674:
1100:
697:. He also allowed enterprising nobles to engage in trade without losing their privileges of nobility. He eliminated offices within the government bureaucracy, and increased the demand on other offices within the government in order to promote efficiency. Louis spent a large part of his kingship on the road. Travelling from town to town in his kingdom, Louis would surprise local officials, investigate local governments, establish fairs, and promote trade regulations. Perhaps the most significant contribution of Louis XI to the organization of the modern state of France was his development of the system of royal postal roads in 1464. In this system, relays at instant service to the king operated on all the high roads of France; this communications network spread all across France and led to the king acquiring his nickname "Universal Spider".
472:
795:, but during the course of negotiations, they learned that the citizens of LiĂšge had again risen up against Charles and killed the Burgundian governor. Charles was furious. Philippe de Commines, at that time in the service of the duke of Burgundy, had to calm him down with the help of the duke's other advisors for fear that he might hit the king. Louis was forced into a humiliating treaty. He gave up many of the lands he had acquired from Philip the Good, turned on his erstwhile allies in LiĂšge and swore to help Charles put down the uprising in LiĂšge. Louis then witnessed a siege of LiĂšge in which hundreds were massacred.
572:. The 13-year-old Louis clearly looked more mature than his 11-year-old bride, who was said to resemble a beautiful doll and was treated as such by her in-laws. Charles wore "grey riding pants" and "did not even bother to remove his spurs". The Scottish guests were quickly hustled out after the wedding reception, as the French royal court was quite impoverished at this time. They simply could not afford an extravagant ceremony or to host their Scottish guests for any longer than they did. The Scots, however, saw this behaviour as an insult to their small but proud country.
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612:
560:, the bride his father had chosen for diplomatic reasons. There are no direct accounts from Louis or his young bride of their first impressions of each other, and it is mere speculation whether they actually had negative feelings for each other. Several historians think that Louis had a predetermined attitude to hate his wife, but it is universally agreed that Louis entered the ceremony and the marriage itself dutifully, as evidenced by his formal embrace of Margaret upon their first meeting.
311:
42:
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1047:, and wanted to keep her territorial inheritance intact. However, the death of the Duke of Burgundy in 1477, which conclusively settled the issue of Burgundy's position under the French throne, the conclusion of the Treaty of Picquigny with England in 1475 and the peaceful resolution in 1482 of the disposition of the "Burgundian inheritance" left to Mary of Burgundy finally allowed Louis XI to turn his attention to Italy.
856:
602:, whose troops were in no condition to mount such a serious threat to royal authority. Louis was forced to retreat to Paris, but was "by no means trounced". In fact, before his final defeat, "...military strength, combined with antipathy of the masses for great lords, won him the support of the citizens of Paris." This was a great learning experience for Louis. James Cleugh notes:
721:. Louis was anxious to speed up everything, transform everything, and build his own new world. In recognition of all the changes that Louis XI made to the government of France, he has the reputation of a leading "civil reformer" in French history, and his reforms were in the interests of the rising trading and mercantile classes that would later become the bourgeoisie of France.
491:(1380â1422), the Duchy of Burgundy was very much connected with the French throne, but because the central government lacked any real power, all the duchies of France tended to act independently. In its position of independence from the French throne, Burgundy had grown in size and power. By the reign of Louis's father Charles VII,
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Louis developed his kingdom by encouraging trade fairs and the building and maintenance of roads. Louis XI pursued the organization of the kingdom of France with the assistance of bourgeois officials. In some respects, Louis XI perfected the framework of the modern French
Government which was to last
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However, once out of
Charles's reach, Louis declared the treaty invalid, and set about building up his forces. His aim was to destroy Burgundy once and for all. Nothing was more odious to Louis' dream of a centralized monarchy than the existence of an over-mighty vassal such as the Duke of Burgundy.
