Dutch Republic - Knowledge

4758: 3859: 1848: 4813: 3667: 91: 3416: 4892: 129: 4485: 4770: 3539: 3575: 3563:

for an ambitious and wealthy merchant family was to arrange a marriage with a long-established regent family. In the 1670s one such union, that of the Trip family (the Amsterdam branch of the Swedish arms makers) with the son of Burgomaster Valckenier, extended the influence and patronage available to the latter and strengthened his dominance of the council. The oligarchy in Amsterdam thus gained strength from its breadth and openness. In the smaller towns family interest could unite members on policy decisions but contraction through intermarriage could lead to the degeneration of the quality of the members.

4272: 3754: 4202: 755: 1404: 1194: 1105: 4357:. The Patriot movement focused more on local political power, where they had no say in their towns' governance. Although they were able to curtail the power of the stadholder, and hold democratic elections in select towns, they were divided in their political vision, which was more local than national. Supporters were drawn from religious dissenters and Catholics in particular places, while pro-stadholder Orangists had more widespread geographical support of sections of the lower classes, the Dutch Reformed clergy, and the Jewish community. 1357: 3605: 4832:). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the 3482: 1050: 1333: 730: 3467:, had a population primarily of immigrants and others not considered Dutch, if one includes second and third generation immigrants. There were also migrants from the Dutch countryside. People in most parts of Europe were poor and many were unemployed. But in Amsterdam there was always work. Religious toleration was important, because a continuous influx of immigrants was necessary for the economy. Travellers visiting Amsterdam reported their surprise at the lack of control over the influx. 1308: 1263: 1241: 1123: 4047: 1069: 1502: 1458: 3213: 1086: 1157: 1536: 1485: 1214: 3934:

account directly without going through Dutch intermediaries. Second, there was no growth in manufacturing, due perhaps to a weaker sense of industrial entrepreneurship and to the high wage scale. Third the wealthy turned their investments to foreign loans. This helped jump-start other nations and provided the Dutch with a steady income from collecting interest, but leaving them with few domestic sectors with a potential for rapid growth.

3590:'s religious policy was beginning to drive these Protestants out of France; no encouragement was given to the dispossessed Dutch from the countryside or other towns of Holland. The regents encouraged immigrants to build churches and provided sites or buildings for churches and temples for all except the most radical sects and the Catholics by the 1670s (although even the Catholics could practice quietly in a chapel within the Beguinhof). 1140: 77: 4058: 1516: 1175: 1425: 6368: 1293: 4034: 1372: 4021: 3586:

the wealthy Sephardic Jews from Portugal were welcomed and accorded all privileges except those of citizenship, but the poor Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe were far more carefully vetted and those who became dependent on the city were encouraged to move on. Similarly, provision for the housing of Huguenot immigrants was made in 1681 when

4743:, shows. The United States did not intend to emulate the United Provinces; Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." However, the 1776 4519:

of the Dutch Republic as a percentage of total population was 31.7 percent, while that of the Spanish Netherlands was 20.8 percent, of Portugal 16.6 percent, and of Italy 14 percent. In 1675 the urban population density of Holland alone was 61 percent, compared to the rest of

3933:

The slow economic decline after 1730 was relative: other countries grew faster, eroding the Dutch lead and surpassing it. Wilson identifies three causes. Holland lost its world dominance in trade as competitors emerged and copied its practices, built their own ships and ports, and traded on their own

3562:

Amsterdam was governed by a body of regents, a large, but closed, oligarchy with control over all aspects of the city's life, and a dominant voice in the foreign affairs of Holland. Only men with sufficient wealth and a long enough residence within the city could join the ruling class. The first step

3558:

had reached the optimum population (about 200,000) for the level of trade, commerce and agriculture then available to support it. The city contributed the largest quota in taxes to the States of Holland which in turn contributed over half the quota to the States General. Amsterdam was also one of the

3585:

Amsterdam's wealth was generated by its commerce, which was in turn sustained by the judicious encouragement of entrepreneurs whatever their origin. This open door policy has been interpreted as proof of a tolerant ruling class. But tolerance was practiced for the convenience of the city. Therefore,

4704:

Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of

4839:

During the republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was

3834:

and cemented the principle of parliamentary rule and Protestant ascendency in England. James fled to France, and William ascended to the English throne as co-monarch with his wife Mary, James' eldest daughter. This manoeuvre secured England as a critical ally of the United Provinces in its ongoing

3726:

of the Republic, using some military pressure. King Charles thought a naval war would weaken the Dutch traders and strengthen the English economy and empire, so the Second Anglo-Dutch War was launched in 1665. At first many Dutch ships were captured and the English scored great victories. However,

3523:

Rapid industrialization led to the rapid growth of the nonagricultural labor force and the increase in real wages during the same time. In the half-century between 1570 and 1620 this labor supply increased 3 percent per annum, a truly phenomenal growth. Despite this, nominal wages were repeatedly

3971:

Religious life became more relaxed as well. Catholics grew from 18% to 23% of the population during the 18th century and enjoyed greater tolerance, even as they continued to be outside the political system. They became divided by the feud between moralistic Jansenists (who denied free will) and

3937:

After the Dutch fleet declined, merchant interests became dependent on the goodwill of Britain. The main focus of Dutch leaders was reducing the country's considerable budget deficits. Dutch trade and shipping remained at a fairly steady level through the 18th century, but no longer had a near

3566:

In Amsterdam the network was so large that members of the same family could be related to opposing factions and pursue widely separated interests. The young men who had risen to positions of authority in the 1670s and 1680s consolidated their hold on office well into the 1690s and even the new

3463:). Many immigrants came to the cities of Holland in the 17th and 18th century from the Protestant parts of Germany and elsewhere. The number of first-generation immigrants from outside the Netherlands in Amsterdam was nearly 50% in the 17th and 18th centuries. Amsterdam, which was a hub of the 3622:

During the wars a tension had arisen between the Orange-Nassau leaders and the patrician merchants. The former—the Orangists—were soldiers and centralizers who seldom spoke of compromise with the enemy and looked for military solutions. They included many rural gentry as well as ordinary folk

3983:

Life for the average Dutchman became slower and more relaxed in the 18th century. The upper and middle classes continued to enjoy prosperity and high living standards. The drive to succeed seemed less urgent. Unskilled laborers remained locked in poverty and hardship. The large underclass of

3979:

Dutch universities declined in importance, no longer attracting large numbers of foreign students. The Netherlands remained an important hub of intellectual exchange, creating reviews of foreign publications that made scholars aware of new works in French, German, and English. Dutch painting

4961:—burdened the republic with huge debts, although little of the fighting after 1673 took place on its own territory. The necessity to maintain a vast army against France meant that less money could be spent on the navy, weakening the republic's economy. After William III's death in 1702 the 3731:, in June 1667, ended the war with a Dutch victory. The Dutch recovered their trade, while the English economy was seriously hurt and its treasury nearly bankrupt. The greatly expanded Dutch navy was for years after the world's strongest. The Dutch Republic was at the zenith of its power. 3650:, a brilliant politician and diplomat, emerged as the dominant figure. Princes of Orange became the stadtholder and an almost hereditary ruler in 1672 and 1748. The Dutch Republic of the United Provinces was a true republic from 1650 to 1672 and 1702–1748. These periods are called the 4757: 3783:

and Cologne, which had all signed alliances against the Republic. France, Cologne and Münster invaded the Republic. Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis, who had accomplished a diplomatic balancing act for a long time, were now the obvious scapegoats. They were lynched, and a new

3839:. William was the commander of the Dutch and English armies and fleets until his death in 1702. During William's reign as King of England, his primary focus was leveraging British manpower and finances to aid the Dutch against the French. The combination continued during the 3916:

During the period, the Republic lost its Great-Power status and its primacy in world trade, processes that went hand-in-hand, the latter causing the former. Though the economy declined considerably, causing deindustrialization and deurbanization in the maritime provinces, a

3443:. The Portuguese Jewish community had many wealthy merchants, who both live openly as Jews and participate in the thriving economy on a par with wealthy Dutch merchants. The Netherlands became home to many other notable refugees, including Protestants from Antwerp and 4668:), but this area was so poor that it was exempt from paying federal taxes, and as a consequence, it was denied representation in the States General, which is why the official name of the state was the "Seven United Netherlands" and not the "Eight United Netherlands". 4428:. The government responded by pillaging those towns where opposition continued. Five leaders were sentenced to death, forcing them to flee. Lynchings also occurred. For a while, no one dared appear in public without an orange cockade to show their support for 3941:

Although the Netherlands remained wealthy, investments for the nation's money became more difficult to find. Some investment went into purchases of land for estates, but most went to foreign bonds and Amsterdam remained one of Europe's banking capitals.

3500:, and that actually formed the material basis for that cultural era. Amsterdam became the hub of world trade, the center into which staples and luxuries flowed for sorting, processing, and distribution, and then reexported around Europe and the world. 1662:. The income from this trade allowed the Dutch Republic to compete militarily against much larger countries. It amassed a huge fleet of 2,000 ships, initially larger than the fleets of England and France combined. Major conflicts were fought in the 4171:. William V, leading the pro-British faction within the government, blocked attempts by pro-independence, and later pro-French, elements to drag the government to war. However, things came to a head with the Dutch attempt to join the Russian-led 4349:). The goal was to oust government officials and force new elections. "Seen as a whole this revolution was a string of violent and confused events, accidents, speeches, rumours, bitter enmities and armed confrontations", wrote French historian 5919:

Bengal ... was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade

4973:(1713). However, the Dutch had over a period of forty years successfully defended their positions in the Southern Netherlands and their troops were central in the alliances which had halted French territorial expansion in Europe until 5053:... European Christendom remained divided, and second, because the Spanish monarchy explicitly recognized the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic, despite the fact that the Reformed Church was the official state religion of that polity. 3503:

During 1585 through 1622 there was the rapid accumulation of trade capital, often brought in by refugee merchants from Antwerp and other ports. The money was typically invested in high-risk ventures like pioneering expeditions to the

3329:

revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the

6192: 4547:

is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

4186:

An English historian summed him up uncharitably as "a Prince of the profoundest lethargy and most abysmal stupidity." And yet he would guide his family through the difficult French-Batavian period and his son would be crowned king.

3967:

across Europe, giving an arsenal of weapons to critics who wanted to attack religion. It was an encyclopaedia of ideas that argued that most "truths" were merely opinions, and that gullibility and stubbornness were prevalent.

4419:

This severe military response overwhelmed the Patriots and put the stadholder firmly back in control. A small unpaid Prussian army was billeted in the Netherlands and supported themselves by looting and extortion. The

4878:

Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in

4848:) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor—along with economic reasons—in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. 3950:

Dutch culture also declined both in the arts and sciences. Literature for example largely imitated English and French styles with little in the way of innovation or originality. The most influential intellectual was

6287: 3825:

decided he had to take a huge gamble and invade England. To this end he secured the support from the Dutch States-General and from Protestant British nobles feuding with William's father-in-law the Catholic

3921:-class kept accumulating a large capital fund that formed the basis for the leading position the Republic achieved in the international capital market. A military crisis at the end of the period caused the 3798:. The advance of French troops from the south was halted by a costly inundation of its own heartland, by breaching river dikes. With the aid of friendly German princes, the Dutch succeeded in fighting back 5938: 3843:

after his death as the combined Dutch, British, and Imperial armies conquered Flanders and Brabant, and invaded French territory before the alliance collapsed in 1713 due to British political infighting.

3570:

Amsterdam's regents provided good services to residents. They spent heavily on the water-ways and other essential infrastructure, as well as municipal almshouses for the elderly, hospitals and churches.

