United Kingdom enterprise law

1687: 164:, govern the majority of land transport. Rail and bus passengers are entitled to adequate services, and have limited rights to voice in management. A growing number of bus, energy and water enterprises have been put back into public hands, while in London and Scotland, railways may be wholly publicly run. While, post, telephones and television were the major channels for communication and media in the 20th century, 21st century communications networks have increasingly converged on the Internet. Particularly in social media networks, this has presented problems in ensuring standards of safety, accuracy and fairness in online information and discourse. Like securities and other marketplaces, online networks dominated by multinational corporations, have received increased attention from regulators and legislators as they have become associated with political crisis. 6487: 2447:") or selling them, and giving credit to banks at differing rates. This will affect the interest rate banks charge by influencing the quantity of money in the economy (more spending by the central bank means more money, and so lower interest) but also may not. Second, the Bank of England may direct banks to keep different higher or lower reserves proportionate to their lending. Third, the Bank of England could direct private banks adopt specific deposit-taking or lending policies, in specified volumes or interest rates. The Treasury is, however, only meant to give orders to the Bank of England in "extreme economic circumstances". This should ensure that changes to monetary policy are undertaken neutrally, and artificial booms are not manufactured before an election. 4191: 12081:

series of fatal rail accidents in which Railtrack's working practices and safety record was implicated (Wolmar, 2001). On this issue the shareholders were silent. At no point had they spoken up, let alone campaigned, about the company's safety record. They did not, apparently, feel in any way responsible for the behaviour of the company from which they had been drawing dividends and whose management was legally bound to act in their interests. The cases are illustrative of the tendency of shareholders to schizophrenically identify themselves very closely with the companies in which they hold shares for some purposes, while seeing themselves as completely separate from them for others.

4397: 5019: 2992: 7182:), 20% income tax up to £50,000, 40% up to £150,000, and 45% over £150,000. While there are several categories, the main National Insurance rates paid by employees are 12% for earnings between £166.01 and £962 each week, and 2% on the earnings above, while employers pay 13.8% on earnings over £166.01. By contrast, most people who are self-employed as sole traders or in a partnership pay £3 a week over £6,365 a year, 9% on profits between £8,632 and £50,000 each year, and 2% on profits over £50,000. This means that, although National Insurance operates in the same way as a tax, it is regressive. Second, the rates for income tax on income from 3472:" system to subsidise energy companies' investment in renewables. The government owned "Low Carbon Contracts Co." pays licensed energy generators money under contracts lasting, for example, 15 years, reflecting the difference between a predicted future price of electricity (a "reference price") and a predicted future price of electricity with more renewable investment (a "strike price"). The LCCC gets its money from a levy on the energy companies, which pass costs onto consumers. This system was apparently seen by the government as preferable to direct investment by taxing polluters' profits. The second strategy to boost renewables was the 10252: at para. 128 (5 December 2014) "In my judgment that very clear statement of principle is one which must apply in this case. While I have no doubt that County Councillor Mullins meant well, the reality of her objection was that she asked WSCC to refuse to permit that which it would otherwise have permitted, on a basis that its granting permission would excite opposition leading to protests designed and intended to disrupt a perfectly lawful activity. In my judgment, had it taken County Councillor Mullins' original argument into account, WSCC would have had regard to an immaterial consideration and would have acted unlawfully." 4302: 2415:) and up to 14 directors in total (currently there are twelve, nine men and three women). The governor may serve for a maximum of eight years, deputy governors for a maximum of ten years, but they may be removed only if they acquire a political position, begin to work for the bank, are absent for over three months, become bankrupt, or "is unable or unfit to discharge his functions as a member". This makes removal hard, and potentially judicially reviewable. A sub-committee of directors sets pay for all directors, rather than a non-conflicted body like Parliament. The Bank's most important function is administering 1889: 6301: 4850: 5312: 2451: 2514: 22: 2561:

bank's insolvency, trace the money if it had been wrongly paid away, and (subject to agreement) claim profits made on the money. However, the courts have denied that bank customers have property rights. The same position has generally spread in banking practice globally, and Parliament has not yet taken the opportunity to ensure banks offer accounts where customer money is protected as property. Because insolvent banks do not, governments have found it necessary to publicly guarantee depositors' savings. This follows the model, started in the

2370: 6337:(effectively by the prime minister), the other nine executive members, including the Director General are appointed by the existing board. The Secretary of State sets the terms of appointments (with a four-year maximum) and pay, while the terms of everyone else will be set by the board. Article 35 does require "suitable arrangements" to "consult BBC staff on all matters affecting the interests of those staff". But there is, however, not yet direct representation of staff or licence-fee payers in BBC (or other media organisation) governance. 4118: 12267:. See also House of Commons, Transport Committee (January 2008) "The return anticipated by Metronet's shareholders appears to have been out of all proportion to the level of risk associated with the contract..." “In terms of borrowing, the Metronet contract did nothing more than secure loans, 95% of which were in any case underwritten by the public purse, at an inflated cost..." “Metronet's inability to operate efficiently or economically proves that the private sector can fail to deliver on a spectacular scale.." See also 2014:. No charges can be applied by the NHS to people who are "ordinarily resident" in the UK, although controversially the Conservative government introduced a "duty" on hospitals and health services to charge overseas visitors if they fall sick. Given the tiny number of cases, most health services refused to charge patients even when they could, because of disproportionate bureaucratic cost, and compassion. Another issue of migration, is that a deportation of an illegal migrant is very unlikely to be delayed by ill-health. In 3507: 1585:, and goes considerably beyond international human rights standards. Its founding principle, that everyone should receive health care free, as a right, is usually seen as politically "untouchable", and is consistently rated as the UK's most popular institution. However, the details of funding and governing health have been volatile and contested. The UK has among the world's highest life expectancy (82.8 years in 2015), but spends a relatively low amount of money on its service (9.7 per cent of GDP in 2016). Since the 893: 6404: 5827: 2846: 14617: 5931: 3670: 1139:

a good case to hear, so long as it did seek to overturn "issues of academic or pastoral judgment" where "any judgment of the courts would be jejune and inappropriate". However, the shorter time limit of three months in judicial review was more appropriate than six years in contract. Cases which have sought to challenge academic judgment for failing students are typically bound to fail, as grading with a fair process is in the bounds of academic judgment. In

7533:, 12 USC §241, requires that on advice and consent of the Senate, appointments by the President ‘shall have due regard to a fair representation of the financial, agricultural, industrial and commercial interests, and geographical divisions of the country.’ Under §302, in the Federal Reserve system of constituent banks, three are chosen by and to represent stockholding banks, six others, represent the public and elected to represent stakeholders. 2342:(or average risk of ventures like it). If all banks together lend more money, this means enterprises will do more, potentially employ more people, and if business ventures are productive in the long run, society's prosperity will increase. If banks charge interest that people cannot afford, or if banks lend too much money to ventures that are unproductive, economic growth will slow, stagnate, and sometimes crash. Although UK banks, except the 2911:, the Supreme Court did hold that a landowner may sue a company for trespass if it drills under its land without permission, but a majority held that damages will be nominal. This meant that a landowner in Surrey was only able to recover £1,000 when a licensed oil company drilled a diagonal well 800 to 2,800 feet under its property, and not the £621,180 awarded by the High Court to reflect a share of the oil profits. Similarly, under the 1073: 3390: 2490:, exercising votes with other people's money that comes through pensions, life insurance or mutual funds, who are meant to engage with boards, but have few explicit channels to represent the ultimate investors. Asset managers rarely sue for breach of directors' duties (for negligence or conflicts of interest), through derivative claims. However, there is some public oversight through the bank licensing system. Under the 7106:, and its commissioners "shall comply with any directions" given by the Treasury. The Treasury also has a duty to prepare a "Charter for Budget Responsibility" that is laid before Parliament and sets out the "formulation and implementation of fiscal policy and policy for the management of the National Debt". The Treasury has to prepare a financial statement and budget report for each financial year", and it appoints an 5890:

as free public wifi), establishing wireless telegraphy apparatus (except for TV receivers, and other groups exempt) without a licence from Ofcom is prohibited, which can be subject to any terms Ofcom thinks fit. Practically, the prices that telecommunications companies charge are one of the most important factors on which Ofcom can set conditions. First, considerable revenue is raised by setting licence prices. In

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market measures to buy up and dispose of any excess produce, and (3) rural development payments for a range of spending, such as on clean energy or faster internet infrastructure. Around £3.5 billion was spent in 2018 under the CAP, although the UK government stated that this sums of money would change under the new system, based on a concept of "public money for public goods", but without much clarity.

2510:, there are some added governance requirements beyond the general framework: for example, duties of directors must be clearly defined, and there should be a policy on board diversity to ensure gender and ethnic balance. If the UK had employee representation on boards, there would also be a requirement for at least one employee to sit on the remuneration committee, but this step has not yet been taken. 12441:, art 9 (thought) and 10(1) ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.’ This is subject to limits in art 10(2). 3031:

served on anyone who owns or has an interest in an installation. There are fines and offences for failure to comply. Estimates for the cost of decommissioning the UK's offshore platforms have been £16.9bn in the next decade, and £75bn to £100bn in total. A series of objections have been raised against the government's policy of cutting taxes while subsidising BP, Shell and Exxon for these costs.

956:. For England and Wales, the Secretary of State appoints twelve to fifteen members and the chair, of which six to nine should be academics and the remainder with "industrial, commercial or financial" backgrounds. Funds are administered at the funding councils' discretion but must consult with "bodies representing the interests of higher education institutions" such as the 3711:. Analogous regulatory regimes for electricity apply to gas, and to nuclear power. In practice there has been no possibility to abolish government involvement, and in law there has been consistent recognition that whether owned by private shareholders or not, energy remains a public service that is the responsibility of the state. When energy companies go into 9178:"Difficult and agonising judgments have to be made as to how a limited budget is best allocated to the maximum advantage of the maximum number of patients. That is not a judgment which the court can make. In my judgment, it is not something that a health authority such as this Authority can be fairly criticised for not advancing before the court." 5047:

with a chair appointed by the Secretary of State, regional government representation and others who are seen to represent passenger groups, but they have no binding rights against train companies, rather than rights to investigate issues and make representations. If train companies go insolvent, a special procedure deviating from the normal

6376:. Gaunt hectored a councillor, who was proposing restricting smokers from fostering children, as a "health Nazi", an "ignorant pig" and to "shut up". Talksport fired Gaunt summarily, before 53 complaints were made to Ofcom, which issued a censure. Gaunt argued the censure breached his ostensible right to freedom of expression under 2573:. In 2017, the UK guaranteed deposits up to £85,000, mirroring an EU-wide minimum guarantee of €100,000. Moreover, because of the knock-on consequences of any bank failure, because bank debts are locked into a network of international finance, government has found it practically necessary to prevent banks going insolvent. Under the 72:, while almost one third of the workforce and half of the UK economy is in enterprises subject to special regulation. Enterprise law mediates the rights and duties of investors, workers, consumers and the public to ensure efficient production, and deliver services that UK and international law sees as universal human rights. 7158: 7220:, which primarily means profits for international banks that lend the UK government money. In the March 2020, the government planned large increases in transport, communication infrastructure and housing spending, as well as more nurses and police officers. It is generally thought that more investment in education, 6440:" that hosts information is "not liable for information stored" if the provider "does not have actual knowledge of illegal activity. Moreover there should be no "general obligation on providers... to monitor the information which they transmit or store". In light of growing problems with hate speech, harassment, 1099:. The most progressive models support a high degree of voice for staff and students. Reforms were first put into law after the Oxford University Commission of 1852 stated it must reverse "successive interventions by which the government of the University was reduced to a narrow oligarchy." For example, since the 4338:. The Forestry Act 1967 requires that the Commission has 11 members appointed by the government, and it has a general duty of "promoting the interests of forestry, the development of afforestation and the production and supply of timber and other forest products" including "adequate reserves of growing trees". 9101:. E Jackson (2016) 44, quoting King's Fund, says the HSCA 2012 has not privatised the NHS but fragmenting structures will "have been profoundly damaging". It "seems likely that the massive organisational changes... contributed to widespread financial distress and failure to hit key targets for patient care..." 2924:(OGA). Under section 8, the OGA should hand out licences so as to minimise future public expense, secure the energy supply, ensure storage of carbon dioxide, fully collaborate with the UK government, encourage innovation, and encourage stable regulation to promote investment. Overshadowing this is the duty in 3707:

disconnected unless all reasonable steps have been taken to let them pay bills (including a pay as you go meter), and pensioners may not be disconnected at all in the winter. This has not, however, come close to eliminating the extra deaths from cold weather (estimated to be around 9000 people in 2016) from

3609:) §§107–114 gives councils capacity to create energy companies. If they do, one third of board members will ordinarily be employee representatives, and the constitution must be written to include council representatives, although there are not yet provisions requiring direct voting rights for residents. The 4114:

government tried to construct more competition, with the Water Act 2014 requiring suppliers can access or pump water through other providers' pipes, for a reasonable cost, so that consumers might choose their company. In Scotland, it was thought this kind of competition could pose a public health risk.

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requires that infrastructure managers and "railway undertakings" are structurally separate, so that railway companies (whether public or privately owned) have less of an incentive to exclude other operators. Each must have separate accounts and member states are obliged to run railways "at the lowest

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sections 213-214 create a right for a rental deposit to be protected under a trust of a third party, however these parties are often appointed and paid by the landlord, meaning that in disputes that are arbitrated the landlord usually wins. By contrast, business tenancies have much more regulation,

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Water companies have a chequered history of responsibility for damage they cause, but also the law has failed to ensure businesses are fully responsible for water pollution. In principle, a water authority used to be strictly liable for damage it caused. However, more recently water company liability

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sections 272-279A there is still a "ring-fenced corporation tax", on individual fields that are ring-fenced from other activities, set at 30%, but just 19% for smaller fields. An additional "supplementary charge" of 10% of profits was introduced in 2002 to ensure a ‘fair return’ to the state, because

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require objective, transparent and competitive criteria to be applied by the Oil and Gas Authority. Under regulation 3, the OGA should consider an applicant's technical and financial capability, price, previous conduct, and refuse all applications if none are satisfactory, while regulation 5 requires

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in 1720, the Bank of England became the dominant financial institution, and acted as a banker to the UK government and other private banks. This meant, simply by being the biggest financial institution, it could influence interest rates that other banks charged to businesses and consumers by altering

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art 10 (thought) and art 11(1) ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. (2) The freedom and pluralism of the media shall be

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EWHC Admin 637, per Sullivan J, "‘Entering into agreements may be wise, as asserted by the Government, LUL and LRT, or it may be foolish, as claimed by the Mayor and... TfL... judgments about the merits, as opposed to the legality of entering into the proposed PPP agreements, must be made by elected

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art 17 and Annex V enable "biomass" and "biofuel" to count toward reducing greenhouse gases, even though burning wood produces carbon emissions, on the theory that plants (unlike coal or gas) absorb carbon while they grow supposedly neutralising emissions once they burn. This logic is criticised for

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Despite the common social standards applicable to broadcast media, standards have not been enforced on internet corporations with dominant market power. According to Alex, the world's top five websites include Google, YouTube, Facebook and Knowledge, while Twitter stands at number 13 but occupies an

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frequencies are allocated, and should reflect current and future demand, promote efficient use, innovation and competition. While there is no longer a licence required for merely setting up a telecommunications company, and local authorities may set up public electronic communications networks (such

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a passenger group argued that the Regulator unlawfully allowed a reduction in services in rural areas in its franchises. The Court of Appeal accepted the group's right to review, but referred the question back to the Regulator for reconsideration. Passengers are represented in a Passengers' Council,

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contains a host of other legal rights against train companies. Passengers have a right to take bicycles on trains if not too crowded, must have proper information on tickets, must be able to make reservations, and must receive minimum compensation for long delays. Service standards can be challenged

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follows a Standard Electricity Supply Licence, which can be modified by the Secretary of State if circumstances change, for instance, to alter price controls. There are exemptions from getting a licence, for instance, for small generators under 10 MW (or up to 50 MW if net capacity is under 100 MW),

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sections 29–45 require responsible decommissioning of oil and gas infrastructure. Under section 29, the Secretary of State can require a written notice of a decommissioning plan, on which stakeholders (e.g. the local community) must be consulted. Under section 30, notice regarding abandonment can be

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later) is important for people to expand a business, invest in a new enterprise, or purchase valuable assets more quickly than by saving. Every day, banks estimate the prospects of a borrower succeeding or failing, and set interest rates for debt repayments according to their predictions of the risk

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Schedule 7, its "council of governors" must have a constitution where at least three governors (but under half) must be elected by the foundation trust's employees, at least one by nearby local authorities, one by a university (if any) in the area. A trust's constitution is free to enable residents,

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a student claimed that she should not have received a third class degree after her computer crashed, she lost an assignment, and was forced to rush a new one. The Court of Appeal held that her application for both breach of contract and judicial review should not be struck out because there could be

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were also available, but abolished for students who began university after August 2016. Students typically qualify for loans (or previously grants) if they have been resident for three years in the UK. As the UK is in a minority of countries to still charge tuition fees, increasing demands have been

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an additional tax on capital gains is charged at 18% for residential property, and 10% for other assets, for those still within the basic rate of income, and 28% and 20% for those in the higher or additional rates. Third, the rate of Value Added Tax stands at 20% in 2020, after being increased from

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section 319, broadcast standards require protection of children, no material that could incite crime, due impartiality, accuracy, no "offensive and harmful material", restriction on political advertising, any ads that are "misleading, harmful or offensive", and "no use of techniques" on viewers for

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in 1927, with an object to "inform, educate and entertain". Today the BBC's royal charter requires that it is independent, acts "in the public interest", delivers "impartial" news, supports learning, creativity, high and distinctive quality, serving UK diversity, the creative economy and reflecting

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there has been a right to buy property for secure tenants from local councils that had aimed to keep rents affordable. Despite increased supply and the building of houses at a consistently faster rate than population growth, the greater number of multiple houses owned by landlords and corporations,

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of inflation, reduced by efficiency savings (X), but allowing for capital investment (K). This means prices could be fixed down or go up. Companies must publicise an annual charging scheme approved by Ofwat, while Ofwat must openly report its work programme, report to the Secretary of State, keep a

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Just one week before the court handed down its decision, Network Rail (the company that replaced Railtrack) and the engineering firm Balfour Beatty had been fined £13.5 million for their part in the Hatfield rail disaster of 2000, where four people died, seventy injured. Hatfield was one of a long

7596:, 12 USC §225 states ‘The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Open Market Committee shall maintain long run growth of the monetary and credit aggregates commensurate with the economy's long run potential to increase production, so as to promote effectively the goals of 7168:

The main sources of revenue for the government are taxes on labour, capital, trade in goods and services, and land, although the balance of these has shifted considerably in recent decades. Taxes on income have been increased for lower and middle earners and reduced for higher earners, corporation

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Although homeowners together own just 5% of the land area in England and Wales, housing and other buildings account for a large share of capital wealth, and constitute the basis of the universal human "right to housing" and to a private life and home. Increasingly homes and real estate have become

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held nothing precluded either nationalisation or privatisation. It is up to member states alone, and the Dutch government had shown "overriding reasons in the public interest" for public ownership. Given the international evidence that publicly owned energy companies are cheaper, there has been an

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a group of solar companies challenged the closure decision by judicial review. Solar Century Ltd claimed they had a legitimate expectation from the government in its previous policy documents for "maintaining support levels". The Court of Appeal rejected the claim, because no unconditional promise

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sections 82–83 the Secretary of State can require a pipeline owner gives access on its own motion, apparently to reduce the problem of companies being too timid to exercise legal rights for fear of commercial repercussions. Taxation on oil and gas outputs have increasingly been reduced. Initially,

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was patented in 1775, and rail transport developed, coal became the UK's dominant energy source. In the 20th century, with the internal combustion engine, oil and gas displaced coal. In the 21st century, because of critical threat of climate damage, wind, hydro, and solar power, and batteries, are

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say that "everyone" has the right to education, and that primary, secondary and higher education should be made "free", in particular "by reducing or abolishing any fees or charges" and "granting financial assistance". Historically, the UK guaranteed free childhood, higher and adult education, and

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Passengers have a number of rights codified in law, but little direct voice in the running of their services. The Office of Rail and Road can set any conditions in licences, including "the fares to be charged for travel". But although there can be regulatory price caps, UK train prices have risen

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section 4 the ORR has a long list of duties, including to improve railway service performance in the interest of passengers, promote usage, "competition", interconnection, safety, but also to enable railways companies "to plan the future of their businesses with a reasonable degree of assurance."

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to reflect how much in efficiency savings (X) could be made, but also potentially allowing higher prices for investment. Further minimal consumer rights are inserted into the Standard Electricity Supply Licences given to electricity companies. For example, under condition 27, a consumer cannot be

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article 107. The Court of Justice rejected the argument, holding that the redistributive effects were inherent in the scheme, as indeed they are in any change to private law. Since then, feed-in tariffs have been considerably successful at promoting small scale electricity production by homes and

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M Hübner, ‘Do tuition fees affect enrollment behavior? Evidence from a ‘natural experiment’ in Germany’ (2012) 31(6) Economics of Education Review 949. C Callender and J Jackson, ‘Does the Fear of Debt Deter Students from Higher Education?’ (2005) 34(4) Journal of Social Policy 509. L Dearden, E

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secured the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown, the "levying Money for or to the Use of the Crowne by pretence of Prerogative without Grant of Parlyament... is Illegall." There can be no tax without Parliament, and any subordinate legislation passed without an Act will be declared invalid in

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successfully claimed that in doing so, Ofcom failed to consider all its duties on promoting competition, being objective, transparent and proportionate before following the Secretary of State's direction, and would have to decide again. Ofcom can also cap prices where a provider has "significant

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a group of 48,000 shareholders challenged the Minister's decision to force an insolvency procedure, arguing their property was being illegally taken and the Minister was guilty of "misfeasance" in public office, but these were completely rejected. Network Rail, from 2003, became a not-for-profit

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contains the right to know who the landlord it, that it is habitable, and that the landlord carries out basic repairs to the building and facility structure. However there is no housing regulator or watchdog to which tenants may apply, and so their rights have to be enforced through costly court

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to give out financial assistance, make regulations on conditions attached to subsidies, and monitor actions for subsidies. From 2024, this may depart from the standard practice under the EU subsidy scheme of making (1) basic payments to famers based on the number of hectares actively farmed, (2)

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for breaches of conditions. After unacceptable experience of people being disconnected by private companies for non-payment, new regulations introduced exemptions for vulnerable customers, particularly people who are unable to pay, have large families or have medical conditions. Everyone has the

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the courts have held customers who deposit money in a bank account lose any rights of property by default: they apparently have only contractual claims in debt for the money to be repaid. If customers did have property rights in their deposits, they would be able to claim their money back upon a

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create general rights for stakeholders, and set a basic framework for enterprise governance, but rules of governance, competition and insolvency are altered in specific enterprises to uphold the public interest, as well as civil and social rights. Universities and schools have traditionally been

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requires the UK government to reduce carbon emissions to zero by 2050. A difficulty is that the Kyoto Protocol measures countries' production, rather than final consumption, and fails to account for the UK's consuming greenhouse gas intensive products that are imported from countries with lower

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as other operators were not given a fixed charge for track access, but a charge varying with the number of passengers. It argued this was unlawful discrimination and state aid, but Sullivan J held the ORR had a broad discretion to set prices in the passengers' interest, and should be slow to

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if a bank is going into insolvency, the government may (and usually will if "the stability of the financial systems" is at stake) pursue one of three "stabilisation options". The Bank of England will either try to ensure the failed bank is sold onto another private sector purchaser, set up a

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licences companies (known as water "undertakers") to operate water and sewer services with "instruments of appointment", and can impose various conditions. Licences usually last 25 years but can be terminated on 10 years notice by government. Because of public outcry over rising prices, the

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means water resources are under pressure, and less predictable than before. Historically, water for drinking, general use, or sewerage was largely left to private arrangements. The recurrence of water poisoning, and large public health crises were a part of people's ordinary existence until

6345:. Local authorities are explicitly empowered to provide broadcasting. Ofcom can also review media ownership, and the law restricts licensing of broadcasters if they run a national newspaper with a market share over 20 per cent, over a 6-month period. If licensees breach a duty of accuracy, 5794:

Communication between people is fundamental to democracy and human society. The rights to freedom of thought, expression, and freedom of the media are universal human rights, and everyone has a right against "arbitrary interference" with their "privacy", and to protection of one's "home or

4109:) has at least three members appointed the Secretary of State, and is meant to "protect the interests of consumers, wherever appropriate by promoting effective competition" and yet ensure companies have a "reasonable returns on their capital", rather than simply act in the public interest. 635:

While many sectors of the economy function under general rules of enterprises alone, specific enterprise laws developed where "free markets" were seen as inadequate to protect consumer or public interests. In enterprises that concerned central social and economic rights, were "network" or

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art 10, Conditions of access to railway infrastructure (1) ‘Railway undertakings shall be granted, under equitable, non-discriminatory and transparent conditions, the right to access to the railway infrastructure in all Member States for the purpose of operating all types of rail freight

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has powers of investigation. There are further standards for water companies to keep up water pressure in pipes, respond quickly to letters, phone calls and keep appointments, restore supply and provide water in emergencies, and stop sewer flooding or compensate up to £1000. Finally, the

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ss 66A-L. Slightly different, WIA 1991 ss 105A-C enables transfer of lateral drains and private sewers to water companies where they were draining to a public mains sewer and treatment works, to avoid deterioration. Water Industry (Schemes for Adoption of Private Sewers) Regulations SI

1929:) claims require litigation, and substantial sums of money go to lawyers, instead of the person who is harmed and withdraws resources for other NHS patients. Third, challenges can be brought over the refusal to provide treatment, although they are unlikely to succeed. For instance, in 2578:

subsidiary company to run the failing bank's assets (a "bridge-bank"), or for the UK Treasury to directly take shares in "temporary public ownership". This will wipe out the shareholders, but will keep creditors' claims intact. One method to prevent bank insolvencies, following the "

2946:. Schedule 1's model clauses give the OGA discretion over the licence term, the licensee's obligation to submit its work programme, revocation on breach of a licence, arbitration for disputes, or health and environmental safety. For onshore oil and gas extraction, and particularly 3837: 12285:

s 28(1) ‘A franchise agreement may include provision with respect to the fares to be charged for travel by means of the franchised services.’ Also, s 29(5) ‘subject to any requirements a franchise agreement may contain any such provisions as the Franchising Director thinks

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all run trains in the UK. But the UK government is the only one in the world that is prohibited from running UK trains. In 2016, Scotland was empowered to make Scottish trains public again, and as of 2017 the same policy was supported by a large majority of the UK public.

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section 20 abolished security for tenants against eviction without good reasons (unless there is something in the contract), and so upon a contractual notice period tenants may be removed. The only statutory protection is a minimum of 4 weeks notice before eviction in the

2933:. The Secretary of State may give directions to the OGA in the interests of national security, or the public in exceptional circumstances, while the OGA is nominally capable of funding itself through fees on licence applicants and holders. In the process of licensing, the 10782: 4934:

section 8 requires companies apply to the Office of Rail and Road for a licence, and pay Network Rail an access charge. Access to track under EU law must be "equitable, non-discriminatory and transparent", but this does not mean charging practices cannot be updated. In

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can direct the maximum prices at which electricity may be sold. Originally, the idea was that the regulator would "wither away" as effective market competition replaced any need for a state, but in a transition period prices would be capped through a formula known as

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held that Deutsche Telekom has "squeezed the margins" (between wholesale and retail) of its competitors enough to be an abuse, and once those figures were proven, it was unnecessary to engage in some detailed economic analysis of competition's effects. Similarly in

8957:

remarking how despite some advantages in "the separation of functions" between management, staff and oversight by patients, "total separation is to challenge in a fundamental way the essence of democratic control". It sought "real devolution to those operating the

1424: 9062: 7861:, Hutton J held BBC was formerly under no duty to act impartially in political matters, so this was changed duty not enforceable in courts. This meant that a candidate for the "Worker's Party" which was excluded from BBC programmes before elections had no claim. 9288: 4067:, after a public campaign remained publicly owned, and as a result has maintained significantly lower prices than in England and Wales. Only around 10 per cent of water companies around the world are privatised, tending to be less efficient and more expensive. 1145:, where the university management interfered with the academic assessment of student grades, this founded a right for a professor to claim he was constructively and unfairly dismissed. All access to education must be free from unlawful discrimination under the 7215:

and education. Proportionally, the sums going to education have decreased with cuts to schools and universities becoming reliant on tuition fees charged to home and international students. A considerable proportion goes to military spending and paying off the

1111:(mostly full-time university members) elects its governing body, the 23 member council. Four members are elected by heads of colleges, four by professors and readers, eight by other academic fellows, three by students, four by a "grace" (a vote) of the whole 12429:, arts 18 (thought) and 19, ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.’ 6333:

UK culture and values to the world. In practice, the BBC's independence from government is achieved through its governance structure. The BBC's Board has a maximum of fourteen members, and while the chair and four nation representatives are appointed by an

10595:: "If the argument of the Commission and PreussenElektra were to be accepted then all sums which one person owes another by virtue of a given law would have to be considered to be State resources. That seems an impossibly wide understanding of the notion." 2399:

its interest rate for the banks' bank accounts. It also acted as a lender through the 19th century in emergencies to finance banks facing collapse. Because of its power, many believed the Bank of England should have more public duties and supervision. The

7777:(1880) 6 QBD 244, 255, the Telegraph Act 1869 was applied to telephones because ‘absurd consequences would follow if the nature and extent of those powers and duties were made dependent upon the means employed for the purpose of giving the information’. 7870:

There are four further government ministers responsible for economic affairs (though these may change): the Finance Secretary, responsible for the tax system and tax credits; the Economic Secretary, responsible for growth, enterprise, productivity; the

3617:, carries out licensing for electricity generation. Its chair and at least two other board members must be appointed by the Secretary of State for 5 to 7 years, and while ostensibly "independent", they must follow directions of the Minister. Under the 5051:

procedure is followed, to give the government, rather than banks and creditors control over administration. This does not affect the powers of the Office of Rail and Road and a Minister's powers to make directions against a company in administration.