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to aid Louis XI in his war against the League of Public Weal in 1465 at the head of a large army. Later, differences arose between France and Milan that caused Milan to seek ways of separating itself from dependence on the French. However, with the downfall of
Burgundy in 1477, France was seen in a
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by
Charles, as was traditional for the eldest son of the king. The beautiful and cultured Margaret was popular at the court of France, but her marriage to Louis was not a happy one, in part because of his strained relations with her father-in-law, who was very attached to her. She died childless at
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Following the ceremony, "doctors advised against consummation" because of the relative immaturity of the bride and bridegroom. Margaret continued her studies, and Louis went on tour with
Charles to loyal areas of the kingdom. Even at this time, Charles was taken aback by the intelligence and temper
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Louis pursued many of the same goals that his father had, such as limiting the powers of the dukes and barons of France, with consistently greater success. Among other initiatives, Louis instituted reforms to make the tax system more efficient. He suppressed many of his former co-conspirators, who
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When the Count of
Charolais became Duke of Burgundy in 1467 as Charles I ("the Bold"), he seriously considered declaring an independent kingdom of his own. However, Louis's progress toward a strong centralized government had advanced to the point where the dukes of Burgundy could no longer act as
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Both Louis XI and his father
Charles VII had been too busy with their struggles with Burgundy to pay much attention to political affairs smoldering in Italy. Additionally, Louis had his attention drawn away from Italy by disagreements with the rulers of England and his struggles with
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Like other strong-minded boys, he had found at last he could not carry all before him by mere bluster. Neither as prince nor as king did he ever forget his lesson. He never acted on pure impulse, without reflection, though to his lifeâs end he was constantly tempted to take such a
646:. Despite frequent summons by the king, the two would never meet again. In Dauphiné, Louis ruled as king in all but name, continuing his intrigues against his father. On 14 February 1451, Louis, who had been widowed for six years, made a strategic marriage to the eight-year-old
1075:
began to seek a marriage alliance between the
Kingdom of Naples and France. Louis XI also opened new friendly relations with the Papal States, forgetting the past devotion of the popes for the Duke of Burgundy. In January 1478, he signed a favorable treaty with the
534:. Paris was recaptured after her death, and Louis and his father were able to ride in triumph into the city on 12 November 1437. Nevertheless, Louis grew up aware of the continuing weakness of France. He regarded his father as a weakling, and despised him for this.
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The marriage on 14 February 1451 between 28-year-old Louis and the 8-year-old
Charlotte of Savoy was the true beginning of French involvement in the affairs of Italy. The Italian peninsula was a compact and politically competitive space dominated by five powers:
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As king, Louis became extremely prudent fiscally, whereas he had previously been lavish and extravagant. He wore rough and simple clothes and mixed with ordinary people and merchants. A candid account of some of his activities is recorded by the courtier
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Louis's marriage with
Margaret resulted from the nature of medieval royal diplomacy and the precarious position of the French monarchy at the time. The wedding ceremonyâvery plain by the standards of the timeâtook place in the chapel of the
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Just as his father had done, Louis spent most of his reign dealing with political disputes with the reigning Duke of Burgundy, and for this purpose he employed the Swiss, whose military might was renowned. He had admired it himself at the
1015:. Beside these five great regional powers, there were about a dozen smaller states in Italy that were constantly changing policies and shifting alliances between and towards the various regional powers. The city/state of
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Viewed from the Italian states, the death of the Duke of Burgundy in 1477 and the resultant downfall of his duchy as a threat to the French throne signalled vast changes in the states' relationships with the kingdom of
598:, which sought to neutralize Charles and install Louis as regent of France. The uprising failed, and Louis was forced to submit to the king, who chose to forgive him. In this revolt, Louis came under the influence of
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Without direct foreign threats, Louis was able to eliminate his rebellious vassals, expand royal power, and strengthen the economic development of his country. He died in 1483, and was succeeded by his minor son
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War broke out between Charles and the Swiss after he invaded Switzerland. The invasion proved to be a tremendous mistake. On 2 March 1476, the Swiss attacked and defeated the Burgundians first at
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had thought him their friend, and he appointed to government service many men of no rank, but who had shown promising talent. He particularly favored the associates of the great French merchant
346:, then a province in southeastern France. Louis's ceaseless intrigues, however, led his father to banish him from court. From the Dauphiné, Louis led his own political establishment and married
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where he sought to reconquer territories of his future brother-in-law, Sigismund of Austria-Tyrol. He won only one victory before suing for peace. He failed to achieve his original objective.
764:(known as the Count of Charolais at the time of Louis's accession) was angry about this transaction, feeling that he was being deprived of his inheritance. He joined a rebellion called the
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in order to restore her husband Henry VI to the throne. The plan worked, and Edward was forced into exile in 1470, but he later returned to England in 1471. Warwick was then killed at the
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When Charles VII died in 1461, Louis left the Burgundian court to take possession of his kingdom. His taste for intrigue and his intense diplomatic activity earned him the nicknames "
1118:. His widow, Charlotte, died a few months later, and is interred with him. Louis XI was succeeded by his son Charles VIII, who was thirteen years of age. Louis' eldest daughter,
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650:, without Charles' consent. This marriage was to have long-ranging effects on foreign policy as the beginning of French involvement in the affairs of the Italian peninsula.