6110:

De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid. Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog

3821:

with France, the relations with England reached crisis level once again. Convinced that he needed English support against France and that he had to prevent a second Anglo-French alliance, Stadtholder

4136:, was 3 years old when his father died, and a long regency characterised by corruption and misrule began. His mother delegated most of the powers of the regency to Bentinck and her favorite, 6187: 4543:

in the Netherlands. The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so

3976:

in 1723. The upper classes willingly embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment, tempered by the tolerance that meant less hostility to organized religion compared to France.

4984:

Fierce competition for trade and colonies, especially from France and England, furthered the economic downturn of the country. The three Anglo-Dutch Wars and the rise of

3703:, which severely hurt Dutch trade interests. An incident at sea concerning the Act resulted in the First Anglo-Dutch War, which lasted from 1652 to 1654, ending in the 4997: 4245:

Most of the war consisted of a series of largely successful British operations against Dutch colonial economic interests, although British and Dutch naval forces also

3334:. During the initial phase of the war, the revolt was largely unsuccessful. Spain regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. This period is known as the " 6372: 4306:, the Patriots sought a more democratic form of government. The opening shot of this revolution is often considered to be the 1781 publication of a manifesto called 4448: 4769: 3938:

monopoly and also could not match growing English and French competition. The Netherlands lost its position as the trading centre of Northern Europe to London.

7909: 90: 7874: 1749:. Dutch trade, science, armed forces, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century, a period which became known as the 3806:, after which the peace was signed with both of them, although some territory in the east was lost forever. Peace was signed with England as well, in 1674 ( 3357:, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. Dutch colonialism began at this point, as the Netherlands was able to swipe a number of 128: 7914: 4467: 3476: 17: 7854: 4120:. The struggle involved religious, anti-Catholic, and democratic elements, as well as mob violence and political agitation. The war concluded with the 1768:(1648), the republic gained approximately 20% more territory, located outside the member provinces, which was ruled directly by the States General as 7884: 7175: 4416:

and in foreign policy, the stadholder was "little more than a pawn of the British and Prussians", so that Patriot pressure was ignored by William.

1462: 3524:

increased, outstripping price increases. In consequence, real wages for unskilled laborers were 62 percent higher in 1615–1619 than in 1575–1579.

7329: 4234:

Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the United States and their allies, U.S. ambassador (and future President)

3241: 3913:, though in other provinces that office was filled by members of the House of Nassau-Dietz (later called Orange-Nassau) during various periods. 3397:. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by Spain until the 7304: 5686: 7259: 7063: 4560: 7484: 6973: 4393: 3858: 7894: 7879: 7864: 6400: 5881: 4238:

managed to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognize the

7207: 4337:. In 1785, there was an open Patriot rebellion, which took the form of an armed insurrection by local militias in certain Dutch towns, 30:

This article is about the Dutch state as it existed from 1579 to 1795. For the idea of a contemporary republic in the Netherlands, see

4511:

of any nation. When Southern Europe was experiencing poor harvests, the Dutch very profitably exported surplus grain from Poland. The

4137: 1847: 7904: 7869: 7666: 7656: 7274: 4744: 4373: 4149: 4116:, seized this opportunity to consolidate power and place loyal officials in strategic government positions to wrest control from the 4065: 4574: 1761: 96: 7859: 5974: 4812: 4671:

Each province was governed by the Provincial States, their main executive official (though not the official head of state) being a

4400:. The Patriot militias could not contend with these forces, melting away. Dutch banks at this time still held much of the world's 4249:. The war ended disastrously for the Dutch and exposed the weakness of the political and economic foundations of the country. The 3496:

The era of explosive economic growth is roughly coterminous with the period of social and cultural bloom that has been called the

7696: 7202: 4471: 2798: 1801: 1489: 7805: 4934:

became stadtholder. After a 22-year stadtholderless era, the Orangists regained power, and his first problem was to survive the

4689:. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the 4231:, broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. 4124:, and the French voluntarily retreated from the Dutch frontier. However, William IV died unexpectedly in 1751 at the age of 40. 7849: 7269: 4581:

and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

4392:. She was forced to return to Nijmegen. She appealed to her brother for help, and he sent some 26,000 troops to invade, led by 4316:, who would become an influential leader of the Patriot movement. Their aim was to reduce corruption and the power held by the 3410: 1942: 1646:

Although the state was small and had only around 1.5 million inhabitants, it controlled a worldwide network of seafaring

7555: 6349: 5912: 5875: 5845: 5739: 3338:" due to the high number of massacres, instances of mass looting, and total destruction of multiple cities and in particular 3322: 2949: 2889: 4981:

in 1748, and Austria becoming allies with France against Prussia, marked the end of the republic as a major military power.

7420: 7324: 7232: 7212: 5067: 4298:

After the war with Great Britain ended disastrously in 1784, there was growing unrest and a rebellion by the anti-Orangist

4168: 3688:

The Republic and England were major rivals in world trade and naval power. Halfway through the 17th century the Republic's

3666: 3022: 4751:, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, although there is no evidence of direct influence. 2939: 7588: 6915: 6001: 3956: 3791:

An Anglo-French attempt to land on the Dutch shore was barely repelled in three desperate naval battles under command of

3559:

most reliable in settling tax demands and therefore was able to use the threat to withhold such payments to good effect.

3234: 3092: 2718: 2409: 5109: 7716: 7447: 7309: 7299: 7289: 7190: 6769: 6297: 6264: 6214: 6177: 6035: 5046: 4424:

continued urging citizens to resist the government. They distributed pamphlets, formed "Patriot Clubs" and held public

4153: 3520:. The profits of these ventures were ploughed back in the financing of new trade, which led to its exponential growth. 3109: 2919: 2379: 3415: 7598: 7593: 7489: 7479: 7464: 7370: 7319: 7314: 7180: 6245: 6158: 6139: 6081: 5818: 5785: 5717: 5381: 5341: 5314: 5287: 5260: 5168: 5095: 4732: 4313: 3199: 2664: 2449: 1475: 543: 279: 5935: 3692:

was the rival of Britain's Royal Navy as the most powerful navy in the world. The Republic fought a series of three

1800:

favoured a powerful stadtholder, while the Republicans favoured a strong States General. The Republicans forced two

7758: 7474: 7294: 7279: 7254: 7125: 6966: 6900: 6495: 4455: 4440:) and elsewhere. Before long the French became involved in Dutch politics and the tide turned toward the Patriots. 4172: 4121: 3390: 3067: 2738: 31: 2979: 7741: 7711: 7624: 7565: 7494: 7425: 7415: 7385: 7375: 6925: 6528: 6393: 4377: 4844:, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled 4807: 3646:

were leaderless. The regents seized the opportunity: there would be no new stadtholder in Holland for 22 years.

7889: 7706: 7437: 7430: 7390: 6712: 6545: 6483: 4978: 4891: 4851:

In the first years of the republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of

4500: 4484: 3548: 3227: 2073: 1784:

for 'steward'); this office was nominally open to anyone, but most provinces appointed a member of the

555: 4943: 2994: 7671: 7410: 7405: 7380: 6920: 6829: 6225: 4966: 4962: 4024: 3853: 3840: 3655: 3302: 2364: 1707: 303: 2974: 7676: 7575: 7469: 7452: 7400: 7395: 7242: 7195: 6005: 4927: 4397: 4246: 4205: 4164: 4141: 4113: 4069: 4050: 3894: 3807: 3704: 3651: 3639: 3599: 3431:

An important factor in the growth of the Netherlands as an economic power was the influx of groups seeking

3189: 3152: 3072: 3032: 2934: 2929: 1820: 319: 291: 1198: 7721: 7661: 7634: 7550: 7459: 7360: 7348: 7227: 7185: 7170: 7058: 6959: 6879: 6874: 6490: 4828:

of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice,

4569:

of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called

4540: 4361: 4321: 4291: 4133: 3490: 3436: 3424: 2924: 1090: 331: 7777: 7731: 7612: 7583: 7560: 7513: 7001: 6993: 6935: 6930: 6386: 4308: 4228: 4216: 4085: 3538: 3306: 3027: 2728: 2399: 1828: 1715: 1711: 1596:

and the first independent Dutch state. The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the

7919: 7899: 7639: 7535: 7499: 7014: 6905: 6659: 6620: 4974: 4728:, but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and Zeeland. 4299: 4284: 3574: 3037: 3004: 2904: 2899: 2569: 2186: 1797: 1703: 267: 6203: 604: 7726: 7691: 7686: 5160:

Merchants, bankers, middlemen: the Amsterdam money market during the first half of the 19th century

5012: 5007: 4958: 4725: 4721: 4532: 4220: 3513: 3326: 3294: 3062: 3057: 3052: 2954: 2529: 1932: 1831:

reignited these tensions. Following military defeat by France, the stadtholder was expelled in the

1725:

The republic was more tolerant of different religions and ideas than contemporary states, allowing

1683: 1667: 1655: 1651: 1361: 373: 4451:. The underground rose up, overthrew the municipal and provincial governments, and proclaimed the 4140:. All power was concentrated in the hands of an unaccountable few, including the Frisian nobleman 3955:(1647–1706), a Protestant refugee from France who settled in Rotterdam where he wrote the massive 2309: 7844: 7746: 7027: 6910: 6568: 4712:, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally governed 4271: 4097: 3516:(VOC). There were similar ventures in different fields however, like the trade on Russia and the 3439:

fleeing the Inquisitions in Iberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. and later, poorer

3087: 3077: 3042: 2758: 2404: 1995: 1907: 1746: 1675: 877: 3901:

on 2 May 1747. During this period the office of stadtholder was left vacant in the provinces of

7442: 7115: 6734: 6563: 5931: 4931: 4919: 4694: 4629: 4429: 4425: 4342: 4250: 4196: 4180: 4176: 3890: 3822: 3758: 3719: 3689: 3683: 3643: 3624: 3381:

declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a

3097: 3082: 2614: 2549: 2098: 2088: 2025: 1695: 1687: 1624: 1245: 229: 5865: 5835: 5304: 5277: 5250: 4201: 2211: 1760:

of provinces, each with a high degree of independence from the federal assembly, known as the

76: 7530: 6814: 6679: 5810: 5803: 5777: 5770: 5709: 5702: 5396:

Gijs Rommelse, "Prizes and Profits: Dutch Maritime Trade during the Second Anglo-Dutch War",

5371: 5331: 5002: 4947: 4939: 4833: 4793: 4649: 4504: 4475: 4077: 3792: 3776: 3748: 3715: 3679: 3142: 2964: 2778: 2659: 2271: 2251: 2161: 2005: 1887: 1691: 1616: 1430: 493: 481: 175: 5198:

The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815

3980:

declined, no longer being innovative, with painters pursuing the styles of the old masters.

1403: 7786: 7222: 7140: 7120: 6869: 6864: 6804: 6739: 6644: 4900: 4653: 4333: 4239: 3753: 3555: 3533: 3432: 3331: 3127: 2869: 2808: 2171: 2093: 2000: 1967: 1663: 1337: 1267: 1193: 529: 110: 4523:

The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective

1376: 8: 7751: 7365: 7284: 7155: 7135: 7130: 6834: 6764: 6707: 6624: 6450: 6170:

Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration

4954: 4868: 4709: 4619: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4372:, a city remote from the heart of Dutch political life. In June 1787, his energetic wife 4303: 4266: 4157: 4089: 3993: 3973: 3922: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3762: 3711: 3700: 3448: 3398: 3374: 3318: 3310: 3102: 3047: 2969: 2879: 2768: 2281: 2063: 2053: 2048: 1937: 1855: 1832: 1805: 1765: 1632: 1597: 1585: 1438: 1312: 1275: 1218: 735: 656: 565: 469: 6307:

Van der Burg, M. (2010). "Transforming the Dutch Republic into the Kingdom of Holland".

