753:
357:
36:
93:
349:
1157:
820:, who remained Duke of Brittany in his own right, was deposed and beheaded during the French Revolution. The Revolution eliminated royalty, nobility, and any vestiges of a governing sovereign for both the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Brittany, and the parliament of Brittany remains suppressed to modern times.
503:
The Breton chroniclers and the Breton
Chancellery of the 14th-16th centuries defended the opposite view, arguing mainly from settlement of the territory by Bretons at an earlier date than by the Franks; but conveniently forgetting the lack of a treaty with the Roman Empire permitting the settlement
656:
Unfortunately, this violated the Treaty of Sablé as the king of France did not consent to this marriage, and it also placed the rule of
Brittany in the hands of an enemy of France. As a result, France resumed its armed conflict with Brittany. The spring of 1491 brought new successes by the French
711:
reverted to Anne. She returned to
Brittany and re-established her independent rule. Anne's actions underscored that the Duke of Brittany's line of succession was governed by the Celtic nation's peculiar form of Semi-Salic Law rather than the strict Salic Law governing the Kingdom of France. Her
805:. Some members of the parliament (the Estates of Brittany) were either intimidated into co-operation with the union or bought off, with the demand for union in fact being inspired by Francis I. It has been argued that the legal validity of the union is doubtful on such grounds.
445:
consolidate the power of the king in the face of
Francis II, who, like the other nobles, had profited from the historic enfeeblement of the monarchy to endue himself with symbols of sovereignty, such as a royal seal, a royal crown, the adoption of the principle of
665:
came to lay siege to Rennes. Maximilian failed to come to his bride's assistance (the
Habsburgs were too busy in Hungary to pay serious attention to Brittany), and Rennes fell. Anne became engaged to Charles in the vault of the Jacobins in Rennes and traveled to
508:, who had won considerable autonomy for the administration of Britain, never had the title of king, and the fact that the homage paid by the dukes to the kings was one of alliance rather than as lieges. This last point was not recognized by the King of France.
303:, Brittany had at all times acknowledged Capetian sovereignty – even the Plantagenet rulers had rendered homage for the duchy to the kings of France – but typically of the principalities, this sovereignty was purely nominal until the early thirteenth century.
504:
in
Brittany and the settlement of the Franks in the Vannes region, as well as agreements with the Frankish kings in authority following the advent of Clovis. They also argued for the sovereignty of Brittany based on its status as an ancient kingdom, although
426:
in 1341, France sought this goal and because France never willingly accepted the victory of the opposing prince, battles or wars followed one another until the final French success in 1491, 1532 or 1598, according to different views and different sources.
815:
The crowns of
Brittany and France differed principally in the application of Salic Law, and this difference remained to challenge the permanent union of the two crowns. Before this legal challenge ever surfaced, however, centuries passed, and King
784:, and therefore the Dauphin of France. Francis III inherited the Duchy when he was 6 years old after the death of his mother in 1524. That Francis I allowed his eldest son to carry the title of the Duke of Brittany supports the perception that the
441:
destroy the threat of encirclement of the French kingdom between the Duchy of
Burgundy (and subsequently the Burgundian Netherlands and the County of Burgundy, which passed to the archduke of Austria) to the north and east, and Brittany to the
729:
was once again in the person of the king of France. In this marriage, however, Anne was allowed to use her title, and Louis enacted all official actions in
Brittany in her name. When Anne died in January 1514, her and Louis' daughter
450:, the establishment of a sovereign parliament (or court of justice), the establishment of a university (at Nantes), independent and direct diplomatic relations with the then major powers, and the eviction of the King's tax collectors.
796:
Francis I also sought to enfold
Brittany into the Kingdom of France through parliamentary maneuvers. Francis formally invited the Duchy of Brittany to join the French crown. On 13 August 1532, an edict of union was signed by the
670:
to be married. Although Austria made diplomatic protests, claiming that the marriage was illegal because the bride was unwilling, that she was already legally married to Maximilian, and that Charles was legally betrothed to
556:
The Breton nobility had many interests in the kingdom and, like other nobles, those concerning pensions related to their titles. In addition, the nobles envied the influence of the Valois and of the treasurer of the
788:
remained separate from the Kingdom of France. However, before the kingship and dukedom could be joined in one person, Francis III died in 1536, never to inherit the French crown. The duchy then passed to
652:
as a means to (hopefully) ensure the sovereignty of Brittany. Although Francis died in September 1488, his loyal supporters facilitated this union for Anne in a marriage by proxy held 19 December 1490.