460:, who was a force in the royal family for driving the English out of France, which was at a low point in its struggles. Just a few weeks after Louis's christening at the
752:. However, he needed funds to organize such an enterprise. Louis XI gave him 400,000 gold crowns for the Crusade in exchange for a number of territories, including
896:, after helping Edward attain his throne, Louis granted Warwick refuge in France. Through Louis's diplomacy, Warwick then formed an alliance with his bitter enemy
456:, the English held northern France, including the city of Paris, and Charles VII was restricted to the centre and south of the country. Louis was the grandson of
1066:, the Duke of Milan, who was a traditional enemy of Savoy. As a confirmation of the close relationship between Milan and the king of France, Sforza sent his son
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The Entry of Louis XI into Paris. â Facsimile of a Miniature in the "Chroniques" of Monstrelet, Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century (Imperial Library of Paris).
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Louis XI, having suffered from bouts of apoplexy and years of illness, died on 30 August 1483 and was interred in the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Cléry in
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could be said to be finally over. Louis bragged that although his father had driven the English out by force of arms, he had driven them out by force of
665:. King Charles was furious when Philip refused to hand over Louis and warned the duke that he was "giving shelter to a fox who will eat his chickens."
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Eager to obtain information about his enemies, Louis created, from 1464, a net of postal relays all over France, which was a precursor to the modern
1091:, the younger son of Francesco Sforza, that led to an invasion of Italy. This would become a significant turning point in Italian political history.
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He still quarreled with his father. His objectionable scheming, which included disrespectful behavior directed against his father's beloved mistress
982:, were executed. The lands belonging to the Duchy of Burgundy as constituted by Louis's great-great-grandfather John II for the benefit of his son
416:
in 1477, the dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy died out. Louis took advantage of the situation to seize numerous Burgundian territories, including
772:. Although the rebels were largely unsuccessful in battle, Louis had no better luck. Louis XI fought an indecisive battle against the rebels at
1160:, he had united France and laid the foundations of a strong monarchy. He was, however, a secretive, reclusive man, and few mourned his death.
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was lifted on 22 July 1472, and Charles finally sued for peace. Philippe de Commines was then welcomed into the service of King Louis.
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independently as they had in the past. The duchy now faced many problems and revolts in its territories, especially from the people of
911:, by which the English army left France in return for a large sum of money. The English renounced their claim to French lands such as
876:
At the same time that France and Burgundy were fighting each other, England was experiencing a bitter civil conflict now known as the
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Slattery, Maureen. "King Louis XI-Chivalry's Villain or Anti-Hero: the Contrasting Historiography of Chastellain and Commynes."
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of the period. Louis made a habit of surrounding himself with valuable advisers of humble origins, such as Commines himself,
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Despite his connection by marriage to the royal house of Savoy, Louis XI continuously courted a strong relationship with
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was reigning as duke of Burgundy, and the duchy had expanded its borders to include all the territory in France from the
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Through wars and guile, Louis XI overcame France's mostly independent feudal lords, and at the time of his death in the
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until the French Revolution. Thus, Louis XI is one of the first modern kings of France who helped take it out of the
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in the east. During the Hundred Years War, the Burgundians allied themselves with England against the French crown.
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new light by Milan, which now hurriedly repaired its relationship with Louis XI. Likewise, France's old enemy King
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in 1440. The king forgave his rebellious vassals, including Louis, to whom he entrusted the management of the
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against the Duke of Burgundy. In the LiĂšge Wars, Louis XI allied himself at first with the people of LiĂšge.
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Louis XI also involved himself in the affairs of the Church in France. In October 1461, Louis abolished the
354:, against the will of his father. Charles VII sent an army to compel his son to his will, but Louis fled to
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against his rival Louis. However, Louis was able to isolate Charles from his English allies by signing the
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Philip III was the Duke of Burgundy at the time that Louis came to the throne, and was keen to initiate a
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Now the undisputed master of England, Edward invaded France in 1475, but Louis was able to negotiate the
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880:. Louis had an interest in this war, for the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, was allied with the
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to increase the prestige of the French royal court by the example of his chief political adversary.
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1149:. Interested in science, he once pardoned a man sentenced to death on condition that he serve as a
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Louis was thus able to see the destruction of his sworn enemy. Those lords who still favored the
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French involvement in the affairs of Italy would be carried to new levels by Louis XI's son
338:. Louis entered into open rebellion against his father in a short-lived revolt known as the
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1955:"The 1444â5 expedition of the Dauphin Louis to the Upper Rhine in geopolitical perspective"
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Burgundian territories (orange/yellow) and limits of France (red) after the Burgundian War.
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Saenger, Paul. "Burgundy and the Inalienability of Appanages in the Reign of Louis XI."