4926:

and the Republicans did reign supreme for a time at the middle of the 17th century (the

4840:

especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century

4720:) Staats-Opper-Gelre. The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the 617: 7791: 7165: 7088: 6940: 6844: 6628: 6580: 6575: 6478: 6468: 6425: 6417: 6324: 5680: 5449: 4911: 4896: 4880: 4698: 4639: 4623: 4488: 4447:

was popular, and numerous underground clubs were promoting it when in January 1795 the

4104:. The French invasion exposed the weaknesses of Dutch defenses, leading to memories of 4101: 4093: 4061: 3910: 3818: 3811: 3728: 3579: 3486: 3456: 3370: 3314: 3283: 3183: 3157: 2999: 2989: 2959: 2914: 2859: 2845: 2708: 2649: 2424: 2339: 2058: 1851: 1792:

simultaneously holding most or all of the stadtholderships, making him effectively the

1742: 1726: 1679: 1620: 1415: 1144: 1104: 960: 701: 255: 4242:

in April 1782. In October 1782, a treaty of amity and commerce was concluded as well.

7160: 7110: 7092: 6819: 6794: 6774: 6754: 6744: 6634: 6616: 6585: 6518: 6435: 6409: 6345: 6338:

De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning

6328: 6293: 6260: 6241: 6173: 6154: 6135: 6077: 5908: 5871: 5841: 5814: 5781: 5713: 5423: 5377: 5337: 5310: 5283: 5256: 5164: 5101: 5091: 5042: 4817: 4748: 4736: 4717: 4661: 4609: 4595: 4585: 4551:

The Dutch Republic was a master of banking, often compared to 14th century Florence.

4512: 4479: 4452: 4444: 4354: 4029: 3964: 3795: 3386: 3358: 3354: 3298: 3287: 3279: 3194: 3167: 2944: 2884: 2864: 2748: 2519: 2429: 2181: 2078: 1866: 1836: 1824: 1719: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1612: 1589: 1408: 1161: 1073: 849: 748: 591: 457: 4953:

Wars to contain the expansionist policies of France in various coalitions after the

2464: 1922: 1356: 7681: 7150: 7101: 7036: 7009: 6809: 6724: 6669: 6639: 6590: 6550: 6533: 6523: 6458: 6430: 6316: 5950: 5861: 5748: 5145:

Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam

4935: 4825: 4780: 4713: 4690: 4570: 4496: 4432:. Many Patriots, perhaps around 40,000 in all, fled to Brabant, France (especially 4081: 3740: 3693: 3675: 3628: 3612: 3497: 3350: 3346: 3177: 3137: 2854: 2688: 2594: 2494: 2479: 2389: 2319: 2226: 2221: 2196: 2103: 2083: 2068: 1927: 1789: 1769: 1750: 1734: 1729:

to its residents. Artists flourished under this regime, including painters such as

1699: 1671: 1608: 1109: 953: 643: 578: 342: 6132:

The Familial State: Ruling Families and Merchant Capitalism in Early Modern Europe

3604: 2509: 2419: 7334: 7217: 7096: 7068: 6849: 6824: 6612: 6595: 6440: 6289:

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

6229: 6218: 6207: 6196: 5942: 5837:

Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

5566: 5453: 5158: 5071: 4673: 4458:. Stadtholder William V fled to England and the States General dissolved itself. 4409: 4350: 4254: 3863: 3616: 3460: 3217: 2909: 2894: 2534: 2414: 2374: 2349: 2329: 2276: 2261: 2113: 2108: 1977: 1972: 1962: 1917: 1892: 1785: 1179: 1054: 935: 171: 5064: 4735:

were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as

4716:. These were Staats-Brabant, Staats-Vlaanderen, Staats-Overmaas, and (after the 3481: 2314: 2141: 7083: 7078: 6799: 6789: 6779: 6759: 6749: 6664: 6607: 6500: 6463: 5557:(1911, reprinted 2001) Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, p. 88 5252:

Serving the Urban Community: The Rise of Public Facilities in the Low Countries

5224:

Traders, Artists, Burghers: A Cultural History of Amsterdam in the 17th century

4852: 4528: 4109: 4088:, despite efforts to remain neutral. French attacks on Dutch fortresses in the 3883: 3875: 3464: 3420: 3362: 3147: 2840: 2639: 2629: 2584: 2544: 2539: 2484: 2474: 2469: 2454: 2384: 2369: 2354: 2344: 2256: 2156: 2146: 2136: 1816: 1781: 1604: 1573: 1565: 1022: 992: 835: 385: 190: 186: 167: 57: 6320: 5671:

Cook, Chris; Broadhead, Philip (2006). "Population, Urbanisation and Health".

5306:

The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact

3393:

as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a

2439: 1332: 7838: 7820: 7807: 7644: 7049: 6895: 6694: 4923: 4872: 4763:

Map of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands with colonies, c1707-1729

4740: 4603: 4599: 4566: 4508: 4405: 3647: 3608: 3394: 3275: 3255: 2984: 2818: 2788: 2698: 2604: 2599: 2574: 2554: 2394: 2266: 2241: 2216: 2201: 2191: 2176: 2131: 1897: 1873: 1793: 1757: 1581: 913: 868: 789: 697: 433: 226: 6211: 5753: 5734: 5105: 3349:, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the 3345:

In 1579, a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the

1307: 1262: 1240: 1122: 7701: 7545: 6854: 6684: 6555: 6473: 6283: 5735:"Urbanization, Culture and the Dutch Origins of the European Enlightenment" 5498: 5248: 4985: 4864: 4803: 4524: 4276: 3952: 3382: 3366: 3335: 2654: 2634: 2619: 2579: 2564: 2524: 2459: 2444: 2334: 2236: 1902: 1738: 1659: 1600: 1068: 1049: 1000: 906: 517: 505: 445: 421: 397: 216: 5968: 1666:

against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the

1501: 1457: 7264: 7031: 6982: 6839: 6717: 6702: 6674: 6510: 6189:

The Dutch Republic, Centre of the European Book Trade in the 17th Century

5085: 4856: 4799: 4682: 4385: 4317: 4209: 4145: 3887: 3785: 3734: 3723: 3636: 3509: 3505: 3378: 3259: 3132: 2669: 2609: 2559: 2504: 2299: 2231: 1957: 1952: 1809: 1775: 1647: 1593: 1506: 1085: 1015: 814: 773: 361: 236: 204: 196: 4327:

Support for the Patriots came mostly from the middle class. They formed

4046: 3972:

orthodox believers. One group of Jansenists formed a splinter sect, the

3635:

stood for localism, municipal rights, commerce, and peace. In 1650, the

3212: 7649: 6951: 6602: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5470: 4875:

tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.

4633: 4589: 4516: 4515:

was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. In 1650 the

4437: 4346: 4288: 4235: 3543: 3267: 3172: 3162: 2624: 2589: 2514: 2499: 2434: 2359: 2304: 2206: 2151: 2030: 2015: 1815:

Economic decline led to a period of political instability known as the

1540: 409: 82: 5452:

that was followed at the time in the Dutch Republic; according to the

5087:

A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day

4906:

Long-term rivalry between the two main factions in Dutch society, the

3803: 3780: 1156: 7736: 7629: 7525: 6649: 4845: 4829: 4643: 4578: 4544: 4536: 4381: 4345:

attempted to organise an overthrow of various municipal governments (

3814:, although France's Spanish and German allies felt betrayed by this. 3587: 3452: 3440: 2644: 2324: 2020: 1912: 1730: 1535: 1484: 1213: 970: 150: 6378: 6342:

The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King

5515: 4260: 7540: 7105: 7054: 7045: 6859: 6654: 5456:, still used in England at the time, the date of death was 8 March. 4860: 4369: 4365: 4280: 4117: 4105: 3771: 3744: 3444: 3435:

of the Dutch Republic. In particular, it became the destination of

2489: 2246: 2010: 1947: 1139: 1127: 828: 630: 155: 6222: 5870:. Vol. 1: Abba – Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 4499:

in the late-16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch Republic dominated

4068:

with three of their five children. From left to right: the future

3769:

The year 1672 is known in the Netherlands as the "Disaster Year" (

1515: 7073: 7023: 6729: 6540: 4970: 4776: 4665: 4613: 4433: 4388:, she was stopped by Patriot militiamen and taken to a farm near 4328: 3906: 3902: 3799: 3632: 3339: 3263: 1520: 1424: 821: 777: 211: 200: 144: 5997: 4520:

the Dutch Republic, where 27 percent lived in urban areas.

4404:. Government-sponsored banks owned up to 40% of Great Britain's 1174: 7041: 7019: 6367: 4841: 4701:, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. 4084:(1737–1746), the Dutch Republic was reluctantly drawn into the 4057: 3984:

unemployed required government and private charity to survive.

3517: 2166: 1835:

of 1795, ending the Dutch Republic, which was succeeded by the

1034: 803: 796: 6027: 5275: 4183:, the impoverished nation grew restless under William's rule. 6074:

Leiden: de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad. II. 1574–1795

3271: 1292: 6238:

The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806

4836:

became the "public" or "privileged" church in the republic.

4577:, the federal government. The States General were seated in 3925:

and the restoration of the Stadtholderate in all provinces.

3847: 3718:

tried to serve his dynastic interests by attempting to make

6090: 5503: 5279:

The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1400–1800

4969:, the Dutch Republic gained little from the peace talks in 4148:

in 1766, the last to hold that office. In 1767, he married

4033: 3897:

as stadtholder and captain general in all provinces of the

3757:

Stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange, also reigned as

3593: 1371: 5475: 4998:

List of countries that have gained independence from Spain

4412:. The stadholder had supported British policies after the 4020: 6200: 5673:

The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453–1763

5465:

C. H. Wilson, "The Economic Decline of the Netherlands",

4685:, who commanded the army, would have more power than the 3862:

The Inspectors of the Collegium Medicum in Amsterdam, by

3293:

Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the

1819:(1780–1787). This unrest was temporarily suppressed by a 4965:

was inaugurated. Despite having contributed much in the

4930:) until his overthrow and murder in 1672. Subsequently, 4127: 3313:

under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King

1796:. This created tension between political factions: the 1607:, forming a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the 5953:, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, 5640:

The routledge companion to European history since 1763

5493:

Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson, "Pierre Bayle",

5249:

Elise Van Nederveen Meerkerk; Griet Vermeesch (2010).

4988:

had a negative effect on Dutch shipping and commerce.