4354:. Unlike other countries, UK national parks have substantial private ownership, but there are more restrictive planning laws to safeguard natural beauty, and guarantee public rights of way. General protection of the UK's environment is found in the 5010:

argued he was not bound and in an "impossible position", after being elected on a platform opposing privatisation, the High Court ruled that statute required he would be bound. In 2008, one of the two main companies responsible for tube upgrades,

4873:

has been a combined regulator for railways and highways. The chair and four other members is appointed by the Secretary of State for up to five-year terms, and can be dismissed for a good reason. Although it exercises no direct control, under the

2009:

operation in France after the NHS waiting lists were 4 to 6 months, and successfully claimed that she should be reimbursed by the NHS. But these rights to move for health and be reimbursed by the NHS may be removed if the UK leaves the EU and the

1912:

is meant to improve the "physical and mental health of the people" and "have regard to the need to reduce inequalities" in health. These duties, however, are difficult to enforce in practice because the courts give wide discretion to ministers in

2915:

section 1 rights "outside territorial waters with respect to the sea bed and subsoil and their natural resources" are "vested in Her Majesty." Since 1919, the Crown has prohibited searching and boring for oil and gas without a licence. Under the

9237:(2011/24/EU). This is summarised in the Department of Health, NHS Constitution for England (27 July 2015) arts 3a(iv) ‘in certain circumstances, to go to other European Economic Area countries or Switzerland’ for services available on the NHS. 6399:

without inviting their comments and a chance to respond. He rejected claims that Ofcom's process was "biased" or that the financial penalties were disproportionate, noting that Ofcom had not gone further and revoked the broadcaster's licence.

5420: 2988:. Large protests had opposed any steps toward fracking. However, Gilbart J held that the council had not been wrong in refusing to consider public opposition, and took the view would have acted unlawfully if it had considered the opposition. 10196: 7089:

of the House of Commons that the House cannot consider any new charges on the public revenue except on the recommendation of the government, signified by a Minister. Since 1714, the government's finances were transferred from what was the

3338:

means using only electricity (no more petrol or gas) and only using zero carbon inputs. In 2015, total UK energy use was composed of 18% electricity, 29% natural gas, and 49% petroleum. Electricity itself, by 2015, was generated 24% from

10762: 3007:

sections 17-17H there is a right of companies that are not owners of pipelines or gas interconnectors to use the infrastructure if there is spare capacity. This is not well used, and it usually left to commercial negotiation. Under the

2544:

While banks perform an essential economic function, supported by public institutions, the rights of bank customers have generally been limited to contract. In general terms and conditions, customers receive very limited protection. The

10555: 5366: 331:

While the 20th century had seen swings from nationalisation and re-privatisation, a general law of enterprise developed where private ownership and markets were generally thought to work by themselves. On top of ordinary principles of

7177:

come mainly from the incomes of employees and the self-employed at work, albeit different rates, but it is also charged on savings and investment income. In 2020, there was no tax charged on the first £12,500 of income each year (the

6656:

1977, combining the major aircraft companies British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley and others. British Shipbuilders – combining the major shipbuilding companies including Cammell Laird, Govan Shipbuilders, Swan Hunter, Yarrow

13128: 4026:, local government built drains, sewers, and began piping clean water to households. The Waterworks Clauses Act 1847 and 1863 provided model constitutions for the dozens of spreading private and local government water companies. The 3719:

can impose a duty on energy companies to be a supplier of last resort. These rules were updated slightly in 2011 so that the government can give financial support and keep a company trading until refinancing or a new owner is found.

6083:

was expanding its local exchange network as Ofcom made its finding that BT had "significant market power" so long as there was no material change that falsified Ofcom's original finding, the price controls could remain. However, in

12380: 4720: 3715:, often indebted to the government (but not always), they can be put into administrative receivership allowing that creditor greater control over the insolvency process. Under the Standard Electricity Supply Licence, condition 8, 10564: 3643:

could not be built near his golf course. He argued the Secretary of State could only give permission to existing licensees or exempt generators, ostensibly, by necessary implication from another provision on natural beauty. The

1973:

that the promise generated a "legitimate expectation" that was "equivalent to a breach of contract in private law", which could not be unilaterally withdrawn, even if the Secretary of State was concerned about cost. Further, in

3480:". Electricity produced with renewables has to be paid a certain price by electricity companies: a "generation" rate (even if the producer uses the energy itself) and an "export" rate (when the producer sells to the grid). In 2419:. Under the Bank of England Act 1998 section 11 its objectives are to (a) "maintain price stability, and (b) subject to that, to support the economic policy of Her Majesty's Government, including its objectives for growth and 360:

concerns the duties of company directors, and the rights of members, who are usually registered as holding share capital. Equity investment mostly derives from people saving for retirement in mutual funds, life insurance and

12249: 11618: 1402: 1250:, schools could remove themselves from LEA oversight and become "grant-maintained" by central government, headteachers getting financial control, academic tenure abolished, national curriculum with key stages, league tables 12331:(EC) No 1371/2007 art 3 (bikes), 8–9 (information and tickets), 17 (delays: 25% of the ticket price for a 60–119 min delay, 50% for 120 min or more. Season tickets in accordance with company policy. Threshold claim is €4.) 1730:

civil servants) appointed the regional boards, while executive councils and local health authorities were medical professional representatives (though not necessarily elected), local government and Minister appointees. In

1697:

in 1948. He later said that to get the hospital consultants to join the NHS "Ultimately I had to stuff their mouths with gold". Today, the NHS has universal support and has among the world's best health outcomes for money

11450: 1516: 3666:'s "Statement of Community Involvement" required that he would have been notified about the plans he missed. The Court of Appeal unanimously rejected that any "legitimate expectation" in judicial review had been broken. 1869:, while derivative claims by patients or staff are excluded without membership. Although CCGs are under a duty to "involve" patients and the public in decision-making, those stakeholders can be ignored because unlike in 12530: 5549: 11072:

art 11(1), which is ratified by the UK, both expressly protect the right to food, in which water is implicit. This was acknowledged by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2002) General Comment No

7485:

finance, where an investor buys shares, invariably with voting rights, in a company. Debt finance usually keeps the borrower in control of their business, subject to any restrictive covenants and the need to repay the

6354:"influencing their minds, without their being aware". There are further requirements to stop party political advertisements, except under fairly allocated time. As an example of decency and offensiveness standards, in 6110:. For example, Ofcom requires that people should be able to keep their telephone numbers even if they transfer between companies to enable people to switch competitors easily. Practically important across the EU, the 6068:

broadband fixed telephone network. This had squeezed competitors' margins, and so distorted competition. The test is whether a hypothetical competitor working as efficiently as the incumbent could compete. In the UK,

5591: 3561:

became the first new municipally owned energy companies, selling below profit-making company prices and committing to renewable sources. This follows widespread publicly owned energy models around Europe, which the

2377:

The Bank of England provides finance and support to, and may influence interest rates of the private banks through monetary policy. It was originally established as a corporation with private shareholders under the

13166:(2007) aimed to ensure ‘high and sustainable levels of economic growth, well being and prosperity for all’, and to eradicate child poverty by 2020. This latter goal was removed by the succeeding government as the 4309:

The UK is made up of around 72% farmland, and 13% woodland, and while agriculture and forestry compose a small percentage of the UK economy and workforce, its regulation has a large impact on the environment. The

11456: 3871: 10648: 6394:

was justified in imposing £85,000 and £20,000 fines on a small station called DM Digital, after it broadcast programmes with an Islamic "scholar" inciting crime, and criticising a Pakistani political party and

4497:

of 40% must be paid upon the passing to children or grandchildren of property worth over £500,000 in 2023, or £325,000 to other parties, but no tax for leaving a property to a spouse, civil partner or charity.

8509: 7688: 4471:

section 21 to being a court process of eviction. The Tenant Fees Act 2019 sections 1-5 contain minimal regulation of real estate agent fees, requiring that they are only charged to landlords, not tenants. The

2213: 8001: 4030:

required all new houses to have running water and internal drainage. By 1944, there were over 1000 water suppliers in England and Wales, though 26 supplied half, and 97 a further quarter of total volume. The

10929: 7819:

this must be objectively justifiable, non-discriminatory, proportionate and transparent. Under section 5, the Secretary of State should also consider desirability of technological and infrastructure service

648:, positive rights of voice for users or citizens, or sector-specific regulators emerged. These regulate the rights of exit, basic standards, and voice of stakeholders, beyond investors of capital or labour. 1686: 13270: 10105:

The property in petroleum existing in its natural condition in strata in Great Britain is vested in His Majesty, and His Majesty shall have the exclusive right of searching and boring for and getting such

6920: 2553:

sections 62 to 65 prohibit terms that create contrary to good faith, create a significant imbalance, but the courts have not yet used these rules in a meaningful way for consumers. Most importantly, since

7520:'s account with it, Barings would probably try to raise its interest rates for customers with Barings Bank accounts (unless competition was very tight, in which case its profits would have to be reduced). 7203:

are charged on business properties based on a rating last done in 2015. Overall the shifts in taxation have become more regressive, enabling the wealthiest to pay the least, and making the poor pay more.

5795:

correspondence". Communication has been revolutionised by the internet, as every traditional form of communication may also take place online: posting letters is replaceable by emails, telephone calls by

1999:, British residents also have the right to move to other member states for treatment and be reimbursed if NHS waiting lists happen to be unreasonably long, assessed by objective criteria. For example, in 13306: 6952: 5445: 2999:

oil storage buoy is one of 470 platforms and 5000 wells to be decommissioned, as resource companies promised in their licences. Companies have lobbied for tax cuts, meaning that taxpayers bear the costs.

2928:

sections 9A-I on the Secretary of State for ‘maximising the economic recovery of UK petroleum’, inserted in 2015. This contrasts with the goal of eliminating greenhouse gas emissions in section 1 of the

1840:

or private business), with one person qualified in accounting or finance, a nurse, a secondary care specialist, and two lay people who understand finance and the local area. Two central features of the

1123:

should have between 12 and 24 members, with up to thirteen lay members, up to two teachers, up to two students, and between one and nine members co-opted by the others. Universities are subject to both

478:

ss 179, 219, 224, 244 (collective agreements not legally binding, immunity from damages for collective action in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute, no secondary action, meaning of a trade

7706: 5124: 9042:

s 1I and Sch 1A paras 10 and 13(1) "A clinical commissioning group may pay members of its governing body such remuneration and travelling or other allowances as it considers appropriate." Inserted by

7102:, and the junior Lords of the Treasury (i.e. assistant government whips in the Commons). As a department, the Treasury controls both tax and spending and guides economic policy. The Treasury controls 4305:

Agriculture covers 69% of UK land, accounted for 0.6% of UK GDP in 2010, employed 1.52% of the workforce, and generated £4.38 billion per year. There are 18.3 million hectares, or 45.2 million acres.

4163:

right to be connect to a water supply and to sewers, but the cost of new connections is borne by the customer. UK water quality is generally high, since large new investments were made following the

1044:, but after 2020 EU students were charged at international fee rates. By contrast, the Scottish government resolved not to introduce tuition fees for students under 25. For English universities, the 540: 2857:

Although both coal and oil production were publicly owned in the past, coal, oil and gas extraction is performed today by private corporations under government licence. The largest entities include

8285: 7773: 5031:

consistently every year, usually beyond inflation. By contrast, in London where the Mayor has control, fares have been consistently low when Labour mayors have been elected, although rising when a

132:, and phase out fossil fuels. Energy ratepayers typically have rights to adequate standards of supply, and increasingly the right to participate in how their services are provided, overseen by the 4417:", meaning reduced public and individual home ownership. A growing proportion of people cannot afford to buy homes, and so must rent, while rents take a growing share of people's income. Although 14371: 13281: 6931: 5378: 3494:. It argued that the feed-in tariff operated like a tax to subsidise renewable energy companies, since non-renewable energy companies passed the costs on, and so should be considered an unlawful 1262:, thirty infant pupil class size limit, replaced "grant-maintained schools" with "foundation status" meaning money is channelled from central government through the LEA, restrictions on selection 8459: 6386: 6256: 3826: 834: 6349:

may require a broadcaster to make corrections or give a statement of findings, and can impose fines up to 5 per cent or advert and sponsorship revenue. Licences can also be revoked. Under the

4887:

possible cost for the quality of service required", although in practice this enables huge variety and ownership structures around different countries. In the UK, infrastructure is managed by

1832:, a clinical commissioning group is a "body corporate" that should buy services, with members who can set pay for themselves. A CCG must include at least six members (many came from abolished 369:

structures the rights of employees and their representative unions against the management of an enterprise. Employees are entitled to a minimum floor of rights, and to rights of voice through

13234: 12312: 11234:

requires an 8–13 member board appointed by the Scottish Ministers as experts. The Water (Scotland) Act 1980, contains duties and functions. The Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968 deals with sewage.

6890: 4688: 10647: 10523: 11270: 8453: 4608: 3294: 889:

a year from 2017 in England and Wales. Scotland remained tuition free. University and school finance and governance remains a patchwork system across the UK, without any coherent approach.

6454:

the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal held that Facebook breached a duty to promptly remove a page that was designed to persecute a former sex offender who had completed a prison sentence.

6031:

rejected there was any need to show that France Telecom would later be able to make up or "recoup" its losses if it was shown that Wanadoo's prices were below average "variable costs". In

11733:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 art 25. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 art 11. European Convention on Human Rights art 8 and Prot 1, art 1.

11500:

art 4, meaning water is free from any micro-organisms and parasites dangerous to health, and complies with chemical and biological standards listed in Annex I. This is implemented by the

7186:

from shares is lower than for employment income, standing at 7.5% for the basic rate, 32.5% for the higher rate, and 38.1% for the additional rate. This is mirrored in the lower rates of

6116: 5997:

if it suspects "features of a market... distorts competition in connection with the supply or acquisition" of communication products". This mirrors standards in EU law, particularly from

5748: 4927:, because there was a party whipped vote in Parliament for its approval. The Supreme Court rejected the claim, because political organisation did not stop proper consultation and debate. 1483: 7965:, "Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education". 7947: 7190:. For corporate profits, the main rate of tax is 19% in 2020. This has been reduced from 28% since 2010, and from at 52% in 1982 with a lower rate of 38% for small companies. Under the 3662:, because he thought it would have a "detrimental impact" on the "setting". He had not noticed anything happening until some time after construction began, and then tried to argue that 3628: 11494: 8906: 8766: 2502:. Once a bank has received authorisation in the UK, or another member state, it may operate throughout the EU under the terms of the host state's rules: it has a "passport" giving it 12113: 12000:, dismissal possible for absence from meetings for 3 months, financial or personal interest, ‘has misbehaved’ or ‘is unable, unfit or unwilling to perform his functions as a member.’ 2494:

section 19 there is a "general prohibition" on performing a "regulated activity", including accepting deposits from the public, without authority. The two main UK regulators are the

13982: 8518: 5175: 3383: 2943: 2724: 12264: 11714: 10794: 10010:

Gordon, Greg; McHarg, Aileen; Paterson, John (2016). "14: Energy Law in the United Kingdom". In Roggenkamp, Martha M.; Redgwell, Catherine; Rønne, Anita; del Guayo, Inigo (eds.).

1796: 6328:

is the UK's largest and oldest broadcast media firm, and in substance competes with print media (through news.bbc.co.uk), radio, television and web streaming. Established with a

5815:

enabling the government make telegraph and telephone companies public. However, a process of liberalisation, and then privatisation, took place between 1981 and 1984. Today, the

3685:"protect the interests of consumers" by "promoting effective competition" is meant to automatically improve service. In practice, further duties have been seen as necessary. The 1995:, but simply stating Rogers' case was not "exceptional" (as other people were refused the drug) was not a reason in itself, and its decision was therefore irrational. Within the 10075:

No person other than a person acting on behalf of His Majesty, or holding a licence under this Act for the purpose, shall search and bore for petroleum within the United Kingdom

7696:

customers were, despite the name of the bank, in any trustee-beneficiary relation, either at common law or under statute. The customers, apparently, only had contractual rights.

4101:. While both UK and EU law is clear that water companies, even if privatised, still are public bodies, these companies pursue shareholder profit, only restricted by regulation. 3386:. Under section 131, the Secretary of State should give Parliament an annual "Strategy and Policy Statement" on its strategic energy priorities, and how they will be achieved. 1048:

enables the Secretary of State to set fee limits, while universities are meant to ensure "fair access" by drafting a "plan" for "equality of opportunity". There is no limit on

12545: 10898: 10326: 10244: 10231: 7256: 5561: 5206: 5042: 4644: 3372: 3344: 2968: 2736: 13589: 11473:

s 44. This does not mean that company profits' are reduced by vulnerable customers, as companies can raise prices for other customers to ensure their profits are not reduced.

10625: 3449:" from renewable generators if they did not meet set quotas in their own electricity generators. This encouraged significant investment in wind and solar farms, although the 13954: 11547:

on bathing water quality, where the CJEU confirmed fines of a €624,150 per year and per 1% of bathing areas in Spanish inshore waters which were found not to conform to the

6437: 3459: 2423:." Under section 12, HM Treasury issues its interpretation of "price stability" and "economic policy" each year, together with an inflation target. To change inflation, the 1008:

of 1963. However, over the 1980s and 1990s, grants were diminished, requiring students to become ever more reliant on their parents' wealth. Further, appointed in 1996, the

3626:

or certain offshore generators. Planning permission for non-exempt generators also require Secretary of State consent, and the granting of planning could be challenged. In

14477: 14364: 13959: 9988: 5873:, has duties to further citizens' interests in communications, and consumers' interests "by promoting competition", and secure "optimal use for wireless telegraphy of the 5479: 1115:. Other universities have a broad variety of governance structures, although if there is not a special statute or constitution, the highly minimalist rules are set by the 13190: 11470: 6857: 6450: 6278: 5247: 4962:

section 25 prohibits any government body or government-appointed corporation from becoming a rail franchise in England and Wales. The government-owned rail operators of

4937: 7884:

That is £95.52 a week for someone paying in the main rate. The annual rates, assuming 52 weeks of earnings, is £8,632.52–£50,024, totalling £4,967.04 in NICs each year.

6045:" network (the circuits connecting fixed telephones to main distribution frames) that others could not credibly compete with Deutsche Telekom in its retail prices. The 4895:, and was meant to run as a regulated monopoly, in private hands, and be in charge of railway tracks, signalling, tunnels, bridges, level crossings. However, after the 4814:. Private investors built railways with huge subsidies from Parliament, granting planning and compulsory purchase rights, and were only haphazardly held responsible in 1667:. As the UK government bears the cost of health care, and the potential to profit from people being ill is eliminated, the government has a strong incentive to improve 13497:

TR Gourvish, ‘British Rail's “Business-Led” Organization, 1977–1990: Government-Industry Relations in Britain's Public Sector’ (1990) 64(1) Business History Review 109

13391: 13134: 12269: 11548: 9812: 8500: 8100: 6200: 4746: 2586:

achieve this in some detail, for instance requiring proportionally less in reserves if sound government debt is held, but more if mortgage-backed securities are held.

13516:

H Skovgaard-Petersen, ‘There and back again: portability of student loans, grants and fee support in a free movement perspective’ (2013) 38(6) European Law Review 783

8457:

Ed CR 151, ELR 515, Sedley J allowing a claim for Dr Evans to challenge not being promoted to reader on grounds of a hostile faculty member taking part in a review.

4438:

require reduced carbon in buildings, however there is not yet a requirement for all homes to have solar panels, battery storage, and heat pumps to ensure clean air.

13258: 7336: 6910: 6384:

rejected the claim because the programme's purpose seemed to any reasonable viewer to be no more than "to insult, belittle and berate" the councillor. Similarly, in

4245: 4225:

the Court of Appeal held that fines for pollution should always be set to ensure sufficient deterrence, but on the facts reduced a fine from £200,000 to £60,000. In

3923: 2954:"), there are further requirements that must be fulfilled. For fracking, these include negotiating with landowners where a drill site is situated, getting the local 2474:

Outside the central bank, banks are mostly run as profit-making corporations, without meaningful representation for customers. This means, the standard rules in the

475: 14426: 14007: 13939: 9913: 9009: 6660: 1744: 389:

determines the relative rights of creditors when an enterprise can no longer pay its debts when they fall due. All enterprises are subject to general duties under

13977: 10133:

s 2 and Sch 1 transferred functions previously exercised by the relevant Secretary of State or minister, particularly the Petroleum Act 1998 s 3 power to license.

8516:

claimed an LPC had no guidance on taking exams, or giving feedback. The High Court held the claimant was ‘ready to blame anyone but herself for her misfortunes’.

7080:, the administration of taxation and public spending, is together with regulation the key determinant of which enterprises operate, and to what extent. Since the 4267:

supply with toxic chemicals, because it said the loss was not "reasonably foreseeable" and therefore too remote. These cases sit uneasily with the principle that

14357: 14040: 13171: 12560: 12295:

e.g. DataBlog, ‘Rail fares rise: All the available data on British rail revenues’ (17 August 2011) Guardian, fares rising 8% and ticket holders prices rising 13%

10377: 10353: 9939: 6623: 5726: 5615: 2963: 3681:

Unless citizens set up their own generation, or own energy companies through their council, they are guaranteed few other rights by law: the idea has been that

11693: 8837: 4319: 4093:, although it has no direct voting power for customers. By contrast, in England and Wales, each company board is typically accountable to shareholders, mostly 2346:, are shareholder or mutually owned, many countries operate public retail banks (for consumers) and public investment banks (for business). The UK used to run 9952:

Originally 80% below Kyoto Protocol levels in 1990, this was changed to 100% by the Climate Change Act 2008 (2050 Target Amendment) Order 2019 (SI 2019/1056)

7224:, clean energy, transport and communication infrastructure enable the greatest multipliers for future economic performance, coupled with policies to maintain 4903:

in 2001 which killed 7 and injured 76, it was forced into insolvent administration and the government took rail infrastructure back into public ownership. In

2582:" programme of the international banker group, has been to require banks hold more money in reserve based on how risky their lending is. EU-wide rules in the 1747:

took over from the more numerous local health authorities, while the government aimed to give stakeholders more direct voting rights in all. Second, from the

12966: 12676: 11533:

s 19 of accepting undertakings from water companies (instead of s 18 enforcement orders) was not an adequate legal framework to comply with EU law. Contrast

10682: 10390:

not accounting for the environmental damage of deforestation, and the impact of short-term emissions, regardless of the "sustainability" criteria in art 17.

7154:

where it is suitable to make funds separate from the budget's annual cycle. Government departments may be required to do accounts each year by the Treasury.

5915: 5877:", make electronic communications, TV, radio, and plurality of media widely available. It is also subject to directions by the Secretary of State. Under the 4842:

was put into effect in 1996, as again more people switched away from over-crowded roads to trains. The need to eliminate fossil fuels in accordance with the

4343: 4255: 2482:, unless the members of a company (invariably shareholders) remove them by majority vote. Bank directors largely set their own pay, delegating the task to a 2407:. Under section 1, the bank's executive body, the court of directors is "appointed by Her Majesty", which in effect is the prime minister. This includes the 3003:

The interests of third parties and the public are partially represented through provisions on access to infrastructure, tax, and decommissioning. Under the

2373:

The Bank of England acts as the UK's central bank, influencing interest rates paid by private banks, to achieve targets in inflation, growth and employment.

13099: 11535: 9302: 8617:(right to life, no torture, private and family life) set only the most minimum standards, although exceptions to most rights refer to protection of health. 7768: 7720: 6682: 4586: 3859: 10624: 6324:

Both telecommunications infrastructure, and the electro-magnetic spectrum, is used for broadcasting of radio, television, and all forms of web media. The

4421:

is available for people on low incomes, this is entirely taken by private landlords whose escalating rents are an increasing cost to taxpayers. Since the

112:

Since 1980, a large segment of UK enterprise was privatised, reducing public and citizen voice in their services, particularly among utilities. Since the

13349: 11857: 10212:

Albrecht, E.; Schneemann, D. (2014). "Fracking in the United Kingdom: Regulatory Challenges between Resource Mobilisation and Environmental Protection".

9788:) art 95, "If employee representation... is provided for by national law, the remuneration committee shall include one or more employee representatives." 7352:, ‘The Corporation as Commons: Rethinking Property Rights, Governance and Sustainability in the Business Enterprise’ (2012) 37(2) Queen's Law Journal 339 6974: 6356: 6244: 6090:, the Court of Appeal held that if price controls (capping and reducing Vodafone's charges for wholesale mobile calls for four years) were appealed, the 6005:

and the courts. With this in mind, under section 154 Ofcom can also accept undertakings from firms to change their business. This occurred in 2005, when

5289: 2064: 1052:

fees, which are often double or triple home student fee rates, and universities aim to boost international student numbers to get more fees. A system of

9597:

The size of the reserves clearly determines the volume of money in circulation and the extent to which a bank can itself extend credit to its customers.

8792:, "Medical treatment covering all requirements will be provided for all citizens by a national health service organised under the health departments..." 14651: 12394: 11710: 10606: 9964: 8832: 8596:

Part I, art 11, states "Everyone has the right to benefit from any measures enabling him to enjoy the highest possible standard of health attainable."

8173: 4323: 3570:

article 345 states the EU treaties "shall in no way prejudice the rules in Member States governing the system of property ownership." Nevertheless, in

1436: 1065:

made to abolish fees on the ground that they burden people without wealthy families in debt, deter disadvantaged students from education, and escalate

10976: 10393: 3409:. In 2017, fourteen 280Watt solar panels, and a 10kW battery (enough to power a home, and have zero electricity bills indefinitely) cost around £7500. 3021:, set as high as 75% of profits in 1983, but this ended for new licences after 1993, and then reduced from 50% in 2010, down to 0% in 2016. Under the 1812:

employees or patients to vote, although the law does not fix rules. Third, instead of enabling NHS Foundation Trusts to take purchasing in-house, the

14498: 13216: 13202: 9169:

Doctors had to ‘do more than toll the bell of tight resources. They must explain the priorities that have led them to decline to fund the treatment.’

7829:

This followed the Crawford Committee (1926). A predecessor, the British Broadcasting Company, was licensed in 1922, with a monopoly licence from the

6866: 2934: 2702: 2641: 1992: 1976: 1134: 869:

gave grants until the late 20th century. However, it maintained a private fee-paying school system, dependent on parents paying money (also called "

14285: 8153: 6691: 6628: 5401: 2495: 2322: 7875:, excise duties, personal savings, pensions; and the Financial Services Secretary, financial services, banking support, foreign exchange reserves. 12193: 7562:

and the governing council of the ECB. The governing council is itself the executive board plus governors of the national central banks using the

6001:

on dominant undertakings abusing their position. Ultimately the Competition Commission has power to break up companies, subject to appeal to the

4235:

was not liable in nuisance, or for breach of a homeowner's right to property, as sewerage repeatedly overflowed residents' gardens. According to

3885: 3567: 1732: 1181: 11593: 14280: 14136: 13656: 13183: 12406: 7894: 6843: 5533: 4924: 4915: 4620: 4387: 3163: 1755:, which would compete among one another to sell health services. This did not yet mean that private companies could also compete, although the 1229: 886: 11589: 8789: 7946:

on the right to participate in governance, social security, fair pay and work, health, culture, technology and communication. See further the

7927: 13105: 12937: 12791: 11501: 7940: 7857: 6423:

give voice to users in their governance structure. Facebook had, but removed the right of users to vote over privacy and data policy in 2012.