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Letter by Louis XI as Dauphin to the Bishop of Grenoble; Montbeliard, December 30, 1444
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Images of Kingship in Early Modern France: Louis XI in Political Thought, 1560â1789
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and was forced to grant an unfavourable peace as a matter of political expediency.
661:, where he was granted refuge by Duke Philip the Good and settled in the castle of
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on the afternoon of 25 June 1436, and was presided over by Renaud of Chartres, the
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2616:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.
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Finally, in August 1456, Charles sent an army to Dauphiné under the command of
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Le Saint-Denis des Dauphins: histoire de la collégiale Saint-André de Grenoble
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Letter by Louis XI to the Dowager Duchess and Duke of Milan; July 31, 1466
834:. In both cases, a French king appears to have been motivated to found an
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on 4 July 1423, the French army suffered a crushing defeat by the English
389:), as his enemies accused him of spinning webs of plots and conspiracies.
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Pious Memories: The Wall-Mounted Memorial in the Burgundian Netherlands
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Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France
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Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France
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and other towns. However, these sieges proved unsuccessful; the
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In 1461, Louis learned that his father was dying. He hurried to
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Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350â1550
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From Gibbon to Auden : Essays on the Classical Tradition
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that his father had instituted in 1438 to establish a French
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Visages d'antan : le Recueil d'Arras (XIVeâXVIe siĂšcle)
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Louis XI was very superstitious and surrounded himself with
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and then again a few months later, on 22 June that year, at
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Chant Royal The Life of King Louis XI of France (1423â1483)
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In 1440, Louis, aged 16, took part in an uprising known as
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Despite Louis XI's political acumen and overall policy of
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of 1454âwas constantly undergoing internal realignments.
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Joachim (15 July 1459 – 29 November 1459)
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on 5 January 1477, an event that marked the end of the
522:, fresh from her first victory over the English at the
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in 1471. King Henry VI was soon murdered afterwards.
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The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media
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799:War broke out in 1472. Duke Charles laid siege to
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1043:, who married the heir of Charles the Bold,
412:. With the death of Charles the Bold at the
334:from 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father,
2647:Hoyt, Robert S.; Chodorow, Stanley (1976).
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978:gave in to his authority. Others, such as
392:In 1472, the subsequent Duke of Burgundy,
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1171:criticized him harshly in Chapter 13 of
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322:(3 July 1423 â 30 August 1483), called "
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2533:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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1411:
1401:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1281:
1265:
1261:
3522:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
2651:. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Inc.
2637:
2448:
1122:, became regent on Charles' behalf.
760:. However, Philip's son, the future
685:to be crowned, in case his brother,
196:
980:Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
864:Obverse: Medieval image of Louis XI
24:
1941:
1230:(3 September 1472 â November 1473)
1189:Louis and Charlotte of Savoy had:
849:Coin of Louis XI, struck ca. 1470
791:In 1468, Louis and Charles met at
25:
3810:
2688:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel (1987).
2673:. W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
986:reverted to the crown of France.
3789:People of the Hundred Years' War
3658:
2690:The Royal French State 1460â1610
2625:. University of Michigan Press.
2590:. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
1023:, which centered on the city of
854:
444:on 3 July 1423, the son of King
408:. The treaty formally ended the
309:
27:King of France from 1461 to 1483
950:Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs
892:fell out with the Yorkist King
625:Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs
619:In 1444, Louis led an army of "
222:
192:
2671:Louis XI: The Universal Spider
1199:Louise (born and died in 1460)
161:Notre-Dame de Cléry Basilica,
13:
1:
2757:. Stanford University Press.
2707:Moreau, Gilles-Marie (2010).
1736:
1223:(30 June 1470 â 8 April 1498)
963:. The duke was killed at the
244:
83:22 July 1461 â 30 August 1483
55:
3764:15th-century kings of France
1971:10.1080/03044181.2012.697051
1388:Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria
1158:ChĂąteau de Plessis-lez-Tours
822:had founded the now defunct
732:free of the controls of the
668:
537:
435:
265:Charles VIII, King of France
148:ChĂąteau de Plessis-lez-Tours
7:
2744:Sumption, Jonathan (2023).
2510:Bakos, Adrianna E. (1997).
1959:Journal of Medieval History
1234:
1184:
1153:for a gallstone operation.
810:In 1469, Louis founded the
762:Charles I, Duke of Burgundy
552:On 24 June 1436, Louis met
366:, Charles' greatest enemy.
10:
3815:
2772:Tyrell, Joseph M. (1980).
2753:Thompson, John B. (1995).
2711:(in French). L'Harmattan.
