Mining - Knowledge

2540:(EITI) was mainstreamed in all countries cooperating with the World Bank in mining industry reform. The EITI operates and was implemented with the support of the EITI multi-donor trust fund, managed by the World Bank. The EITI aims to increase transparency in transactions between governments and companies in extractive industries by monitoring the revenues and benefits between industries and recipient governments. The entrance process is voluntary for each country and is monitored by multiple stakeholders including governments, private companies and civil society representatives, responsible for disclosure and dissemination of the reconciliation report; however, the competitive disadvantage of company-by-company public report is for some of the businesses in Ghana at least, the main constraint. Therefore, the outcome assessment in terms of failure or success of the new EITI regulation does not only "rest on the government's shoulders" but also on civil society and companies. 2548:

investment in other less lucrative sectors, leading to swings in government revenue because of volatility in the oil markets. Artisanal mining is clearly an issue in EITI Countries such as the Central African Republic, D.R. Congo, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone – i.e. almost half of the mining countries implementing the EITI. Among other things, limited scope of the EITI involving disparity in terms of knowledge of the industry and negotiation skills, thus far flexibility of the policy (e.g. liberty of the countries to expand beyond the minimum requirements and adapt it to their needs), creates another risk of unsuccessful implementation. Public awareness increase, where government should act as a bridge between public and initiative for a successful outcome of the policy is an important element to be considered.

2617: 775: 1165: 1648: 2604:) which endorsed mandatory environment impact assessments and attention to the concerns of the local population. The codes based on this report are influential in the legislation of developing nations. The new codes are intended to encourage development through tax holidays, zero custom duties, reduced income taxes, and related measures. The results of these codes were analyzed by a group from the University of Quebec, which concluded that the codes promote foreign investment but "fall very short of permitting sustainable development". The observed negative correlation between natural resources and economic development is known as the 1877: 2311: 1464:(1909–1971), broadened the focus to the “total environment of mining”, including reference to community development around mining, and how mining is portrayed to an urban society, which depends on the industry, although seemingly unaware of this dependency. He stated, “n the past, mining engineers have not been called upon to study the psychological, sociological and personal problems of their own industry – aspects that nowadays are assuming tremendous importance. The mining engineer must rapidly expand his knowledge and his influence into these newer fields.” 49: 1146: 1271: 2089: 1713: 1100: 2529:(including transparency and revenue management). By the early 2000s, community development issues and resettlements became mainstream concerns in World Bank mining projects. Mining-industry expansion after mineral prices increased in 2003 and also potential fiscal revenues in those countries created an omission in the other economic sectors in terms of finances and development. Furthermore, this highlighted regional and local demand for mining revenues and an inability of sub-national governments to effectively use the revenues. The 2212: 3169: 1793: 1751: 1739: 2625: 2905: 2506: 1615:. ASM also includes, in small-scale mining, enterprises or individuals that employ workers for mining, but who generally still use similar manually-intensive methods as artisanal miners (such as working with hand tools). In addition, ASM can be characterized as distinct from large-scale mining (LSM) by less efficient extraction of pure minerals from the ore, lower wages, decreased occupational safety, benefits, and health standards for miners, and a lack of environmental protection measures. 2402: 1747:

artificial cliff made by previous mining. A typical cycle alternates sumping, which undercuts the seam, and shearing, which raises and lowers the cutter-head boom to cut the entire height of the coal seam. As the coal recovery cycle continues, the cutter-head is progressively launched further into the coal seam. High wall mining can produce thousands of tons of coal in contour-strip operations with narrow benches, previously mined areas, trench mine applications and steep-dip seams.

1589: 2730:, and exposure to excess heat are also known hazards. The current NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of noise is 85 dBA with a 3 dBA exchange rate and the MSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is 90 dBA with a 5 dBA exchange rate as an 8-hour time-weighted average. NIOSH has found that 25% of noise-exposed workers in Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction have hearing impairment. The prevalence of hearing loss increased by 1% from 1991 to 2001 within these workers. 1392: 12078: 8445: 347: 12102: 1782: 1857: 2557: 1339: 2952: 1325:

need to be extracted. Steel will account for the largest portion of this total at 5 billion tons, followed by aluminum at 950 million tons, copper at 650 million tons, graphite at 170 million tons, nickel at 100 million tons, and other metals. Notably, the energy expenditure required to extract these metals will soon surpass that of coal mining, highlighting the growing importance of sustainable metal extraction practices.