6232: 6086: 2893:) sets the governance rights of oil and gas corporations, with board of directors invariably removable only by shareholders (typically large 984:

of applications by academics conducting research. Third, and most controversially, most funding comes from charging students fees. After the

885:

re-instated tuition fees for university. Although the evidence suggests that fees deter and disadvantage poorer people, university fees were

8903: 8763: 8358:

Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners appointed to inquire into State, Discipline, Studies and Revenues of University and Colleges of Oxford

7806:, selling BT shares, and establishing the Director General of Telecommunications to regulate the privatised company, including price-fixing. 2036:

was highly unlikely there. The UK, however, has the option at any time to improve its service beyond the minimum standards of human rights.

7771:

gave the Postmaster General exclusive privilege of sending messages, with certain exceptions, and a monopoly on all telegraph business. In

6013:, from its wholesale and retail services, and provide other companies equal access to its own. Equal treatment can also be enforced by the 941: 901: 691: 7972:"free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages" and "higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit." 14033: 13510: 13334: 12125: 11213:. D Hall, E Lobina and P Terhorst, 'Re-municipalisation in the early twenty-first century: water in France and energy in Germany' (2013) 10997:. Two firms promise to build wind turbines for £57.50 per megawatt hour for 2022–23, while Hinkley's costs mean £92.50 per megawatt hour. 9993: 9798: 9670: 9634: 6739: 2912: 2667: 10368: 10344: 9930: 3537:

The ownership and governance voice of stakeholders in UK energy companies has been mostly monopolised by private shareholders since the

2833:

replacing gas, oil and coal. In 2015, the UK's energy consumption was 47% petroleum, 29% natural gas, 18% electricity and 5% other. The

11681: 11192:

D Hall, E Lobina and P Terhorst, 'Re-municipalisation in the early twenty-first century: water in France and energy in Germany' (2013)

10330: 7636: 4253:

was responsible for trespass and pollution of canalways, but only before 1991 when statutory reform provided immunity. By contrast, in

1614: 1004:

formally required this position for all UK residents, and this continued through the expansion of university places recommended by the

945: 10475: 9189: 5803:. Historically, the regulation of communication systems was closely connected to state ownership and international treaties, from the 9344:

Ellinger, Eliahu Peter; Lomnicka, Eva; Hare, Christopher V. M. (2011). "2: The Control of Banking Activities in the United Kingdom".

7161: 6183: 5012: 977: 14333: 9146: 7283: 6705: 6448:

and interference with democracy, the question is whether these exemptions apply to major news networks. In one of the first cases,

6102:'s decision if void, would have to be made again. As well as competition and price controls, consumers have basic rights under the 3636: 2403:

nationalised it. Its current constitution, and guarantees of a degree of operational independence from government, is found in the

1244:, attempted foundation of a tripartite secondary school system, every child got free school meals, until 1949 when it was 2.5 pence 1158: 385:

aims to protect consumers' and the public interest in choice in markets, particularly where enterprise is privately owned. Fourth,

8607: 8419: 13246: 10035: 9848: 8863: 8785: 7671: 6900: 4905: 4734: 2907: 2678: 2518: 2491: 2226: 2160: 2110: 1259: 1220: 12124:

disparaged, ‘the sterile debate between wholesale privatisation and old-style state control.’ See further TUC, Rebuilding Rail (

10949:

ss 3, 4AA, 34 (regulatory objectives) and 5–11, 19 and 23-23G (gas licensing, consuemers, modification of conditions and appeal)

7343:

T Raiser, ‘The Theory of Enterprise Law in the Federal Republic of Germany’ (1988) 36(1) American Journal of Comparative Law 111

6132:

Grand Chamber rejected the claim, as it was based on objective criteria, and encouraged competition among networks for quality.

14641: 14338: 14026: 11994: 11971: 11790:

Building Act 1984 s 1 and Building Regulations 2010 regs 21-35, also Energy Act 2011 ss 43 and 46 for tenant energy efficiency.

10100: 9979: 8650:(2006) finding an ICM poll 88% of people said the right to NHS hospital treatment in a reasonable time should be in any future 8573: 8343: 8249: 8225: 8139: 8115: 8096: 8081: 7641: 7567: 6794: 6079:

section 86 was legitimate, as BT had over 70 per cent of the local exchange market. The Court of Appeal held that, even though

4883: 4543: 4090: 3563: 3360: 3340: 3094: 2001: 1957: 1694: 1495: 1471: 1346: 1021: 953: 882: 8970: 6486: 6341:

licenses all broadcasters in radio and TV (but not on the internet), including the BBC, and requires that all comply with the

14156: 13784: 13423: 13406: 10970: 10696: 10541: 10019: 9378: 9353: 9325: 8063: 7833:, and funded through a licence fee on signal receiving equipment (now including radios, TVs and computers). Both were led by 7191: 7011: 6996: 6744: 6696: 6687: 5808: 5781: 5354: 5076: 4633: 4574: 4167: 3749: 3610: 2634: 2566: 1574: 929: 870: 857: 749: 9876: 8639: 4445:

exists in many countries to prevent unaffordable housing, such as in Canada, or Germany, but was abolished in the UK by the

1751:

health authorities had to predict and account for their spending, and contract for their purchases of medical services from

14533: 14513: 13714: 11362: 11183:(2009) finding 7% of companies were privatised, and suggesting even if this is too low, 15% would be a "generous estimate". 8314: 8304:

ss 23–24 (SS sets fees up to a 'higher amount') and 31–34 (Director of Fair Access requires fee-charging university plans).

7103: 6603: 6433: 5496: 5384: 4527: 4481:

that tenants have, and the failure of the market. On top of rents, and mortgage repayments for landowners, people must pay

4339: 3542: 3060: 2583: 1908:

Although rights to vote are lacking, patients have some rights to bring claims in court over levels of service. First, the

1291: 969: 925: 897: 770: 10778: 10738: 2820:

Coal, oil and gas remain part of the UK's energy sources, despite the pollution and climate damage they cause. Before the

14381: 13409: 13004: 11037: 10962: 7872: 7787: 7367: 6999: 4803: 4174:

section 18 to uphold drinking quality standards, rather than being content with "undertakings" from water companies. The

4106: 3601:

also require both employee and citizen representation in their energy companies. For example, the "Communal Ordinance of

3491: 1170: 1120: 1096: 1061: 1053: 1036:. In 2017, the limit on fees was £9,250 for students in England, £9,000 in Wales, and £3,805 in Northern Ireland. Until " 644:", or where significant capital investment was necessary, the UK law developed specific rules. Usually, a combination of 13397:

at 19%. For 2020, the March Budget announced the main rate would remain at 19%, notwithstanding the planned drop to 17%.

9316:

Ellinger, Eliahu Peter; Lomnicka, Eva; Hare, Christopher V. M. (2011). "1: The Structure of the British Banking World".

8603:

acknowledges "the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health."

8155:

Higher education: report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins 1961–63

14579: 13649: 13061: 12777: 12409:) 7, Figure 3: UK national average NOx roadside concentration apportioned by source of NOx emissions, 2015, showing of 11521: 10886: 9781: 9765: 9749: 9234: 8672: 8610:

requires a "right to benefit from medical treatment" under national law and a "high level of human health protection".

7751: 6762: 6429: 6071: 5682: 5526: 4351: 3968: 2962:

section 57, getting permission for disposing of hazardous waste and inordinate water use, and finally consent from the

2959: 2507: 2150: 1931: 1676: 1459: 1285: 861: 822: 811: 12592:, also mentioning the need to prevent offensive, harmful or unfair material in TV and radio (but not Internet). Under 11255:

There is, however, a "Customer Forum" without any binding rights, but which may have some useful input: see S Hendry,

8813:

Established by the Gesetz betreffend die Krankenversicherung der Arbeiter vom 15. Juni 1883, and now regulated by the

8614: 7962: 7110:

to "examine and report on the sustainability of the public finances." All money received from tax revenue goes to the

1763:" schemes to borrow money for, or lease, the building and running of health facilities from private contractors (e.g. 14482: 14472: 14431: 13507:

T Prosser, ‘Public Service Law: Privatization's Unexpected Offspring’ (2000) 63(4) Law & Contemporary Problems 63

13449: 13435: 13295: 12304: 12146: 12023: 11454:(1998) 31 HLR 224 finding automatic disconnection from water through a prepayment meter did not comply with the law. 10873:

s 44, Ofgem can ‘direct that the maximum prices at which electricity supplied by authorised suppliers may be resold’.

9983: 9686: 9674: 9646: 8828: 8328: 7032: 7020: 6943: 6647: 5892: 5604: 4987: 4709: 4597: 4563: 4460: 4359: 4355: 4159: 4151: 3482: 3446: 3151: 2363: 2190: 2045: 1926: 1680: 1582: 1560: 1141: 965: 577: 13151: 12128:) pointing out high CEO pay at Network Rail, and that it was not formally classified by as a public body until 2013. 11460:

EnvLR 114, stopped disconnections or limiting devices. The Water Industry Act 1999 stopped arbitrary disconnections.

6834: 1718:

that would pay for staff, buildings and equipment at hospitals, and gave grants to local health authorities in each

13921: 13734: 13500:

T Jenkinson and C Mayer, 'The Costs of Privatization in the UK and France', in M Bishop, J Kay, and C Mayer (eds),

12749: 12328: 9997: 9901: 9860: 9276: 9039: 8967: 8921: 7583:

allows the Treasury to add directors, or reduce the number of directors, after consultation, with some limitations.

7273: 7174: 7115: 6325: 6103: 6033: 5705: 5670: 5036: 3514: 2627: 2236: 1808: 1622: 1621:

art 1(2), "Access to NHS services is based on clinical need, not an individual's ability to pay". Health care is a

1506: 1448: 1392: 684: 283: 120:, but still depends disproportionately on oil, gas and coal. Energy governance is framed by statutes including the 8740: 8466:, judicial review allowed for astronomy PhD candidate being failed after it was shown that the process was unfair. 3580:, argued that a Dutch law requiring public ownership of all shares in electricity distribution companies violated 14523: 13759: 13186: 10383: 10310: 9024: 7661:

s 4(3). No order has been issued, but banks generally comply with the Bank of England's suggested reserve ratios.

7268: 7107: 6848: 6734: 5146: 5104: 4773: 3120: 2692: 2408: 2256: 2078: 1893: 1842: 1829: 1813: 1748: 1664: 1626: 1586: 1414: 7566:. The term is eight years, non-renewable, and they can only be removed for gross misconduct after review by the 5819:

governs the infrastructure of the internet and other telecommunications, underpinned by four main Directives in

14528: 14049: 13034: 12735: 11800: 10958: 10933: 8871: 8183: 8014:

Fitzsimons and G Wyness, 'The Impact of Tuition Fees and Support on University Participation in the UK' (2011)

7993: 7919: 7645: 7459: 7444: 6027:(setting prices deliberately low, sustained by France Telecom's other divisions) to drive out competitors. The 6019: 5658: 4272: 4221: 4190: 4187:, but its members are not elected by water customers and it has no legal power to bind Ofwat or the companies. 3948: 3899: 3650: 3368: 3264: 3231: 3219: 2595: 2021: 1850: 1756: 1736: 1080: 874: 738: 13494:

ACL Davies, ‘This Time, it's for Real: The Health and Social Care Act 2012’ (2013) 76(3) Modern Law Review 564

12708: 12490:

art 8(1) ‘Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.’

11544: 10830: 9561: 9265: 9251: 6464:

YouTube, Terms of Service (9 Jun 2010). Alphabet Inc (i.e. Google), Bylaws and Certificate (2015). 10-K filing

14400: 13997: 13949: 13846: 13841: 13642: 12696: 12239:

Greater London Authority Act 1999 ss 41 and 141 (Mayor duties for transport) and ss 210–230 (PPP agreements).

10965:, four due to close between 2023 and 2024, and four between 2028 and 2035, all run by the French state-owned 10060:

233 had held that statutory provisions did not enable compensation by reference to the value of oil deposits.

7308: 7131: 6267: 6176: 6114:

required reduction and elimination of charges for phone calls and text messages when abroad by June 2017. In

5626: 5519: 5427: 5413: 5217: 5195: 4835: 4414: 3983: 3848: 1909: 1199: 1100: 1016:

because it said graduates had "improved employment prospects and pay." Instead of funding university through

801: 12763: 11880: 8676: 8177: 6052: 5694: 4396: 33:, compose 39% of UK GDP and 31% of the workforce, while private enterprises, usually incorporated under the 14421: 12117: 11829: 11402:

ss 11–12, price determinations and conditions set in Instruments of Appointment, Condition B, each 5 years.

10479: 8954: 8899: 8706:

Between 2012 and 2013, from 8.5% to 9.9% of GDP, or US$ 3069.7 per capita to US$ 3613.1, calculated by the

8593: 7981: 7816: 7725: 7439: 6724: 6677: 6672: 5878: 5777: 5581: 5319: 5018: 4790:, and a densely populated country, the UK's transport networks are among the world's oldest and most used. 4450: 3442: 3330:

by 2050, but this can always be made more stringent in line with science or international law. Eliminating

2607: 1865:

when buying services. However, the enforcement of the prohibition on conflicts of interest requires costly

1858: 1817: 1618: 1372: 1265: 1174: 957: 717: 572: 12478:

art 7 ‘Everyone has the right to respect for his or her private and family life, home and communications.’

9369:

Ellinger, Eliahu Peter; Lomnicka, Eva; Hare, Christopher V. M. (2011). "5: The Consumer Credit Act 1974".

6461:

Facebook, Statement of Rights and Responsibilities (2015) cf 2009–2012 ‘system of governance’. 10-K filing

1132:

since universities are seen as having both an equally "public" and "private" nature. In a leading case of

14518: 14311: 13806: 13562:

Electricity before Nationalisation: A Study of the Development of the Electricity Supply Industry to 1948

13039: 11345: 10227: 10087: 10057: 9428: 8554: 7803: 7593: 7530: 7382: 7139: 7099: 6091: 6002: 5439: 5344: 5237: 5093: 4983: 4942: 4175: 4141:

has always set upper limits to prices, historically for 5-year periods. This has followed the formula of

3598: 3394: 2499: 2326: 2103: 1648: 993: 677: 495: 265: 89:

was set up in 1946 to provide everyone with free health care, regardless of class or income, paid for by

12104:

L Whitehouse, ‘Railtrack is dead – long live Network Rail?’ Nationalisation under the Third Way’ (2003)

11540: 11526: 11281: 11012: 10580: 9557: 9261: 9247: 8664: 8290: 8159: 7169:

tax has been cut, value added tax has been increased, and taxes on land and wealth have reduced. First,

4913:

New infrastructure projects will require planning permission, and environmental impact consultation. In

3698:". This was supposed to mean that energy companies could only raise their prices by the increase in the 1601:, which requires no citizen to buy insurance, or pay upfront costs (except for capped, and means tested 14456: 14306: 13456: 13230: 12576: 12563: 12548: 12533: 12211: 12149: 12043: 12026: 11551: 11497: 10386: 10313: 10170: 9785: 9769: 9753: 8363: 7095: 6880: 6787: 6146: 5483: 4999: 4311: 4180: 3087: 2955: 2874: 2549:

sections 140A to 140D prohibit unfair credit relationships, including extortionate interest rates. The

1961:

Mrs Coughlan successfully claimed to remain at the "Mardon House" care home after an accident left her

1897: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1568: 1339: 933: 791: 61: 11813: 11181:

Public private partnerships for urban water utilities: A review of experiences in developing countries

14446: 14436: 14416: 14186: 13906: 13468:

e.g. W Easterly and S Rebelo, ‘Fiscal policy and economic growth: An empirical investigation’ (1993)

12116:. cf R Jupe, ‘Public (interest) or private (gain)? The curious case of Network Rail's status’ (2007) 8558: 8435: 8301: 8043: 7500: 7200: 6641: 6633: 6503: 6057: 6046: 6028: 5874: 5785: 5304: 5069: 4950:

challenge the expert regulator's decisions on technical pricing issues. GNER subsequently handed the

4946: 4781: 4435: 4227: 3911: 3742: 1943:, even though doctors said success was 20% likely and would cause "considerable suffering". Although 1652: 1309: 1247: 1209: 1116: 1045: 1025: 781: 759: 13021: 11903: 10286: 10249: 9982:

brought coal under government ownership, 27 years after the recommendations (albeit divided) of the

9525: 5351:

J Armour, ‘Volkswagen's Emissions Scandal: Lessons for Corporate Governance?’ (2016) OBLB pt 1, pt 2

4301: 4170:, requiring water is "wholesome and clean". Ofwat is required to issue enforcement orders under the 2991: 2938:

that all criteria to be applied are stated in the public notice for tenders. Under section 4 of the

1589:

changed its governance, health care expenditure rose dramatically without visible health gains. The

14646: 14290: 13876: 13836: 13816: 13796: 13699: 13491:, ‘The Webbs’ Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth’ (1921) 11(1) American Economic Review 82 13420: 13387: 12398: 11978: 11742: 11007: 10930:"Excess winter mortality in England and Wales: 2016 to 2017 (provisional) and 2015 to 2016 (final)" 10273: 10200: 9622: 8801:

BB Gilbert, 'The British National Insurance Act of 1911 and the Commercial Insurance Lobby' (1965)

8039: 7658: 7618: 7580: 7496: 7195:

17.5% in 2010, from 15% in 1991, and from 8% in 1979. Fourth, there are two taxes payable on land.

7187: 7008: 6986: 6169: 6151: 6141: 5942: 5866: 5335: 4955: 4520: 4478: 4441:

Reflecting its poor housing quality, the UK has among the most minimal tenant rights in the world.

4427: 4040: 3581: 3530: 3469: 3253: 3022: 2789: 2779: 2550: 2546: 2503: 2404: 2400: 2379: 2246: 2136: 2126: 1314: 1166: 949: 557: 278: 14220: 14075: 12105: 10491:

Renewables Obligation Closure Order 2014 and Renewables Obligation Closure (Amendment) Order 2015

9441: 9065: 8985: 8215: 5919:

the Supreme Court held that Ofcom improperly exercised its discretion in rejecting price rises by

4846:

means more trains have been electrified, and electric motor vehicles are slowly being introduced.

4318:

regulated farming subsidies and development, and remains an influential part of the scheme in the

1955:

campaign, a donor paid for £75,000 in private treatment, but the operation failed. By contrast in

1706:

states patients and staff should be "involved" and "engaged", the actual right of stakeholders to

109:

and spending composes nearly half of total economic activity, but this has diminished since 1979.

14554: 14349: 14230: 14161: 14151: 13987: 13811: 11943: 11314: 11292: 10303: 8925: 8866:(ed.). Oxford: University of Oxford Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine. pp. 219–220. 8035: 8027: 7791: 7212: 7119: 6613: 6520: 6350: 6221: 6211: 6111: 6107: 6076: 5946: 5909: 5862: 5816: 5737: 5715: 5647: 5571: 5022:

Coal powered trains became the dominant form of transport in the 19th century, while oil powered

4870: 4843: 4375: 4268: 4171: 3815: 3805: 3795: 3775: 3765: 3572: 3550: 3434: 3320: 3110: 2930: 2834: 2351: 2058: 2053: 1878: 1719: 1715: 1590: 1578: 1556: 1186: 924:

Universities have three main sources of finance. First, universities may generate income through

913: 878: 865: 593: 468: 423:

ss 21, 112, 168 and 284, company constitutions, amendment, voting rights and removal of directors

260: 161: 141: 113: 86: 11099:(2014) ch 5, 86 and C Harlow and R Rawlings, Law and Administration (3rd edn 2009) ch 7, 292–304 8626:

See S Fredman, 'New horizons: incorporating socio-economic rights in a British Bill of Rights'

8600: 8239: 6300: 4849: 14263: 13992: 13891: 13886: 13861: 13719: 13438: 13167: 13090: 11344:

s 11. The Water Act 2003 s 52 gives Ofwat a duty to cooperate with the Secretary of State, the

10167: 9916:, Pt III provides an unused framework for uranium extraction. Uranium deposits are in Scotland. 9897: 9416: 8744: 8550: 8333: 7755: 7449: 7199:

is charged on residential properties according to their value in 1993 for residents or owners.

7135: 7060: 7023: 5994: 5452: 5258: 4967: 4791: 4292: 4207: 4027: 4023: 4011: 4007: 3640: 3602: 2689: 2529: 2463: 2428: 2355: 2096: 2049: 1936: 1672: 1049: 989: 917: 657: 562: 13237:

s 10, ‘All public moneys payable to the Exchequer shall be paid into the Consolidated Fund...’

11435:

Ofwat and the CMA also have jurisdiction for mergers for companies with a size over £10m p/a:

11135: 9953: 9023:

s 1H referring to the "NHS Commissioning Board", which is branded as NHS England, inserted by

8730:

from the Labour Party leadership over introduction of charges for dental and optical services.

8589: 7969: 7943: 6458:

Wikimedia. Knowledge, WP:Administration. WP:Sock puppetry. WP:No personal attacks. WP:Neutral.

6041:

had abused its dominant position by charging competitors so much in wholesale prices for its "

4150:

3405:

power. Solar panel prices have decreased exponentially. Every home or business can access the

1904:". Since 2012, with more private money, the cost of the NHS has risen without better outcomes. 1888: 1076:

Almost all universities by law require staff and student representation in the governing body.

14621: 14589: 14559: 13916: 13866: 13826: 13779: 13774: 13764: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13724: 13709: 13704: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 11504: 10520:

Planning our electric future: a White Paper for secure, affordable and low‑carbon electricity

10492: 10000:

as a public competitor to the private sector, but was privatised by the following government.

8841: 7790:

separated BT from the Post Office, and enabled licensing of private companies: the first was

7547: 7504: 7374:

GJ Stigler, ‘The Theory of Economic Regulation’ (1971) 2(1) BJEMS 3 (on regulatory ‘capture’)

7346:

H Hansmann and R Kraakman, ‘The End of History for Corporate Law’ (2000) 89 Georgetown LJ 439

7126:

for borrowing, which the Consolidated Fund draws upon to maintain a daily balance of zero, a

7072: 6780: 6619: 6557: 6514: 5372: 5136: 4787: 4284: 4019: 3987: 3418: 3080: 3018: 3014: 2921: 2821: 2769: 2599: 2525: 1980: 1948: 1862: 1764: 1740: 1660: 1656: 1636: 1332: 1057: 630: 370: 157: 133: 6023:

the Commission found that France Telecom's subsidiary "Wanadoo Interactive" was engaging in

5311: 3522: 2329:. Second, there are private banks, and some non-shareholder banks (co-operatives, mutual or 1193:

removed charity schools from government or education department oversight, and now the main

14538: 14191: 14002: 13944: 13911: 13901: 13881: 13871: 13856: 13851: 13831: 13801: 13769: 13754: 13729: 13665: 12804:

Universal Service Directive 2002/22/EC arts 3–4 and 9–13 (telephone connection, affordable)

11667:

Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC recital 53, and see E Fisher, B Lange and E Scotford,

11277:

Fish Legal v Information Commissioner, United Utilities, Yorkshire Water and Southern Water

10854: 10775: 10735: 10496: 10405: 8755: 8711: 8692: 8267: 8182:. The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education. 1997. p. 24. Archived from 8031: 7693: 7292: 7245: 7208: 6756: 5463: 5062: 4991: 4979: 4951: 4896: 4442: 4239:, the owners had to use statutory mechanisms to secure accountability rather than suing in 4142: 3735: 3695: 3686: 3618: 3558: 3538: 3414: 3402: 3208: 3187: 3130: 2947: 2479: 2467: 1870: 1854: 1837: 1804: 1800: 1780: 1644: 1640: 1564: 1190: 1129: 1104: 665: 610: 567: 527: 488: 410: 394: 390: 352:, four main fields of law settled the rights and duties of enterprise stakeholders. First, 337: 314: 293: 125: 90: 26: 12990: 12632: 12417:

are 40% of emissions, buses 16%, taxis 2%, cars 43%, and other vehicles 1%, across the UK.

12307: 11844: 11299: 9111: 8439: 7146:. The government can also establish trading funds for specific public bodies, such as the 6650:

1976 became British Leyland upon nationalisation. Privatised in 1986 to British Aerospace.

4089:

The publicly owned Scottish Water is appointed by Scottish ministers, and overseen by the

3421:

on energy generating companies. Large electricity generating companies (i.e. the big six,

1581:, founded in 1946, has consistently been seen as one of the most important aspects of the 8: 13896: 13821: 13791: 13373: 13330: 13318: 13110: 13082: 12652: 12500: 12172: 12030: 11997: 11745: 11295: 11024: 10882: 10724: 10534: 10464: 9905: 9837: 9098: 8723: 8663:

e.g. P Armstrong, 'Socialized healthcare: The 'untouchable' of UK politics' (5 May 2010)

8631: 8507:

holding there was no reasonable prospect of success for a paper getting 38% and failing.

7830: 7634:

contains a prohibition on the European Central Bank lending money to governments, but in

7559: 7123: 7091: 7081: 6964: 6820: 6014: 5986: 5886: 5637: 5503:, combining the private British Airways Ltd. and the state owned Imperial Airways in 1939 5467: 5323: 5048: 4831: 4769: 4513: 4401: 4335: 4260: 4002:

had become so bad smelling that it offended the Queen and forced Parliament to relocate,

3995: 3274: 3068: 3056: 2981: 2882: 2611: 2513: 2450: 1901: 1882: 1602: 1169:

that are mainly public but enable some private contributions and governance, and private

661: 617: 603: 457: 275:

WA Robson, ‘The Public Corporation in Britain Today’ (1950) 63(8) Harvard Law Review 1321

129: 13394: 12978: 12608: 12593: 12589: 12518:

Regulation of British Telecommunications Profitability: Report to the Secretary of State

12092: 12012: 11927:

T de Castella, 'Have train fares gone up or down since British Rail?' (22 January 2013)

11317: 10559: 10508: 10409: 9215: 9129: 9079: 9050: 9046: 8563: 8536: 8522: 8504: 8486: 8475: 8463: 5927:

held Ofcom did not adequately show that price BT's rises damaged the consumer interest.

4806:

were built in the early industrial revolution to transport large volumes of goods. With

3654:, Mr Gerber attempted to challenge the construction of a 22 hectare solar farm near his 14584: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14441: 14204: 14080: 13452: 13376: 12504: 11722: 11573: 11349: 10847: 10818: 10749: 10720: 10708: 10568: 10472: 10223: 10117: 10095: 9737: 9720: 9658: 9513: 9501: 9257:

Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds; Peerbooms v Stichting CZ Groep Zorgverzekeringen

9158: 9027: 8568: 8513: 8416: 8389: 8338: 8244: 8220: 8134: 8110: 8105: 8076: 7597: 7555: 7550:'s executive board (a president, vice president and four members) are appointed by the 7179: 7035: 5913:

market power" so that competition is unlikely to work alone in the public interest. In

5812: 5773: 5433: 5407: 5395: 5389: 5227: 5185: 5165: 5155: 5003: 4854: 4819: 4391: 4315: 4288: 4184: 4146: 4134: 4098: 4056: 3952: 3699: 3198: 3027: 3004: 2939: 2925: 2898: 2799: 2749: 2714: 2615: 2475: 2330: 2170: 2016: 1984: 1952: 1922: 1833: 1821: 1788: 1723: 1577:

to "health and well-being" including "medical care and necessary social services". The

1529: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1253: 1241: 1235: 1214: 1205: 1194: 1001: 997: 637: 547: 511: 507: 441: 429: 420: 378: 357: 356:

determines the constitution, governance and finance of major corporations. Much of the

349: 322: 288: 239: 153: 121: 65: 57: 49: 34: 13362: 11231: 10850: 10417: 9306:(1997) 24 EHRR 423, where deportation was delayed due to the patient's imminent death. 8887: 8129: 8071: 8066: 6637:

1975, a State holding company for full or partial ownership of industrial undertakings

2942:, model licence clauses are prescribed by the Secretary of State, for instance in the 2369: 1951:

held the health authority acted rationally and fairly. After the case, because of the

21: 14141: 13114: 12358: 12282: 12058:"Limited liability, shareholder rights and the problem of corporate irresponsibility" 12057: 12009: 11974: 10537: 10468: 10452: 10433: 10306: 10015: 9724: 9505: 9374: 9349: 9321: 8867: 8675:

polling 2,515 people in 2012. See further, 'Public satisfaction with the NHS' (2016)

8547: 8393: 8280: 7454: 7111: 7045: 6653: 6381: 6373: 6342: 6317: 6290: 6024: 5851: 5831: 5762: 5487: 5360: 5315: 5285: 5281: 5270: 5114: 4959: 4931: 4920: 4900: 4875: 4858: 4839: 4794:

are still major thoroughfares. From medieval times, highways were maintained through

4758: 4699: 4677: 4667: 4657: 4553: 4464: 4431: 4211: 4003: 3937: 3712: 3663: 3546: 3305: 2862: 2839: 2810: 2391: 2296: 2277: 2069: 1541: 1224: 1146: 1084: 1083:

of universities is set by each university's constitution, typically deriving from an

1066: 981: 846: 597: 589: 435: 386: 333: 310: 270: 255: 149: 81: 69: 53: 13390:

s 3 refers to the main rate as being set by Parliament, which in turn is set in the

13219: 13205: 11150:

ss 4, 83–85 were the initial privatisation provisions. See C Harlow and R Rawlings,

10183: 10040: 9143: 9005: 7617:

the EU should aim at a "high level of employment". By contrast, article 3(3) of the

6871: 4910:

company, re-investing in safety, and is accountable to the Office of Rail and Road.

