŋka 673:Etymology 659:millennia 549:tidewater 530:grassland 438:Bos bison 313:Species: 231:Kingdom: 225:Eukaryota 117:– present 13613:10586647 13557:Wikidata 13458:2.101908 13445:14200669 13406:11059079 13325:BioLib: 13270:Wikidata 13190:Red meat 13185:Raw meat 13114:subjects 12995:Veganism 12862:Meatball 12725:Pemmican 12710:Meatloaf 12705:Meatball 12545:Cuts and 12526:Silkworm 12516:Mealworm 12494:Crickets 12406:Crayfish 12386:Calamari 12282:Milkfish 12267:Mackerel 12262:Kingfish 12237:Flounder 12137:Pangolin 12122:Kangaroo 12107:Elephant 12092:Bushmeat 11776:See also 11737:Gray fox 11603:Big game 11508:Woodcock 11094:Columbia 10898:C. ferus 10854:Vicuña ( 10847:L. pacos 10845:Alpaca ( 10829:L. glama 10796:Tylopoda 10306:C. zebra 10234:C. niger 9808:Procapra 9586:Eudorcas 9562:Antilope 9299:Syncerus 9260:Cattle ( 9253:B. mutus 9181:B. bison 9121:B. arnee 9082:Nilgai ( 8959:Bharal ( 8950:Pseudois 8910:O. dalli 8892:O. aries 8883:O. ammon 8881:Argali ( 8833:Muskox ( 8800:Oreamnos 8778:N. goral 8661:C. walie 8545:Budorcas 8482:Caprinae 8427:Caprinae 8282:Hirola ( 8226:Peleinae 8208:Impala ( 8113:K. leche 8111:Lechwe ( 8007:O. beisa 7983:H. niger 7644:Taruca ( 7611:Rangifer 7541:A. alces 7442:Sambar ( 7369:R. eldii 7349:Rucervus 7307:Chital ( 7099:Cervinae 7086:Cervidae 7047:Cervidae 6975:Tragulus 6649:Eutheria 6643:Mammalia 6637:Chordata 6635:Phylum: 6631:Animalia 6512:Archived 6483:: 34–49. 6309:April 3, 6150:Archived 6121:April 7, 6035:June 16, 6009:June 16, 5852:cite web 5771:19414501 5696:July 27, 5657:Archived 5593:Archived 5450:June 16, 5248:86100204 5188:June 17, 5123:86223655 4660:cite web 4592:Archived 4572:Archived 4459:30828514 4451:18173472 4177:85575841 3986:28289222 3567:April 3, 3536:April 3, 3491:Archived 3445:July 19, 3215:10382295 2849:See also 2794:Manitoba 2479:Manitoba 2350:Manitoba 2302:Coahuila 2068:360,000 2044:1944–47 2023:395,000 1981:American 1896:and the 1597:Genetics 1283:, Mexico 1241:Kentucky 1226:pioneers 1206:mastodon 1047:Holocene 1011:Beringia 930:prairies 852:Oklahoma 807:henéécee 755:boubalos 751:boubalos 606:. Among 553:New York 546:Atlantic 505:that is 497:), is a 420:Synonyms 345:Linnaeus 271:Family: 255:Mammalia 245:Chordata 241:Phylum: 235:Animalia 221:Domain: 198:IUCN 3.1 115:Holocene 13652:1006256 13600:2441178 13380:2441176 13153:Marbled 13112:Related 13091:Packing 13066:Butcher 12930:Carnism 12872:Sausage 12847:Seafood 12815:Chicken 12785:Tartare 12780:Tandoor 12760:Sausage 12745:Roasted 12730:Poached 12720:Pickled 12643:Cretons 12633:supreme 12574:Braised 12569:Biltong 12471:Insects 12436:Scallop 12426:Octopus 12416:Lobster 12411:Dolphin 12381:Abalone 12373:seafood 12357:Walleye 12342:Tilapia 12317:Sardine 