828:
The duchy could only submit, in spite of its occasional resistance, in the face of one of Europe's strongest armies. The Breton elite were attracted by France's royal court, but the Breton merchant
607:
Francis II had no legitimate male heir, so his two daughters, Anne and Isabeau, were proclaimed heirs before the Estates of Brittany (the Breton council) in conformity with the Duchy's semi-
242:, thus assuring the legitimacy of his authority over the ancient Gallo-Roman domain. When Clovis died, Brittany was included in the quarter of the kingdom that was given to his son,
644:
on 20 August 1488, required the agreement of the French king to any marriage of the daughters of Francis II. The survival of the Breton state was thus contingent on the marriage of
191:
in 1491. However, because of the different systems of inheritance between the two realms, the crown and the duchy were not held by the same hereditary claimant until the reign of
309:(ruled 1154–1189) had attempted to conquer Brittany, which was surrounded on all sides by his possessions, as he held Normandy in vassalage from the crown of France and married
703:. During their marriage, Charles prohibited Anne from using the title of Duchess of Brittany, and imposed his own rule on the Duchy through a Royal Governor from the House of
623:, and the King of France, who had purchased an inheritance claim from the Penthièvre family (arising from the treaty signed at the end of the Breton War of Succession).
399:, it manifested itself in direct conflicts between the king and the great princes of the kingdom. Francis II sought alliances and established diplomatic relations with
793:, the second son of Francis I and Claude. When Francis I died in 1547, Henry succeeded him as Henry II of France, and the kingdom and dukedom were united in ruler.
744:, heir to the throne of France. Louis XII died in January 1515, at which time Francis was crowned king of France (as Francis I), with Claude as his queen consort.
808:
Regardless of the validity of the Edict of Union of 1532, four years later in 1536, Henry became the Duke of Brittany upon the death of his brother. Thereby the
519:, was unable to act in force on the continent after being expelled in 1453 at the conclusion of the Hundred Years' War and while embroiled in the subsequent
340:, the son of Duke Geoffrey and Constance. From that point, Brittany was indisputably subject to Capetian authority, which could now be exercised directly.
433:
felt a great hatred for Francis II of Brittany following the latter's involvement in a number of great conspiracies. Louis and his successors, the regent
586:, of support. The nobility preferred to respect royal power, and only associated themselves weakly with the revolt of the great feudal lords during the
1035:
535:, in which they were wiped out and Lord Scales killed. Following this defeat, the Tudors did not dare intervene in Breton affairs once again.
175:, was at an especially crucial time, as the nobles struggled to maintain their autonomy against the increasing central authority desired by
712:
actions also demonstrated that the Duke of Brittany and the King of France, at least at this time, remained distinct and separable titles.
17:
511:
In the second half of the 15th century, the kings of France had multiple events work to their advantage in the quest to acquire Brittany:
368:
between the Breton House of Montfort and the House of Penthièvre could be seen as an episode of the Hundred Years' War between the
633:
532:
752:
672:
167:
toward the French king depended significantly on the individuals holding the two titles, as well as the involvement of the
764:, as Duke of Brittany and proclaiming the perpetual union of the Duchy of Brittany with the Crown of France. Act given in
965:
Yves Henri Nouailhat. Bretagne: écologie, économie, art, littérature, langue, histoire, traditions populaires, vol. 16.
453:
punish those nobles, including Francis II, who had fought on the anti-royalist side in multiple conflicts, such as the
113:
1117:
1102:
1020:
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675:(Maximilian's daughter), Anne was wed to Charles VIII on 6 December 1491. The marriage was subsequently validated by
79:
57:
50:
1197:
875:
313:, thus gaining lands to the south of Brittany. While Henry's maneuvering was partially successful—he became the
1192:
582:
This lack of authority over his upper aristocracy and his government in general deprived Francis II, and later
411:. The French ambassadors contested some of the duchy's moves toward independence and its assertion of historic
322:
163:
in 846, in likely recognition of Carolingian overlordship. Over the centuries, the fealty demonstrated by the
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528:
1202:
1187:
568:
392:
172:
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1032:
658:
1147:
470:
318:
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of the Bretons, before he rebelled against royal power and obtained a degree of autonomy for Brittany.
546:, whose domain was in part incorporated into the French crown and otherwise inherited by his daughter.
909:
457:(1465), the conquest of Normandy in 1467–68 for Charles of France (1446–72), the war of 1471–73, the
454:
281:
253:, following their policy of partial delegation of power to local representatives (a precursor of the
108:
in 1911. It depicts the meeting of Duchess Anne and King Charles VIII. The monument was destroyed by
1182:
1094:
391:
In the 15th century, the more recent dukes of Brittany rendered homage to the French king, although
423:
365:
238:
233:
221:
124:
was the culmination of a political process begun at the end of the 15th century in the wake of the
44:
579:
at the French court (hence the unfortunate coalitions during the feudal revolts against the king).