4705:

the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

4144:. Still a teenager, William V assumed the position of 3987: 3735:

Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)

3278:, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the 2846: 6055: 6053: 4527:

in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest

4190: 1788:. The position gradually became hereditary, with the 5998:"Was Declaration of Independence inspired by Dutch?" 4957:, mostly including England and Scotland—after 1707, 3661: 3627:. The latter group were the Republicans, led by the 3404: 1772:. Each province was led by an official known as the 1804:, 1650–1672 and 1702–1747, with the latter causing 1639:(present-day North Holland and South Holland), and 6050: 5802: 5769: 5701: 5090:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 159. 3963:, 1696). It had a major impact on the thinking of 3866:, 1724. This period is known as the "Periwig Era". 5369: 5235:Edwards, Elizabeth, "Amsterdam and William III", 4922:), sapped the strength and unity of the country. 4261:Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795) 7836: 5860: 5373:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy 5132:History of the Dutch-Speaking Peoples, 1555–1648 4855:. This has become known as the struggle between 4108:and widespread calls for the restoration of the 1611:) and declaring their independence in 1581 (the 133:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in 1789 27:Predecessor state of the Netherlands (1581–1795) 4468:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 3512:. These ventures were soon consolidated in the 3477:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 5555:The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution 5329: 5074:, Jan Lahmeyer. Retrieved on 10 February 2014. 5036: 3928: 3810:). In 1678, peace was made with France at the 3775:). England declared war on the Republic, (the 1737:, and many others. So did scientists, such as 7910:States and territories disestablished in 1795 6967: 6394: 5995: 5966: 5833: 5670: 5642:(Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), p. 66; J. Dunn, 5213:(Cambridge University Press, 1997). pp 29–36. 5147:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997. 4561:Politics and government of the Dutch Republic 4283:on 9 May 1787. The pro-revolutionary Utrecht 4100:, which suffered a significant defeat at the 4072:, Frederick, and Frederica Louise Wilhelmina. 3235: 7875:1795 disestablishments in the Dutch Republic 6335: 6306: 6096: 5156: 4396:and a small contingent of British troops to 4394:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 4294:on the left. (Painted by Jonas Zeuner, 1787) 4175:, leading to the outbreak of the disastrous 3419:Anonymous portrait of the Dutch philosopher 5989: 5907:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. 5376:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–75. 5309:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. 5255:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 158. 5041:. Cambridge University Press. p. 277. 4573:. The latter were governed directly by the 4001:Stadtholderates of William IV and William V 3707:, which left the Navigation Act in effect. 1773: 49: 7915:States and territories established in 1581 7208:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 6974: 6960: 6401: 6387: 6255:Kuznicki, J. T. (2008). "Dutch Republic". 6071: 5685:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5083: 4808:History of the Netherlands § Refugees 4598:(corresponding to the modern provinces of 4257:, "sounded the knell of Dutch greatness." 3670:The Battle of Scheveningen, 10 August 1653 3642:suddenly died; his son was a baby and the 3258:—corresponding roughly to the present-day 3242: 3228: 127: 7855:1581 establishments in the Dutch Republic 6259:. Thousand Oaks: Sage. pp. 130–131. 5752: 5732: 5398:International Journal of Maritime History 5276:Paolo Bernardini; Norman Fiering (2004). 4664:(corresponding to the modern province of 4652:(corresponding to the modern province of 4642:(corresponding to the modern province of 4632:(corresponding to the modern province of 4622:(corresponding to the modern province of 4612:(corresponding to the modern province of 4588:(corresponding to the modern province of 3848:Second Stadtholderless Period (1702–1747) 1570:Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden 51:Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden 6981: 6373:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 6273: 6254: 5854: 4890: 4811: 4483: 4408:and there were close connections to the 4312:("To the People of the Netherlands") by 4270: 4200: 4056: 4045: 3893:on 19 March 1702 and the appointment of 3857: 3752: 3665: 3603: 3594:First Stadtholderless Period (1650–1675) 3573: 3537: 3480: 3414: 1846: 1562:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 7885:Early modern history of the Netherlands 7203:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 6076:. Stichitng Geschiedschrijving Leiden. 5925: 5800: 5767: 5699: 5495:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5239:(Dec 1993), Vol. 43, Issue 12 pp. 25–31 4472:Financial history of the Dutch Republic 4227:. The war, tangentially related to the 4219:(1780–1784) was a conflict between the 4138:Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2799:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 14: 7837: 6282: 6235: 6059: 5528: 5509: 5481: 5302: 5211:A financial history of the Netherlands 4364:left The Hague and moved his court to 3945: 3547:in the late 17th century: painting by 3411:History of the Jews in the Netherlands 6955: 6408: 6382: 6129: 6008:from the original on 13 December 2007 5740:BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review 5675:. Abingdon and New York. p. 186. 5112:from the original on 26 November 2023 4531:in the world, founded in 1602 by the 4163:The position of the Dutch during the 4128:Regency and indolent rule (1752–1779) 3323:Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn 2950:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2890:Spanish American wars of independence 1650:. Through its trading companies, the 934: 6167: 6151:The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800 6148: 6134:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 5884:from the original on 16 January 2023 5827: 5658:World History Pattern of Interaction 5627:A Concise History of the Netherlands 5614:A Concise History of the Netherlands 5601:A Concise History of the Netherlands 5588:A Concise History of The Netherlands 5469:(1939) 9#2 pp. 111–127, esp. p. 113 5411:The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652–1674 5330:Martin Dunford; et al. (2003). 4745:American Declaration of Independence 4353:, who saw it as a forerunner of the 4064:, stadholder from 1751 to 1806, and 6916:History of the Mediterranean region 6278:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 5977:from the original on 4 October 2013 5867:The Islamic World: Past and Present 5809:. London, New York: Verso. p. 5776:. London, New York: Verso. p. 5708:. London, New York: Verso. p. 5655: 5544:William Collins and Son London 1933 5196:Jan de Vries and A. van der Woude, 5185:The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800 5077: 4507:and operating the largest fleet of 3988:The Orangist revolution (1747–1751) 3957:Dictionnaire Historique et Critique 3886:of the period between the death of 3699:In 1651, England imposed its first 3631:(a sort of prime minister) and the 3369:region. After the assassination of 3353:. This was followed in 1581 by the 3317:. In 1568, the Netherlands, led by 2719:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 1823:in support of the stadtholder. The 1558:United Provinces of the Netherlands 24: 18:United Provinces of the Netherlands 7895:Former polities in the Netherlands 7880:18th century in the Dutch Republic 7865:17th century in the Dutch Republic 6257:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5967:James Madison (11 December 1787). 5646:(NY: Atlantic Books, 2005), p. 86. 5209:Marjolein 't Hart Zanden, et al., 4660:There was an eighth province, the 4191:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784) 4179:in 1780. After the signing of the 3961:Historical and Critical Dictionary 3470: 121:"Small things flourish by concord" 25: 7931: 6360: 6221:, 2015, retrieved: 8 March 2020 ( 6038:from the original on 23 July 2011 5947:History of World Trade Since 1450 4314:Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol 4053:, stadholder from 1747 to 1751 CE 3662:First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars 3405:Religious toleration and refugees 1584:that existed from 1579 until the 280:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange 7905:Republicanism in the Netherlands 7870:1795 disestablishments in Europe 6901:Bibliography of European history 6496:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6366: 5084:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). 4768: 4756: 4287:are on the right; the troops of 4122:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) 4096:led to the Republic joining the 4032: 4019: 3211: 2739:Discourses Concerning Government 1534: 1514: 1500: 1483: 1456: 1423: 1402: 1370: 1355: 1331: 1306: 1291: 1261: 1239: 1212: 1192: 1173: 1155: 1138: 1121: 1103: 1084: 1067: 1048: 753: 728: 251:• 1581–1584 (assassinated) 89: 75: 32:Republicanism in the Netherlands 7860:16th century in the Netherlands 6926:History of Western civilization 6529:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6122: 6102: 6065: 6028:"Unie van Utrecht – Wikisource" 6020: 6002:University of Wisconsin–Madison 5960: 5896: 5794: 5761: 5726: 5693: 5664: 5649: 5632: 5619: 5606: 5593: 5580: 5560: 5547: 5534: 5487: 5459: 5442: 5416: 5403: 5390: 5363: 5350: 5323: 5296: 5282:. Berghahn Books. p. 372. 5269: 5242: 5229: 5216: 5065:Demographics of the Netherlands 5039:Religion in an Expanding Europe 4378:Frederick William II of Prussia 3005:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 6770:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6713:Christianity in the modern era 6484:Christianity in late antiquity 6344:] (in Dutch). Prometheus. 5996:Barbara Wolff (29 June 1998). 5733:Mijnhardt, Wijnand W. (2010). 5531:, pp. 996–997, 1069–1087. 5203: 5190: 5177: 5150: 5137: 5124: 5058: 5037:J. Katzenstein, Peter (2006). 5030: 4979:War of the Austrian Succession 4150:Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia 3882:) is the designation in Dutch 3880:Tweede Stadhouderloze Tijdperk 3788:, William III, was appointed. 3623:attached to the banner of the 3549:Gerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde 3286:, most of which was under the 2940:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 2920:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1572:) and commonly referred to in 13: 1: 7850:1581 establishments in Europe 7228:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 6921:History of the European Union 6212:Institute of European History 6201:EGO – European History Online 6072:van Maanen, R. C. J. (2003). 5134:. Phoenix Press, 2001, p. 55. 5018: 4967:War of the Spanish Succession 4963:Second Stadtholderless Period 4950:united against this country. 4025:Second Stadtholderless Period 4015: 3872:Second Stadtholderless Period 3854:Second Stadtholderless Period 3841:War of the Spanish Succession 3817:In 1688, at the start of the 3656:Second Stadtholderless Period 1708:War of the Spanish Succession 941: 919: 896: 854: 840: 304:William III, Prince of Orange 5638:C. Cook & J. Stevenson, 5571:The Perspective of the World 5336:. Rough Guides. p. 58. 