2502:
1851:ChĂątelet & Paviot 2007
1603:
1487:
1361:
1255:
816:Order of the Golden Fleece
770:Charles, the Duke of Berry
740:Feud with Charles the Bold
600:Charles I, Duke of Bourbon
503:in the south and from the
3667:
3656:
3571:
3520:
3501:
3475:
3437:
3411:
3365:
3340:
3261:
3172:
3068:
2944:
2914:
2861:
2851:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2794:
2738:Fifteenth Century Studies
2727:French Historical Studies
2649:Europe in the Middle Ages
1673:
1665:
1637:
1615:
1611:
1575:
1553:
1545:
1517:
1495:
1491:
1453:
1431:
1423:
1395:
1373:
1369:
1333:
1311:
1303:
1275:
1259:
1125:
1116:Arrondissement of Orléans
853:
848:
768:, led by Louis's brother
766:League of the Public Weal
358:, where he was hosted by
305:
295:
285:
273:
237:
169:
154:
137:
124:
120:
110:
100:
87:
79:
65:
39:
34:
2692:. Blackwell Publishers.
2623:France: A Modern History
2621:Guérard, Albert (1959).
2401:Hoyt & Chodorow 1976
1094:
1019:and the rising state of
462:Cathedral of St. Ătienne
255:Anne, Duchess of Bourbon
2935:List of French monarchs
2548:Brine, Douglas (2015).
2529:Bowersock, G W (2009).
1536:Louis II, Duke of Anjou
715:Louis Tristan L'Hermite
591:the age of 20 in 1445.
386:
378:
3441:(1814â1815; 1815â1830)
2930:List of Frankish kings
2925:Simplified family tree
2638:Hand, Joni M. (2013).
2586:Cleugh, James (1970).
1953:Hardy, Duncan (2012).
1510:Louis I, Duke of Anjou
1221:Charles VIII of France
1107:
1059:
944:
869:Reverse: Fleurs-de-lis
687:Charles, Duke of Berry
678:
616:
609:
582:
549:
484:
327:
52:Order of Saint Michael
2872:Annexation by France
2776:. Twayne Publishers.
2746:The Hundred Years War
2642:. Ashgate Publishing.
1352:Charles VII of France
1243:Ancestors of Louis XI
1132:French postal service
1102:
1073:Ferdinand I of Naples
1068:Galeazzo Maria Sforza
1057:
1041:Maximilian of Austria
942:
842:Dealings with England
832:Edward III of England
676:
644:tour de la Trésorerie
638:. He lived mainly in
614:
604:
578:
545:
474:
452:. At the time of the
446:Charles VII of France
290:Charles VII of France
260:Joan, Queen of France
46:Louis XI wearing his
3779:Dauphins of Viennois
2920:Detailed family tree
2806:Cadet branch of the
2667:Kendall, Paul Murray
1853:, pp. 401, 410.
1294:Charles VI of France
826:in imitation of the
812:Order of St. Michael
784:, who conducted the
703:Philippe de Commines
655:Antoine de Chabannes
547:Margaret of Scotland
499:in the north to the
475:In this painting by
406:Edward IV of England
387:l'universelle aragne
383:the Universal Spider
352:Louis, Duke of Savoy
199:; died
181:Margaret of Scotland
3794:People from Bourges
3356:Henry VI of England
2864:Dauphin of Viennois
2571:. Ăditions du Gui.
2496:, pp. 111â114.
2481:, pp. 109â110.
2367:, pp. 117â118.
2225:, pp. 222â223.
2189:, pp. 158â168.
1936:Le Roy Ladurie 1987
1268:Charles V of France
1169:NiccolĂČ Machiavelli
990:Italian connections
909:Treaty of Picquigny
828:Order of the Garter
570:Archbishop of Reims
558:James I of Scotland
556:, daughter of King
518:in the presence of
507:in the west to the
402:Treaty of Picquigny
3784:Dauphins of France
3565:Dauphins of France
3503:House of Bonaparte
3413:House of Bonaparte
3343:House of Lancaster
2909:Monarchs of France
2729:10.1 (1977): 1â26
2604:de Gibours, Anselm
1472:Louis XI of France
1414:Isabeau of Bavaria
1108:
1078:Republic of Venice
1064:Francesco I Sforza
1060:
945:
917:Hundred Years' War
726:Pragmatic Sanction
679:
648:Charlotte of Savoy
617:
583:
580:Charlotte of Savoy
550:
485:
440:Louis was born in
410:Hundred Years' War
385:" (Middle French:
348:Charlotte of Savoy
214:Charlotte of Savoy
18:Louis XI of France
3741:
3740:
3531:
3530:
3492:Louis Philippe II
3415:(1804â1814; 1815)
2877:
2876:
2852:Succeeded by
2783:978-0-8057-7728-4
2764:978-0-7456-5674-8
2718:978-2-2961-3062-3
2699:978-0-6311-7027-3
2680:978-1-8421-2411-6
2658:978-0-1552-4713-0
2578:978-2-9517-4176-8
2559:978-9-0042-8832-4
2540:978-0-1997-0407-1
2521:978-0-4151-5478-9
2002:, pp. 65â67.