4085:. Its prices are around 20% lower than privatised English and Welsh water companies. 2435:

at differing rates (i.e. loaning money to banks at higher or lower interest, known "

1040:", the same rates applied for EU students, who could be discriminated against under 14181: 14171: 14166: 14105: 14095: 13086: 12069: 11841: 11765: 10807: 10437: 10413: 10261: 10184:"The Petroleum Licensing (Production) (Seaward Areas) Regulations 2008: Schedule 1" 9872: 9712: 9493: 8904:

arts 3a (on patient rights and involvement) and 4a (on staff rights and engagement)

8815: 8381: 8367: 7675: 7648:

to buy Greek government debt on secondary markets (to support the euro) was lawful.

7551: 7237: 7127: 7068: 6416: 6334: 6309: 6038: 5998: 5985:

Though Ofcom can control prices, it also has a duty to make companies compete. The

5938: 5923:

in its "Standard Interconnect Agreement" for mobile operators to use its networks.

5331: 4815: 4473: 4468: 4455: 4446: 4422: 4371: 4250: 4240: 4232: 4117: 4048: 4015: 3645: 3348: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3052: 3040: 2890: 2603: 2574: 2562: 2540:

contains a mechanism to prevent a systemic crisis occurring from banker insolvency.

2537: 2440: 2395: 2334: 2266: 1991:

treatment for breast cancer were inadequate. This drug was yet not approved by the

1940: 1918: 1791:(303 reduced to 101) which provided health services, and bought or "commissioned" " 1703: 1631: 1304: 1092: 985: 937: 645: 606:

ss 175-176A and Sch 6, preferential rights in insolvency for employees and pensions

515: 414: 345: 341: 326: 318: 224: 117: 12316: 11572:

Water Supply and Sewerage Services (Customer Service Standards) Regulations 2008 (

11329: 11244: 11214: 11210: 11193: 11164: 10977:"Hinkley Point: the 'dreadful deal' behind the world's most expensive power plant" 10766:

CLY 4949, quashing a decision of the DG that refused to modify licence conditions.

9716: 4219:

particularly for sewerage leaks has not appeared to as a sufficient deterrent. In

3506: 3413:

Two main strategies have pushed a transition to renewable power. First, under the

530:

ss 2–3, 18–19 and Sch 3, prohibition of abuse of a dominant position and collusion

14508: 14503: 14115: 13008: 11955: 11718: 11053: 10449: 10430: 10154: 10142: 10130: 8910: 8770: 8423: 7225: 6729: 6700: 6377: 5800: 5500: 5298: 5007: 4995: 4777: 4494: 4418: 4405: 4383: 4347: 4264: 3956: 3655: 3473: 3465: 3450: 3380: 3376: 3284: 3140: 3009: 2977: 2917: 2759: 2657: 2533: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2343: 2310: 2306: 2292: 2006: 1970: 1914: 1866: 1846: 1629:

organised its health system following the model in the proposals of the landmark

1276:, allowed for academies outside national curriculum and autonomy over teacher pay 1162: 1125: 1017: 961: 892: 482: 250: 234: 212: 193: 173: 98: 94: 85:

publicly established, and socially regulated, to ensure universal education. The

14018: 13513:, ‘The Public Corporation in Britain Today’ (1950) 63(8) Harvard Law Review 1321 12822:

Roaming Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 arts 7–8 (this is the successor to 717/2007)

10222:. The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy consults with the 9967: 8654:, compared to 89% who wanted to include the right to a fair trial before a jury. 4059:, each with a local monopoly, subject to price caps of a new regulator known as 3839:

Water Supply and Sewerage Services (Customer Service Standards) Regulations 2008

2517:

Government ultimately guarantees the banking system. By 2009, the UK government

1173:

that depend on charging parents money for tuition. Some schools also apply for "

1024:

permitted £1,000 fees for home students. In England, this rose to £3,000 in the

14246: 14225: 14131: 14090: 11982: 11928: 11706: 11303: 11147: 10988: 9403: 8651: 8557:

required universities to allow non-conformists (i.e. non-Anglican) entry. The

8374:"Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the 'Single Channel'" 8283:

ss 28–29 and Sch 6 leaves higher education fees as a devolved matter. See also

7729: 7631: 7614: 7601: 7543: 7482: 7241: 7143: 7086: 6532: 6490: 6477: 6467:

Twitter, Terms of Service, Rules, and Privacy Policy (30 Sep 2016). 10-K filing

6080: 5978: 5843: 5293: 5023: 4799: 4795: 4486: 4094: 4082: 4064: 4052: 4036: 4032: 3978: 3977:, and basic to survival. While the UK has the fortune of substantial rainfall, 3974: 3960: 3785: 3554: 3477: 3438: 3406: 3356: 3324: 3044: 2901:

section 2, rights of land ownership do not equate to rights to oil and gas (or

2894: 2886: 2487: 2432: 2387: 2314: 2300: 2288: 2029: 1996: 1792: 1202:, five to twelve-year-olds, school boards providing universal primary education 1009: 1005: 620:

Sch B1, paras 3, 14, 22 and 36, governance in administering insolvent companies

406: 362: 353: 202: 77: 30: 13284: 13001: 11803:

in Ontario, with a 2.5% price rise each year, or lower if fixed by a Minister.

9579:

This will typically, in turn, produce a change in the base rates of the banks.

6934: 5885:'s main duties is to publish a "UK Plan for Frequency Authorisation", for how 5838:

networks that span the globe. In the UK, networks such as the publicly funded

5826: 5307:, establishing county and borough councils, gave them powers to maintain roads 3511: 2845: 2337:

to consumer and business clients. Borrowing money on credit (and repaying the

1702:

National Health Service governance has seen three phases of change. While the

1119:. This says that university governing bodies with constitutions issued by the 928:, accumulated over generations of donations and investment. Second, under the 14635: 14451: 14146: 14070: 13619: 12410: 11951: 11605: 8859: 8727: 8331:, which requires thirteen elected members, but these were abolished in 2009. 8201: 8158:. Committee on Higher Education. 23 September 1963. Cmnd 2154. Archived from 8015: 7409: 7221: 7217: 7157: 7151: 7077: 6508: 6329: 5962: 5924: 5835: 5032: 4862: 4811: 4379: 4331: 4236: 4074: 3589: 3352: 3048: 2521: 2011: 1966: 1776: 1768: 1690: 1668: 1552: 1088: 1029: 453: 374: 366: 177: 102: 73: 11361:

e.g. R Graham, 'Water in the UK – public versus private' (19 December 2014)

10783:

Electricity (Class Exemptions from the Requirement for a Licence) Order 2001

10685:[North Rhine-Westphalia Municipal Code 1994] (in German). §§107-113. 7429:, ‘Models of the Company and the Employment Relationship’ (2003) 41 BJIR 481 2619: 1925:

if operations go wrong. This is controversial because (unlike New Zealand's

14608: 14110: 14100: 14085: 13602: 11947: 10946: 10858: 9909: 9411: 8937: 8928:), ss 19–52 and Schs 4–5 (local health authorities and executive councils). 8216:"Higher Education (Higher Amount) (England) Regulations 2016: Regulation 6" 7741:

Woolmar noted that PPP contracts were 28,000 pages long or 2 million words.

7517: 7478: 7426: 7331: 6445: 5974: 5958: 5930: 5847: 4888: 4823: 4807: 4199: 4126: 4122: 3999: 3964: 3708: 3659: 3632: 3335: 3242: 2902: 2829: 2556: 2483: 2201: 1711: 1635:

of 1942. The Beveridge model of health provision, common to countries like

1606: 1238:, school leaving age raised to fourteen years, maximum class size of thirty 1112: 1108: 1013: 909: 641: 461: 298: 9110:

NHS (Procurement, Patient Choice and Competition) (No 2) Regulations 2013

7328:, ‘Property, Production and Revolution’ (1965) 65 Columbia Law Review 1–20 6403: 3669: 2088: 920:

have been abolished in Scotland and remain highly controversial elsewhere.

541:

Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie

432:

ss 170–177, 260–263 and 419 (directors’ duties, derivative claims, report)

426:

Model Articles, Sch 3, paras 3 and 34, model articles for public companies

12074: 11469:

ater Industry (Charges) (Vulnerable Groups) Regulations SI 1999/3441 and

11069: 10915: 9497: 8643: 8597: 8385: 7959: 7758:

and established London Underground Ltd, controlled by central government.

7355: 7196: 6810: 6608: 5511: 5491: 4482: 4203: 4125:

drinking water, bathing waters, and the general environment, like at the

3621:

nobody can generate and supply electricity to others without a licence.

3422: 3398: 2436: 2412: 2318: 1962: 1861:

are meant not to discriminate, seek the best "value for money" and avoid

1825: 1594: 1426:

NHS (Procurement, Patient Choice and Competition) (No 2) Regulations 2013

228: 216: 207: 198: 13586:

Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights

13469: 11879:

H Lind, ‘Rent Regulation: A Conceptual and Comparative Analysis’ (2001)

11084:

Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights

10287:"Taxpayers may be liable for North Sea decommissioning bill, says study" 9063:

National Health Service (Clinical Commissioning Groups) Regulations 2012

7211:. Most money goes to pensions, unemployment insurance, social care, the 6772: 1324: 48:

and regulation of organisations producing goods and services in the UK,

13634: 13526: 13488: 12475: 12450: 12121: 11959: 10966: 10656: 10633: 9289:

National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 2015

8604: 8046:£194 million. By contrast, the two largest US endowment funds are 7998: 7834: 7399: 7170: 7147: 7056: 6718: 6578: 6569: 6407:

The most used web networks in the UK are Google and YouTube, Facebook,

6061: 6042: 5854: 5804: 5796: 5459: 4853:

While train fares have increased beyond inflation since privatisation,

4490: 4078: 3426: 2996: 2825: 2073: 1598: 905: 438:

ss 241–243, right of pension beneficiaries to nominate pension trustees

244: 220: 106: 13338: 10973:

is being built for £20.3bn by 2025, to be paid over a 35-year period:

8802: 6128:

because it was "disproportionate" and compromised "subsidiarity". The

3648:

unanimously held that Trump lost: there was to be no implied term. In

2958:'s approval for exploratory wells, consent from the council under the 1779:

was created to manage the NHS in England, but was reabsorbed into the

14395: 14176: 13567: 12487: 12463: 12438: 12426: 12263:

C Millett, 'Metronet failure cost taxpayer upto £410m' (5 June 2009)

11608:

at the time of the Commission on the London Water Supply report, 1828

11065: 10607:"Publicly owned energy minnows take on big six in troubled UK market" 10592: 9226: 9140: 9126: 9122: 9095: 9091: 9076: 9043: 9020: 9002: 8611: 8586: 8370:

and VI. Oxford University Council Regulations 13 of 2002, regs 4–10.

7988: 7966: 7315: 7183: 7064: 6481: 6441: 6369: 6365: 6010: 4892: 3677:) from renewable sources in the United Kingdom between 2009 and 2018. 3577: 3495: 3364: 3072: 3064: 2985: 2579: 2383: 2317:, inflation and employment, and it regulates the banking market with 2180: 1988: 1752: 1727: 1610: 1382: 1362: 727: 707: 669: 552: 183: 45: 10670: 9700: 9489:

Employment as a Goal of Monetary Policy of the European Central Bank

9487: 8854:

Charles Webster (1991). "Note on "Stuffing their Mouth with Gold"".

8636:

Rights and Responsibilities: Developing our Constitutional Framework

8627: 8561:

provides for a complaints procedure to be followed in universities.

8373: 7897:

defines which trading income is caught, and deductions for expenses.

6364:

was fully justified in finding that a right-wing commentator called

6161: 6117:

R (Vodafone Ltd) v SS for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform

5750:

R (Vodafone Ltd) v SS for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform

4982:, where the most controversial policies have surrounded the cost of 3727: 2478:

apply. Directors are usually appointed by existing directors in the

1072: 128:, which enable government to use its licensing powers to shift to a 13557: 13094: 12194:"Jeremy Corbyn's nationalisation plans are music to ears of public" 11586: 11530: 11482: 11436: 11423: 11411: 11399: 11373: 11341: 8240:"Higher Education (Amounts) (Wales) Regulations 2015: Regulation 3" 7948:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966

7377: 7349: 7325: 6540: 6121: 6006: 5966: 5954: 5920: 4044: 3629:

Trump International Golf Club Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers

3606: 3454: 3389: 2973: 2951: 2870: 2850: 2570: 2459: 2347: 2033: 14379: 8198:

Independent Review of Higher Education Funding and Student Finance

1857:

to derive up to 49% of their income from private work. In theory,

12962: 12950: 12924: 12912: 12900: 12663: 12619: 12605: 11820:) to prevent rents rising by more than customary in the locality. 11529:, on the failure to transpose the Directive. The UK system under 10870: 10329:, but all are converting to biomass or closing by 2025. However, 8047: 7718:

Nationalised entities were still bound by ordinary rules of law:

7389: 7263: 7251: 6586: 6305: 6064:

for abuse by imposing unfair prices on competitors to access its

5950: 5900:

to charge full market value for its annual licence fee in the 900

4826:. Yet in the post-war period, more people were encouraged to buy 3991: 3526: 3315:

The need for clean energy, and to end climate damage, has driven

2944:

Petroleum Licensing (Production) (Seaward Areas) Regulations 2008

2726:

Petroleum Licensing (Production) (Seaward Areas) Regulations 2008

536:

arts 106(2) and 345, state aid and neutrality to public ownership

11230:

Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002, constitutes Scottish Water.

10961:

ss 1, 65–87 (nuclear licensing). There are just eight remaining

7984: 5430:

ss 4–8 (road user charge, zero emission capable vehicles exempt)

4183:

is meant to hear complaints and publicise issues with Ofwat and

4070: 1647:, removed the requirement of contributions by workers under the 56:

economy. Private enterprises are usually incorporated under the

13138:

AC 70, ultra vires money recoverable by taxpayer with interest.

11900:

English Local Government Vol 5, The story of the king's highway

11895: 11891: 11756:

Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 ss 130-130A

10012:

Energy Law in Europe: National, EU and International Regulation

8743:' (16 March 2017). See also, 'NHS Prescription Charges' (2012) 7303: 7299: 7278: 6544: 6408: 5970: 5820: 5789: 5054: 4971: 4505: 4296: 4195: 4164: 3597:

increase Europe-wide of "remunicipalisation" of services. Many

3026:‘oil companies generating excess profits’. Finally, under the 2866: 2025: 1944: 1935:

parents claimed their 11-year-old girl should receive a second

1722:

which ran health centres overseen by "executive councils". The

1041: 1037: 382: 10245:

R (Frack Free Balcombe Residents Association) v West Sussex CC

7503:

removed a requirement to convert notes to gold on demand. The

7296:(1897) Part III, ch 2 (655–662, 671–672, 692) and ch 4 (847–8) 7257:

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

6436:(to some extent following analogues in the United States) an " 5043:

R (Save Our Railways) v Director of Passenger Rail Franchising

2969:

R (Frack Free Balcombe Residents Association) v West Sussex CC

14316: 12700: 12689: 12403:

UK plan for tackling roadside nitrogen dioxide concentrations

10798:

EWCA Civ 1067, on the three-month period to make a challenge.

10197:

Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010

9989:

Scottish Insurance Corp Ltd v Wilsons & Clyde Coal Co Ltd

6528: 6391: 6361: 6346: 6338: 6124:

attempted to argue this was unlawful under (what is now) the

6099: 6095: 5990: 5934: 5897: 5882: 5870: 5839: 5357:

arts 1, 3(4), 21–23, Annex III (10% renewable target by 2020)

5327: 4963: 4155: 4138: 4110: 4102: 4060: 3994:

as drinking water being polluted by excrement. Following the

3716: 3703: 3690: 3682: 3622: 3614: 3460:

Solar Century Holdings Ltd v SS for Energy and Climate Change

2444: 1845:

were that section 75 required commissioning was subjected to

187: 145: 137: 16:

Law of public services and big business regulation in the UK.

13337:

defines earnings subject to tax and See Income Tax Rates at

11942:

See R Holdsworth, 'London Transport Fares 2000–2016' (2016)

10916:"Cold homes caused 9,000 deaths last winter, study suggests" 10276:

s 330. This did go up to 20% in 2006, but was since reduced.

7732:

when ejecting a tenant, and was bound to normal obligations.

5363:

ss 1, 24, 36, 41 (highways authority, creation, maintenance)

4818:

for worker deaths, and damage to the environment. Under the

4493:

is a tax that has to be paid upon the sale of property, and

3453:

enabled the scheme to be closed to new installations over 5

3359:(doubling each year to 2016, but then stagnating), and 7.5% 144:

regulates drinking and sewerage infrastructure, overseen by

12414: 12310:. However, courts have attempted to intervene in the past: 11511:

1983 SC 225 water fluoridation was successfully challenged.

10763:

R (Scottish Power) v Director General of Electricity Supply

10627:

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Article 345

9230: 8707: 8051: 7563: 6573: 6552: 6548: 6536: 6396: 6129: 6125: 6065: 4938:

Great North Eastern Railway Ltd v Office of Rail Regulation

4923:

project argued it failed the consultation standards in the

4827: 3593: 3585: 3499: 3487: 3430: 3176: 2878: 2455: 2338: 2140: 1874: 1707: 973: 533: 521: 11163:

e.g. 'Water costs cheaper in Scotland' (19 February 2009)

10650:

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Article 63

10556:

Breyer Group Plc v Department of Energy and Climate Change

9813:

Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc

9701:"Does corporate governance exclude the ultimate investor?" 9291:

regs 3–9 (charges cannot be made for emergency treatment).

5367:

London Local Authorities and Transport for London Act 2013

5015:

went into administration with an estimated cost of £410m.

4430:

of landlords can be used to charge ever higher rents. The

3417:

sections 32-32M, the Secretary of State was able to place

3379:

section 1, the Secretary of State can set legally binding

2824:, timber was the main source of energy and heating. After 1056:

is available for UK students through the government-owned

916:'s endowment, at £6.25 billion is the largest, while 25:

UK enterprises in the regulated or public sector, such as

13129:

Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Cure and Deeley Ltd

11946:, showing a 56% increase in zone 1 to 4 tube fares (with 11209:

See 'Water costs cheaper in Scotland' (19 February 2009)

10014:(third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1058. 6420: 6412: 6313: 6075:

held that Ofcom imposing charge controls on BT under the

5908:

frequencies and conduct an auction. However, the company

5905: 5901: 5421:

Asociación Profesional Élite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain SL

4246:

Manchester Ship Canal Co Ltd v United Utilities Water Plc

3925:

Manchester Ship Canal Co Ltd v United Utilities Water Plc

3674: 3518: 2359: 2350:

for consumers, and there have been many proposals for a "

476:

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992

116:, the modern UK economy has increasingly been powered by 97:

and regulates private banking through the publicly owned

13624:

Oil and World Politics: From Rockefeller to the Gulf War

12381:

Winsor v Special Railway Administrators of Railtrack Plc

11981:

which had existed since 2003, that in turn replaced the

8106:"Higher Education and Research Act 2017: Section 92" 7516:

So, if the Bank of England raised its interest rate for

6009:

gave an undertaking to separate its network, now called

5799:, print media by digital content, and television by web- 2865:, but also now joined by entirely foreign firms such as 1795:" health services (e.g. from a specialist doctor). From 1177:" status if they focus on particular curriculum topics. 12579:

arts 3–4 and 9–13 (telephone connection, affordability)

10885:, ‘How we happened to sell off our electricity’ (2012) 10565:

SS for Energy and Climate Change v Friends of the Earth

10378:

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

10354:

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

9940:

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

9393:

Bank of England Act 1694 5 & 6 Will & Mar c 20.

8642:, para 1.11 (ranking the NHS as a landmark next to the 8072:"Higher Education and Research Act 2017: Section 1" 4830:, and more goods transportation shifted into trucking. 4275:

to ensure proper enforcement of clean water standards.

2964:

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

2858: 2032:

to delay deportation, even though health treatment for

1033: 13261:

s 18, there is daily balancing between the NLF and CF.

10823: 10553:

Reduction in the rates was successfully challenged in

9190:"Jaymee and final choices: The story behind the story" 8838:

National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius

7709:

cls 1–2, proposed a proprietary saving account option.

7130:

for emergency spending, and the Treasury maintains an

4899:

in 2000 which killed 4 people and injured 70, and the

4798:, a system of parish and toll funded roads. While the 1605:

for medicines, dental and optical service in England.

13552:

Oil and Gas Law: Current Practice and Emerging Trends

12967:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

12677:

Telefonica O2 UK Ltd v British Telecommunications plc

9339: 9337: 8179:

Higher Education in the learning society: Main Report

5916:

Telefonica O2 UK Ltd v British Telecommunications plc

5456:(2003) C-112/00 (protests on against delivery trucks) 4344:

National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949

4256:

Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc

4043:

for England and Wales, and additional authorities in

4035:

organised a national water supply policy, before the

1256:, teacher training, and opt-out from students' unions 12250:

R (Transport for London) v London Regional Transport

11619:

Department of Transport v North West Water Authority

11086:(Cambridge UP 2022) ch 13, 'Food, forests and water' 10669:

M. Florio, ‘The Return of Public Enterprise’ (2014)

10009: 9368: 9343: 9315: 4857:

fares under public control have not increased under

2849:

An anti-fracking protest at a limestone oil well in

1885:

network is meant to inspect and maintain standards.

1853:

drug company prices, etc.), and section 165 enabled

1404:

NHS (Clinical Commissioning Groups) Regulations 2012

13614:

Networks, Platforms & Utilities: Law and Policy

13350:

Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992

11451:

R (Oldham MBC) v Director General of Water Services

11332:, requiring "promoting the interests of customers". 11219:

Private Island: Why Britain Belongs to Someone Else

11215:

27(2) International Review of Applied Economics 193

11198:

Private Island: Why Britain Belongs to Someone Else

11194:

27(2) International Review of Applied Economics 193

10899:"Standard conditions of electricity supply licence" 9373:(fifth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9348:(fifth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9320:(fifth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8030:had combined endowments of £6.25 billion, the 7893:That is £3,803.60 for someone earning £50,000. The 7507:

gave the bank sole rights to issue notes and coins.

6976:

Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992

5442:

ss 1–4 and Sch 1 (heavy goods vehicle charge by SS)

5338:

infrastructure is needed to electrify private cars.

3982:scientific advances of the 19th century. After the 3371:, emitting more carbon than coal as it is burnt by 2427:

has three main policy options. First, it performs "

2065:

National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990

1518:

NHS (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 2015

1208:, abolished 2,568 school boards and instituted 328 1157:There are at least five different kinds of school: 12531:Electronic Communications Framework Directive 2002 12227:Down the Tube: The battle for London's underground 10211: 9965:Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Regulation 2023 9362: 9334: 9309: 8833:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 8103:" and added "Innovate UK" and "Research England". 7287:(1867) vol I, chs 13, 32 and 33 and vol III, ch 27 5551:Electronic Communications Framework Directive 2002 4810:technology, railway construction spread, and then 4489:to contribute to the locality for their property. 4324:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 2366:, but these proposals have not yet been accepted. 1849:(i.e. CCGs are potentially unable to cooperate to 1438:National Health Service (Private Finance) Act 1997 14499:History of public transport authorities in London 14048: 13217:Budget Responsibility and National Audit Act 2011 13203:Budget Responsibility and National Audit Act 2011 11768:ss 119, 126, 139, 155-9 governs the right to buy. 9408:Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market 7678:introduced the formal authorisation requirements. 6868:Budget Responsibility and National Audit Act 2011 5945:, and the operation of most communication firms. 5490:, and then wholly bought by a Spanish group, now 2935:Hydrocarbons Licensing Directive Regulations 1995 2704:Hydrocarbons Licensing Directive Regulations 1995 1993:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 1977:R (Ann Marie Rogers) v Swindon Primary Care Trust 1617:scrapped prescription charges). According to the 1165:in some counties that have selective admissions, 1135:Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside 1032:in 2010 led by the former CEO of oil corporation 14633: 12953:s 319, while s 320 further defines impartiality. 8524:EWHC 3150 (QB) allowing a claim to go to trial. 8360:. Oxford University Commission. 1852. p. 8. 7846:The BBC's royal charter still incorporates this. 7621:) says it should be "aiming at full employment". 7207:Government spending is set out each year in the 6692:History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom 6629:List of countries by level of military equipment 5593:Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) Regulations 2003 5402:Bus Passenger Rights Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 3323:section 1 requires a net 100% reduction on 1990 13426:, put up by the Finance (No. 2) Act 2010 s 3(1) 11881:1(1) International Journal of Housing Policy 41 8853: 4322:. This enables the Secretary of State, and the 4154:for disputes over access and price caps, while 4051:. However, following other privatisations, the 3887:Cambridge Water Ltd v East Counties Leather plc 3568:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 3165:Solar Century Ltd v SS for Energy & Climate 1965:and she was promised it was a "home for life". 1900:have been opposed by protests and groups like " 1803:were created, which could borrow money without 1182:Labour of Children, etc., in Factories Act 1833 13184:Commissioners for Revenue and Customs Act 2005 13109:(1637) Salmon's State Trials, vol 1, 698, the 11457:R (Lancashire CC) v Director of Water Services 10989:"Offshore wind power cheaper than new nuclear" 10103:. 12 July 1934. (24 & 25 Geo 5 c 36) s 1. 7895:Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 6845:Commissioners for Revenue and Customs Act 2005 5424:(2017) C-434/15 (what is a transport company?) 4925:Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 2011 4916:R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v SS for Transport 4622:R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v SS for Transport 4388:Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom 4346:for the first time, and today are overseen by 3873:Dept of Transport v North West Water Authority 3588:article 63, as in other cases restrictions on 2486:committee of the board. Most shareholders are 1230:Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907 614:UKHL 41, interpretation of a ‘floating charge’ 14365: 14034: 13650: 12792:Vodafone Ltd v British Telecommunications Plc 12183:Scotland Act 2016 s 57, amending RA 1993 s 25 12120:, 252, noting that the former Prime Minister 11502:Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 1989 8510:Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice 7941:Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 7924:Second estimate of GDP: January to March 2018 7689:Vincent v Trustee Savings Banks Central Board 6788: 6177: 6087:Vodafone Ltd v British Telecommunications Plc 5896:the Secretary of State issued a direction to 5527: 5398:ss 108-123X (local transport plans and buses) 5070: 4521: 3743: 3088: 2649: 2635: 2215:Vincent v Trustee Savings Banks Central Board 2104: 1340: 685: 472:UKSC 41, minimum wage and working time claims 11669:Environmental Law Text, Cases, and Materials 10073:. 21 November 1918. (8 & 9 Geo 5 c 52). 8856:Aneurin Bevan on the National Health Service 8334:"King's College London Act 1997: Section 15" 7404:Strategic Management: a Stakeholder Approach 6157: 4145:, where prices should rise no more than the 501: 13335:Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 13271:Miscellaneous Financial Provisions Act 1946 12515: 11352:, and the Natural Resources Body for Wales. 11038:"Supplier of Last Resort: Revised Guidance" 11015:, 2 AC 306 (on nature of a public service) 9994:Petroleum and Submarine Pipe-lines Act 1975 9924: 9922: 9799:Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc 9671:Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 9635:Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 6922:Miscellaneous Financial Provisions Act 1946 4463:section 5(1), and the landlord may issue a 4278: 2980:of their council's planning permission for 2118: 1759:enabled the Secretary of State to approve " 14372: 14358: 14041: 14027: 13657: 13643: 13612:M Ricks, G Sitaraman, L Menand, S Welton, 13307:Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 12319:(no deficit spending for fare reductions). 10683:"Gemeindeordnung Nordrhein-Westfalen 1994" 10331:open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom 9554:Gauweiler and Others v Deutscher Bundestag 8228:. 13 December 2016. SI 2016/1206 (reg. 6). 8174:"18: Who should pay for higher education?" 7637:Gauweiler and Others v Deutscher Bundestag 7630:In the European Union, article 123 of the 7094:to a board of commissioners including the 6954:Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 6795: 6781: 6184: 6170: 5541: 5534: 5520: 5446:Road Transport Regulation (EC) no 561/2006 5077: 5063: 4891:. It was originally privatised and called 4528: 4514: 4334:, and the largest body among these is the 4263:business was not liable for polluting the 3750: 3736: 3363:. But 35% of "renewable" electricity was " 3095: 3081: 2642: 2628: 2305:UK banking has two main parts. First, the 2111: 2097: 1710:has been slow. First, and originally, the 1347: 1333: 692: 678: 14652:Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom 12073: 9698: 9467:Bank of England Act 1998 Sch 1, paras 7–8 9458:Bank of England Act 1998 Sch 1, paras 1–2 8406:Cambridge University Act 1856 ss 5 and 12 8371: 8254:the prescribed maximum amount is £9,000. 7707:Safety Deposit Current Accounts Bill 2008 7162:Government spending in the United Kingdom 6802: 5126:London Local Authorities and TfL Act 2013 4413:investment objects, with tax breaks for " 3503:business, and solar and wind in general. 3034: 1354: 304: 14334:Water privatisation in England and Wales 13664: 13502:Privatization & Economic Performance 11938: 11936: 10986: 10699:(GEMA), but the older name is preferred. 10028: 9919: 9590: 9572: 9538: 9476:Bank of England Act 1998 Sch 1, paras 14 8980: 8978: 8951:Democracy in the National Health Service 8741:NHS prescription charges from April 2017 8702: 8700: 8118:, 27 April 2017, 2017 c. 29 (s. 92) 7600:, stable prices, and moderate long-term 7284:Capital: A Critique of Political Economy 7156: 7134:for trading foreign currency, gold, and 6740:Her Majesty's Young Offender Institution 6706:Independent Police Complaints Commission 6592: 6485: 6428:important role in public discourse. The 6402: 6299: 6204:(2016) Cm 9365, arts 3, 6, 10, 21-29, 35 5929: 5825: 5310: 5017: 4990:, while transferring responsibility for 4848: 4722:Winsor v Administrators of Railtrack Plc 4646:R (Save Our Railways) v Director of Rail 4395: 4350:or different park authorities under the 4300: 4194:An 1828 cartoon of a woman dropping her 4189: 4116: 4069: 3702:(RPI), minus a percentage calculated by 3668: 3566:held could not be challenged. Under the 3505: 3388: 2990: 2844: 2738:R (Frack Free Balcombe) v West Sussex CC 2512: 2449: 2368: 1887: 1735:, regional hospital boards were renamed 1685: 1128:and students may enforce rights through 1071: 891: 20: 13572:Medical Law: Texts, Cases and Materials 13470:33(2) Journal of Monetary Economics 417 13247:Social Security Administration Act 1992 12055: 11954:, while fares were held constant under 11682:Woodland natural capital accounts: 2022 11110:A History of Water Rights at Common Law 10604: 10391: 10036:Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd 9849:Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 9402: 9187: 8327:An exception is that section 15 of the 8286:Brown v Secretary of State for Scotland 8142:, 29 March 1962, 1962 c. 12 (s. 1) 8084:, 27 April 2017, 2017 c. 29 (s. 1) 7915: 7913: 7774:AG v Edison Telephone Company of London 7672:Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 7414:The Economic Institutions of Capitalism 6901:Social Security Administration Act 1992 5448:arts 6 and 10 (working time, liability) 4906:Weir v Secretary of State for Transport 4735:Weir v Secretary of State for Transport 4365: 3464:was given. As a replacement, under the 2908:Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd 2679:Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd 2492:Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 2227:Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 2161:Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 1260:School Standards and Framework Act 1998 1221:Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906 624: 400: 14634: 14339:Sewage discharge in the United Kingdom 13536:EP Ellinger, E Lomnicka and CVM Hare, 13282:Exchange Equalisation Account Act 1979 13022:Letter from Mark Rotenburg to Facebook 12719: 12224: 11995:Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 11972:Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 11328:cf Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002 9980:Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946 8646:) and Joseph Rowntree Memorial Trust, 8252:. 7 July 2015. SI 2016/1496 (reg. 3). 8097:Higher Education and Research Act 2017 8086:, establishing the Office for Students 7642:Court of Justice of the European Union 7568:Court of Justice of the European Union 7260:(1776) Bk I, ch 8, Bk V, ch 1 §§69–129 7164:and sources of revenue, for 2019–2020. 6932:Exchange Equalisation Account Act 1979 6419:and Knowledge. Only Knowledge and the 5416:ss 9–26 (taxi cab licensing in London) 5379:Driving Licenses Directive 2006/126/EC 4884:Single European Railway Directive 2012 4802:developed as a maritime power abroad, 4544:Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 4091:Water Industry Commission for Scotland 3564:Court of Justice of the European Union 3102: 2984:to explore the potential to frack for 2002:R (Watts) v Bedford Primary Care Trust 1958:R (Coughlan) v North and East Devon HA 1783:. The executive or department oversaw 1693:at a Manchester hospital on the NHS's 1496:R (Watts) v Bedford Primary Care Trust 1472:R (Coughlan) v North and East Devon HA 1022:Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 883:Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 699: 14353: 14157:Cholderton and District Water Company 14022: 13638: 13407:Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 12722:Telecommunications Law and Regulation 12575:The Universal Service Directive 2002 11933: 11870:Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 ss 25-26 11684:(2022) Office for National Statistics 11485:ss 37, 45 (water) and 94–99 (sewers). 11217:and J Meek, ‘Not a drop to drink’ in 11196:and J Meek, ‘Not a drop to drink’ in 11123:Water Management in England and Wales 10987:Harrabin, Roger (11 September 2017). 10971:Hinkley Point C nuclear power station 10697:Gas and Electricity Markets Authority 10054:BP Petroleum Developments Ltd v Ryder 8975: 8697: 8576:. 1 July 2004. 2004 c. 8 (ss. 11–21). 8460:R (Persaud) v University of Cambridge 8064:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 7192:Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 7085:court. Moreover, since 1713, it is a 6997:Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 6776: 6745:List of prisons in the United Kingdom 6697:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 6688:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom 6387:R (DM Digital Television Ltd) v Ofcom 6257:R (DM Digital Television Ltd) v Ofcom 6191: 6165: 5809:International Telecommunication Union 5782:Public service broadcasting in the UK 5515: 5355:Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC 5058: 4634:Rail Passenger Rights Regulation 2007 4575:Great North Eastern Railway Ltd v ORR 4509: 4426:and units left empty, means that the 4330:Around 10% of UK land is held in the 4168:Drinking Water Quality Directive 1998 3827:R (Oldham MBC) v DG of Water Services 3757: 3731: 3611:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets 3457:capacity in 2015 and all in 2017. In 3076: 2623: 2567:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 2092: 1328: 980:, etc.) which distribute funds after 930:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 835:R (Persaud) v University of Cambridge 750:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 673: 14534:Privatisation of London bus services 13235:Exchequer Audit Departments Act 1866 12370:Railways Act 1993 ss 59–65 and Sch 6 12313:Bromley LBC v Greater London Council 10974: 10436:, stating targets must begin with a 10250:[2014] EWHC 4108 (Admin) 9485: 8782:Social Insurance and Allied Services 8346:. 31 July 1997. 1997 c. iii (s. 15). 8315:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing 7910: 6891:Exchequer Audit Departments Act 1866 6604:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) 6434:Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002 5497:British Overseas Airways Corporation 5385:Privatisation of London bus services 4689:Bromley LBC v Greater London Council 3543:Central Electricity Generating Board 3486:a large energy company (now part of 3061:Energy efficiency in British housing 2589: 2584:Capital Requirements Regulation 2013 771:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing 381:, which is closely coordinated with 14382:bus transport in the United Kingdom 14317:Water Services Regulation Authority 12643:Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 ss 8–9 11271:Griffin v South West Water Services 11243:Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002 8803:4(2) Journal of British Studies 127 8564:"Higher Education Act 2004: Part 2" 8454:R (Evans) v University of Cambridge 8442:(on constitutions by Privy Council) 8130:"Education Act 1962: Section 1" 7788:British Telecommunications Act 1981 7368:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 5369:ss 16–19 (electric charging points) 5006:and train network. While the Mayor 4930:To run a train company itself, the 4609:R (TfL) v London Regional Transport 4107:Water Services Regulation Authority 3445:) had to buy fixed percentages of " 3295:Standard Electricity Supply Licence 2163:ss 1A-E, 19-23, 418-9, Schs 2 and 6 1917:. Second, it is possible to sue in 784:ss 124A, 128, Schs 7 and 7A, para 3 13: 14580:London Regional Transport Act 1984 13062:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000 12841:White Paper on Broadcasting Policy 12778:TalkTalk Telecom Group Plc v Ofcom 12212:"76% support rail nationalisation" 12042:Single European Railway Directive 11816:§§535-580a, on the "rent mirror" ( 11302:, para 1. This was amended by the 11179:(2014) ch 5, 78, quoting P Marin, 9782:Credit Institutions Directive 2013 9766:Credit Institutions Directive 2013 9750:Credit Institutions Directive 2013 8986:"National Health Service Act 2006" 7752:London Regional Transport Act 1984 7360:The Economics of the Public Sector 6763:Fire service in the United Kingdom 6430:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000 6072:TalkTalk Telecom Group Plc v Ofcom 5683:TalkTalk Telecom Group Plc v Ofcom 5574:ss 1-5, 151, 159, 185-192, 232-240 5318:have spread slowly, starting with 4352:National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000 4129:, must be kept clean and improved. 3969:London water supply infrastructure 2960:Town and Country Planning Act 1990 2508:Credit Institutions Directive 2013 2506:in the internal market. Since the 2151:Credit Institutions Directive 2013 1947:held that refusal was inadequate, 1932:R (B) v Cambridge Health Authority 1824:. CCGs are funded and mediated by 1677:Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 1484:R (Ann Marie Rogers) v Swindon PCT 1460:R (B) v Cambridge Health Authority 1320: 1286:Education and Inspections Act 2006 862:International Bill of Human Rights 823:Clark v University of Lincolnshire 14: 14663: 14483:History of the PTE bus operations 13630: 13450:Local Government Finance Act 1988 13436:Local Government Finance Act 1992 13296:Government Trading Funds Act 1973 13164:Departmental Strategic Objectives 12981:. An appeal to ECHR was rejected. 12305:Greater London Authority Act 1999 12147:Single European Railway Directive 12024:Single European Railway Directive 11717:and regulations implementing the 10605:Vaughan, Adam (27 October 2017). 10392:Le Page, M. (21 September 2016). 10088:"Petroleum (Production) Act 1934" 9984:Coal Industry Commission Act 1919 9687:UK Corporate Governance Code 2016 9675:UK Corporate Governance Code 2016 9647:UK Corporate Governance Code 2016 9486:Roth, Markus (5 September 2015). 8829:Public Health Service Act of 1944 8534:Buckland v Bournemouth University 7542:In the EU, article 283(2) of the 7499:widened its borrowing power. The 7386:(1976) ch 12, especially at 184–5 7104:Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs 7033:Local Government Finance Act 1988 7021:Local Government Finance Act 1992 6944:Government Trading Funds Act 1973 6648:British Leyland Motor Corporation 5893:EE Ltd v Office of Communications 5605:EE Ltd v Office of Communications 5507: 4998:, required that the mayor follow 4988:Greater London Authority Act 1999 4919:a group of people opposed to the 4710:Greater London Authority Act 1999 4598:Greater London Authority Act 1999 4564:Single European Railway Directive 4461:Protection from Eviction Act 1977 4360:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 4356:Environmental Protection Act 1990 4259:, the House of Lords held that a 4152:Competition and Markets Authority 4055:changed the ten authorities into 3541:started the privatisation of the 3483:PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG 3447:Renewable Obligation Certificates 3152:PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG 2191:UK Corporate Governance Code 2016 2046:Social care in the United Kingdom 1927:Accident Compensation Corporation 1681:Environmental Protection Act 1990 1561:National Health Service (England) 1161:that are publicly owned and run, 1142:Buckland v Bournemouth University 578:Environmental Protection Act 1990 14615: 14602: 13462: 13443: 13429: 13414: 13400: 13381: 13367: 13355: 13343: 13324: 13312: 13300: 13289: 13275: 13264: 13252: 13240: 13224: 13210: 13196: 13193:, on the administration of HMRC. 13177: 13156: 13141: 13120: 13076: 13067: 13055: 13046: 13027: 13014: 12995: 12984: 12972: 12956: 12944: 12930: 12918: 12906: 12894: 12882: 12870: 12858: 12846: 12834: 12825: 12816: 12813:Communications Act 2003 ss 58–59 12807: 12798: 12784: 12770: 12756: 12750:Deutsche Telekom AG v Commission 12742: 12728: 12713: 12683: 12669: 12657: 12646: 12637: 12625: 12613: 12599: 12582: 12569: 12554: 12539: 12524: 12509: 12493: 12481: 12469: 12457: 12444: 12432: 12420: 12387: 12373: 12364: 12352: 12343: 12334: 12329:Passenger Rights Regulation 2007 12322: 12298: 12289: 12276: 12257: 12242: 12233: 12218: 12204: 12186: 12177: 12165: 12156: 12140: 12131: 12098: 12086: 12049: 12036: 12029:arts 4 and 7. This followed the 12017: 12003: 11988: 11965: 11921: 11909: 11885: 11873: 11864: 11849: 11835: 11823: 11806: 11793: 11784: 11771: 11759: 11750: 11736: 11727: 11699: 11687: 11674: 11661: 11652: 11643: 11634: 11625: 11611: 11598: 11579: 11566: 11557: 11514: 11495:Drinking Water Quality Directive 11488: 11476: 11463: 11442: 11429: 11417: 11405: 11393: 11380: 11367: 11355: 11335: 11322: 11308: 11286: 11262: 11249: 11237: 11224: 11203: 11186: 11169: 11157: 11141: 11134:e.g. Water (Scotland) Act 1980 ( 11128: 11115: 11102: 11089: 11076: 11059: 11047: 11030: 11018: 11000: 10975:Watt, Holly (21 December 2017). 10952: 10940: 10922: 10908: 10891: 10876: 10864: 10841: 10812: 10801: 10787: 10769: 10755: 10743: 10729: 10714: 10702: 10689: 10675: 10663: 10640: 10617: 10598: 10585: 10573: 10547: 10528: 10513: 10502: 10485: 10457: 10443: 10424: 10360: 10336: 10319: 10297: 10279: 10267: 10255: 10237: 10205: 10190: 10176: 10160: 10148: 10136: 10123: 10111: 10080: 10063: 10046: 10003: 9998:British National Oil Corporation 9972: 9958: 9946: 9890: 9881: 9866: 9861:Deposit Guarantee Directive 2014 9854: 9842: 9831: 9819: 9805: 9791: 9775: 9759: 9743: 9731: 9705:Journal of Corporate Law Studies 9692: 9680: 9664: 9277:National Health Service Act 2006 8922:National Health Service Act 1946 8689:Health Expenditure and Financing 8426:, and ch IV(2) on voting rights. 7887: 7878: 7864: 7849: 7840: 7823: 7809: 7797: 7780: 7761: 7744: 7735: 7712: 7699: 7681: 7664: 7312:(Revised edn 1920) Appendix VIII 7175:National Insurance Contributions 7116:National Insurance Contributions 6768: 6326:British Broadcasting Corporation 6308:in London was home to the first 6104:Universal Service Directive 2002 6034:Deutsche Telekom AG v Commission 5706:Universal Service Directive 2002 5671:Deutsche Telekom AG v Commission 5330:, taxis, would eliminate 56% of 5084: 5037:Passenger Rights Regulation 2007 4535: 4495:Inheritance Tax (United Kingdom) 4491:Stamp duty in the United Kingdom 3576:a private Dutch energy company, 3397:was established by residents in 2237:Deposit Guarantee Directive 2014 1809:National Health Service Act 2006 1507:National Health Service Act 2006 1449:National Health Service Act 2006 1393:National Health Service Act 2006 447: 284:National Health Service Act 1946 14524:London Omnibus Traction Society 13543:D Farrington and D Palfreyman, 12254:politicians and not by judges." 12110:The Future of Rail: White Paper 11388:Frameworks for Water Law Reform 11257:Frameworks for Water Law Reform 11177:Frameworks for Water Law Reform 11097:Frameworks for Water Law Reform 10887:34(17) London Review of Books 3 10471:, originally introduced by the 10384:Renewable Energy Directive 2009 10311:Renewable Energy Directive 2009 10214:Carbon & Climate Law Review 10186:. 5 February 2008. SI 2008/225. 10071:Petroleum (Production) Act 1918 9652: 9640: 9628: 9616: 9602: 9584: 9566: 9547: 9532: 9479: 9470: 9461: 9452: 9434: 9421: 9396: 9387: 9294: 9282: 9270: 9240: 9235:Patients' Rights Directive 2011 9220: 9209: 9200: 9181: 9172: 9163: 9152: 9134: 9116: 9104: 9084: 9070: 9056: 9033: 9014: 8996: 8961: 8943: 8931: 8915: 8893: 8880: 8847: 8821: 8807: 8795: 8775: 8749: 8733: 8716: 8681: 8657: 8620: 8580: 8541: 8527: 8519:Siddiqui v University of Oxford 8492: 8480: 8469: 8445: 8429: 8409: 8400: 8350: 8321: 8307: 8295: 8274: 8259: 8232: 8208: 8190: 8166: 8146: 7651: 7624: 7607: 7586: 7573: 7536: 7523: 7510: 7489: 7472: 7269:Principles of Political Economy 7108:Office of Budget Responsibility 7098:(i.e. the Prime Minister), the 6471: 6060:upheld a €151m fine on Spain's 5176:Bus Passenger Rights Regulation 5147:Driving Licences Directive 2006 5105:Renewable Energy Directive 2009 4774:Rail transport in Great Britain 4702:ss 59-65 and Sch 6 (insolvency) 3635:, who had recently started his 3351:. "Renewable" sources were 48% 3245:ss 3, 4AA, 5-11, 19, 23-23G, 34 3121:Renewable Energy Directive 2009 2496:Prudential Regulation Authority 2409:governor of the Bank of England 2323:Prudential Regulation Authority 2257:Capital Requirements Regulation 2079:Health and Social Care Act 2008 1987:'s reasons for refusing Rogers 1894:Health and Social Care Act 2012 1843:Health and Social Care Act 2012 1814:Health and Social Care Act 2012 1749:NHS and Community Care Act 1990 1587:Health and Social Care Act 2012 1415:Health and Social Care Act 2012 1012:argued for the introduction of 992:were effectively abolished and 14529:London General Omnibus Company 14478:Former municipal bus companies 13043:, 339 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir 2003) 13035:Telecommunications Act of 1996 12736:France Telecom SA v Commission 12694:The Communications Market 2016 12062:Cambridge Journal of Economics 12056:Ireland, P. (September 2010). 11801:Residential Tenancies Act 2006 11715:Protection of Badgers Act 1992 10959:Nuclear Installations Act 1965 10934:Office for National Statistics 10831:"Energy Trends: UK renewables" 10795:Finn-Kelcey v Milton Keynes BC 10370:Digest of UK Energy Statistics 10346:Digest of UK Energy Statistics 10166:The criteria are based on the 10043:, 1 AC 380 (28 July 2010) 9932:Digest of UK Energy Statistics 9887:(EU) No 575/2013, arts 114–134 8329:King's College London Act 1997 8122: 8089: 8057: 8020: 8007: 7994:Belgian Linguistic case (No 2) 7991:Protocol 1, article 2 and the 7975: 7953: 7933: 7920:Office for National Statistics 7646:outright monetary transactions 7460:Coproduction (public services) 7445:Economics of the public sector 6360:the Court of Appeal held that 6020:France Telecom SA v Commission 5659:France Telecom SA v Commission 5250:(EC) no 561/2006 arts 6 and 10 4822:, the government nationalised 4408:, and cost £42 a week in 2012. 4273:Water Framework Directive 2000 4222:R v Anglian Water Services Ltd 3990:first identified the cause of 3949:UK water supply and sanitation 3900:R v Anglian Water Services Ltd 3651:R (Gerber) v Wiltshire Council 3605:" (which includes cities like 3592:had been struck down. But the 3265:Nuclear Installations Act 1965 3232:R (Gerber) v Wiltshire Council 3220:Trump Golf Club Ltd v Scotland 3211:ss 3A-10O, 16-23, 32-47, Sch 6 2920:, licensing is managed by the 2596:Oil and gas industry in the UK 2519:had been forced to nationalise 2382:, to raise money for war with 2022:European Court of Human Rights 1757:NHS (Private Finance) Act 1997 1212:in their place, following the 812:King’s College London Act 1997 739:Belgian Linguistic case (No 2) 1: 14642:United Kingdom enterprise law 14050:United Kingdom water industry 13607:The limits of competition law 13547:(2nd edn 2012) chs 4–5 and 12 13538:Ellinger's Modern Banking Law 13477: 12596:, it must comply with EU law. 12536:arts 8–9 (on regulator tasks) 12349:RA 2005 ss 19–21 and Schs 5–6 11154:(3rd edn 2009) ch 7, 293–295. 10418:10.1016/S0262-4079(16)31736-5 9717:10.1080/14735970.2016.1140411 9371:Ellinger's Modern Banking Law 9346:Ellinger's Modern Banking Law 9318:Ellinger's Modern Banking Law 9094:s 44(6), after amendments by 7692:1 WLR 1077, denying that the 7309:The History of Trade Unionism 7132:Exchange Equalisation Account 6268:Electronic Commerce Directive 5627:Telefonica O2 UK Ltd v BT plc 5428:Transport for London Act 2008 5414:Transport for London Act 2008 5218:Transport for London Act 2008 5196:Transport for London Act 2008 5002:agreements in rebuilding the 4415:Real Estate Investment Trusts 4231:the House of Lords held that 4018:c. 63) and its creation of a 3984:Broad Street cholera outbreak 3849:Drinking Water Directive 1998 3017:section 1 required a special 2842:, as the EU has introduced. 2838:standards, unless there is a 2431:", buying and selling banks' 2364:financial crisis of 2007–2008 2005:, Mrs Watts paid £3900 for a 1910:Secretary of State for Health 1859:clinical commissioning groups 1818:clinical commissioning groups 1200:Elementary Education Act 1870 1107:'s statutes require that its 1101:Cambridge University Act 1856 881:). Following this model, the 802:Cambridge University Act 1856 583: 93:. The UK government controls 42:United Kingdom enterprise law 14422:British Transport Commission 14300:England and Wales regulators 12705:Communications Market Report 12546:Authorisation Directive 2002 11830:Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 11779:Principles of Enterprise Law 11027:ss 72C-D and Sch 2A, para 10 10480:renewable portfolio standard 10232:Health and Protection Agency 9125:ss 14U and 14Z2 inserted by 8900:NHS Constitution for England 8760:NHS Constitution for England 8594:European Social Charter 1961 7982:European Social Charter 1961 7817:Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 7726:British Transport Commission 7465: 7440:United States enterprise law 7394:Taming the Giant Corporation 7122:. The government also has a 6735:Her Majesty's Prison Service 6725:West Indian Prisons Act 1838 6678:Metropolitan Police Act 1839 6673:Metropolitan Police Act 1829 5879:Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 5811:established in 1865, to the 5778:Telecommunications in the UK 5582:Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 5562:Authorisation Directive 2002 5436:ss 163-177A (outside London) 5375:ss 87–88, 110–112 (licences) 5320:Low emission buses in London 5207:APET v Uber Systems Spain SL 4958:. Most controversially, the 4861:mayors, but increased under 4680:ss 28-29 and GLAA 1999 s 174 4501: 4451:Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 4249:the Supreme Court held that 3277:ss 72C-D and Sch 2A, para 10 2608:Mining in Cornwall and Devon 2183:, Sch 3, paras 3-5 and 20-23 2129:ss 1-2B, 11-13, 19 and Sch 1 1785:strategic health authorities 1619:NHS Constitution for England 1373:European Social Charter 1961 1266:Learning and Skills Act 2000 958:University and College Union 718:European Social Charter 1961 651: 573:Consumer Protection Act 1987 377:in their enterprise. Third, 190:, Roman law and the societas 7: 14519:London Country Bus Services 14514:Former London bus operators 14312:Drinking Water Inspectorate 13545:The Law of Higher Education 13040:Carafano v. Metrosplash.com 11522:Commission v United Kingdom 11346:National Assembly for Wales 10309:. This is reflected in the 10228:Health and Safety Executive 9188:Toynbee, P. (22 May 1996). 