1177:
865:
860:
649:
418:
The territorial expansion of France brought it to the borders of Brittany and led to the goal of
326:
109:
928:
690:
662:
641:
562:
250:
184:
61:
734:
inherited the Duchy of Brittany in her own right. In May 1514, the title of Duke of Brittany
667:
496:
133:
105:
516:
381:
377:
337:
310:
8:
817:
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741:
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385:
306:
790:
676:
489:
430:
277:
192:
176:
168:
637:
356:
228:. The territory was liberated from imperial control and was awarded by the emperor to
1113:
1098:
1016:
983:
949:
894:
855:
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was considered incorporated into the Kingdom of France upon the death of his mother.
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128:. It resulted in the Edict of Union of 13 August 1532 and the incorporation of the
1039:
434:
369:
314:
289:
266:
612:
597:
550:
180:
1002:
Louis Melennec, doctoral dissertation on the union between Brittany and France
1171:
1161:
1013:
Ducs et pairs et duchés-pairies laïques à l'époque moderne : (1519–1790)
845:
524:
254:
209:
1140:
704:
329:—the Duchy of Brittany never became incorporated into the crown of England.
572:
419:
243:
179:. As a result of several wars, treaties, and papal decisions, Brittany was
999:
285:
1015:. Maisonneuve & Larose, coll. Mémoires de France, 1996. pp. 479–481.
829:
736:
725:
695:
485:
412:
300:
213:
1141:
Edict of Plessis-Macé confirming Brittany's privileges (September 1532)
1056:
L'Union de la Bretagne Ă la France: Anne de Bretagne, duchesse et reine
833:
553:
in 1482 gave the king control of the border between Anjou and Brittany.
473:
justified its sovereignty over Brittany based on historical precedent:
395:
desired a return to greater independence. After the conclusion of the
152:
707:. However, when the king died leaving the royal couple childless, the
258:
92:
682:
608:
575:, he had from his childhood retained strong ties with the princes of
348:
747:
850:
611:
of inheritance. However, there were other potential claimants: the
404:
229:
225:
217:
148:
144:
978:
Jean-Pierre Leguay. La fin de l'indépendance bretonne (volume 6),
1135:
588:
505:
400:
332:
The Plantagenet regime came to an end in 1203, in consequence of
160:
125:
571:, had irritated the nobility of Brittany when, as Prince of the
538:
Brittany lost another important ally with the 1477 death of the
802:
765:
601:
478:
293:
101:
1130:
836:
did not identify with the interests of the Dukes of Brittany.
772:
The Union of Brittany and France was nearly perfected through
288:, king of England, as they were in protective exile from King
156:
1091:
1532–1790, les dessous de l'union de la Bretagne à la France
249:
In the 9th century, with chaos spreading over Brittany, the
183:
with France through the eventual marriage of Louis XI's son
1075:
Leguay, Jean-Pierre. "La fin de l'indépendance bretonne."
422:
or direct control of the peninsula. From the start of the
236:
in 486. Clovis received the titles of Honorary Consul and
740:
was again extant through Claude's marriage to her cousin
136:, a critical step in the formation of modern-day France.
203:
122:
union of the Duchy of Brittany with the Crown of France
1145:
284:. Both of them had grown up together at the court of
155:
during the 5th century. It was first recorded as a "
224:, it was integrated into the Gallo-Roman domain of
212:, Brittany (fr. Bretagne) was historically part of
1079:. Ouest-France Université, 1992. pp. 434–435.
1077:Fastes et malheurs de la Bretagne ducale 1213–1532
980:Fastes et malheurs de la Bretagne ducale 1213–1532
898:Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians
640:, or "treaty of the orchard", concluded with King
523:. Following this civil war, the newly established
823:
748:The King of France as hereditary Duke of Brittany
465:) (1484–85), and the Franco-Breton War (1487–88).
1169:
914:The Creation of Brittany: A Late Medieval State
565:in southern France), who was a simple commoner.
527:did send an English force under the command of
1136:Edict of Union signed at Nantes in August 1532
257:), nominated administrators of Brittany. Thus
147:had enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy since
515:England, a traditional ally of the Counts of
948:. Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, 2000. p. 46.
325:, the successor duchess, married to his son
98:Monument to the Union of Brittany and France
343:
1110:Traité d'union de la Bretagne à la France
982:, Ouest-France Université, 1992. p. 435.