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1656:Yolande of Aragon
1326:Joanna of Bourbon
1179:Swiss mercenaries
1112:Cléry-Saint-André
1105:Cléry-Saint-André
1013:Kingdom of Naples
898:Margaret of Anjou
884:who opposed King
878:Wars of the Roses
874:
873:
870:
865:
836:order of chivalry
824:Order of the Star
820:John II of France
805:Siege of Beauvais
588:Dauphin of France
528:Battle of Jargeau
458:Yolande of Aragon
454:Hundred Years War
324:Louis the Prudent
317:
316:
163:Cléry-Saint-André
16:(Redirected from
3806:
3697:Le Petit Dauphin
3689:Le Grand Dauphin
3669:House of Bourbon
3662:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3486:Louis Philippe I
3477:House of Orléans
3439:House of Bourbon
3367:House of Bourbon
2903:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2835:Preceded by
2825:
2818:
2809:Capetian dynasty
2792:
2791:
2787:
2768:
2749:
2722:
2703:
2684:
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2525:
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2208:
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2117:
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2090:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1630:John I of Aragon
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1207:Peter of Beaujeu
1045:Mary of Burgundy
902:Battle of Barnet
868:
863:
858:
846:
845:
657:. Louis fled to
524:Siege of Orléans
394:Charles the Bold
364:Duke of Burgundy
313:
248:
230:
228:
224:
204:
202:
198:
194:
158:6 September 1483
144:
93:15 August 1461,
60:
57:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3774:House of Valois
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3663:
3654:
3629:Charles Orlando
3573:House of Valois
3567:
3562:
3532:
3527:
3516:
3497:
3471:
3433:
3407:
3361:
3336:
3263:House of Valois
3257:
3168:
3129:Charles the Fat
3088:Pepin the Short
3073:
3064:
2940:
2939:
2910:
2907:
2867:
2857:
2848:
2840:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2801:House of Valois
2797:
2790:
2784:
2765:
2740:23 (1997): 49+.
2719:
2700:
2681:
2659:
2579:
2560:
2541:
2522:
2505:
2500:
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2485:
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2470:
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2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
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2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1951:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1446:Taddea Visconti
1237:
1187:
1128:
1103:1622 effigy in
1097:
1089:Ludovico Sforza
992:
984:Philip the Bold
969:Burgundian Wars
965:Battle of Nancy
937:
890:Earl of Warwick
844:
742:
730:Gallican Church
711:Olivier Le Daim
671:
566:castle of Tours
540:
532:Battle of Patay
493:Philip the Good
438:
414:Battle of Nancy
360:Philip the Good
269:
242:
241:
233:
232:
220:
216:
206:
190:
186:
183:
165:
159:
146:
142:
133:, Berry, France
129:
75:
61:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
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3756:
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3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3655:
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3647:
3642:
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3634:
3631:
3626:
3621:
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3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3174:House of Capet
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Childebert III
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2845:King of France
2841:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2830:Regnal titles
2827:
2826:
2824:30 August 1483
2805:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2769:
2763:
2750:
2741:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2704:
2698:
2685:
2679:
2663:
2657:
2644:
2635:
2618:
2600:
2583:
2577:
2564:
2558:
2545:
2539:
2526:
2520:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2483:
2468:
2466:, p. 385.
2453:
2441:
2437:Bowersock 2009
2429:
2417:
2405:
2403:, p. 619.
2393:
2391:, p. 147.
2381:
2379:, p. 323.
2369:
2357:
2355:, p. 334.
2338:
2336:, p. 333.
2326:
2324:, p. 314.
2314:
2312:, p. 305.
2302:
2300:, p. 300.
2290:
2288:, p. 298.
2278:
2276:, p. 117.
2266:
2264:, p. 276.
2254:
2252:, p. 241.
2239:
2237:, p. 250.
2227:
2215:
2213:, p. 214.
2203:
2201:, p. 169.
2191:
2179:
2177:, p. 142.
2167:
2165:, p. 121.
2155:
2153:, p. 117.
2143:
2141:, p. 116.
2124:
2109:
2107:, p. 118.
2097:
2095:, p. 115.
2085:
2083:, p. 116.
2064:
2062:, p. 107.
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1965:(3): 358â387.
1940:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1886:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1816:
1804:
1802:, p. 105.