8555:Universities Tests Act 1871 8099:renamed the umbrella body " 7804:Telecommunications Act 1984 7594:Federal Reserve Act of 1913 7531:Federal Reserve Act of 1913 7433: 7421:The Ownership of Enterprise 7383:The Constitution of Liberty 7340:(1971) chs 1–3 (only 19–43) 7140:International Monetary Fund 7100:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6438:information society service 6214:ss 349, 357, 391 and Sch 14 6092:Competition Appeal Tribunal 6003:Competition Appeal Tribunal 5440:HGV Road User Levy Act 2013 5238:HGV Road User Levy Act 2013 5040:in judicial review. So, in 5026:dominated the 20th century. 4984:Public Private Partnerships 4836:British Rail was privatised 4477:recognising the inherently 4176:Drinking Water Inspectorate 4158:can refer companies to the 4057:ten private water companies 3395:Westmill Solar Co-operative 2972:a residents association in 2885:. This means that ordinary 2500:Financial Conduct Authority 2327:Financial Conduct Authority 2153:/36/EU arts 8-14, 35, 88-96 1775:). From 1995 to 2006 a new 1745:district health authorities 1737:regional health authorities 1655:continue in countries like 1649:National Insurance Act 1911 1573:Like education, there is a 1210:local education authorities 964:. Further, there are seven 896:Universities are funded by 496:Health and Safety Executive 266:National Insurance Act 1911 10: 14668: 14457:Ulster Transport Authority 14307:Consumer Council for Water 13540:(5th edn 2011) chs 2 and 5 13457:Business rates in Scotland 13231:Consolidated Fund Act 1816 12879:(2016) Cm 9365, arts 21–25 12764:Telefónica SA v Commission 10918:. BBC News. 21 March 2016. 10695:The technical name is the 9410:(third ed.). London: 8364:Oxford University Act 1854 7815:Under section 2(3) of the 7657:This power comes from the 7392:, M Green and J Seligman, 7272:(1848) Book IV, ch VI and 7235: 7096:First Lord of the Treasury 7054: 6881:Consolidated Fund Act 1816 6475: 6147:Postal Services Commission 6098:about replacement prices: 6053:Telefónica SA v Commission 6037:the Commission also found 5993:to make references to the 5850:) connect each computer's 5771: 5695:Telefónica SA v Commission 5484:British Airports Authority 5480:Airport Authority Act 1966 5000:public-private partnership 4767: 4404:reflects modern design in 4369: 4312:Common Agricultural Policy 4282: 4181:Consumer Council for Water 4137:always appeared unlikely, 4041:regional water authorities 3946: 3038: 2956:mineral planning authority 2913:Continental Shelf Act 1964 2668:Continental Shelf Act 1964 2593: 2286: 2084: 2061:, the elderly and disabled 1898:private finance initiative 1773:HSBC Infrastructure Co Ltd 1761:private finance initiative 1593:is funded directly by the 1569:Private medicine in the UK 1550: 792:Oxford University Act 1854 655: 628: 587: 505: 492:ECHR 366, secondary action 451: 404: 308: 171: 167: 14622:United Kingdom portal 14598: 14547: 14491: 14465: 14447:Transport Holding Company 14437:National Bus Company (UK) 14417:British Electric Traction 14409: 14388: 14326: 14299: 14273: 14256: 14239: 14214: 14187:South Staffordshire Water 14124: 14063: 14056: 13968: 13930: 13672: 13531:Principles of Banking Law 13361:National Insurance Rates 13191:Taxes Management Act 1970 11979:Office of Rail & Road 11471:Floods and Water Act 2010 9593:Principles of Banking Law 9575:Principles of Banking Law 9541:Principles of Banking Law 9492:. University of Marburg. 8835:, held constitutional in 8559:Higher Education Act 2004 8438:ss 124A, 128, Schs 7 and 8436:Education Reform Act 1988 8302:Higher Education Act 2004 8016:IFS Working Papers W11/17 7501:Bank Restriction Act 1797 7231: 7042: 7030: 7018: 7006: 6994: 6984: 6972: 6962: 6950: 6941: 6929: 6918: 6908: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6864: 6858:Taxes Management Act 1970 6855: 6841: 6828: 6818: 6808: 6642:British Steel Corporation 6634:National Enterprise Board 6504:Southwark Market Act 1755 6451:CG v Facebook Ireland Ltd 6390:Stuart-Smith J held that 6287: 6279:CG v Facebook Ireland Ltd 6275: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6219: 6209: 6197: 6158:Media and social networks 6094:had no power to instruct 5881:section 2 another one of 5875:electro-magnetic spectrum 5842:, or the privately owned 5786:Postal Services in the UK 5759: 5745: 5735: 5723: 5713: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5645: 5635: 5623: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5579: 5569: 5559: 5547: 5410:ss 10–17 (taxi licensing) 5404:art 19 (50% compensation) 5305:Local Government Act 1888 5267: 5255: 5248:Road Transport Regulation 5245: 5235: 5225: 5215: 5203: 5193: 5183: 5173: 5163: 5153: 5144: 5134: 5122: 5112: 5102: 5090: 4978:Different rules apply to 4947:Office of Rail Regulation 4782:History of road transport 4755: 4743: 4731: 4717: 4712:ss 220-224 and Schs 14-15 4707: 4697: 4685: 4675: 4665: 4655: 4641: 4631: 4617: 4605: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4561: 4551: 4541: 4436:Building Regulations 2010 4228:Marcic v Thames Water plc 4022:in each council, and the 3934: 3920: 3912:Marcic v Thames Water plc 3908: 3896: 3882: 3868: 3856: 3846: 3835: 3823: 3813: 3803: 3793: 3783: 3773: 3763: 3639:argued that the offshore 3533:. It has 576 MW capacity. 3492:similar scheme in Germany 3468:sections 6–26 created a " 3302: 3292: 3282: 3272: 3262: 3250: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3206: 3196: 3184: 3174: 3160: 3148: 3138: 3128: 3118: 3108: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2777: 2767: 2757: 2747: 2733: 2722: 2712: 2700: 2687: 2675: 2665: 2655: 2650:Gas, oil and coal sources 2454:The largest UK banks are 2274: 2264: 2254: 2244: 2234: 2224: 2210: 2198: 2188: 2178: 2173:ss 168-9, 170-77, 260-263 2168: 2158: 2148: 2134: 2124: 1538: 1526: 1514: 1504: 1492: 1480: 1468: 1456: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1412: 1400: 1395:ss 1-1I, Sch 1A and Sch 7 1390: 1380: 1370: 1360: 1310:Public Libraries Act 1850 1292:General Teaching Councils 1248:Education Reform Act 1988 1117:Education Reform Act 1988 1046:Higher Education Act 2004 1026:Higher Education Act 2004 843: 831: 819: 809: 799: 789: 782:Education Reform Act 1988 779: 767: 760:Higher Education Act 2004 757: 747: 735: 725: 715: 705: 502:Competition and consumers 14432:Former PTE bus operators 14291:Manx Utilities Authority 13577:A Johnston and G Block, 13421:Value Added Tax Act 1994 13392:Finance (No. 2) Act 2015 13388:Corporation Tax Act 2010 13135:Woolwich BS v IRC (No 2) 13085:cl 4. This followed the 12867:(2016) Cm 9365, arts 3–7 12865:Royal Charter of the BBC 12853:Royal Charter of the BBC 12631:Communications Act 2003 12588:Communications Act 2003 12516:Littlechild, S. (1983). 12399:Department for Transport 12270:Re Metronet Rail BCV Ltd 12214:. Yougov. 6 August 2015. 11743:Corporation Tax Act 2010 11549:Bathing Waters Directive 11008:Foster v British Gas plc 10671:Working Paper N. 01/2014 10440:including the year 2030. 10274:Corporation Tax Act 2010 10201:Water Resources Act 1991 9623:Bank of England Act 1998 8926:regional hospital boards 8648:State of the Nation 2006 8501:Gajree v Open University 8101:UK Research and Innovate 8040:University of Manchester 7904: 7674:ss 19–23 and 418-9, the 7659:Bank of England Act 1946 7619:Treaty on European Union 7581:Bank of England Act 1998 7497:Bank of England Act 1716 7188:Corporation Tax Act 2010 7009:Value Added Tax Act 1994 6987:Corporation Tax Act 2010 6432:, implemented by the UK 6201:Royal Charter of the BBC 6152:Postal Services Act 2011 6142:Postal Services Act 2000 5943:electromagnetic spectrum 5867:Office of Communications 5392:ss 57–87 (bus licensing) 4956:Department for Transport 4834:also developed rapidly. 4747:Re Metronet Rail BCV Ltd 4479:unequal bargaining power 4428:unequal bargaining power 4279:Agriculture and forestry 4271:, and the scheme of the 4105:(technically called the 3808:ss 37, 61(1A) and Sch 4A 3723: 3637:US Presidential campaign 3582:free movement of capital 3531:UK Green Investment Bank 3470:contracts for difference 3343:" sources, 30% gas, 22% 3254:Foster v British Gas plc 3023:Corporation Tax Act 2010 2790:Corporation Tax Act 2010 2780:Corporation Tax Act 2010 2551:Consumer Rights Act 2015 2547:Consumer Credit Act 1974 2504:freedom of establishment 2405:Bank of England Act 1998 2401:Bank of England Act 1946 2380:Bank of England Act 1694 2247:Consumer Credit Act 1974 2127:Bank of England Act 1998 1787:(28 reduced to 10), and 1716:regional hospital boards 1315:British Library Act 1972 558:Consumer Rights Act 2015 279:Bank of England Act 1946 14555:London Traffic Act 1924 14231:Natural Resources Wales 14162:Essex and Suffolk Water 14152:Cambridge Water Company 13259:National Loans Act 1968 12031:First Railway Directive 11814:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 11509:McColl v Strathclyde RC 11315:Water Industry Act 1991 11293:Water Industry Act 1991 11259:(2014) ch 5, 95, fn 282 10394:"The Great Carbon Scam" 10304:Climate Change Act 2008 9412:Henry S. King & Co. 8422:1 December 2017 at the 8038:£342 million, the 8036:University of Edinburgh 8028:University of Cambridge 7613:Under Article 9 of the 7558:, after consulting the 7481:finance contrasts with 7337:Exit, Voice and Loyalty 7213:National Health Service 7120:National Insurance Fund 6967:ss 3, 10–12, 35 and 57A 6911:National Loans Act 1968 6614:Reserve Forces Act 1996 6521:Ipswich Market Act 2004 6351:Communications Act 2003 6222:Communications Act 2003 6212:Communications Act 2003 6112:Roaming Regulation 2012 6108:Communications Act 2003 6077:Communications Act 2003 5937:, with headquarters at 5863:Communications Act 2003 5817:Communications Act 2003 5738:Roaming Regulation 2012 5716:Communications Act 2003 5648:Communications Act 2003 5572:Communications Act 2003 5178:(EU) No 181/2011 art 19 4871:Office of Rail and Road 4844:Climate Change Act 2008 4172:Water Industry Act 1991 4133:As real competition in 4081:used by publicly owned 3816:Water Industry Act 1991 3806:Water Industry Act 1991 3796:Water Industry Act 1991 3776:Water Industry Act 1991 3766:Climate Change Act 2008 3673:Electricity generated ( 3573:Netherlands v Essent NV 3551:Nottingham City Council 3373:converted coal stations 3321:Climate Change Act 2008 3111:Climate Change Act 2008 2931:Climate Change Act 2008 2835:Climate Change Act 2008 2352:British Investment Bank 2143:arts 7, 119-150 and 283 2119:Bank regulation sources 2059:Care Standards Act 2000 2054:Social care in Scotland 2024:held that a citizen of 1879:Care Quality Commission 1741:area health authorities 1714:created a system of 14 1671:with measures like the 1591:National Health Service 1579:National Health Service 1557:National Health Service 1187:Public Schools Act 1868 1028:, and £9,000 after the 879:Public Schools Act 1868 866:European Social Charter 594:Cross-border insolvency 469:Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher 261:Port of London Act 1908 162:Office of Rail and Road 142:Water Industry Act 1991 114:Climate Change Act 2008 87:National Health Service 14264:Northern Ireland Water 13715:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13333:ss 10–12, 35 and 57A. 13168:Child Poverty Act 2010 13091:Petition of Right 1628 12927:ss 357, 391 and Sch 14 12915:ss 3, 42, 232–240, 319 11152:Law and Administration 10168:Hydrocarbons Directive 10041:[2010] UKSC 35 9914:Atomic Energy Act 1946 9898:Coal Industry Act 1994 9699:McGaughey, E. (2016). 9417:Overend, Gurney and Co 9229:s 6BB, following from 8990:www.legislation.gov.uk 8378:Industrial Law Journal 8372:McGaughey, E. (2017). 8050:$ 34 billion and 8044:King's College, London 8042:£196 million and 7756:Greater London Council 7450:Universal service fund 7322:(1924) ch III, VIII(e) 7165: 7136:special drawing rights 7061:UK government spending 6661:Rolls-Royce (1971) Ltd 6494: 6424: 6321: 6224:ss 40-42, 198, 319-333 5995:Competition Commission 5982: 5858: 5834:is old copper and new 5542:Communications sources 5453:Schmidberger v Austria 5339: 5259:Schmidberger v Austria 5027: 4954:franchise back to the 4866: 4792:Roman roads in Britain 4409: 4306: 4293:Conservation in the UK 4215: 4208:London sewerage system 4130: 4086: 4039:finally organised ten 4028:Public Health Act 1875 4024:Public Health Act 1866 4012:Public Health Act 1848 4008:London sewerage system 3678: 3641:Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm 3603:North Rhine-Westphalia 3534: 3419:renewables obligations 3410: 3384:targets in electricity 3035:Electricity and energy 3000: 2854: 2690:Hydrocarbons Directive 2541: 2530:Royal Bank of Scotland 2526:Bradford & Bingley 2471: 2464:Royal Bank of Scotland 2429:open market operations 2374: 2362:in Germany) since the 2356:Nordic Investment Bank 2050:Social care in England 1937:bone marrow transplant 1905: 1873:they have no right to 1699: 1673:Public Health Act 1961 1417:ss 75, 115-121 and 165 1103:set its rules in law, 1077: 1050:international students 990:tuition fees in the UK 921: 658:Universities in the UK 563:Sale of Goods Act 1979 305:General enterprise law 38: 14590:Bus Services Act 2017 14560:Road Traffic Act 1930 14427:Defunct manufacturers 14221:Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water 14076:Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water 13666:Healthcare in Europe 13483:Articles and chapters 13172:Life Chances Act 2010 13162:e.g. the document on 12855:(2016) Cm 9365, art 5 12561:Access Directive 2002 10382:The UN rules and the 10101:The National Archives 9673:, Sch 3, para 23 and 9591:Cranston, R. (2002). 9573:Cranston, R. (2002). 9539:Cranston, R. (2002). 8574:The National Archives 8415:Cambridge University 8344:The National Archives 8250:The National Archives 8226:The National Archives 8140:The National Archives 8116:The National Archives 8082:The National Archives 8034:£5 billion, the 7548:European Central Bank 7505:Bank Charter Act 1844 7320:The Labour Revolution 7160: 7073:UK constitutional law 6803:Fiscal policy sources 6624:Armed Forces Act 2016 6620:Armed Forces Act 2006 6593:Military and security 6558:London Stock Exchange 6515:Petticoat Lane Market 6489: 6406: 6303: 6270:2000/31/EC arts 14-15 5933: 5829: 5727:Vodafone Ltd v BT Plc 5616:Access Directive 2002 5373:Road Traffic Act 1988 5314: 5137:Road Traffic Act 1988 5021: 4852: 4788:industrial revolution 4660:ss 19-21 and Schs 5-6 4399: 4304: 4285:Agriculture in the UK 4202:magnified. After the 4193: 4120: 4073: 4020:local board of health 3975:universal human right 3672: 3509: 3392: 3201:ss 1, 5, 68 and Sch 1 3019:Petroleum Revenue Tax 3015:Oil Taxation Act 1975 2994: 2922:Oil and Gas Authority 2848: 2822:industrial revolution 2770:Oil Taxation Act 1975 2600:Coal mining in the UK 2594:Further information: 2516: 2453: 2372: 1981:Sir Anthony Clarke MR 1949:Sir Thomas Bingham MR 1891: 1871:NHS foundation trusts 1863:conflicts of interest 1855:NHS foundation trusts 1838:general practitioners 1801:NHS foundation trusts 1765:Telereal Trillium Ltd 1689: 1355:Public health sources 1159:comprehensive schools 1075: 1058:Student Loans Company 926:endowment trust funds 895: 877:" schools, after the 858:Universal Declaration 631:UK constitutional law 371:collective bargaining 172:Further information: 158:Road Traffic Act 1988 134:Oil and Gas Authority 37:are most of the rest. 24: 14539:Star Omnibus Company 14192:Youlgrave Waterworks 13024:' (27 November 2017) 13007:4 March 2018 at the 12413:emissions, vans and 11694:Agriculture Act 2020 10855:Electricity Act 1989 10776:Electricity Act 1989 10736:Electricity Act 1989 10497:Electricity Act 1989 9498:10.2139/ssrn.2656646 9442:"Court of Directors" 8924:ss 11–14 and Sch 3 ( 8756:Department of Health 8677:www.kingsfund.org.uk 8553:. Historically, the 8551:ss 90–94, 98–99, 116 8386:10.2139/ssrn.2432068 8268:Commission v Austria 8186:on 11 February 2015. 8032:University of Oxford 7792:Cable & Wireless 7694:Trustee Savings Bank 7644:approved the use of 7529:By contrast, the US 7293:Industrial Democracy 7246:Regulatory economics 7209:UK government budget 6757:Great Fire of London 6564:Online market places 5989:section 131 enables 5464:Fuel price escalator 5381:(mutual recognition) 5345:Commission v Germany 5094:Commission v Germany 5035:was elected. The EU 4992:Transport for London 4980:Transport for London 4952:InterCity East Coast 4897:Hatfield train crash 4863:a Conservative mayor 4838:once more after the 4443:Fair rent regulation 4366:Housing and building 4342:were created by the 4320:Agriculture Act 2020 4269:polluters should pay 4010:. Starting with the 3687:Electricity Act 1989 3619:Electricity Act 1989 3559:Bristol City Council 3539:Electricity Act 1989 3415:Electricity Act 1989 3209:Electricity Act 1989 3188:Netherlands v Essent 3131:Electricity Act 1989 2948:hydraulic fracturing 2660:ss 1-85 and Schs 1-2 2565:, the US set up the 2480:nomination committee 1807:approval. Under the 1805:Department of Health 1781:Department of Health 1603:prescription charges 1565:Healthcare in the UK 1282:, Ofsted inspections 1191:Clarendon Commission 1105:Cambridge University 912:levied on students. 752:ss 62-69, 81, and 89 666:Education in England 625:Specific enterprises 611:Re Spectrum Plus Ltd 568:Consumer cooperative 528:Competition Act 1998 489:RMT v United Kingdom 411:European company law 401:Corporate governance 391:UK environmental law 315:English contract law 294:Electricity Act 1947 126:Electricity Act 1989 101:, to complement its 91:progressive taxation 27:Greenwich University 14612: • 13931:States with limited 13574:(4th edn 2016) ch 2 13374:Income Tax Act 2007 13331:Income Tax Act 2007 13319:Income Tax Act 2007 13111:Ship Money Act 1640 13083:Bill of Rights 1689 12724:. pp. 120–123. 12720:Walden, I. (2012). 12501:Entick v Carrington 12225:Wolmar, C. (2002). 12068:(5): 837, 845–846. 11025:Insolvency Act 1986 10936:. 22 December 2017. 10535:Employment Act 2008 10465:Employment Act 2008 10410:2016NewSc.231...20P 10293:. 21 November 2016. 9906:National Coal Board 9838:Banking Act of 1933 9543:. pp. 121–122. 9446:bankofengland.co.uk 9300:ECHR 453. Contrast 9149:(service provision) 8909:2 June 2017 at the 8769:2 June 2017 at the 8724:Minister for Health 8669:State of the Nation 8632:Ministry of Justice 8417:Statute A, chs I-IV 8162:on 30 October 2013. 7997:(1968) 1 EHRR 252. 7873:Exchequer Secretary 7831:General Post Office 7560:European Parliament 7290:S Webb and B Webb, 7124:National Loans Fund 7114:, while money from 7092:Lord High Treasurer 7082:Bill of Rights 1689 6965:Income Tax Act 2007 6821:Bill of Rights 1689 6015:European Commission 5987:Enterprise Act 2002 5981:dominate broadband. 5887:wireless telegraphy 5638:Enterprise Act 2002 5468:Climate Change Levy 5107:arts 1, 3(4), 21-23 5049:Insolvency Act 1986 4994:back to an elected 4832:Commercial aviation 4786:As the home of the 4770:Transport in the UK 4376:Landlord–tenant law 4336:Forestry Commission 4243:. More recently in 4006:began to build the 3996:Great Stink of 1858 3545:. However, in 2015 3275:Insolvency Act 1986 3069:UK geothermal power 3057:UK renewable energy 2982:Cuadrilla Resources 2976:lost an action for 2612:Shale gas in the UK 2028:had no right under 1902:Keep Our NHS Public 1883:Healthwatch England 1834:primary care trusts 1828:. According to the 1822:primary care trusts 1789:primary care trusts 1062:Means-tested grants 662:Education in the UK 618:Insolvency Act 1986 604:Insolvency Act 1986 458:European labour law 130:zero-carbon economy 14585:Transport Act 1985 14575:Transport Act 1968 14570:Transport Act 1962 14565:Transport Act 1947 14548:Parliamentary Acts 14442:Scottish Bus Group 14274:Crown dependencies 14205:Environment Agency 14086:Severn Trent Water 14081:Northumbrian Water 14064:Water and sewerage 13100:Case of Ship Money 13052:2000/31/EC) art 14 13037:, 47 USC §230 and 12171:Railways Act 1993 12075:10.1093/cje/ben040 11916:Tamlin v Hannaford 11723:Habitats Directive 11545:ECLI:EU:C:2003:635 11536:Commission v Spain 11426:ss 192A-B, 201–202 11350:Environment Agency 10848:Utilities Act 2000 10750:Utilities Act 2000 10721:Utilities Act 2000 10709:Utilities Act 2000 10473:Utilities Act 2000 10316:art 3 and Annex I] 10224:Environment Agency 10118:Petroleum Act 1998 10096:legislation.gov.uk 9740:ss 170-77, 260-263 9738:Companies Act 2006 9659:Companies Act 2006 9612:. 1980. Cmnd 7858. 9562:ECLI:EU:C:2015:400 9448:. Bank of England. 9303:D v United Kingdom 9266:ECLI:EU:C:2001:404 9252:ECLI:EU:C:2006:325 8667:. British Future, 8569:legislation.gov.uk 8339:legislation.gov.uk 8245:legislation.gov.uk 8221:legislation.gov.uk 8135:legislation.gov.uk 8111:legislation.gov.uk 8077:legislation.gov.uk 8054:$ 25 billion. 7769:Telegraph Act 1869 7754:had abolished the 7728:could not rely on 7721:Tamlin v Hannaford 7598:maximum employment 7579:Section 1A of the 7556:qualified majority 7358:and JK Rosengard, 7274:Book V, ch XI, §11 7180:personal allowance 7166: 6683:County Police Acts 6495: 6425: 6322: 6320:from 1941 to 2012. 5983: 5859: 5813:Telegraph Act 1868 5774:Internet in the UK 5482:, established the 5434:Transport Act 2000 5408:Transport Act 1985 5396:Transport Act 2000 5390:Transport Act 1985 5340: 5228:Transport Act 2000 5186:Transport Act 1985 5166:Transport Act 2000 5156:Transport Act 1985 5033:Conservative mayor 5028: 5004:London Underground 4867: 4855:London Underground 4820:Transport Act 1947 4587:Tamlin v Hannaford 4410: 4400:Tom Collins House 4392:Affordable housing 4316:European Union law 4307: 4289:Forestry in the UK 4216: 4147:retail price index 4135:natural monopolies 4131: 4099:Companies Act 2006 4087: 3953:UK water companies 3860:Commission v Spain 3700:retail price index 3679: 3535: 3523:Stadtwerke München 3517:, is owned 50% by 3411: 3367:", that is mostly 3199:Utilities Act 2000 3103:Energy law sources 3028:Petroleum Act 1998 3005:Petroleum Act 1998 3001: 2940:Petroleum Act 1998 2926:Petroleum Act 1998 2899:Petroleum Act 1998 2855: 2800:Petroleum Act 1998 2750:Petroleum Act 1998 2715:Petroleum Act 1998 2616:Fracking in the UK 2542: 2476:Companies Act 2006 2472: 2396:speculative bubble 2375: 2331:building societies 2171:Companies Act 2006 2017:N v United Kingdom 1985:primary care trust 1923:medical negligence 1906: 1881:and a subordinate 1820:(CCGs) to replace 1816:set up around 200 1724:Minister of Health 1700: 1530:N v United Kingdom 1280:Education Act 2005 1274:Academies Act 2010 1270:Education Act 2002 1254:Education Act 1996 1242:Education Act 1944 1236:Education Act 1918 1232:, medical services 1215:Cockerton judgment 1206:Education Act 1902 1195:UK private schools 1171:fee-paying schools 1078: 1002:Education Act 1962 998:maintenance grants 922: 762:ss 23-24 and 31-39 700:University sources 638:natural monopolies 548:Public procurement 512:EU competition law 508:UK competition law 442:Charities Act 2006 430:Companies Act 2006 421:Companies Act 2006 358:Companies Act 2006 323:English trusts law 289:Transport Act 1947 154:Transport Act 1985 122:Petroleum Act 1998 80:, competition and 58:Companies Act 2006 39: 35:Companies Act 2006 14629: 14628: 14347: 14346: 14200: 14199: 14142:Bournemouth Water 14016: 14015: 13590:Cambridge UP 2022 13550:G Gordon et al., 13115:English Civil War 12891:(2016) arts 27–32 12697:154, Figure 4.2.1 12359:Railways Act 1993 12283:Railways Act 1993 12200:. 1 October 2017. 12162:EWHC 1942 (Admin) 12010:Railways Act 1993 11950:from 2004) under 11858:Charalambous v Ng 11781:(2022) ch 14, 489 10963:UK nuclear plants 10021:978-0-19-871289-3 9900:. Previously the 9380:978-0-19-923209-3 9355:978-0-19-923209-3 9327:978-0-19-923209-3 8827:Regulated by the 8548:Equality Act 2010 8366:ss 16 and 21, cf 8281:Scotland Act 1998 7985:arts 7, 10 and 17 7767:Section 4 of the 7705:For example, the 7455:Universal service 7142:to stabilise the 7112:Consolidated Fund 7052: 7051: 7046:UK enterprise law 6654:British Aerospace 6382:Lord Neuberger MR 6374:Broadcasting Code 6372:had breached the 6357:R (Gaunt) v Ofcom 6343:Broadcasting Code 6297: 6296: 6291:UK enterprise law 6245:R (Gaunt) v Ofcom 6192:Web media sources 6025:predatory pricing 5852:Internet Protocol 5832:internet backbone 5769: 5768: 5763:UK enterprise law 5718:ss 45-64, 192-195 5708:arts 3-4 and 9-13 5488:Airports Act 1986 5361:Highways Act 1980 5324:delivery vehicles 5322:. Fully electric 5316:Electric vehicles 5290:Turnpike Act 1707 5286:Highways Act 1562 5282:Highways Act 1555 5277: 5276: 5271:UK enterprise law 5139:ss 87-88, 110-112 5115:Highways Act 1980 4960:Railways Act 1993 4932:Railways Act 1993 4921:High Speed Rail 2 4901:Potters Bar crash 4876:Railways Act 1993 4840:Railways Act 1993 4765: 4764: 4759:UK enterprise law 4700:Railways Act 1993 4678:Railways Act 1993 4668:Railways Act 1993 4658:Railways Act 2005 4554:Railways Act 1993 4465:section 21 notice 4432:Building Act 1984 4212:Joseph Bazalgette 4016:11 & 12 Vict. 4004:Joseph Bazalgette 3944: 3943: 3938:UK enterprise law 3830:(1998) 31 HLR 224 3758:Water law sources 3664:Wiltshire Council 3547:Robin Hood Energy 3312: 3311: 3306:UK enterprise law 3297:, conditions 7-10 3123:art 3 and Annex I 2905:) underneath. In 2840:border carbon tax 2817: 2816: 2811:UK enterprise law 2590:Gas, oil and coal 2392:South Sea Company 2297:UK insolvency law 2284: 2283: 2278:UK enterprise law 2070:Children Act 1989 1896:changes, and the 1653:Insurance systems 1627:country of the UK 1583:UK's constitution 1548: 1547: 1542:UK enterprise law 1225:free school meals 1147:Equality Act 2010 1085:Act of Parliament 1067:income inequality 994:local authorities 966:research councils 936:paid for through 853: 852: 847:UK enterprise law 742:(1968) 1 EHRR 252 720:arts 7, 10 and 17 598:US bankruptcy law 590:UK insolvency law 436:Pensions Act 2004 387:UK insolvency law 311:UK commercial law 271:Railways Act 1921 256:South Sea Company 150:Railways Act 1993 14659: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14609:Buses portal 14607: 14606: 14605: 14473:Bus deregulation 14374: 14367: 14360: 14351: 14350: 14257:Northern Ireland 14182:South East Water 14172:Portsmouth Water 14167:Hartlepool Water 14106:United Utilities 14096:South West Water 14061: 14060: 14043: 14036: 14029: 14020: 14019: 13969:Dependencies and 13673:Sovereign states 13659: 13652: 13645: 13636: 13635: 13472: 13466: 13460: 13447: 13441: 13433: 13427: 13418: 13412: 13404: 13398: 13385: 13379: 13371: 13365: 13359: 13353: 13347: 13341: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13293: 13287: 13279: 13273: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13250: 13244: 13238: 13228: 13222: 13214: 13208: 13200: 13194: 13181: 13175: 13170:was renamed the 13160: 13154: 13145: 13139: 13124: 13118: 13087:Magna Carta 1215 13080: 13074: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13053: 13050: 13044: 13031: 13025: 13018: 13012: 12999: 12993: 12991:EWHC 961 (Admin) 12988: 12982: 12976: 12970: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12942: 12934: 12928: 12922: 12916: 12910: 12904: 12898: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12874: 12868: 12862: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12843:(1946) Cmd 6852. 