5333:The Rough Guide to Amsterdam 5023: 4928:First Stadtholderless Period 4480:Dutch guilder § History 4247:met once off the Dutch coast 4206:Battle of Dogger Bank (1781) 4165:American War of Independence 4142:Douwe Sirtema van Grovestins 4114:William IV, Prince of Orange 4092:and occupation of the Dutch 4070:William I of the Netherlands 4051:William IV, Prince of Orange 3895:William IV, Prince of Orange 3808:Second Treaty of Westminster 3761:from 1689 to 1702 after the 3720:Prince William III of Orange 3705:Treaty of Westminster (1654) 3652:First Stadtholderless Period 3640:William II, Prince of Orange 3600:First Stadtholderless Period 3527: 3309:, which further unified the 3303:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 3282:, with the exception of the 3254:Until the 16th century, the 3190:Republic without republicans 2935:11 September 1922 Revolution 2930:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 320:William IV, Prince of Orange 309:King William III of England) 292:William II, Prince of Orange 116:Concordia res parvæ crescunt 7: 6880:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6491:Crisis of the Third Century 6336:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). 6240:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5575:Civilization and Capitalism 4991: 4787: 4775:The united provinces, with 4554: 4322:William V, Prince of Orange 4292:William V, Prince of Orange 4154:Augustus William of Prussia 3929:Economic decline after 1730 3491:Job Adriaenszoon Berckheyde 3437:Portuguese and Spanish Jews 2925:Turkish War of Independence 2847: 1682:, and a fourth against the 1463:Princip. of the Netherlands 332:William V, Prince of Orange 10: 7936: 6994:Kingdom of the Netherlands 6936:Military history of Europe 6931:Maritime history of Europe 6309:European Review of History 5840:. CRC Press. p. 151. 5805:The Long Twentieth Century 5772:The Long Twentieth Century 5704:The Long Twentieth Century 5448:This is the date from the 5370:John Richard Hill (2002). 5358:A Modern History of Europe 4899:assault the French at the 4886: 4797: 4791: 4733:United States Constitution 4558: 4465: 4461: 4309:Aan het Volk van Nederland 4264: 4229:American Revolutionary War 4194: 4173:League of Armed Neutrality 4086:War of Austrian Succession 3991: 3851: 3738: 3694:naval wars against England 3673: 3597: 3531: 3474: 3408: 3270:—consisted of a number of 2980:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 2729:The Commonwealth of Oceana 1842: 1829:War of the First Coalition 1716:War of the First Coalition 1712:War of Austrian Succession 1631:(present-day Gelderland), 1627:(present-day Overijssel), 1507:Kingdom of the Netherlands 1476:Kingdom of the Netherlands 29: 7771: 7620: 7611: 7574: 7521: 7512: 7356: 7347: 7320:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 7250: 7241: 7064:Development urban centers 7000: 6990: 6906:Genetic history of Europe 6888: 6693: 6509: 6449: 6416: 6321:10.1080/13507481003660811 6153:. London: Penguin Books. 5957:. Retrieved 3 August 2017 5656:Littell, McDougal. "21". 5409:D. R. Hainsworth, et al. 5303:Israel, Jonathan (2003). 4942:), when France, England, 4028: 4018: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3153:The Emperor's New Clothes 2905:5 October 1910 revolution 2900:French Revolution of 1848 1923:Liberty as non-domination 1704:War of the Grand Alliance 1623:(present-day Friesland), 1619:(present-day Groningen), 1531: 1529: 1513: 1499: 1482: 1474: 1469: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1422: 1401: 1391: 1388: 1354: 1351: 1330: 1327: 1305: 1290: 1260: 1238: 1102: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1014: 1010: 999: 991: 987: 983: 969: 952: 912: 889: 883: 876: 834: 820: 813: 802: 800: 787: 769: 707: 693: 689: 679: 675: 670: 666: 653: 640: 627: 614: 601: 588: 575: 571: 561: 549: 539: 535: 523: 511: 499: 487: 475: 463: 451: 439: 427: 415: 403: 391: 379: 367: 355: 351: 341: 337: 325: 313: 297: 285: 273: 268:Maurice, Prince of Orange 261: 249: 245: 235: 222: 210: 181: 163: 138: 126: 105: 71: 66: 41: 6274:Reynolds, C. G. (1998). 6228:27 February 2022 at the 6217:19 February 2016 at the 6172:. Universal Publishers. 5955:World History in Context 5941:18 November 2022 at the 5905:Bengal: the unique state 5400:(2007) 19#2 pp. 139–159. 5070:26 December 2011 at the 5013:Dutch West India Company 5008:Dutch East India Company 4895:Dutch troops led by the 4726:Dutch West India Company 4722:Dutch East India Company 4533:Dutch East India Company 4489:Amsterdam Stock Exchange 4341:being the rallying cry. 4221:Kingdom of Great Britain 3578:A view of Amsterdam, by 3514:Dutch East India Company 3487:Amsterdam Stock Exchange 3327:Lamoral, Count of Egmont 2995:1987 Fijian coups d'état 2955:1952 Egyptian revolution 1933:Political representation 1718:(1792–1795) against the 1684:Kingdom of Great Britain 1658:(GWC), it established a 1656:Dutch West India Company 1652:Dutch East India Company 1362:United States of Belgium 657:Batavian Revolution 374:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt 45:Seven United Netherlands 6911:History of Christianity 6206:8 February 2013 at the 5754:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.7118 5467:Economic History Review 5428:Encyclopædia Britannica 4747:is similar to the 1581 4681:. In times of war, the 4422:exercitiegenootschappen 4334:exercitiegenootschappen 4167:(1775–1783) was one of 4106:"Disaster Year" of 1672 3779:), followed by France, 3447:, which remained under 3342:between 1572 and 1579. 2975:1969 Libyan coup d'état 2759:Discourse on Inequality 1908:Consent of the governed 1802:Stadtholderless Periods 1747:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1676:Commonwealth of England 1674:(the first against the 1643:(present-day Zeeland). 1635:(present-day Utrecht), 1023:Duchy of Lower Lorraine 7667:Decorations and medals 7116:Burgundian Netherlands 6735:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6236:Israel, J. I. (1995). 5834:Junie T. Tong (2016). 4903: 4821: 4695:House of Orange-Nassau 4630:Lordship of Overijssel 4492: 4398:suppress the rebellion 4343:Herman Willem Daendels 4295: 4251:Treaty of Paris (1784) 4217:Fourth Anglo–Dutch War 4212: 4197:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 4181:Treaty of Paris (1783) 4177:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 4073: 4054: 3879: 3867: 3766: 3759:William III of England 3684:Second Anglo-Dutch War 3671: 3619: 3582: 3551: 3493: 3428: 3389:, 1585), and sent the 3379:Elizabeth I of England 3373:on 10 July 1584, both 3365:, particularly in the 1859: 1774: 1569: 1246:Burgundian Netherlands 1016:Kingdom of Lotharingia 230:parliamentary republic 119:"Unity makes strength" 50: 7890:Former confederations 7662:Customs and etiquette 6815:Industrial Revolution 6195:12 April 2021 at the 5512:, pp. 1033–1036. 5157:Joost Jonker (1996). 5003:Dutch colonial empire 4940:Third Anglo-Dutch war 4938:(with the derivative 4932:William III of Orange 4894: 4834:Dutch Reformed Church 4815: 4794:Dutch Reformed Church 4650:Lordship of Groningen 4487: 4476:Dutch colonial empire 4380:) tried to travel to 4274: 4204: 4078:Anthonie van der Heim 4066:Wilhelmina of Prussia 4060: 4049: 3861: 3777:Third Anglo-Dutch War 3756: 3749:Third Anglo-Dutch War 3680:First Anglo-Dutch War 3669: 3607: 3577: 3541: 3484: 3449:Spanish Catholic rule 3418: 3297:and subsequently the 3143:Criticism of monarchy 2965:North Yemen civil war 2779:The Federalist Papers 2074:Federal parliamentary 1850: 1714:(1744–1748), and the 1660:Dutch colonial empire 1431:French First Republic 494:Anthonie van der Heim 482:Simon van Slingelandt 307:(from 1688, was also 164:Common languages 111:Eendracht maakt macht 7821:52.07972°N 4.31333°E 7697:Orders of knighthood 7330:World Heritage Sites 7233:Coronavirus pandemic 7223:European debt crisis 7196:Dutch Liberation Day 7121:Habsburg Netherlands 6870:European debt crisis 6865:European integration 6805:Age of Enlightenment 6645:Republic of Florence 6375:at Wikimedia Commons 6186:Hoftijzer, Paul G., 6168:Ertl, A. W. (2008). 6149:Boxe, C. R. (1990). 5902:Nanda, J. N (2005). 5801:Arrighi, G. (2002). 5768:Arrighi, G. (2002). 5700:Arrighi, G. (2002). 5644:Democracy: A history 5484:, pp. 999–1018. 5163:. NEHA. p. 32. 4901:battle of Malplaquet 4503:, conquering a vast 4302:. Influenced by the 4240:Continental Congress 3534:History of Amsterdam 3433:religious toleration 3128:Classical radicalism 2870:Republic of Florence 2809:Democracy in America 1968:Separation of powers 1943:Public participation 1806:national instability 1668:Dutch–Portuguese War 1338:Austrian Netherlands 1268:Habsburg Netherlands 551:• State Council 530:Pieter van Bleiswijk 7817: / 7305:Mountains and hills 7156:Batavian Revolution 7136:Spanish Netherlands 7131:Seventeen Provinces 6835:Revolutions of 1848 6765:Early modern France 6546:Anglo-Saxon England 6451:Classical antiquity 6292:. New York: Knopf. 6097:Van Nimwegen (2020) 5430:. 20 September 2018 5226:(Van Gorcum, 1976). 4955:Glorious Revolution 4869:Contra-Remonstrants 4731:The framers of the 4710:Peace of Westphalia 4620:Lordship of Utrecht 4565:The republic was a 4449:French army invaded 4414:American Revolution 4390:Goejanverwellesluis 4304:American Revolution 4267:Batavian Revolution 4158:Frederick the Great 4090:Spanish Netherlands 3994:Orangist revolution 3974:Old Catholic Church 3946:Culture and society 3923:Orangist revolution 3837:Louis XIV of France 3832:Glorious Revolution 3828:James II of England 3763:Glorious Revolution 3712:English Restoration 3399:Peace of Westphalia 3375:Henry III of France 3319:William I of Orange 3311:Seventeen Provinces 3218:Politics portal 3023:Antigua and Barbuda 2970:Zanzibar Revolution 2880:American Revolution 2769:The Social Contract 1938:Popular sovereignty 1856:Adriaen Thomasz Key 1833:Batavian Revolution 1766:Peace of Westphalia 1756:The republic was a 1598:Spanish Netherlands 1592:of the present-day 1586:Batavian Revolution 1439:First French Empire 1313:Spanish Netherlands 1276:Seventeen Provinces 736:Spanish Netherlands 566:Early modern period 470:Isaac van Hoornbeek 7556:Telecommunications 7166:Kingdom of Holland 6941:Crusading movement 6845:Russian Revolution 6680:Hundred Years' War 6576:Maritime republics 6479:Early Christianity 6469:Hellenistic period 6426:Paleolithic Europe 6130:Adams, J. (2005). 