1792:
1780:
1765:
1763:, p. 552.
1753:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:Violant of Bar
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
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1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:Marie of Anjou
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:Marie of Blois
1564:
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1244:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1127:
1124:
1096:
1093:
1033:Treaty of Lodi
991:
988:
936:
933:
872:
871:
866:
860:
859:
851:
850:
843:
840:
750:Ottoman Empire
741:
738:
670:
667:
539:
536:
501:Jura Mountains
450:Marie of Anjou
437:
434:
350:, daughter of
332:King of France
315:
314:
307:
303:
302:
300:Marie of Anjou
297:
293:
292:
287:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
268:
267:
262:
257:
251:
249:
235:
234:
218:
212:
211:
210:
209:
188:
184:
179:
178:
177:
176:
173:
171:
167:
166:
160:
156:
152:
151:
145:(aged 60)
141:30 August 1483
139:
135:
134:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
91:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
69:
67:King of France
63:
62:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3811:
3800:
3799:Sons of kings
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Ancien RĂ©gime
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3060:Childeric III
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Theuderic III
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Childebert II
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:. Routledge.
2513:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2451:, p. 26.
2450:
2445:
2439:, p. 64.
2438:
2433:
2427:, p. 68.
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2122:, p. 64.
2121:
2120:Thompson 1995
2116:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2050:, p. 86.
2049:
2044:
2038:, p. 75.
2037:
2032:
2026:, p. 69.
2025:
2020:
2014:, p. ??.
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1938:, p. ??.
1937:
1932:
1930:
1923:, p. 48.
1922:
1917:
1911:, p. 50.
1910:
1905:
1899:, p. ??.
1898:
1893:
1891:
1884:, p. ??.
1883:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1865:, p. 43.
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1841:, p. 46.
1840:
1835:
1829:, p. 42.
1828:
1823:
1821:
1814:, p. 84.
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1790:, p. 60.
1789:
1788:Sumption 2023
1784:
1778:, p. 34.
1777:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1751:, p. 33.
1750:
1745:
1741:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1228:Duke of Berry
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:Italic League
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:feudal system
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
941:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
867:
862:
861:
857:
852:
847:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
796:
794:
789:
787:
783:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
696:
695:Jacques Coeur
690:
688:
684:
675:
666:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
613:
608:
603:
601:
597:
596:the Praguerie
592:
589:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:
561:
559:
555:
548:
544:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
509:Moselle River
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
478:
473:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Middle French
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
312:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:
278:
276:
272:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
250:
247:
246:
240:
236:
215:
208:
207:
182:
175:
174:
172:
168:
164:
157:
153:
149:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
68:
64:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3723:Louis Joseph
3696:
3688:
3624:Charles VIII
3615:
3523:
3512:Napoleon III
3490:
3464:
3457:
3426:
3400:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3302:Charles VIII
3296:
3070:Carolingians
3055:Theuderic IV
3045:Chilperic II
3040:Dagobert III
3020:Childeric II
3015:Chlothar III
2960:Childebert I
2946:Merovingians
2871:
2862:
2855:Charles VIII
2843:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2773:
2754:
2745:
2737:
2726:
2708:
2689:
2670:
2648:
2639:
2622:
2613:
2608:
2587:
2568:
2549:
2530:
2511:
2464:Kendall 1971
2444:
2432:
2420:
2415:, p. 9.