12838: 12832: 12829: 12823: 12820: 12814: 12811: 12805: 12802: 12796: 12788: 12782: 12774: 12768: 12760: 12754: 12746: 12740: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12717: 12711: 12709:147, Figure 4.15 12687: 12681: 12673: 12667: 12661: 12655: 12650: 12644: 12641: 12635: 12629: 12623: 12617: 12611: 12603: 12597: 12586: 12580: 12573: 12567: 12558: 12552: 12543: 12537: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12513: 12507: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12473: 12467: 12461: 12455: 12448: 12442: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12391: 12385: 12377: 12371: 12368: 12362: 12356: 12350: 12347: 12341: 12338: 12332: 12326: 12320: 12302: 12296: 12293: 12287: 12280: 12274: 12265:Contract Journal 12261: 12255: 12246: 12240: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12222: 12216: 12215: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12190: 12184: 12181: 12175: 12169: 12163: 12160: 12154: 12144: 12138: 12135: 12129: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12077: 12053: 12047: 12040: 12034: 12021: 12015: 12007: 12001: 11992: 11986: 11969: 11963: 11940: 11931: 11925: 11919: 11913: 11907: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11868: 11862: 11853: 11847: 11842:Housing Act 1988 11839: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11810: 11804: 11797: 11791: 11788: 11782: 11775: 11769: 11766:Housing Act 1985 11763: 11757: 11754: 11748: 11740: 11734: 11731: 11725: 11711:Badgers Act 1991 11703: 11697: 11691: 11685: 11678: 11672: 11665: 11659: 11656: 11650: 11647: 11641: 11638: 11632: 11629: 11623: 11615: 11609: 11602: 11596: 11583: 11577: 11570: 11564: 11561: 11555: 11518: 11512: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11467: 11461: 11446: 11440: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11409: 11403: 11397: 11391: 11384: 11378: 11371: 11365: 11359: 11353: 11339: 11333: 11326: 11320: 11312: 11306: 11290: 11284: 11266: 11260: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11235: 11228: 11222: 11207: 11201: 11190: 11184: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11145: 11139: 11132: 11126: 11119: 11113: 11106: 11100: 11093: 11087: 11080: 11074: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11004: 10998: 10996: 10984: 10956: 10950: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10926: 10920: 10919: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10895: 10889: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10862: 10845: 10839: 10838: 10827: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10805: 10799: 10791: 10785: 10773: 10767: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10733: 10727: 10725:Sch 1, paras 1–3 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10693: 10687: 10686: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10661: 10660: 10654: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10631: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10602: 10596: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10551: 10545: 10532: 10526: 10524:Cm 8099, 148–150 10517: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10489: 10483: 10461: 10455: 10447: 10441: 10428: 10422: 10421: 10381: 10375: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10351: 10340: 10334: 10327:nine plants left 10323: 10317: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10262:Finance Act 2016 10259: 10253: 10241: 10235: 10221: 10209: 10203: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10180: 10174: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10092: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10067: 10061: 10050: 10044: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10007: 10001: 9976: 9970: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9937: 9926: 9917: 9894: 9888: 9885: 9879: 9873:Banking Act 2009 9870: 9864: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9809: 9803: 9795: 9789: 9779: 9773: 9763: 9757: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9696: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9637:, Sch 3, para 20 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9610:Monetary Control 9606: 9600: 9599: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9570: 9564: 9556:, 16 June 2015, 9551: 9545: 9544: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9523: 9519: 9517: 9509: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9468: 9465: 9459: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9438: 9432: 9425: 9419: 9414: 9400: 9394: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9341: 9332: 9331: 9313: 9307: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9244: 9238: 9224: 9218: 9213: 9207: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9167: 9161: 9156: 9150: 9138: 9132: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9088: 9082: 9074: 9068: 9060: 9054: 9037: 9031: 9018: 9012: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8982: 8973: 8965: 8959: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8919: 8913: 8897: 8891: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8851: 8845: 8825: 8819: 8816:Sozialgesetzbuch 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8779: 8773: 8753: 8747: 8737: 8731: 8720: 8714: 8710:at 2010 prices: 8704: 8695: 8685: 8679: 8661: 8655: 8624: 8618: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8545: 8539: 8531: 8525: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8449: 8443: 8433: 8427: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8361: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8325: 8319: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8278: 8272: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8093: 8087: 8085: 8061: 8055: 8024: 8018: 8011: 8005: 7979: 7973: 7957: 7951: 7937: 7931: 7928:22 February 2018 7917: 7898: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7876: 7868: 7862: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7838: 7827: 7821: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7784: 7778: 7765: 7759: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7733: 7716: 7710: 7703: 7697: 7685: 7679: 7676:Banking Act 1979 7668: 7662: 7655: 7649: 7628: 7622: 7611: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7577: 7571: 7552:European Council 7546:states that the 7540: 7534: 7527: 7521: 7514: 7508: 7493: 7487: 7476: 7238:Public economics 7128:Contingency Fund 7069:UK national debt 6977: 6955: 6923: 6869: 6846: 6811:Magna Carta 1215 6797: 6790: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6335:Order in Council 6310:radio broadcasts 6260:EWHC 961 (Admin) 6186: 6179: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6058:Court of Justice 6047:Court of Justice 6039:Deutsche Telekom 6029:Court of Justice 5999:TFEU article 102 5939:Southwark Bridge 5751: 5594: 5552: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5486:, privatised in 5334:exhausts, while 5332:climate damaging 5301:1861, 1865, 1878 5240:ss 1-4 and Sch 1 5127: 5117:ss 1, 24, 36, 41 5079: 5072: 5065: 5056: 5055: 4869:Since 2015, the 4812:boomed from 1840 4723: 4647: 4623: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4474:Housing Act 2004 4469:Housing Act 1988 4456:Housing Act 1988 4449:section 24. The 4447:Housing Act 1985 4423:Housing Act 1985 4372:Right to housing 4251:United Utilities 4233:Thames Water plc 4210:was built under 4049:Northern Ireland 3926: 3888: 3874: 3840: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3332:carbon emissions 3317:UK energy policy 3166: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3053:UK nuclear power 3041:UK energy policy 2891:US corporate law 2739: 2727: 2705: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2604:Mining in the UK 2575:Banking Act 2009 2563:Great Depression 2538:Banking Act 2009 2441:government bonds 2439:"), buying back 2333:), that provide 2267:Banking Act 2009 2259:(EU) No 575/2013 2216: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2090: 2089: 1941:myeloid leukemia 1704:NHS Constitution 1632:Beveridge Report 1615:Northern Ireland 1599:general taxation 1519: 1439: 1427: 1405: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1326: 1325: 1305:Museums Act 1845 1189:, following the 1093:Order in Council 986:Second World War 954:Northern Ireland 938:general taxation 934:funding councils 902:funding councils 694: 687: 680: 671: 670: 646:public ownership 524:arts 101 and 102 516:US antitrust law 415:US corporate law 373:or occasionally 327:English land law 319:English tort law 225:Pope Clement VII 118:renewable energy 29:or banks in the 14667: 14666: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14647:Public services 14632: 14631: 14630: 14625: 14616: 14614: 14603: 14601: 14594: 14543: 14509:Buses in London 14504:AEC Routemaster 14487: 14461: 14405: 14384: 14378: 14348: 14343: 14322: 14295: 14269: 14252: 14235: 14210: 14196: 14120: 14116:Yorkshire Water 14052: 14047: 14017: 14012: 13970: 13964: 13950:Northern Cyprus 13932: 13926: 13847:North Macedonia 13668: 13663: 13633: 13597:Health care law 13480: 13475: 13467: 13463: 13448: 13444: 13434: 13430: 13419: 13415: 13405: 13401: 13386: 13382: 13372: 13368: 13360: 13356: 13348: 13344: 13329: 13325: 13317: 13313: 13305: 13301: 13294: 13290: 13280: 13276: 13269: 13265: 13257: 13253: 13245: 13241: 13229: 13225: 13215: 13211: 13201: 13197: 13182: 13178: 13161: 13157: 13146: 13142: 13125: 13121: 13081: 13077: 13072: 13068: 13060: 13056: 13051: 13047: 13032: 13028: 13019: 13015: 13009:Wayback Machine 13002:Alexa Top Sites 13000: 12996: 12989: 12985: 12977: 12973: 12961: 12957: 12949: 12945: 12935: 12931: 12923: 12919: 12911: 12907: 12899: 12895: 12887: 12883: 12875: 12871: 12863: 12859: 12851: 12847: 12839: 12835: 12830: 12826: 12821: 12817: 12812: 12808: 12803: 12799: 12789: 12785: 12775: 12771: 12767:(2014) C-295/12 12761: 12757: 12753:(2010) C-280/08 12747: 12743: 12739:(2009) C-202/07 12733: 12729: 12718: 12714: 12688: 12684: 12674: 12670: 12662: 12658: 12651: 12647: 12642: 12638: 12630: 12626: 12618: 12614: 12604: 12600: 12587: 12583: 12574: 12570: 12559: 12555: 12544: 12540: 12529: 12525: 12514: 12510: 12498: 12494: 12486: 12482: 12474: 12470: 12462: 12458: 12449: 12445: 12437: 12433: 12425: 12421: 12392: 12388: 12378: 12374: 12369: 12365: 12357: 12353: 12348: 12344: 12339: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12303: 12299: 12294: 12290: 12281: 12277: 12262: 12258: 12247: 12243: 12238: 12234: 12223: 12219: 12210: 12209: 12205: 12192: 12191: 12187: 12182: 12178: 12170: 12166: 12161: 12157: 12145: 12141: 12136: 12132: 12103: 12099: 12091: 12087: 12054: 12050: 12041: 12037: 12022: 12018: 12008: 12004: 11993: 11989: 11977:. This renamed 11970: 11966: 11956:Ken Livingstone 11941: 11934: 11926: 11922: 11914: 11910: 11890: 11886: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11865: 11854: 11850: 11840: 11836: 11832:ss 1, 9A-11, 19 11828: 11824: 11811: 11807: 11798: 11794: 11789: 11785: 11776: 11772: 11764: 11760: 11755: 11751: 11741: 11737: 11732: 11728: 11719:Birds Directive 11704: 11700: 11692: 11688: 11679: 11675: 11666: 11662: 11657: 11653: 11648: 11644: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11626: 11616: 11612: 11603: 11599: 11584: 11580: 11571: 11567: 11562: 11558: 11519: 11515: 11493: 11489: 11481: 11477: 11468: 11464: 11447: 11443: 11434: 11430: 11422: 11418: 11410: 11406: 11398: 11394: 11390:(2014) ch 5, 81 11385: 11381: 11372: 11368: 11360: 11356: 11340: 11336: 11327: 11323: 11313: 11309: 11291: 11287: 11267: 11263: 11254: 11250: 11242: 11238: 11229: 11225: 11208: 11204: 11191: 11187: 11174: 11170: 11162: 11158: 11146: 11142: 11133: 11129: 11120: 11116: 11107: 11103: 11094: 11090: 11081: 11077: 11064: 11060: 11054:Energy Act 2011 11052: 11048: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11031: 11023: 11019: 11005: 11001: 10957: 10953: 10945: 10941: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10914: 10913: 10909: 10901: 10897: 10896: 10892: 10881: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10846: 10842: 10837:. 27 July 2023. 10829: 10828: 10824: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10802: 10792: 10788: 10774: 10770: 10760: 10756: 10748: 10744: 10734: 10730: 10719: 10715: 10707: 10703: 10694: 10690: 10681: 10680: 10676: 10668: 10664: 10646: 10645: 10641: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10603: 10599: 10590: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10552: 10548: 10542:feed-in tariffs 10533: 10529: 10518: 10514: 10507: 10503: 10490: 10486: 10462: 10458: 10450:Energy Act 2013 10448: 10444: 10431:Energy Act 2013 10429: 10425: 10404:(3092): 20–21. 10373: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10349: 10342: 10341: 10337: 10324: 10320: 10302: 10298: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10272: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10242: 10238: 10210: 10206: 10195: 10191: 10182: 10181: 10177: 10165: 10161: 10155:Energy Act 2016 10153: 10149: 10143:Energy Act 2016 10141: 10137: 10131:Energy Act 2016 10128: 10124: 10116: 10112: 10090: 10086: 10085: 10081: 10069: 10068: 10064: 10051: 10047: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10008: 10004: 9977: 9973: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9935: 9928: 9927: 9920: 9904:from 1933, the 9902:Coal Commission 9895: 9891: 9886: 9882: 9871: 9867: 9859: 9855: 9847: 9843: 9836: 9832: 9828:(1848) 2 HLC 28 9824: 9820: 9810: 9806: 9796: 9792: 9780: 9776: 9764: 9760: 9748: 9744: 9736: 9732: 9697: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9669: 9665: 9657: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9617: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9595:. p. 121. 9589: 9585: 9577:. p. 121. 9571: 9567: 9552: 9548: 9537: 9533: 9521: 9520: 9511: 9510: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9466: 9462: 9457: 9453: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9426: 9422: 9404:Bagehot, Walter 9401: 9397: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9314: 9310: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9275: 9271: 9245: 9241: 9233:art 57 and the 9225: 9221: 9214: 9210: 9205: 9201: 9194:The Independent 9186: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9153: 9139: 9135: 9121: 9117: 9109: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9075: 9071: 9061: 9057: 9038: 9034: 9019: 9015: 9001: 8997: 8984: 8983: 8976: 8966: 8962: 8948: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8920: 8916: 8911:Wayback Machine 8898: 8894: 8888:Health Spending 8885: 8881: 8874: 8864:Charles Webster 8852: 8848: 8826: 8822: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8780: 8776: 8771:Wayback Machine 8762:(27 July 2015) 8754: 8750: 8738: 8734: 8722:n.b. The first 8721: 8717: 8705: 8698: 8686: 8682: 8662: 8658: 8625: 8621: 8615:arts 2, 3 and 8 8585: 8581: 8562: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8528: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8470: 8450: 8446: 8434: 8430: 8424:Wayback Machine 8414: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8332: 8326: 8322: 8318:(2005) C-209/03 8312: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8279: 8275: 8271:(2005) C-147/03 8264: 8260: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8104: 8094: 8090: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8025: 8021: 8012: 8008: 7980: 7976: 7958: 7954: 7938: 7934: 7918: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7901: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7865: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7785: 7781: 7766: 7762: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7736: 7717: 7713: 7704: 7700: 7686: 7682: 7669: 7665: 7656: 7652: 7629: 7625: 7612: 7608: 7592:In the US, the 7591: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7541: 7537: 7528: 7524: 7515: 7511: 7494: 7490: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7436: 7365:JA Schumpeter, 7248: 7236:Main articles: 7234: 7228:at fair wages. 7226:full employment 7075: 7055:Main articles: 7053: 7048: 7038: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6937: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6904: 6894: 6884: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6824: 6814: 6804: 6801: 6771: 6730:Prison Act 1877 6701:Police Act 1996 6595: 6484: 6474: 6378:ECHR article 10 6298: 6293: 6283: 6271: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6215: 6205: 6193: 6190: 6160: 5941:, licenses the 5865:section 3, the 5792: 5770: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5741: 5731: 5719: 5709: 5699: 5698:(2014) C-295/12 5687: 5675: 5674:(2010) C-280/08 5663: 5662:(2009) C-202/07 5651: 5641: 5631: 5619: 5609: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5575: 5565: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5510: 5501:British Airways 5348:(2007) C-112/05 5299:Locomotive Acts 5278: 5273: 5263: 5262:(2003) C-112/00 5251: 5241: 5231: 5221: 5211: 5210:(2017) C-434/15 5199: 5189: 5179: 5169: 5159: 5149: 5140: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5108: 5098: 5097:(2007) C-112/05 5086: 5083: 5008:Ken Livingstone 4796:turnpike trusts 4784: 4778:Roads in the UK 4766: 4761: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4721: 4713: 4703: 4693: 4681: 4671: 4661: 4651: 4645: 4637: 4627: 4621: 4613: 4601: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4557: 4547: 4546:ss 15-16, Sch 1 4537: 4534: 4504: 4454:processes. The 4419:housing benefit 4406:council housing 4394: 4384:Rent regulation 4368: 4348:Natural England 4299: 4283:Main articles: 4281: 4265:Cambridge Water 4185:water companies 4077:is one of many 3971: 3957:EU water policy 3947:Main articles: 3945: 3940: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3863:(2003) C-278/01 3852: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3819: 3809: 3799: 3789: 3779: 3769: 3759: 3756: 3726: 3656:grade II listed 3490:) challenged a 3474:Energy Act 2008 3466:Energy Act 2013 3451:Energy Act 2013 3403:community solar 3381:decarbonisation 3377:Energy Act 2013 3313: 3308: 3298: 3288: 3285:Energy Act 2011 3278: 3268: 3258: 3257:(1990) C-188/89 3246: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3202: 3192: 3191:(2013) C‑105/12 3180: 3179:arts 63 and 345 3170: 3164: 3156: 3155:(2001) C-379/98 3144: 3143:ss 1, 6-26, 131 3141:Energy Act 2013 3134: 3124: 3114: 3104: 3101: 3071: 3037: 3010:Energy Act 2011 2978:judicial review 2918:Energy Act 2016 2818: 2813: 2803: 2793: 2783: 2773: 2763: 2760:Energy Act 2011 2753: 2743: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2683: 2671: 2661: 2658:Energy Act 2016 2651: 2648: 2618: 2592: 2534:HBOS-Lloyds TSB 2425:Bank of England 2417:monetary policy 2394:collapsed in a 2344:Bank of England 2311:monetary policy 2307:Bank of England 2303: 2293:Bank of England 2287:Main articles: 2285: 2280: 2270: 2260: 2250: 2240: 2230: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2205:(1848) 2 HLC 28 2194: 2184: 2174: 2164: 2154: 2144: 2130: 2120: 2117: 2087: 2007:hip replacement 1971:judicial review 1915:judicial review 1867:judicial review 1847:competition law 1623:devolved matter 1575:universal right 1571: 1551:Main articles: 1549: 1544: 1534: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1500: 1499:(2006) C-372/04 1488: 1476: 1464: 1452: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1418: 1408: 1403: 1396: 1386: 1385:arts 2, 3 and 8 1376: 1366: 1356: 1353: 1323: 1321:Health and care 1288:, trust schools 1163:grammar schools 1126:judicial review 1018:progressive tax 962:Universities UK 887:raised to £9250 854: 849: 839: 827: 815: 805: 795: 785: 775: 774:(2005) C-209/03 763: 753: 743: 731: 721: 711: 701: 698: 668: 654: 633: 627: 600: 588:Main articles: 586: 518: 506:Main articles: 504: 483:ECHR article 11 464: 452:Main articles: 450: 417: 405:Main articles: 403: 379:competition law 329: 307: 251:Bank of England 235:Sir Thomas More 213:House of Medici 194:Otto von Gierke 180: 174:Nationalisation 170: 99:Bank of England 95:monetary policy 66:competition law 60:, regulated by 17: 12: 11: 5: 14665: 14655: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14627: 14626: 14599: 14596: 14595: 14593: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14551: 14549: 14545: 14544: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14495: 14493: 14489: 14488: 14486: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14469: 14467: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14413: 14411: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14403: 14401:John Greenwood 14398: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14385: 14377: 14376: 14369: 14362: 14354: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14341: 14336: 14330: 14328: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14320: 14314: 14309: 14303: 14301: 14297: 14296: 14294: 14293: 14288: 14286:Guernsey Water 14283: 14277: 14275: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14267: 14260: 14258: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14247:Scottish Water 14243: 14241: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14228: 14226:Hafren Dyfrdwy 14223: 14218: 14216: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14208: 14201: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14132:Affinity Water 14128: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14091:Southern Water 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14067: 14065: 14058: 14054: 14053: 14046: 14045: 14038: 14031: 14023: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13974: 13972: 13971:other entities 13966: 13965: 13963: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13936: 13934: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13924: 13922:United Kingdom 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13735:Czech Republic 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13676: 13674: 13670: 13669: 13662: 13661: 13654: 13647: 13639: 13632: 13631:External links 13629: 13628: 13627: 13617: 13610: 13600: 13599:(2002) chs 3–4 13595:J Montgomery, 13593: 13582: 13575: 13565: 13555: 13548: 13541: 13534: 13533:(2002) chs 3–5 13523: 13522: 13518: 13517: 13514: 13508: 13505: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13461: 13442: 13428: 13413: 13399: 13380: 13366: 13354: 13342: 13323: 13311: 13299: 13288: 13274: 13263: 13251: 13239: 13223: 13209: 13195: 13176: 13155: 13148:Standing Order 13140: 13132:1 QB 340, and 13119: 13075: 13066: 13054: 13045: 13026: 13013: 12994: 12983: 12971: 12969:ss 37 and 127. 12965:s 333 and the 12955: 12943: 12929: 12917: 12905: 12893: 12881: 12869: 12857: 12845: 12833: 12831:(2010) C-58/08 12824: 12815: 12806: 12797: 12783: 12769: 12755: 12741: 12727: 12712: 12682: 12668: 12656: 12645: 12636: 12624: 12612: 12598: 12581: 12568: 12553: 12538: 12523: 12508: 12492: 12480: 12468: 12456: 12443: 12431: 12419: 12386: 12372: 12363: 12351: 12342: 12333: 12321: 12297: 12288: 12275: 12273:EWHC 2697 (Ch) 12256: 12241: 12232: 12217: 12203: 12185: 12176: 12164: 12155: 12139: 12130: 12097: 12095:per Lindsay J. 12093:EWHC 2192 (Ch) 12085: 12048: 12035: 12016: 12002: 11987: 11983:Rail Regulator 11964: 11932: 11920: 11908: 11884: 11872: 11863: 11848: 11834: 11822: 11805: 11792: 11783: 11770: 11758: 11749: 11735: 11726: 11707:Weeds Act 1959 11698: 11686: 11673: 11660: 11651: 11642: 11633: 11631:EWCA Crim 2243 11624: 11610: 11597: 11578: 11565: 11556: 11513: 11487: 11475: 11462: 11441: 11428: 11416: 11404: 11392: 11379: 11366: 11354: 11334: 11321: 11307: 11304:Water Act 2003 11285: 11261: 11248: 11236: 11223: 11202: 11185: 11168: 11156: 11148:Water Act 1989 11140: 11127: 11114: 11112:(2004) 328–352 11101: 11088: 11075: 11068:art 25(1) and 11058: 11046: 11043:. Ofgem. 2008. 11029: 11017: 10999: 10951: 10939: 10921: 10907: 10890: 10875: 10863: 10840: 10822: 10811: 10800: 10786: 10768: 10754: 10742: 10728: 10713: 10711:Sch 1, para 2A 10701: 10688: 10674: 10662: 10639: 10616: 10597: 10584: 10572: 10546: 10527: 10512: 10501: 10484: 10478:. Known as a " 10456: 10442: 10423: 10359: 10335: 10318: 10296: 10278: 10266: 10254: 10236: 10204: 10189: 10175: 10159: 10147: 10135: 10122: 10110: 10079: 10062: 10045: 10027: 10020: 10002: 9971: 9957: 9945: 9918: 9889: 9880: 9865: 9853: 9841: 9830: 9818: 9804: 9790: 9774: 9758: 9742: 9730: 9691: 9679: 9663: 9651: 9639: 9627: 9615: 9601: 9583: 9565: 9546: 9531: 9522:|website= 9478: 9469: 9460: 9451: 9433: 9420: 9395: 9386: 9379: 9361: 9354: 9333: 9326: 9308: 9293: 9281: 9269: 9239: 9219: 9208: 9199: 9180: 9171: 9162: 9151: 9133: 9115: 9103: 9083: 9069: 9055: 9032: 9013: 8995: 8974: 8960: 8953:(21 May 1974) 8942: 8940:s 19 and Sch 5 8930: 8914: 8892: 8879: 8872: 8860:Bevan, Aneurin 8846: 8820: 8806: 8794: 8774: 8748: 8745:politics.co.uk 8732: 8715: 8712:stats.oecd.org 8696: 8693:stats.oecd.org 8680: 8656: 8652:Bill of rights 8630:, 299, citing 8628:Public Law 297 8619: 8579: 8540: 8526: 8491: 8479: 8468: 8444: 8428: 8408: 8399: 8349: 8320: 8306: 8294: 8273: 8258: 8231: 8207: 8189: 8165: 8145: 8121: 8088: 8056: 8019: 8006: 7974: 7952: 7932: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7886: 7877: 7863: 7848: 7839: 7822: 7808: 7796: 7779: 7760: 7743: 7734: 7730:Crown immunity 7724:held that the 7711: 7698: 7680: 7663: 7650: 7632:Treaty of Rome 7623: 7615:Treaty of Rome 7606: 7602:interest rates 7585: 7572: 7544:Treaty of Rome 7535: 7522: 7509: 7488: 7483:equity capital 7470: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7424: 7417: 7407: 7397: 7387: 7375: 7372: 7363: 7362:(3rd edn 2015) 7353: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7329: 7323: 7313: 7297: 7288: 7276: 7261: 7242:Market failure 7233: 7230: 7201:Business rates 7144:pound sterling 7087:standing order 7050: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7007: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6831:Standing Order 6829: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6703: 6694: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6631: 6626: 6617: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6581: 6576: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6526: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6491:Borough Market 6478:Market (place) 6473: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6295: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6166: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6137: 5844:Liberty Global 5767: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754:(2010) C-58/08 5746: 5743: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640:ss 131 and 154 5636: 5633: 5632: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584:ss 1-14, 20-35 5580: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5509: 5508:Communications 5506: 5505: 5504: 5494: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5457: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5294:Turnpike trust 5275: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5024:motor vehicles 4800:British Empire 4763: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750:EWHC 2697 (Ch) 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738:EWHC 2192 (Ch) 4732: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612:EWHC Admin 637 4606: 4603: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556:ss 4-23 and 25 4552: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4503: 4500: 4487:business rates 4367: 4364: 4340:National parks 4280: 4277: 4198:when she sees 4095:asset managers 4083:Scottish Water 4065:Scottish Water 4053:Water Act 1989 4037:Water Act 1973 4033:Water Act 1945 3979:climate damage 3961:Scottish Water 3942: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3903:EWCA Crim 2243 3897: 3894: 3893: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3786:Water Act 2003 3784: 3781: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3599:local councils 3555:Bristol Energy 3498:, contrary to 3478:feed-in tariff 3439:Scottish Power 3407:feed-in tariff 3325:greenhouse gas 3310: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3045:UK solar power 3036: 3033: 2895:asset managers 2887:UK company law 2815: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2591: 2588: 2488:asset managers 2388:King of France 2315:interest rates 2313:, influencing 2301:UK company law 2289:UK banking law 2282: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2193:, sections A-E 2189: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2042: 2041: 2030:ECHR article 3 1997:European Union 1793:secondary care 1546: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1509:ss 6BB and 175 1505: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1375:arts 11 and 13 1371: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1218: 1203: 1197: 1184: 1155: 1154: 1095:issued by the 1010:Dearing Report 1006:Robbins Report 851: 850: 844: 841: 840: 832: 829: 828: 820: 817: 816: 810: 807: 806: 800: 797: 796: 790: 787: 786: 780: 777: 776: 768: 765: 764: 758: 755: 754: 748: 745: 744: 736: 733: 732: 726: 723: 722: 716: 713: 712: 706: 703: 702: 697: 696: 689: 682: 674: 653: 650: 626: 623: 622: 621: 615: 607: 585: 582: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 544:(1999) C-67/96 537: 531: 525: 503: 500: 499: 498: 493: 485: 480: 473: 449: 446: 445: 444: 439: 433: 427: 424: 407:UK company law 402: 399: 354:UK company law 334:commercial law 306: 303: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 232: 210: 205: 203:Lex Mercatoria 196: 191: 169: 166: 82:insolvency law 70:insolvency law 31:City of London 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14664: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14637: 14624: 14623: 14611: 14610: 14597: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14546: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14490: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14470: 14468: 14464: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14452:Tilling Group 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14410:Organisations 14408: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14375: 14370: 14368: 14363: 14361: 14356: 14355: 14352: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14331: 14329: 14325: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14298: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14272: 14265: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14255: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14213: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14147:Bristol Water 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14123: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14071:Anglian Water 14069: 14068: 14066: 14062: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14044: 14039: 14037: 14032: 14030: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13983:Faroe Islands 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13967: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13955:South Ossetia 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13929: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13807:Liechtenstein 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13660: 13655: 13653: 13648: 13646: 13641: 13640: 13637: 13625: 13621: 13620:T Wheelwright 13618: 13615: 13611: 13608: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13584:E McGaughey, 13583: 13580: 13579:EU Energy Law 13576: 13573: 13569: 13566: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13549: 13546: 13542: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13520: 13519: 13515: 13512: 13509: 13506: 13504:(OUP) 290–298 13503: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13482: 13481: 13471: 13465: 13458: 13454: 13451: 13446: 13440: 13437: 13432: 13425: 13422: 13417: 13411: 13408: 13403: 13396: 13393: 13389: 13384: 13378: 13375: 13370: 13364: 13358: 13351: 13346: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13327: 13320: 13315: 13308: 13303: 13297: 13292: 13286: 13283: 13278: 13272: 13267: 13260: 13255: 13248: 13243: 13236: 13232: 13227: 13221: 13218: 13213: 13207: 13204: 13199: 13192: 13188: 13185: 13180: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13159: 13153: 13152:HC 314, SO 48 13149: 13144: 13137: 13136: 13131: 13130: 13123: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13107: 13102: 13101: 13097:. c. 1), the 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13079: 13070: 13063: 13058: 13049: 13042: 13041: 13036: 13030: 13023: 13017: 13010: 13006: 13003: 12998: 12992: 12987: 12980: 12975: 12968: 12964: 12959: 12952: 12947: 12940: 12939: 12933: 12926: 12921: 12914: 12909: 12902: 12897: 12890: 12885: 12878: 12873: 12866: 12861: 12854: 12849: 12842: 12837: 12828: 12819: 12810: 12801: 12794: 12793: 12787: 12781:EWCA Civ 1318 12780: 12779: 12773: 12766: 12765: 12759: 12752: 12751: 12745: 12738: 12737: 12731: 12723: 12716: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12695: 12691: 12686: 12679: 12678: 12672: 12665: 12660: 12654: 12653:EWCA Civ 1873 12649: 12640: 12634: 12628: 12621: 12616: 12610: 12607: 12602: 12595: 12591: 12585: 12578: 12572: 12565: 12562: 12557: 12550: 12547: 12542: 12535: 12532: 12527: 12519: 12512: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12496: 12489: 12484: 12477: 12472: 12465: 12460: 12452: 12447: 12440: 12435: 12428: 12423: 12416: 12412: 12411:Nitrous Oxide 12408: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12383: 12382: 12376: 12367: 12360: 12355: 12346: 12337: 12330: 12325: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12306: 12301: 12292: 12284: 12279: 12272: 12271: 12266: 12260: 12252: 12251: 12245: 12236: 12228: 12221: 12213: 12207: 12199: 12195: 12189: 12180: 12174: 12168: 12159: 12151: 12148: 12143: 12134: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12094: 12089: 12082: 12076: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12052: 12045: 12039: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12020: 12014: 12011: 12006: 11999: 11998:Sch 1, para 2 11996: 11991: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11968: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11952:Boris Johnson 11949: 11945: 11939: 11937: 11930: 11924: 11917: 11912: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11867: 11861:EWCA Civ 1604 11860: 11859: 11852: 11846: 11843: 11838: 11831: 11826: 11819: 11815: 11809: 11802: 11796: 11787: 11780: 11777:E McGaughey, 11774: 11767: 11762: 11753: 11747: 11744: 11739: 11730: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11705:See also the 11702: 11695: 11690: 11683: 11680:H Trenbirth, 11677: 11670: 11664: 11655: 11646: 11637: 11628: 11621: 11620: 11614: 11607: 11606:William Heath 11601: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11582: 11575: 11569: 11563:WIA 1991 s 86 11560: 11553: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11517: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11499: 11496: 11491: 11484: 11479: 11472: 11466: 11459: 11458: 11453: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11432: 11425: 11420: 11413: 11408: 11401: 11396: 11389: 11383: 11375: 11370: 11364: 11363:openDemocracy 11358: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11338: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11316: 11311: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11294: 11289: 11283: 11279: 11278: 11273: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11252: 11246: 11240: 11233: 11227: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11182: 11178: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11153: 11149: 11144: 11137: 11131: 11124: 11118: 11111: 11105: 11098: 11092: 11085: 11082:E McGaughey, 11079: 11071: 11067: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11039: 11033: 11026: 11021: 11014: 11010: 11009: 11003: 10994: 10990: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10955: 10948: 10943: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10917: 10911: 10904:. GEMA. 2018. 