5973:. Morrisiana, NY. 5586:Kennedy, James C. 5553:Edler, Friedrich, 5450:Gregorian calendar 5200:(1997) pp. 668–672 5183:Charles R. Boxer, 4912:Dutch States Party 4904: 4822: 4818:Oude Kerk at Delft 4699:William the Silent 4640:Lordship of Frisia 4493: 4296: 4213: 4152:, the daughter of 4102:Battle of Fontenoy 4098:Quadruple Alliance 4094:Zeelandic Flanders 4074: 4062:Willem V of Orange 4055: 3868: 3830:. This led to the 3812:Treaty of Nijmegen 3767: 3729:Raid on the Medway 3672: 3620: 3583: 3580:Jacob van Ruisdael 3552: 3494: 3457:English Dissenters 3429: 3315:Philip II of Spain 3307:Pragmatic Sanction 3284:County of Flanders 3184:Primus inter pares 3000:Nepalese Civil War 2990:Iranian Revolution 2960:14 July Revolution 2915:Russian Revolution 2910:Chinese Revolution 2860:Republic of Venice 2709:Discourses on Livy 1860: 1743:Christiaan Huygens 1727:freedom of thought 1680:Kingdom of England 1678:, two against the 1670:(1598–1663), four 1588:in 1795. It was a 1521:Kingdom of Belgium 1416:Kingdom of Holland 961:Carolingian Empire 7826:52.07972; 4.31333 7800: 7799: 7767: 7766: 7607: 7606: 7508: 7507: 7485:Political parties 7421:Foreign relations 7343: 7342: 7213:Same-sex marriage 7161:Batavian Republic 7141:Eighty Years' War 7111:Holy Roman Empire 6949: 6948: 6875:COVID-19 pandemic 6820:French Revolution 6795:Habsburg monarchy 6775:Cossack Hetmanate 6755:Portuguese Empire 6745:Absolute monarchy 6740:Thirty Years' War 6635:Holy Roman Empire 6560:Bulgarian Empire 6519:Early Middle Ages 6436:Bronze Age Europe 6410:History of Europe 6371:Media related to 6351:978-90-446-3871-4 6276:Navies in History 6108:O. van Nimwegen, 6032:nl.wikisource.org 5970:Fœderalist No. 20 5914:978-81-8069-149-2 5877:978-0-19-516520-3 5847:978-1-317-13522-7 4977:. The end of the 4749:Act of Abjuration 4737:Federalist No. 20 4718:Treaty of Utrecht 4697:, beginning with 4691:princes of Orange 4662:County of Drenthe 4610:County of Zeeland 4596:County of Holland 4586:Duchy of Guelders 4513:County of Holland 4453:Batavian Republic 4445:French Revolution 4355:French Revolution 4275:Firefight on the 4044: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4030:Batavian Republic 3965:The Enlightenment 3796:Michiel de Ruyter 3554:By the mid-1660s 3508:to engage in the 3425:Portuguese-Jewish 3391:Earl of Leicester 3387:Treaty of Nonsuch 3371:William of Orange 3355:Act of Abjuration 3332:Eighty Years' War 3299:House of Habsburg 3295:House of Burgundy 3288:Kingdom of France 3280:Holy Roman Empire 3276:prince-bishoprics 3252: 3251: 3195:Republican empire 3168:List of republics 3017:National variants 2945:Spanish Civil War 2885:French Revolution 2865:Republic of Genoa 2749:The Spirit of Law 2682:Theoretical works 2026:Neo-republicanism 1852:William of Orange 1837:Batavian Republic 1825:French Revolution 1821:Prussian invasion 1720:Kingdom of France 1710:(1702–1713), the 1706:(1688–1697), the 1664:Eighty Years' War 1613:Act of Abjuration 1590:predecessor state 1560:, officially the 1554: 1553: 1550: 1525: 1511: 1495: 1480: 1467: 1443: 1435: 1420: 1413: 1409:Batavian Republic 1382: 1367: 1343: 1318: 1303: 1280: 1272: 1250: 1229: 1209: 1189: 1170: 1152: 1135: 1118: 1100: 1081: 1064: 1027: 1020: 1008: 997: 975: 965: 958: 948: 926: 903: 861: 850:Germania Inferior 847: 783: 782: 765: 764: 761: 760: 749:Batavian Republic 741: 740: 592:Act of Abjuration 525:• 1772–1787 513:• 1749–1772 501:• 1746–1749 489:• 1736–1746 477:• 1727–1736 465:• 1720–1727 458:Anthonie Heinsius 453:• 1689–1720 441:• 1672–1689 429:• 1653–1672 417:• 1651–1653 405:• 1636–1651 393:• 1631–1636 381:• 1621–1629 369:• 1586–1619 357:• 1581–1585 327:• 1751–1795 315:• 1747–1751 299:• 1672–1702 287:• 1647–1650 275:• 1625–1647 263:• 1584–1625 16:(Redirected from 7927: 7920:Christian states 7900:Former republics 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7780: 7618: 7617: 7589:Public transport 7519: 7518: 7354: 7353: 7248: 7247: 7074:Frankish Kingdom 7037:Migration Period 6976: 6969: 6962: 6953: 6952: 6810:Great Divergence 6725:Age of Discovery 6670:Late Middle Ages 6640:High Middle Ages 6551:Byzantine Empire 6534:Christianization 6524:Migration Period 6459:Classical Greece 6431:Neolithic Europe 6403: 6396: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6370: 6355: 6332: 6303: 6279: 6270: 6251: 6183: 6164: 6145: 6116: 6115: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5964: 5958: 5951:John J. McCusker 5929: 5923: 5922: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5862:John L. Esposito 5858: 5852: 5851: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5808: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5775: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5707: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5660:. pp. 594b. 5653: 5647: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5578: 5567:Braudel, Fernand 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5463: 5457: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5367: 5361: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5154: 5148: 5143:Bodian, Miriam, 5141: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5081: 5075: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5034: 4936:Franco-Dutch War 4897:Prince of Orange 4881:private churches 4826:Union of Utrecht 4781:Generality Lands 4772: 4760: 4714:Generality Lands 4571:Generality Lands 4517:urban population 4497:Dutch Golden Age 4082:Grand Pensionary 4036: 4023: 4016: 3998: 3997: 3741:Franco-Dutch War 3676:Anglo-Dutch wars 3629:Grand Pensionary 3613:Grand Pensionary 3498:Dutch Golden Age 3459:, including the 3363:Spanish colonies 3351:Army of Flanders 3347:Union of Utrecht 3321:, together with 3274:, counties, and 3244: 3237: 3230: 3216: 3215: 3200:Republican Party 3178:Peasant republic 3138:Communitarianism 2855:Classical Athens 2850: 2824: 2814: 2804: 2794: 2784: 2774: 2764: 2754: 2744: 2734: 2724: 2714: 2704: 2694: 1928:Mixed government 1862: 1861: 1790:Prince of Orange 1779: 1770:Generality Lands 1751:Dutch Golden Age 1735:Johannes Vermeer 1700:Franco-Dutch War 1672:Anglo-Dutch Wars 1615:). It comprised 1609:Union of Utrecht 1548: 1538: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1504: 1493: 1487: 1478: 1465: 1460: 1441: 1433: 1429:associated with 1427: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1380: 1374: 1365: 1359: 1341: 1335: 1316: 1310: 1301: 1295: 1278: 1270: 1265: 1248: 1243: 1230: 1227: 1216: 1208: 1205: 1196: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1159: 1150: 1142: 1133: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1079: 1071: 1060: 1052: 1025: 1018: 1006: 995: 973: 963: 956: 954:Frankish Kingdom 946: 943: 939: 924: 921: 917: 909: 901: 898: 894: 871: 859: 856: 852: 845: 842: 838: 831: 824: 806: 785: 784: 757: 756: 745: 744: 732: 731: 725: 724: 709: 708: 644:Peace of Utrecht 618:Peace of Münster 605:Vranck Deduction 579:Union of Utrecht 556:Council of State 343:Grand Pensionary 194: 131: 93: 79: 61: 53: 46: 43:Republic of the 39: 38: 21: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7835: 7834: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7783: 7776: 7763: 7717:Public holidays 7603: 7570: 7504: 7339: 7335:Zuiderzee Works 7237: 7218:Great Recession 7097:Frisian Freedom 7069:Frisian Kingdom 7010:Germanic tribes 6996: 6986: 6980: 6950: 6945: 6884: 6850:Interwar period 6825:Napoleonic Wars 6689: 6660:Mongol invasion 6613:Crown of Aragon 6505: 6445: 6441:Iron Age Europe 6412: 6407: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6300: 6267: 6248: 6230:Wayback Machine 6219:Wayback Machine 6208:Wayback Machine 6197:Wayback Machine 6180: 6161: 6142: 6125: 6120: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5965: 5961: 5943:Wayback Machine 5930: 5926: 5915: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5878: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5766: 5762: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5698: 5694: 5678: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5654: 5650: 5637: 5633: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5607: 5598: 5594: 5585: 5581: 5565: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5540:Fulford, Roger 5539: 5535: 5527: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5464: 5460: 5454:Julian calendar 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5424:"Johan De Witt" 5422: 5421: 5417: 5408: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5155: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5072:Wayback Machine 5063: 5059: 5049: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5021: 4994: 4889: 4871:. In 1618, the 4810: 4796: 4790: 4783: 4773: 4764: 4761: 4687:raadpensionaris 4674:raadpensionaris 4563: 4557: 4539:has the oldest 4505:colonial empire 4491:courtyard, 1653 4482: 4466:Main articles: 4464: 4410:House of Stuart 4376:(the sister of 4351:Fernand Braudel 4269: 4263: 4255:Fernand Braudel 4253:, according to 4199: 4193: 4130: 4014: 3996: 3990: 3948: 3931: 3864:Cornelis Troost 3856: 3850: 3819:Nine Years' War 3751: 3739:Main articles: 3737: 3686: 3674:Main articles: 3664: 3625:House of Orange 3617:Caspar Netscher 3615:of Holland, by 3602: 3596: 3536: 3530: 3479: 3473: 3471:Economic growth 3461:Pilgrim Fathers 3413: 3407: 3248: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3018: 3010: 3009: 2895:Trienio Liberal 2836: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2812: 2802: 2792: 2782: 2772: 2762: 2752: 2742: 2732: 2722: 2712: 2702: 2692: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2410:Flynn (Stephen) 2295: 2287: 2286: 2127: 2119: 2118: 2044: 2036: 2035: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1978:Social equality 1973:Social contract 1963:Self-governance 1918:Democratization 1893:Anti-corruption 1888:Anti-monarchism 1883: 1867:Politics series 1845: 1827:and subsequent 1808:and the end of 1786:House of Orange 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1519: 1505: 1492: 1488: 1461: 1436: 1428: 1414: 1407: 1379: 1375: 1364: 1360: 1340: 1336: 1315: 1311: 1300: 1296: 1273: 1266: 1244: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1021: 1005: 1002: 944: 938: 936:Frisian Kingdom 922: 916: 907: 899: 893: 869: 857: 848: 843: 829: 827: 822: 816: 804: 788:History of the 776: 754: 729: 682: 662:19 January 1795 659: 646: 633: 623:30 January 1648 620: 607: 594: 584:23 January 1579 581: 552: 526: 514: 502: 490: 478: 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 358: 328: 316: 308: 306: 300: 288: 276: 264: 252: 185: 172:Dutch Low Saxon 149: 134: 122: 120: 114: 101: 100: 99: 94: 86: 85: 80: 62: 55: 47: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7933: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7845:Dutch Republic 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7782: 7781: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7657:Cultural icons 7654: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7599:Road transport 7596: 7594:Rail transport 7591: 7586: 7580: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7490:Prime Minister 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7465:Municipalities 7462: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7440: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7371:Climate change 7368: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7275:Extreme points 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7183: 7181:United Kingdom 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7146:Dutch Republic 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7099: 7086: 7084:Lower Lorraine 7081: 7079:Middle Francia 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7052: 7039: 7034: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: articles 6979: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6800:Russian Empire 6797: 6792: 6790:British Empire 6787: 6785:Dutch Republic 6782: 6780:Swedish Empire 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6760:Spanish Empire 6757: 6752: 6750:Ottoman Empire 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6665:Serbian Empire 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6501:Late antiquity 6498: 6493: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Roman Republic 6461: 6455: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6362: 6361:External links 6359: 6357: 6356: 6350: 6333: 6315:(2): 151–170. 6304: 6299:978-0394510750 6298: 6280: 6271: 6266:978-1412965804 6265: 6252: 6246: 6233: 6184: 6179:978-1599429830 6178: 6165: 6159: 6146: 6140: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6101: 6099:, p. 354. 6089: 6082: 6064: 6049: 6019: 5988: 5959: 5936:Empire, Mughal 5924: 5913: 5895: 5876: 5864:, ed. (2004). 