12307:Pollock 12257:Herring 12252:Halibut 12247:Haddock 12242:Grouper 12227:Crappie 12217:Catfish 12197:Anchovy 12167:Venison 11984:Buffalo 11974:Beefalo 11911:Ostrich 11891:Chicken 11878:Poultry 11818:Fishing 11813:Whaling 11762:Red fox 11757:Raccoon 11747:Opossum 11636:Caribou 11578:Redhead 11568:Mallard 11553:Gadwall 11067:Symbols 11010:Cetacea 11001:Cetacea 10869:Camelus 10827:Llama ( 10707:Tayassu 10523:Porcula 10072:Oribi ( 10063:Ourebia 9946:Madoqua 9931:Beira ( 9852:Saigini 9759:N. dama 9637:Gazella 9486:Bovidae 9484:Family 9455:T. oryx 9375:Bongo ( 9357:Nyala ( 9284:Saola ( 9206:Gayal ( 9110:Bubalus 9025:Bovinae 9021:Bovidae 9019:Family 8935:Urial ( 8625:C. ibex 8554:Takin ( 8478:Bovidae 8476:Family 8439:Bovinae 8365:C. gnou 8144:Redunca 8056:Addax ( 7940:Bovidae 7938:Family 7846:Pudella 7833:P. pudu 7724:M. nana 7539:Moose ( 7309:A. axis 7276:D. dama 7138:M. feae 7084:Family 7059:Bovidae 7004:T. napu 6818:Moschus 6754:Giraffa 6739:Okapi ( 6641:Class: 6620:species 6616:Extant 6412:2079530 6252:May 29, 6230:May 29, 5798:Bibcode 5150:Bibcode 5115:3083019 4893:3546680 4873:Bibcode 4812:2402203 4792:Bibcode 4771:: 1–40. 4733:1380570 4540:May 13, 4431:Bibcode 4358:Bibcode 4157:Bibcode 4017:Bibcode 3977:5380047 3946:Bibcode 3890:Bibcode 3662:3504019 2758:Wyoming 2455:Hidatsa 2387:is not 2381:prairie 2342:Alberta 2252:at the 2215:beefalo 2060:23,340 1965:Hunting 1890:alleles 1690:around 1657:⁄ 1647:⁄ 1502:rutting 1471:Horning 1442:Germany 1438:Cologne 1415:estrous 1326:Yakutia 1251:at the 1148:Morocco 1096:beefalo 1035:ecology 980:aurochs 883:withers 796:Arapaho 777:aurochs 747:bufalus 731:buffles 723:Buffalo 713:buffalo 698:buffalo 690:buffalo 648:Yakutia 561:Florida 557:Georgia 507:endemic 499:species 491:buffalo 301:Genus: 285:Bovinae 275:Bovidae 261:Order: 251:Class: 196: ( 106:↓ 13639:203618 13584:FEIS: 13510:907693 13419:180706 13367:BISOBI 13354:328109 13313:ARKive 13276:Q82728 13234: 13086:Jobber 13071:Cutter 13056:Broker 12857:Steaks 12775:Stewed 12765:Smoked 12755:Salumi 12735:Potted 12685:Kidney 12665:Ground 12660:Frozen 12629:Fillet 12609:Cutlet 12599:Corned 12594:Confit 12579:Burger 12510:locust 12489:Cicada 12431:Oyster 12421:Mussel 12391:Chiton 12371:other 12312:Salmon 12277:Marlin 12162:Turtle 12152:Rabbit 12127:Monkey 12117:Iguana 12059:Żubroń 12014:Snails 12009:Donkey 11964:Alpaca 11931:Turkey 11916:Pigeon 11752:Rabbit 11727:Coyote 11722:Bobcat 11717:Badger 11696:Whales 11681:Muskox 11503:Turkey 11453:Chukar 11180:Mottos 10414:Suidae 10015:Suni ( 9748:Nanger 9233:Zebu ( 9215:Gaur ( 9100:Bovini 8824:Ovibos 8129:Puku ( 8104:K. kob 7668:Mazama 7457:Cervus 6730:Okapia 6445: 6410: 6174:. 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