10900: 10894: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10872: 10867: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10815: 10809: 10804: 10797: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10772: 10765: 10764: 10758: 10751: 10746: 10740: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10722: 10717: 10710: 10705: 10698: 10692: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10658: 10653: 10651: 10643: 10635: 10630: 10628: 10620: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10588: 10582: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10550: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10510: 10505: 10498: 10495:, made under 10494: 10488: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10454: 10451: 10446: 10439: 10438:carbon budget 10435: 10432: 10427: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10398:New Scientist 10395: 10388: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10371: 10367:"Chapter 6". 10363: 10355: 10348: 10347: 10343:"Chapter 5". 10339: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10282: 10275: 10270: 10263: 10258: 10251: 10247: 10246: 10240: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10219: 10215: 10208: 10202: 10198: 10193: 10185: 10179: 10172: 10169: 10163: 10156: 10151: 10144: 10139: 10132: 10126: 10119: 10114: 10107: 10102: 10098: 10097: 10089: 10083: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10042: 10038: 10037: 10031: 10023: 10017: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9941: 9934: 9933: 9929:"Chapter 1". 9925: 9923: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9884: 9878: 9874: 9869: 9862: 9857: 9850: 9845: 9839: 9834: 9827: 9822: 9815: 9814: 9808: 9801: 9800: 9794: 9787: 9783: 9778: 9771: 9767: 9762: 9755: 9751: 9746: 9739: 9734: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9667: 9660: 9655: 9648: 9643: 9636: 9631: 9624: 9619: 9611: 9605: 9598: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9550: 9542: 9535: 9527: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9490: 9482: 9473: 9464: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9437: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9415:, discussing 9413: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9390: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9365: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9338: 9329: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9304: 9297: 9290: 9285: 9278: 9273: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9212: 9206:EWCA Civ 1871 9203: 9195: 9191: 9184: 9175: 9166: 9160: 9155: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9137: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9100: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9051:Sch 2, para 1 9048: 9045: 9041: 9036: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9011: 9007: 9004: 8999: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8972: 8969: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8939: 8934: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8889: 8883: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8729: 8728:Aneurin Bevan 8725: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8701: 8694: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8530: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8514:EWHC 613 (QB) 8512: 8511: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8498:For example, 8495: 8488: 8483: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8455: 8451:For example, 8448: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8412: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8317: 8316: 8310: 8303: 8298: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8211: 8203: 8202:Browne Review 8199: 8193: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8065: 8060: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8026:In 2016, the 8023: 8017: 8010: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7978: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7956: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7936: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7914: 7909: 7896: 7890: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7859: 7852: 7843: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7818: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7738: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7702: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7684: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7660: 7654: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7410:OE Williamson 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7222:public health 7219: 7218:national debt 7214: 7210: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7172: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7152:Land Registry 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7078:Fiscal policy 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7047: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6840: 6836: 6835:HC 314, SO 48 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6769:Fiscal policy 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6509:Covent Garden 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6330:royal charter 6327: 6319: 6318:World Service 6315: 6312:, and to the 6311: 6307: 6302: 6292: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6196: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5963:mobile phones 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5925:Lord Sumption 5922: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5836:optical fibre 5833: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5764: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5690: 5686:EWCA Civ 1318 5685: 5684: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5608:EWCA Civ 1873 5607: 5606: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5089: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4760: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380:Council house 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332:public sector 4328: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4237:Lord Hoffmann 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4209: 4206:of 1858, the 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075:Loch Faskally 4072: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3939: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3646:Supreme Court 3642: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3590:golden shares 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361:hydroelectric 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3307: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049:UK wind power 3046: 3042: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2897:). Under the 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2812: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2569:, to prevent 2568: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522:Northern Rock 2520: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2279: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2139:art 3(3) and 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012:single market 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1967:Lord Woolf MR 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:NHS Executive 1774: 1770: 1769:Innisfree Ltd 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1692: 1691:Aneurin Bevan 1688: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669:public health 1666: 1665:United States 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:UK health law 1543: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1475:EWCA Civ 1871 1474: 1473: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1451:ss 1A-C and 3 1450: 1445: 1440: 1433: 1428: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223:, introduced 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1121:Privy Council 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:Privy Council 1094: 1090: 1089:royal charter 1086: 1082: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:student loans 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:Browne Review 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 863: 859: 848: 842: 837: 836: 830: 825: 824: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 772: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 740: 734: 730:Prot 1, art 2 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 676: 675: 672: 667: 663: 659: 649: 647: 643: 639: 632: 619: 616: 613: 612: 608: 605: 602: 601: 599: 595: 591: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 543: 542: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 519: 517: 513: 509: 497: 494: 491: 490: 486: 484: 481: 477: 474: 471: 470: 466: 465: 463: 459: 455: 454:UK labour law 448:Labour rights 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 418: 416: 412: 408: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 375:votes at work 372: 368: 367:UK labour law 364: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 246: 242: 241: 236: 233: 230: 227:(1523–1534), 226: 223:(1513–1521), 222: 218: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 200: 197: 195: 192: 189: 185: 182: 181: 179: 178:Privatisation 175: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 108: 104: 103:fiscal policy 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 54:international 51: 47: 44:concerns the 43: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 14613: 14600: 14281:Jersey Water 14266:(government) 14249:(government) 14137:Albion Water 14111:Wessex Water 14101:Thames Water 13960:Transnistria 13623: 13613: 13606: 13603:Tony Prosser 13596: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13561: 13551: 13544: 13537: 13530: 13501: 13464: 13445: 13431: 13416: 13402: 13383: 13369: 13357: 13345: 13326: 13314: 13302: 13291: 13277: 13266: 13254: 13242: 13226: 13212: 13198: 13179: 13163: 13158: 13147: 13143: 13133: 13127: 13122: 13104: 13098: 13078: 13069: 13057: 13048: 13038: 13029: 13016: 12997: 12986: 12979:EWCA Civ 692 12974: 12958: 12946: 12936: 12932: 12920: 12908: 12896: 12888: 12884: 12876: 12872: 12864: 12860: 12852: 12848: 12840: 12836: 12827: 12818: 12809: 12800: 12795:EWCA Civ 391 12790: 12786: 12776: 12772: 12762: 12758: 12748: 12744: 12734: 12730: 12721: 12715: 12704: 12693: 12685: 12675: 12671: 12659: 12648: 12639: 12627: 12615: 12601: 12584: 12571: 12556: 12541: 12526: 12517: 12511: 12499: 12495: 12483: 12471: 12459: 12446: 12434: 12422: 12402: 12389: 12384:EWCA Civ 955 12379: 12375: 12366: 12354: 12345: 12336: 12324: 12311: 12300: 12291: 12278: 12268: 12259: 12248: 12244: 12235: 12226: 12220: 12206: 12198:The Guardian 12197: 12188: 12179: 12167: 12158: 12142: 12133: 12112:(July 2004) 12109: 12100: 12088: 12079: 12065: 12061: 12051: 12038: 12019: 12005: 11990: 11967: 11948:Oyster cards 11923: 11915: 11911: 11899: 11887: 11875: 11866: 11856: 11851: 11837: 11825: 11817: 11812:Civil Code, 11808: 11795: 11786: 11778: 11773: 11761: 11752: 11738: 11729: 11701: 11689: 11676: 11671:(2013) ch 14 11668: 11663: 11654: 11645: 11636: 11627: 11617: 11613: 11600: 11581: 11568: 11559: 11534: 11520: 11516: 11508: 11505:SI 1989/1147 11490: 11478: 11465: 11455: 11449: 11444: 11431: 11419: 11407: 11395: 11387: 11382: 11369: 11357: 11337: 11324: 11310: 11288: 11275: 11274:IRLR 15 and 11269: 11264: 11256: 11251: 11239: 11226: 11218: 11205: 11197: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11171: 11159: 11151: 11143: 11130: 11122: 11117: 11109: 11104: 11096: 11091: 11083: 11078: 11061: 11049: 11032: 11020: 11006: 11002: 10992: 10981:The Guardian 10980: 10954: 10947:Gas Act 1986 10942: 10924: 10910: 10893: 10878: 10866: 10859:Gas Act 1986 10843: 10834: 10825: 10814: 10803: 10793: 10789: 10771: 10761: 10757: 10745: 10731: 10723:ss 1, 5 and 10716: 10704: 10691: 10677: 10665: 10655:– via 10649: 10642: 10632:– via 10626: 10619: 10610: 10600: 10587: 10575: 10563: 10560:EWCA Civ 408 10554: 10549: 10530: 10519: 10515: 10509:EWCA Civ 117 10504: 10487: 10482:" in the US. 10463:Inserted by 10459: 10445: 10426: 10401: 10397: 10369: 10362: 10345: 10338: 10321: 10299: 10290: 10281: 10269: 10257: 10243: 10239: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10192: 10178: 10162: 10150: 10138: 10125: 10113: 10104: 10094: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10065: 10053: 10048: 10034: 10030: 10011: 10005: 9992:AC 462. The 9987: 9974: 9960: 9948: 9931: 9910:British Coal 9896:See now the 9892: 9883: 9868: 9856: 9844: 9833: 9826:Foley v Hill 9825: 9821: 9811: 9807: 9797: 9793: 9777: 9772:) arts 88–96 9761: 9745: 9733: 9708: 9704: 9694: 9682: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9609: 9604: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9553: 9549: 9540: 9534: 9488: 9481: 9472: 9463: 9454: 9445: 9436: 9427:ECB Statute 9423: 9407: 9398: 9389: 9370: 9364: 9345: 9317: 9311: 9301: 9296: 9284: 9272: 9255: 9242: 9222: 9216:EWCA Civ 392 9211: 9202: 9193: 9183: 9174: 9165: 9154: 9136: 9118: 9106: 9086: 9072: 9058: 9035: 9016: 8998: 8989: 8963: 8950: 8945: 8938:NHS Act 1946 8933: 8917: 8895: 8882: 8855: 8849: 8836: 8823: 8814: 8809: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8759: 8751: 8735: 8718: 8688: 8683: 8673:16–18 and 26 8668: 8659: 8647: 8635: 8622: 8582: 8567: 8543: 8537:EWCA Civ 121 8533: 8529: 8517: 8508: 8505:EWCA Civ 831 8499: 8494: 8487:EWCA Civ 129 8482: 8476:EWCA Civ 129 8471: 8464:EWCA Civ 534 8458: 8452: 8447: 8431: 8411: 8402: 8377: 8357: 8352: 8337: 8323: 8313: 8309: 8297: 8284: 8276: 8266: 8261: 8253: 8243: 8234: 8219: 8210: 8197: 8192: 8184:the original 8178: 8168: 8160:the original 8154: 8148: 8133: 8124: 8109: 8091: 8075: 8059: 8022: 8009: 7992: 7977: 7963:art 13(2)(c) 7955: 7935: 7923: 7889: 7880: 7866: 7856: 7851: 7842: 7825: 7811: 7799: 7782: 7772: 7763: 7746: 7737: 7719: 7714: 7701: 7687: 7683: 7666: 7653: 7635: 7626: 7609: 7588: 7575: 7538: 7525: 7518:Barings Bank 7512: 7491: 7479:Debt capital 7474: 7427:JE Parkinson 7420: 7419:H Hansmann, 7413: 7403: 7393: 7381: 7366: 7359: 7335: 7332:AO Hirschman 7319: 7307: 7291: 7282: 7267: 7255: 7206: 7167: 7118:goes to the 7076: 6830: 6657:Shipbuilders 6636: 6525:Supermarkets 6498:Marketplaces 6472:Marketplaces 6449: 6426: 6385: 6355: 6323: 6277: 6255: 6248:EWCA Civ 692 6243: 6231: 6199: 6115: 6085: 6070: 6051: 6032: 6018: 5984: 5914: 5891: 5860: 5848:Virgin Media 5793: 5747: 5730:EWCA Civ 391 5725: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5625: 5603: 5451: 5419: 5343: 5257: 5205: 5092: 5085:Road sources 5041: 5029: 4977: 4936: 4929: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4889:Network Rail 4881: 4868: 4824:British Rail 4808:steam engine 4785: 4745: 4733: 4726:EWCA Civ 955 4719: 4687: 4643: 4619: 4607: 4585: 4573: 4536:Rail sources 4440: 4411: 4329: 4308: 4254: 4244: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4200:Thames Water 4132: 4127:River Wandle 4123:EU water law 4097:, under the 4088: 4000:River Thames 3998:, where the 3972: 3965:Thames Water 3922: 3910: 3898: 3884: 3870: 3858: 3825: 3709:fuel poverty 3680: 3660:Gifford Hall 3649: 3633:Donald Trump 3627: 3571: 3536: 3481: 3458: 3412: 3401:to generate 3375:. Under the 3336:fossil fuels 3314: 3252: 3243:Gas Act 1986 3230: 3218: 3186: 3169:EWCA Civ 117 3162: 3150: 3002: 2967: 2906: 2903:hydrocarbons 2856: 2830:steam engine 2819: 2735: 2677: 2557:Foley v Hill 2555: 2543: 2532:and part of 2484:remuneration 2473: 2390:. After the 2376: 2354:" (like the 2309:administers 2304: 2212: 2202:Foley v Hill 2200: 2015: 2000: 1983:held that a 1975: 1956: 1930: 1907: 1851:bargain down 1712:NHS Act 1946 1701: 1630: 1572: 1528: 1494: 1487:EWCA Civ 392 1482: 1470: 1458: 1213: 1156: 1140: 1133: 1130:contract law 1113:Regent House 1109:Regent House 1079: 1014:tuition fees 923: 918:tuition fees 910:tuition fees 904:paid for by 855: 838:EWCA Civ 534 833: 826:EWCA Civ 129 821: 794:ss 16 and 21 769: 737: 642:public goods 634: 609: 539: 487: 467: 462:US labor law 395:criminal law 330: 299:Gas Act 1986 238: 160:, under the 111: 41: 40: 18: 14380:History of 14233:(regulator) 14207:(regulator) 13998:Isle of Man 13933:recognition 13907:Switzerland 13842:Netherlands 13581:(2012) ch 7 13554:(2010) ch 4 13455:. See also 13352:ss 1, 8–15. 13106:R v Hampden 13089:cl 12, the 12938:Lynch v BBC 12889:BBC Charter 12877:BBC Charter 12505:EWHC KB J98 12454:respected.’ 11818:Mietspiegel 11746:s 529(4)(b) 11576:) regs 6–12 11574:SI 2008/594 11221:(2014) ch 3 11200:(2014) ch 3 11108:J Getzler, 11070:ICESCR 1966 10851:ss 9 and 13 10819:EWCA Civ 84 10611:TheGuardian 10591:Opinion of 10569:EWCA Civ 28 10052:Previously 9996:set up the 9908:, and then 9756:) arts 8–14 9711:: 221–240. 9689:, section E 9254:. See also 9159:EWCA Civ 43 8644:Magna Carta 8598:ICESCR 1966 8592:. See also 8291:Case 197/86 7960:ICESCR 1966 7950:arts 11–14. 7858:Lynch v BBC 7820:neutrality. 7670:Before the 7356:JE Stiglitz 7197:Council Tax 6609:BAE Systems 6533:Sainsbury's 6233:Lynch v BBC 5492:BAA Limited 5474:Air traffic 5230:ss 163-177A 5168:ss 108-123X 4968:Netherlands 4483:council tax 4204:Great Stink 4143:RPI – X + K 3973:Water is a 3778:ss 2, 11-17 3689:section 44 3512:Gwynt y Môr 3423:British Gas 3399:Oxfordshire 3267:ss 1, 65-87 3235:EWCA Civ 84 2782:ss 272-279A 2437:discounting 2413:Mark Carney 2411:(currently 2319:HM Treasury 2040:Social care 1963:tetraplegic 1826:NHS England 1625:, but each 1595:UK Treasury 1463:EWCA Civ 43 982:peer review 804:ss 5 and 12 336:, based on 243:(1535) and 229:Pope Leo XI 217:Medici Bank 208:Sidney Webb 199:Magna Carta 62:company law 14636:Categories 14466:Regulation 13877:San Marino 13837:Montenegro 13817:Luxembourg 13797:Kazakhstan 13700:Azerbaijan 13527:R Cranston 13489:JR Commons 13478:References 12577:2002/22/EC 12564:2002/19/EC 12549:2002/20/EC 12534:2002/21/EC 12476:CFREU 2000 12451:CFREU 2000 12153:services.’ 12150:2012/34/EU 12122:Tony Blair 12106:30 JLS 217 12044:2012/34/EU 12033:91/440/EC. 12027:2012/34/EU 11960:Sadiq Khan 11414:ss 142–150 11386:S Hendry, 11377:2011/1566. 11175:S Hendry, 11121:E Porter, 11095:S Hendry, 10969:. However 10967:EDF Energy 10657:Wikisource 10634:Wikisource 10453:ss 131–138 10387:2009/28/EC 10333:continues. 10325:There are 10314:2009/28/EC 9851:ss 214–215 9786:2013/36/EU 9770:2013/36/EU 9754:2013/36/EU 9429:arts 10–11 9066:regs 11–12 8886:See OECD, 8873:0906844096 8842:567 US 519 8691:(2017) at 8687:See OECD, 8605:CFREU 2000 8440:7A, para 3 8368:Statute IV 7999:CFREU 2000 7944:arts 21–27 7835:Lord Reith 7400:RE Freeman 7171:income tax 7148:Royal Mint 7057:UK tax law 6979:ss 1, 8–15 6719:Panopticon 6579:Google Ads 6570:Amazon Inc 6476:See also: 6106:, and the 6062:Telefonica 6043:local loop 5861:Under the 5805:Royal Mail 5797:video chat 5772:See also: 5460:Carbon tax 5336:EV network 4768:See also: 4600:ss 210-231 4566:2012/34/EU 4467:under the 4370:See also: 4079:reservoirs 3851:1998/83/EC 3818:ss 142-143 3713:insolvency 3529:, and 10% 3347:, and 21% 3039:See also: 2997:Brent Spar 2826:James Watt 2421:employment 2269:ss 1, 7-12 2229:ss 214-215 2219:1 WLR 1077 2074:orphanages 1753:NHS trusts 1407:regs 11-12 1175:specialist 1081:Governance 932:there are 898:endowments 656:See also: 629:See also: 584:Insolvency 365:. Second, 309:See also: 245:John Locke 221:Pope Leo X 14396:Charabanc 14177:SES Water 13988:Gibraltar 13812:Lithuania 13568:E Jackson 13511:WA Robson 12488:ECHR 1950 12464:UDHR 1948 12439:ECHR 1950 12427:UDHR 1948 12407:July 2017 12118:34 JLS 24 11944:Londonist 11552:2006/7/EC 11439:ss 31–35. 11125:(1978) 29 11066:UDHR 1948 11056:ss 94–102 10857:s 3A and 10853:revising 10593:AG Jacobs 10220:(4): 238. 10106:petroleum 9725:155640809 9677:section D 9649:section B 9524:ignored ( 9514:cite book 9506:155966795 9227:NHSA 2006 9141:NHSA 2006 9127:HSCA 2012 9123:NHSA 2006 9096:HSCA 2012 9092:NHSA 2006 9077:HSCA 2012 9044:HSCA 2012 9040:NHSA 2006 9025:HSCA 2012 9021:NHSA 2006 9003:HSCA 2012 8968:NHSA 2006 8958:service". 8612:ECHR 1950 8601:art 12(1) 8587:UDHR 1948 8394:203001380 7989:ECHR 1950 7967:UDHR 1948 7466:Footnotes 7316:K Kautsky 7184:dividends 7138:with the 7065:UK budget 6482:State aid 6442:fake news 6370:Talksport 6366:Jon Gaunt 6011:Openreach 5961:dominate 5807:, to the 5801:streaming 4945:sued the 4893:Railtrack 4636:arts 3-29 4578:EWHC 1942 4502:Transport 4402:Newcastle 3988:John Snow 3986:of 1854, 3798:ss 27A-30 3578:Essent NV 3515:wind farm 3496:state aid 3365:bioenergy 3341:renewable 3328:emissions 3287:ss 94-102 3065:UK energy 2986:shale gas 2883:Cuadrilla 2802:ss 28A-45 2752:ss 17-17H 2742:EWHC 4108 2580:Basel III 2571:bank runs 2384:Louis XIV 2249:ss 140A-D 2181:CMAR 2008 1989:Herceptin 1830:HSCA 2012 1743:plus 205 1739:, and 90 1728:Whitehall 1695:first day 1679:, or the 1663:, or the 1429:regs 2-11 1383:ECHR 1950 1363:UDHR 1948 1299:Libraries 1167:academies 914:Cambridge 728:ECHR 1950 708:UDHR 1948 652:Education 553:State aid 184:Aristotle 46:ownership 14240:Scotland 14008:Svalbard 13993:Guernsey 13940:Abkhazia 13892:Slovenia 13887:Slovakia 13862:Portugal 13720:Bulgaria 13558:L Hannah 13453:ss 41 ff 13233:s 1 and 13189:and the 13113:and the 13095:3 Cha. 1 13064:, art 15 13005:Archived 12941:NILR 193 12666:ss 87–88 12566:arts 3–5 12551:arts 3–7 12361:ss 76–78 11975:ss 15–16 11855:But see 11658:2 AC 264 11587:WIA 1991 11541:C-278/01 11531:WIA 1991 11527:C-337/89 11498:98/83/EC 11483:WIA 1991 11437:WIA 1991 11424:WIA 1991 11412:WIA 1991 11400:WIA 1991 11374:WIA 1991 11342:WIA 1991 11282:C-279/12 11013:C-188/89 10993:BBC News 10581:C-379/98 10538:ss 41–43 10499:ss 32K-L 10476:ss 62–67 10469:ss 37–40 10291:BBC News 10264:s 140(1) 10230:and the 10173:arts 2–6 10171:94/22/EC 10157:ss 12–13 9968:2023/956 9912:. Also, 9661:ss 168-9 9406:(1873). 9262:C-157/99 9248:C-372/04 9112:regs 3–6 9010:ss 33–34 8971:ss 40–42 8907:Archived 8790:ch 1, 11 8786:Cmd 6404 8767:Archived 8764:art 1(2) 8489:, and – 8420:Archived 8067:ss 62–69 7939:See the 7794:in 1981. 7434:See also 7378:FA Hayek 7350:S Deakin 7326:AA Berle 7036:ss 41 ff 6708:est 2004 6598:Military 6583:Facebook 6541:Waitrose 6517:Act 1936 6511:Act 1813 6236:NILR 193 6122:Vodafone 6081:TalkTalk 5979:TalkTalk 5955:Vodafone 5904:and 1800 5740:arts 7-8 5650:ss 78-93 5618:arts 3-5 5596:regs 2-6 5564:arts 3-7 5554:arts 8-9 5188:ss 10-17 5158:ss 57-87 5129:ss 16-19 5013:Metronet 4816:tort law 4670:ss 76-78 4045:Scotland 3891:2 AC 264 3607:Dortmund 2974:Balcombe 2952:fracking 2871:Talisman 2851:Balcombe 2762:ss 82-83 2707:regs 3-5 2695:arts 2-6 2693:94/22/EC 2498:and the 2460:Barclays 2348:Girobank 2034:HIV/AIDS 1969:held in 1607:Scotland 1533:ECHR 453 1521:regs 3-9 1294:and code 950:Scotland 906:taxation 864:and the 640:", for " 479:dispute) 363:pensions 342:property 338:contract 124:and the 107:Taxation 50:European 14389:General 14327:Related 14319:(OFWAT) 14057:England 13917:Ukraine 13867:Romania 13827:Moldova 13785:Ireland 13780:Iceland 13775:Hungary 13765:Germany 13760:Georgia 13750:Finland 13745:Estonia 13740:Denmark 13725:Croatia 13710:Belgium 13705:Belarus 13695:Austria 13690:Armenia 13685:Andorra 13680:Albania 13150:(1713) 13073:NICA 54 12963:CA 2003 12951:CA 2003 12925:CA 2003 12913:CA 2003 12901:CA 2003 12707:(2017) 12680:UKSC 42 12664:CA 2003 12620:CA 2003 12606:CA 2003 12466:art 12. 12340:CLC 596 12137:UKSC 3. 12114:Cm 6233 12046:art 5–6 11918:1 KB 18 11649:UKSC 40 11640:UKHL 66 11539:(2003) 11525:(1992) 11280:(2014) 11011:(1990) 10871:EA 1989 10808:UKSC 74 10579:(2001) 10540:on the 10522:(2011) 10406:Bibcode 10380:. 2016. 10356:. 2016. 9942:. 2016. 9816:UKHL 52 9558:C-62/14 9260:(2001) 9246:(2006) 9144:ss 1A-C 9006:ss 9–10 8955:C(74)49 8902:(2015) 8784:(1942) 8671:(2013) 8640:Cm 7577 8638:(2009) 8289:(1988) 8204:. 2010. 8048:Harvard 7390:R Nader 7264:JS Mill 7252:A Smith 7150:or the 6833:(1713) 6713:Prisons 6587:StudiVZ 6545:M&S 6306:Aldwych 6282:NICA 54 5855:address 5630:UKSC 42 5198:ss 9-26 4972:Germany 4650:CLC 596 4590:1 KB 18 3992:cholera 3929:UKSC 40 3915:UKHL 66 3696:RPI – X 3557:run by 3549:run by 3527:Siemens 3349:nuclear 3223:UKSC 74 2682:UKSC 35 2085:Banking 1953:tabloid 1720:council 1661:Germany 1637:Denmark 1153:Schools 942:England 871:private 168:History 156:or the 78:company 14492:London 14003:Jersey 13945:Kosovo 13912:Turkey 13902:Sweden 13882:Serbia 13872:Russia 13857:Poland 13852:Norway 13832:Monaco 13802:Latvia 13770:Greece 13755:France 13730:Cyprus 13626:(1991) 13616:(2022) 13609:(2004) 13564:(1979) 13439:ss 5–6 13363:gov.uk 13339:gov.uk 13220:ss 2–4 13206:s 1(1) 13011:(2018) 12317:UKHL 7 11896:B Webb 11892:S Webb 11696:ss 1-6 11622:AC 336 11590:ss 27A 11348:, the 11300:Sch 1A 10883:J Meek 10835:GOV.UK 10652: 10629: 10434:ss 1–4 10307:ss 1–2 10018: 9986:. See 9875:ss 1, 9863:/49/EU 9802:UKSC 6 9723: 9504: 9377: 9352: 9324: 9279:ss 175 8870: 8844:(2012) 8608:art 35 8590:art 25 8392: 8002:art 14 7970:art 26 7423:(1996) 7416:(1985) 7406:(1984) 7396:(1976) 7371:(1942) 7304:B Webb 7300:S Webb 7279:K Marx 7244:, and 7232:Theory 7071:, and 7024:ss 5-6 6872:ss 1-4 6667:Police 6616:(c 14) 6417:Amazon 6411:, the 6409:Reddit 6380:, but 5975:Virgin 5965:, and 5957:, and 5910:EE Ltd 5821:EU law 5790:IT law 5788:, and 5220:ss 4-8 4986:. The 4966:, the 4964:France 4859:Labour 4804:canals 4780:, and 4692:UKHL 7 4626:UKSC 3 4390:, and 4297:EU law 4295:, and 4261:tanner 4196:teacup 4121:Under 3967:, and 3877:AC 336 3553:, and 3525:, 10% 3521:, 30% 3435:nPower 3369:timber 3319:. The 3067:, and 2867:Apache 2717:ss 1-4 2670:s 1(1) 2614:, and 2536:. The 2528:, the 2468:Lloyds 2462:, the 2335:credit 2321:, the 2299:, and 2239:/49/EU 2026:Uganda 2020:, the 1945:Laws J 1877:. 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