2408:
2396:
2389:Kendall 1971
2384:
2377:Kendall 1971
2372:
2365:Guérard 1959
2360:
2353:Kendall 1971
2334:Kendall 1971
2329:
2322:Kendall 1971
2317:
2310:Kendall 1971
2305:
2298:Kendall 1971
2293:
2286:Kendall 1971
2281:
2274:Guérard 1959
2269:
2262:Kendall 1971
2257:
2250:Kendall 1971
2235:Kendall 1971
2230:
2223:Kendall 1971
2218:
2211:Kendall 1971
2206:
2199:Kendall 1971
2194:
2187:Kendall 1971
2182:
2175:Kendall 1971
2170:
2163:Kendall 1971
2158:
2151:Kendall 1971
2146:
2139:Guérard 1959
2105:Kendall 1971
2100:
2093:Kendall 1971
2088:
2081:Kendall 1971
2060:Kendall 1971
2055:
2048:Kendall 1971
2043:
2036:Kendall 1971
2031:
2024:Kendall 1971
2019:
2007:
2000:Kendall 1971
1995:
1962:
1958:
1921:Kendall 1971
1916:
1909:Kendall 1971
1904:
1863:Kendall 1971
1858:
1846:
1839:Kendall 1971
1834:
1827:Kendall 1971
1812:Kendall 1971
1807:
1800:Guérard 1959
1795:
1783:
1776:Kendall 1971
1761:Guérard 1959
1756:
1749:Kendall 1971
1744:
1471:
1188:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1155:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1109:
1085:Charles VIII
1082:
1061:
1049:
1037:
993:
973:
954:
946:
906:
875:
809:
797:
790:
778:
748:against the
743:
723:
699:
691:
680:
652:
643:
629:
618:
605:
593:
584:
562:
551:
513:
486:
477:Jean Fouquet
439:
430:Charles VIII
426:
404:(1475) with
398:took up arms
391:
382:
370:
368:
323:
319:
318:
243:
143:(1483-08-30)
115:Charles VIII
29:
3759:1483 deaths
3754:1423 births
3611:Charles VII
3505:(1852â1870)
3479:(1830â1848)
3448:Louis XVIII
3428:Napoleon II
3369:(1589â1792)
3347:(1422â1453)
3292:Charles VII
3265:(1328â1589)
3139:Charles III
3124:Carloman II
3100:(Charles I)
3098:Charlemagne
3050:Chlothar IV
3005:Sigebert II
2995:Chlothar II
2980:Chilperic I
2970:Charibert I
2838:Charles VII
2817:3 July 1423
2494:Anselm 1726
2479:Anselm 1726
2012:Moreau 2010
1897:Tyrell 1980
1882:Cleugh 1970
1165:Realpolitik
1147:astrologers
1140:Middle Ages
929:French wine
927:, and good
888:. When the
632:AgnĂšs Sorel
520:Joan of Arc
505:Somme River
420:itself and
371:the Cunning
336:Charles VII
326:" (French:
128:3 July 1423
105:Charles VII
101:Predecessor
59: 1469
3748:Categories
3728:Louis XVII
3677:Louis XIII
3650:Francis II
3586:Charles VI
3422:Napoleon I
3402:Louis XVII
3381:Louis XIII
3327:Charles IX
3322:Francis II
3287:Charles VI
3253:Charles IV
3228:Philip III
3218:Louis VIII
3183:Hugh Capet
3176:(987â1328)
3109:Charles II
3093:Carloman I
3075:Robertians
3000:Dagobert I
2985:Sigebert I
2965:Chlothar I
2868:1423â1461
2849:1461â1483
2631:B00G0N283I
2596:B000NX3VVY
2425:Brine 2015
2413:Bakos 1997
1737:References
1174:The Prince
1151:guinea pig
1011:, and the
915:, and the
786:LiĂšge Wars
719:Jean Balue
621:Ă©corcheurs
489:Charles VI
481:three magi
466:at Cravant
328:le Prudent
89:Coronation
3733:Louis XIX
3718:Louis XVI
3682:Louis XIV
3581:Charles V
3459:Louis XIX
3453:Charles X
3396:Louis XVI
3386:Louis XIV
3332:Henry III
3312:Francis I
3307:Louis XII
3282:Charles V
3272:Philip VI
3233:Philip IV
3213:Philip II
3208:Louis VII
3188:Robert II
3119:Louis III
3081:(751â987)
3030:Clovis IV
3010:Clovis II
2948:(509â751)
2796:Louis XI
2552:. Brill.
2449:Hand 2013
1987:154109619
1979:0304-4181
1226:Francis,
894:Edward IV
774:Montlhéry
736:in Rome.
669:Accession
642:, in the
538:Marriages
497:North Sea
436:Childhood
340:Praguerie
306:Signature
111:Successor
3708:Louis XV
3645:Henry II
3640:François
3636:François
3620:François
3616:Louis XI
3391:Louis XV
3376:Henry IV
3317:Henry II
3297:Louis XI
3248:Philip V
3223:Louis IX
3203:Louis VI
3198:Philip I
3154:Louis IV
3144:Robert I
3114:Louis II
3079:Bosonids
2955:Clovis I
2774:Louis XI
2669:(1971).
2606:(1726).
1235:Ancestry
1185:Children
1005:Florence
957:Grandson
913:Normandy
886:Henry VI
882:Yorkists
830:of King
801:Beauvais
659:Burgundy
640:Grenoble
636:Dauphiné
554:Margaret
530:and the
418:Burgundy
356:Burgundy
344:Dauphiné
320:Louis XI
150:, France
50:of the
35:Louis XI
3695:Louis,
3687:Louis,
3633:Charles
3596:Charles
3591:Charles
3524:italics
3466:Henry V
3277:John II
3238:Louis X
3193:Henry I
3164:Louis V
3159:Lothair
3149:Rudolph
3104:Louis I
2975:Guntram
2503:Sources
1114:in the
1051:France.
925:venison
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