5853: 5846: 5826: 5819: 5793: 5786: 5760: 5725: 5718: 5692: 5663: 5648: 5631: 5618: 5605: 5592: 5579: 5559: 5546: 5533: 5514: 5502: 5486: 5474: 5458: 5441: 5415: 5402: 5389: 5382: 5362: 5349: 5342: 5322: 5315: 5295: 5288: 5268: 5261: 5241: 5237:History Today, 5228: 5215: 5202: 5189: 5176: 5169: 5149: 5136: 5123: 5096: 5076: 5057: 5048:978-1139450942 5047: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4990: 4918:(Royalists or 4910:(Republicans, 4908:Staatsgezinden 4888: 4885: 4853:predestination 4816:Sermon at the 4792:Main article: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4774: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4755: 4658: 4657: 4647: 4637: 4627: 4617: 4607: 4593: 4575:States General 4559:Main article: 4556: 4553: 4529:stock exchange 4463: 4460: 4426:demonstrations 4362:the stadholder 4265:Main article: 4262: 4259: 4225:Dutch Republic 4195:Main article: 4192: 4189: 4129: 4126: 4110:stadtholderate 4042: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4008: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3992:Main article: 3989: 3986: 3947: 3944: 3930: 3927: 3899:Dutch Republic 3884:historiography 3852:Main article: 3849: 3846: 3736: 3733: 3722:, his nephew, 3701:Navigation Act 3696:in 1652–1674. 3663: 3660: 3598:Main article: 3595: 3592: 3532:Main article: 3529: 3526: 3475:Main article: 3472: 3469: 3465:Atlantic world 3421:Baruch Spinoza 3406: 3403: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3148:Egalitarianism 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3122:Related topics 3121: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3093:United Kingdom 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2875:Dutch Republic 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2843: 2841:Roman Republic 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2815: 2805: 2795: 2785: 2775: 2765: 2755: 2745: 2735: 2725: 2715: 2705: 2695: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2282:Wollstonecraft 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1844: 1841: 1817:Patriottentijd 1762:States General 1654:(VOC) and the 1578:Dutch Republic 1574:historiography 1552: 1551: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1512: 1497: 1496: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1421: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1368: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1304: 1298:Dutch Republic 1288: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1210: 1190: 1153: 1136: 1101: 1082: 1065: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1012: 1011: 1009: 998: 993:Middle Francia 989: 988: 985: 984: 982: 980: 977: 976: 967: 966: 951: 949: 932: 931: 929: 927: 911: 904: 887: 886: 884: 882: 880: 875: 873: 866: 863: 862: 836:Gallia Belgica 833: 819: 812: 809: 808: 801: 799: 793: 792: 781: 780: 771: 767: 766: 763: 762: 759: 758: 751: 742: 739: 738: 733: 721: 720: 715: 705: 704: 695: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 668: 667: 664: 663: 660: 654: 651: 650: 647: 641: 638: 637: 634: 628: 625: 624: 621: 615: 612: 611: 608: 602: 599: 598: 595: 589: 586: 585: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 563: 562:Historical era 559: 558: 553: 550: 547: 546: 544:States General 541: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 524: 521: 520: 515: 512: 509: 508: 503: 500: 497: 496: 491: 488: 485: 484: 479: 476: 473: 472: 467: 464: 461: 460: 455: 452: 449: 448: 443: 440: 437: 436: 431: 428: 425: 424: 419: 416: 413: 412: 407: 404: 401: 400: 395: 392: 389: 388: 386:Anthonie Duyck 383: 380: 377: 376: 371: 368: 365: 364: 359: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 326: 323: 322: 317: 314: 311: 310: 301: 298: 295: 294: 289: 286: 283: 282: 277: 274: 271: 270: 265: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 233: 232: 224: 220: 219: 214: 208: 207: 191:state religion 187:Dutch Reformed 183: 179: 178: 165: 161: 160: 140: 136: 135: 132: 124: 123: 118: 103: 102: 95: 88: 87: 81: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 64: 63: 48: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7932: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7833: 7830: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7475:Republicanism 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7280:Flood control 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7191:Nazi invasion 7189: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7171:Incorporation 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6984: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6965: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6896:Art of Europe 6894: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6695:Modern period 6692: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6247:0-19-873072-1 6243: 6239: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6160:0-14-013618-5 6156: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6141:0-8014-3308-8 6137: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6085: 6083:90-806754-2-3 6079: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6060:Israel (1995) 6056: 6054: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5820:1-85984-015-9 5816: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5797: 5789: 5787:1-85984-015-9 5783: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5719:1-85984-015-9 5715: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5696: 5688: 5682: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5577:1984. p. 273. 5576: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5530: 5529:Israel (1995) 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5510:Israel (1995) 5506: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5482:Israel (1995) 5478: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5385: 5383:9780198605270 5379: 5375: 5374: 5366: 5360:(1971) p. 290 5359: 5356:Eugen Weber, 5353: 5345: 5343:9781858288987 5339: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5318: 5316:9780521544061 5312: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5291: 5289:9781571814302 5285: 5281: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5262:9789052603506 5258: 5254: 5253: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5222:Deric Regin, 5219: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5172: 5170:9789057420016 5166: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5130:Pieter Geyl, 5127: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5097:90-6109-440-2 5093: 5089: 5088: 5080: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4959:Great Britain 4956: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4924:Johan de Witt 4921: 4917: 4916:Prinsgezinden 4913: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4873:Synod of Dort 4870: 4866: 4863:, or between 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4741:James Madison 4738: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679:landsadvocaat 4676: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4604:South Holland 4601: 4600:North Holland 4597: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4567:confederation 4562: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406:national debt 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080:'s tenure as 4079: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648:Johan de Witt 3645: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609:Johan de Witt 3606: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256:Low Countries 3245: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3110:United States 3108: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985:Metapolitefsi 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2821: 2820: 2819:On Revolution 2816: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2789:Rights of Man 2786: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2699:De re publica 2696: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2505:Jones (Lynne) 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2300:Adams (Gerry) 2298: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099:Revolutionary 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2089:Parliamentary 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1898:Civil society 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874:Republicanism 1872: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:head of state 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:confederation 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1702:(1672–1678), 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:confederation 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1446: 1440: 1432: 1426: 1417: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1235: 1234: 1224: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1176: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1124: 1113: 1106: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1017: 1013: 1004: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 978: 972: 968: 962: 955: 950: 937: 933: 930: 928: 915: 914:Salian Franks 910: 905: 892: 888: 885: 881: 879: 874: 872: 870:Salian Franks 867: 865: 864: 851: 837: 832: 825: 818: 811: 810: 807: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790:Low Countries 786: 779: 775: 772: 770:Today part of 768: 752: 750: 747: 746: 743: 737: 734: 727: 726: 723: 722: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 706: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 678: 674: 669: 665: 661: 658: 652: 649:11 April 1713 648: 645: 639: 635: 632: 626: 622: 619: 613: 610:12 April 1588 609: 606: 600: 596: 593: 587: 583: 580: 574: 570: 567: 564: 560: 557: 554: 548: 545: 542: 538: 534: 531: 528: 522: 519: 516: 510: 507: 504: 498: 495: 492: 486: 483: 480: 474: 471: 468: 462: 459: 456: 450: 447: 444: 438: 435: 434:Johan de Witt 432: 426: 423: 420: 414: 411: 408: 402: 399: 396: 390: 387: 384: 378: 375: 372: 366: 363: 360: 354: 350: 346: 344: 340: 336: 333: 330: 324: 321: 318: 312: 305: 302: 296: 293: 290: 284: 281: 278: 272: 269: 266: 260: 257: 254: 248: 244: 240: 238: 234: 231: 228: 225: 221: 218: 215: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 157: 152: 147: 146: 141: 137: 130: 125: 117: 113: 112: 108: 104: 98: 92: 84: 78: 70: 65: 59: 52: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7802: 7742:Coat of arms 7712:Prostitution 7625:Architecture 7566:Trade unions 7546:Polder model 7531:Central bank 7500:Water boards 7426:Human rights 7416:Homelessness 7386:Demographics 7376:Constitution 7186:World War II 7176:Principality 7145: 6992:Part of the 6855:World War II 6784: 6708:Early modern 6685:Kalmar Union 6556:Papal States 6474:Roman Empire 6341: 6337: 6312: 6308: 6288: 6275: 6256: 6237: 6188: 6169: 6150: 6131: 6123:Bibliography 6109: 6104: 6092: 6073: 6067: 6040:. Retrieved 6031: 6022: 6010:. Retrieved 5991: 5979:. Retrieved 5969: 5962: 5954: 5949:, edited by 5946: 5927: 5918: 5904: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5866: 5856: 5836: 5829: 5804: 5796: 5771: 5763: 5747:(2–3): 143. 