723:, and thus the title of Duke of Brittany
280:(reigned 936–954) received the homage of
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1068:Le Page, Dominique, and Michel Nassiet.
924:
922:
751:
355:
347:
220:(Gallic for "Place by the Sea"). On the
91:
43:This article includes a list of general
1000:http://www.gwalarn.org/diellou/1532.pdf
900:. Cambridge University Press: 1992, 97.
683:The King of France as Duke of Brittany
533:Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier (1488)
14:
1170:
171:at that particular time. The reign of
1063:Bretagne en France et l'union de 1532
919:
198:
139:As a territorial principality of the
204:Roman times through the 13th century
29:
1084:1532: le grand traité franco-breton
27:1491 unification via royal marriage
24:
1070:L'union de la Bretagne Ă la France
1061:Germain, José, and Stéphane Faye.
627:
265:(emissary of the emperor) by King
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1214:
1131:Letter of Vannes of 4 August 1532
1124:
1086:. On account of the author, 1971.
1155:
648:. Francis II wanted Anne to wed
634:Battle of Saint-Aubin du Cormier
34:
1048:
876:Territorial formation of France
488:incorporated Brittany into the
1026:
1005:
993:
972:
959:
938:
903:
888:
824:Political and economic factors
756:Letters patent confirming the
13:
1:
1072:. Éditions Skol Vreizh, 2003.
916:, (Hambledon Press, 1988), 4.
881:
774:Francis III, Duke of Brittany
529:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales
437:and Charles VIII, wished to:
151:was given authority over the
569:Francis II, Duke of Brittany
477:In 497, Clovis I united the
393:Francis II, Duke of Brittany
299:During the expansion of the
187:to the heiress of Brittany,
173:Francis II, Duke of Brittany
18:Union of Brittany and France
7:
1033:A Short History of Brittany
969:. C. Bonneton, 1979. p. 27.
871:Kings of France family tree
839:
271:Ducatus Ipsius Gentismissus
10:
1219:
967:d'Encyclopédies régionales
742:Francis, Duke of AngoulĂŞme
715:Charles VIII's successor,
549:The end of the dynasty of
319:Conan IV, Duke of Brittany
1112:. Celtics Chadenn, 2002.
484:In the late 8th century,
455:League of the Public Weal
364:In the 14th century, the
321:into abdication, and had
282:Alan II, Duke of Brittany
933:Capetian France 987–1328
693:became Duke of Brittany
424:Breton War of Succession
366:Breton War of Succession
222:fall of the Roman Empire
866:List of French monarchs
861:List of Breton monarchs
650:Maximilian I of Austria
563:administrative division
499:expanded into Brittany.
344:14th and 15th centuries
64:more precise citations.
1198:Charles VIII of France
1095:Éditions France-Empire
1038:July 21, 2011, at the
935:, (Longman, 1980), 64.
769:
663:Charles VIII of France
642:Charles VIII of France
481:into a single kingdom.
361:
353:
117:
1193:National unifications
1011:Christophe Levantal.
755:
699:upon his marriage to
679:on 15 February 1492.
497:William the Conqueror
495:In the 11th century,
359:
351:
336:murder of his nephew
159:" during the rule of
134:Crown lands of France
95:
776:, the eldest son of
382:House of Plantagenet
378:Philip III of France
376:, the fourth son of
360:1596 map of Brittany
311:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1203:Francis I of France
1188:History of Brittany
1065:. Tallandier, 1931.
818:Louis XVI of France
799:Estates of Brittany
778:Francis I of France
762:Francis I of France
673:Margaret of Austria
386:Henry II of England
307:Henry II of England
296:occupation (Alan).
234:victory at Soissons
1108:de Mauny, Michel.
1089:de Mauny, Michel.
1082:de Mauny, Michel.
946:Histoire de Vannes
944:Bertrand Frélaut.
895:Smith, Julia M. H.
770:
677:Pope Innocent VIII
490:Carolingian Empire
362:
354:
278:Louis IV of France
263:Missus Imperatoris
261:was designated as
199:Historical context
195:, beginning 1547.
177:Louis XI of France
153:Gallo-Roman domain
118:
110:Breton separatists
856:Duchy of Brittany
810:Duchy of Brittany
786:Duchy of Brittany
709:Duchy of Brittany
613:Viscount of Rohan
596:) revolt against
521:Wars of the Roses
517:Montfort-l'Amaury
409:Holy Roman Empire
397:Hundred Years War
374:Charles of Valois
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