5744: 5738: 5728: 5703: 5695: 5672: 5666: 5657: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5626: 5621: 5613: 5608: 5603:, pp. 258-59 5600: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5574: 5573:vol. III of 5570: 5562: 5554: 5549: 5541: 5536: 5505: 5494: 5489: 5477: 5466: 5461: 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5427: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5352: 5332: 5325: 5305: 5298: 5278: 5271: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5210: 5205: 5197: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5139: 5131: 5126: 5116:26 September 5114:. Retrieved 5086: 5079: 5060: 5052: 5038: 5032: 4986:mercantilism 4983: 4952: 4915: 4907: 4905: 4877: 4865:Remonstrants 4850: 4838: 4823: 4804:Remonstrants 4730: 4707: 4703: 4686: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4659: 4564: 4550: 4525:stock market 4522: 4494: 4456:in Amsterdam 4442: 4421: 4418: 4359: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4307: 4297: 4277:Vaartse Rijn 4244: 4233: 4224: 4214: 4185: 4162: 4131: 4075: 4011: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3960: 3953:Pierre Bayle 3949: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3918: 3915: 3898: 3871: 3869: 3816: 3790: 3770: 3768: 3709: 3698: 3687: 3621: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3542: 3522: 3502: 3495: 3430: 3423:. He was of 3385:of England ( 3383:protectorate 3367:Asia-Pacific 3344: 3336:Spanish Fury 3292: 3253: 3182: 2874: 2817: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2777: 2767: 2757: 2747: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2707: 2697: 2687: 2500:Jones (Elin) 2405:Flynn (Paul) 2365:Clarke (Tom) 2360:Clark (Katy) 2305:Adams (John) 2126:Philosophers 1903:Civic virtue 1865:Part of the 1814: 1755: 1739:Hugo Grotius 1724: 1648:trade routes 1645: 1605:Spanish rule 1577: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1297: 1092:Bishopric of 890: 718:Succeeded by 717: 712: 702:rijksdaalder 681:• 1795 597:26 July 1581 518:Pieter Steyn 506:Jacob Gilles 446:Gaspar Fagel 422:Adriaan Pauw 398:Adriaan Pauw 176:West Frisian 154: 143: 115: 109: 107:Motto: 106: 97:Coat of arms 36: 7824: / 7759:Terminology 7707:Pornography 7448:Enforcement 7438:Immigration 7411:Health care 7391:Drug policy 7270:Earthquakes 7265:Delta Works 7126:Renaissance 7032:Cananefates 6983:Netherlands 6840:World War I 6830:Nationalism 6718:Reformation 6703:Renaissance 6675:Black Death 6608:Kievan Rus' 6511:Middle Ages 6111:(1740–1748) 6012:14 December 5542:Royal Dukes 4857:Arminianism 4800:Arminianism 4683:stadtholder 4509:merchantmen 4501:world trade 4495:During the 4386:Schoonhoven 4318:stadtholder 4210:Thomas Luny 4156:, niece of 4146:stadtholder 3891:William III 3888:stadtholder 3823:William III 3786:stadtholder 3724:stadtholder 3637:stadtholder 3510:spice trade 3506:East Indies 3441:German Jews 3395:confederacy 3305:issued the 3301:. In 1549, 3260:Netherlands 3133:Common good 3073:New Zealand 3068:Netherlands 2813:(1835–1840) 2783:(1787–1788) 2693:(c. 375 BC) 2615:Robespierre 2390:Etherington 2325:Benn (Tony) 2294:Politicians 2272:Tocqueville 2232:Montesquieu 2212:Machiavelli 1958:Rule of law 1953:Res publica 1810:great power 1776:stadtholder 1594:Netherlands 1479:(1815–1830) 1466:(1813–1815) 1442:(1804–1815) 1434:(1795–1804) 1419:(1806–1810) 1412:(1795–1806) 1342:(1714–1795) 1317:(1556–1714) 1302:(1581–1795) 1271:(1482–1795) 1249:(1384–1482) 1228:(1059–1443) 1169:(1071–1432) 1134:(1046–1543) 1117:(1183–1430) 891:unpopulated 774:Netherlands 713:Preceded by 540:Legislature 362:Paulus Buys 237:Stadtholder 205:Lutheranism 197:Catholicism 7839:Categories 7812:04°18′48″E 7809:52°04′47″N 7682:Literature 7672:Irreligion 7480:Parliament 7406:Euthanasia 7381:Corruption 7151:Golden Age 6603:Viking Age 6418:Prehistory 6284:Schama, S. 6114:(in Dutch) 5932:Om Prakash 5434:20 October 5019:References 4914:) and the 4798:See also: 4708:After the 4634:Overijssel 4590:Gelderland 4384:. Outside 4374:Wilhelmina 4347:vroedschap 4289:stadholder 4236:John Adams 4169:neutrality 4012:Chronology 3716:Charles II 3710:After the 3544:Dam Square 3409:See also: 3359:Portuguese 3268:Luxembourg 3173:Monarchism 3163:Liberalism 3158:Jacobinism 2848:Gaṇasaṅgha 2703:(54–51 BC) 2187:Harrington 2064:Democratic 2054:Capitalist 2049:Autonomous 2031:Venizelism 2016:Khomeinism 1625:Overijssel 1381:(1789–'91) 1279:after 1543 1207:(980–1794) 1187:(981–1421) 1151:(862–1384) 1099:(695–1456) 1080:(880–1432) 1019:(855– 959) 945: 6th 923: 5th 900: 5th 858: 5th 844: 5th 671:Population 410:Jacob Cats 227:Confederal 223:Government 212:Demonym(s) 7677:Languages 7576:Transport 7526:AEX index 7470:Provinces 7453:Law Firms 7401:Elections 7396:Education 7325:Volcanoes 7285:Gas field 7243:Geography 7015:Roman Era 6650:Feudalism 6621:Catalonia 6329:217530502 6210:, Mainz: 5681:cite book 5625:Kennedy, 5612:Kennedy, 5599:Kennedy, 5024:Footnotes 4920:Orangists 4846:tradesman 4830:Calvinism 4654:Groningen 4644:Friesland 4579:The Hague 4545:Amsterdam 4537:Rotterdam 4382:The Hague 4134:William V 4132:His son, 4006:1747–1795 3835:war with 3714:in 1660, 3644:Orangists 3588:Louis XIV 3567:century. 3556:Amsterdam 3528:Amsterdam 3453:Huguenots 3451:; French 3401:in 1648. 3028:Australia 2660:Venizelos 2650:Spadolini 2640:Slaughter 2585:McDonnell 2550:Mackenzie 2495:Jefferson 2450:Griffiths 2430:de Gaulle 2425:Garibaldi 2385:Drakeford 2277:Warburton 2197:Jefferson 2192:Honderich 2172:Condorcet 2059:Christian 2021:Nasserism 1996:Classical 1913:Democracy 1798:Orangists 1764:. In the 1731:Rembrandt 1696:1780–1784 1692:1672–1674 1688:1665–1667 1617:Groningen 1180:County of 1162:County of 1145:County of 1074:County of 996:(843–855) 974:(511–687) 971:Austrasia 964:(800–843) 957:(481–843) 685:1,880,500 256:William I 182:Religion 151:The Hague 67:1579–1795 7787:Category 7722:Religion 7635:Cannabis 7551:Taxation 7541:Euronext 7495:Military 7361:Abortion 7349:Politics 7106:Guelders 7089:Flanders 7055:Dorestad 7046:Frisians 6889:See also 6860:Cold War 6655:Crusades 6625:Valencia 6286:(1987). 6226:Archived 6215:Archived 6204:Archived 6193:Archived 6036:Archived 6006:Archived 5981:9 August 5975:Archived 5939:Archived 5882:Archived 5629:, p. 261 5616:, p. 260 5590:, p. 258 5471:in JSTOR 5110:Archived 5106:52849131 5068:Archived 4992:See also 4861:Gomarism 4788:Religion 4779:and the 4724:and the 4555:Politics 4535:, while 4438:St. Omer 4430:Orangism 4370:Guelders 4366:Nijmegen 4360:In 1785 4329:militias 4300:Patriots 4285:Patriots 4281:Jutphaas 4223:and the 4118:regenten 3772:Rampjaar 3745:Rampjaar 3445:Flanders 3098:Scotland 3038:Barbados 2689:Republic 2605:Prescott 2575:Naysmith 2565:McKechin 2525:La Malfa 2520:Khomeini 2480:Iorwerth 2445:Griffith 2420:Gambetta 2415:Galloway 2400:Ferguson 2380:Davidson 2375:Cromwell 2370:Connolly 2350:Campbell 2267:Sunstein 2252:Rousseau 2247:Polybius 2182:Franklin 2162:Chappell 2157:Cattaneo 2094:People's 2079:Imperial 2011:Kemalism 1948:Republic 1882:Concepts 1812:status. 1629:Guelders 1603:against 1601:revolted 1580:, was a 1541:Gr D. of 1490:Gr D. L. 1437:part of 1377:R. Liège 1219:Duchy of 1201:of Liège 1199:P.-Bish. 1147:Flanders 1130:Guelders 1128:Duchy of 1110:Duchy of 1063:century) 1061:(11–16th 830:Tubantes 694:Currency 631:Rampjaar 156:de facto 7778:Outline 7732:Symbols 7645:Cuisine 7613:Culture 7584:Cycling 7561:Tourism 7514:Economy 7460:Monarch 7366:Cabinet 7310:Regions 7300:Mammals 7290:Islands 7102:Brabant 7093:Holland 7059:Utrecht 7024:Chamavi 7002:History 6730:Baroque 6629:Majorca 6541:Francia 6042:16 July 5888:23 June 5497:(2012) 4971:Utrecht 4948:Cologne 4944:Münster 4887:Decline 4824:In the 4777:Drenthe 4693:of the 4666:Drenthe 4624:Utrecht 4614:Zeeland 4462:Economy 4434:Dunkirk 4402:capital 4339:Freedom 4331:called 4076:During 3919:rentier 3911:Utrecht 3907:Zeeland 3903:Holland 3804:Münster 3800:Cologne 3793:Admiral 3781:Münster 3633:regents 3427:origin. 3340:Antwerp 3272:duchies 3264:Belgium 3063:Morocco 3053:Jamaica 3048:Ireland 3033:Bahamas 2835:History 2655:Taverne 2630:Skinner 2610:Ritchie 2555:Madison 2535:Lincoln 2485:Jackson 2475:Huppert 2470:Hopkins 2395:Fabiani 2355:Chapman 2340:Bolívar 2330:Bennett 2320:Bartley 2310:Atatürk 2222:Mazzini 2217:Madison 2147:Bentham 2137:Baggini 2104:Secular 2084:Islamic 2069:Federal 2006:Federal 1990:Schools 1843:History 1698:), the 1641:Zeeland 1637:Holland 1633:Utrecht 1576:as the 1549:(1890–) 1524:(1830–) 1510:(1839–) 1494:(1815–) 1470: 1451: 1448: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1352: 1328: 1321: 1284: 1236: 1164:Hainaut 1112:Brabant 1095:Utrecht 1076:Holland 1057:Freedom 1055:Frisian 1003:Francia 839:(55 BC– 823:Chamavi 817:nefates 778:Belgium 698:Guilder 655:• 642:• 629:• 616:• 603:• 590:• 577:• 201:Judaism 145:de jure 139:Capital 7792:Portal 7737:Anthem 7702:People 7640:Cinema 7536:Energy 7315:Rivers 7260:Cities 7050:Franks 7042:Saxons 7028:Batavi 7020:Frisii 6617:Aragon 6596:Amalfi 6581:Venice 6569:Second 6348: 6327: 6296: 6263: 6244: 6176: 6157: 6138: 6080: 5911: 5874: 5844: 5817: 5784: 5716: 5499:online 5413:(1998) 5380: 5340: 5313: 5286: 5259: 5187:(1965) 5167: 5104: 5094: 5045: 4946:, and 4842:Leiden 4820:, 1651 4806:, and 4541:bourse 4478:, and 3909:, and 3747:, and 3682:, and 3518:Levant 3455:; and 3325:, and 3266:, and 3088:Sweden 3078:Norway 3043:Canada 2823:(1963) 2803:(1794) 2793:(1791) 2773:(1762) 2763:(1755) 2753:(1748) 2743:(1698) 2733:(1656) 2723:(1649) 2713:(1531) 2665:Wilson 2635:Slater 2625:Skates 2580:Mannin 2570:Mullin 2545:Mackay 2510:Juárez 2465:Hébert 2460:Hatton 2455:Harvie 2345:Burgon 2262:Sidney 2257:Sandel 2242:Pettit 2167:Cicero 2132:Arendt 2114:Soviet 2109:Sister 2001:Modern 1745:, and 1694:, and 1621:Frisia 1543:Luxem- 1366:(1790) 1221:Luxem- 1035:Frisia 1026:(959–) 1007:(843–) 908:Saxons 878:Batavi 805:Belgae 797:Frisii 347: 241: 142:None ( 54: 7727:Sport 7692:Music 7687:Media 7295:Lakes 7255:Birds 6586:Genoa 6564:First 6340:[ 6325:S2CID 5920:with. 4739:, by 3876:Dutch 3489:, by 3103:Wales 3083:Spain 3058:Japan 2645:Smith 2620:Sayed 2600:Pound 2595:Nehru 2590:Nandy 2560:Magid 2540:Lucas 2530:Lewis 2440:Grévy 2435:Greer 2335:Black 2315:Azaña 2237:Paine 2207:Locke 2177:Crick 2152:Bodin 2142:Bello 2043:Types 1854:, by 1782:Dutch 1566:Dutch 1545:bourg 1223:bourg 1182:Namur 947:–734) 918:(4th– 895:(4th– 815:Cana– 217:Dutch 168:Dutch 58:Dutch 7752:Lion 7747:Flag 7650:Wine 7431:LGBT 6591:Pisa 6346:ISBN 6294:ISBN 6261:ISBN 6242:ISBN 6174:ISBN 6155:ISBN 6136:ISBN 6078:ISBN 6044:2010 6014:2007 5983:2013 5909:ISBN 5890:2019 5872:ISBN 5842:ISBN 5815:ISBN 5782:ISBN 5714:ISBN 5687:link 5436:2018 5378:ISBN 5338:ISBN 5311:ISBN 5284:ISBN 5257:ISBN 5165:ISBN 5118:2023 5102:OCLC 5092:ISBN 5043:ISBN 4975:1792 4867:and 4859:and 4602:and 4443:The 4436:and 4215:The 3870:The 3802:and 3727:the 3690:navy 3654:and 3485:The 3377:and 3361:and 2670:Wood 2515:Kane 2227:Mill 2202:Kant 1556:The 1001:West 853:(83– 636:1672 83:Flag 7630:Art 7443:Law 6317:doi 6223:pdf 5945:", 5934:, " 5749:doi 5745:125 4677:or 4368:in 4279:at 4208:by 2490:Jay 846:AD) 7841:: 7104:, 7095:, 7091:, 7057:, 7048:, 7044:, 7030:, 7026:, 7022:, 6627:, 6623:, 6619:, 6323:. 6313:17 6311:. 6232:). 6199:, 6052:^ 6034:. 6030:. 6004:. 6000:. 5917:. 5880:. 5813:. 5811:47 5780:. 5778:47 5743:. 5737:. 5712:. 5710:47 5683:}} 5679:{{ 5569:, 5517:^ 5426:. 5108:. 5100:. 5051:. 4883:. 4802:, 4474:, 4470:, 4324:. 4320:, 4160:. 4112:. 3905:, 3878:: 3743:, 3678:, 3658:. 3611:, 3290:. 3262:, 1839:. 1753:. 1741:, 1733:, 1722:. 1690:, 1686:, 1568:: 1281:) 942:c. 920:c. 897:c. 855:c. 841:c. 700:, 203:, 199:, 195:, 174:, 170:, 6975:e 6968:t 6961:v 6631:) 6615:( 6402:e 6395:t 6388:v 6354:. 6331:. 6319:: 6302:. 6269:. 6250:. 6182:. 6163:. 6144:. 6086:. 6062:. 6046:. 6016:. 5985:. 5892:. 5850:. 5823:. 5790:. 5757:. 5751:: 5722:. 5689:) 5438:. 5386:. 5346:. 5319:. 5292:. 5265:. 5173:. 5120:. 4656:) 4646:) 4636:) 4626:) 4616:) 4606:) 4592:) 3959:( 3874:( 3765:. 3243:e 3236:t 3229:v 1858:. 1780:( 1564:( 1274:( 959:— 940:( 925:) 902:) 860:) 826:, 193:) 189:( 159:) 153:( 148:) 60:) 56:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index