2422:. The mining sector is made up of large multinational companies that are sustained by production from their mining operations. Various other industries such as equipment manufacture, environmental testing, and metallurgy analysis rely on, and support, the mining industry throughout the world. Canadian stock exchanges have a particular focus on mining companies, particularly junior exploration companies through Toronto's 2783: 3121: 2267:. Since 2007 in central Finland, the Talvivaara Terrafame polymetal mine's waste effluent and leaks of saline mine water have resulted in ecological collapse of a nearby lake. Subaqueous tailings disposal is another option. The mining industry has argued that submarine tailings disposal (STD), which disposes of tailings in the sea, is ideal because it avoids the risks of tailings ponds. The practice is illegal in the 487: 2144:, whose purpose was to "act as a catalyst" in an effort to improve social and environmental performance in the mining and metals industry internationally. The mining industry has provided funding to various conservation groups, some of which have been working with conservation agendas that are at odds with an emerging acceptance of the rights of indigenous people – particularly the right to make land-use decisions. 12090: 762: 3095: 1473: 1091:, followed in 1935 by the Loloma Gold Mines, N.L., and then by Fiji Mines Development Ltd. (aka Dolphin Mines Ltd.). These developments ushered in a “mining boom”, with gold production rising more than a hundred-fold, from 931.4 oz in 1934 to 107,788.5 oz in 1939, an order of magnitude then comparable to the combined output of New Zealand and Australia's eastern states. 5590: 2418:. It can be argued that what is referred to as the 'mining industry' is actually two sectors, one specializing in exploration for new resources and the other in mining those resources. The exploration sector is typically made up of individuals and small mineral resource companies, called "juniors", which are dependent on 1563:. Between 1870 and 1920, in Queensland Australia, an increase in mining accidents lead to more safety measures surrounding the use of explosives for mining. In the United States of America, between 1990 and 1999, about 22.3 billion kilograms of explosives were used in mining quarrying and other industries; Moreover " 2547:

and small-scale mining (ASM) from the EITI and how to deal with "non-cash" payments made by companies to subnational governments. Furthermore, the disproportionate revenues the mining industry can bring to the comparatively small number of people that it employs, causes other problems, like a lack of

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New regulations and a process of legislative reforms aim to improve the harmonization and stability of the mining sector in mineral-rich countries. New legislation for mining industry in African countries still appears to be an issue, but has the potential to be solved, when a consensus is reached on

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The waste is classified as either sterile or mineralized, with acid generating potential, and the movement and storage of this material form a major part of the mine planning process. When the mineralised package is determined by an economic cut-off, the near-grade mineralised waste is usually dumped

2235:– because only 5.3 g of gold is extracted per ton of ore, a ton of gold produces 200,000 tons of tailings. (As time goes on and richer deposits are exhausted – and technology improves – this number is going down to .5 g and less.) These tailings can be toxic. Tailings, which are usually produced as a 1451:

Once the analysis determines a given ore body is worth recovering, development begins to create access to the ore body. The mine buildings and processing plants are built, and any necessary equipment is obtained. The operation of the mine to recover the ore begins and continues as long as the company

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The report's authors observed that the metal stocks in society can serve as huge anthropogenic mines above ground. However, they warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars, and fuel cells are so low that unless future

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still occur. Government figures indicate that 5,000 Chinese miners die in accidents each year, while other reports have suggested a figure as high as 20,000. Between 1870 and 1920, in Queensland Australia, an increase in mining accidents lead to more safety measures surrounding the use of explosives

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which is not of immediate interest to the miner. The total movement of ore and waste constitutes the mining process. Often more waste than ore is mined during the life of a mine, depending on the nature and location of the ore body. Waste removal and placement is a major cost to the mining operator,

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and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering concerns, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements, and an analysis of the proposed mine from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation. The proportion of a deposit that

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mining) may have such significant environmental and public health effects that mining companies in some countries are required to follow strict environmental and rehabilitation codes to ensure that the mined area returns to its original state. Mining can provide various advantages to societies, yet

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and extracts it using an industrial solvent. The container molecules are able to selectively separate the gold from the solvent without the use of water stripping." The newly developed molecules can eliminate water stripping, whereas mining traditionally "relies on a 125-year-old method that treats

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are used to transport miners, minerals and waste. Lifts carry miners into and out of mines, and move rock and ore out, and machinery in and out, of underground mines. Huge trucks, shovels and cranes are employed in surface mining to move large quantities of overburden and ore. Processing plants use

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In 2023, 8.5 billion metric tons of coal were extracted from the Earth's crust. However, as the global economy transitions away from fossil fuels and toward a more sustainable future, the demand for metals is set to skyrocket. Between 2022 and 2050, an estimated 7 billion metric tons of metals will

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While exploration and mining can be conducted by individual entrepreneurs or small businesses, most modern-day mines are large enterprises requiring large amounts of capital to establish. Consequently, the mining sector of the industry is dominated by large, often multinational, companies, most of

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in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, and lifting water about 24 metres (79 ft). They were worked as treadmills with miners standing on the top slats. Many examples of such devices have been found in old Roman mines and some examples are now preserved in the

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used in society grew rapidly. Today, the development of major nations such as China and India and advances in technologies are fueling an ever-greater demand. The result is that metal mining activities are expanding and more and more of the world's metal stocks are above ground in use rather than

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Technical and economic challenges notwithstanding, successful mine development must also address human factors. Working conditions are paramount to success, especially with regard to exposures to dusts, radiation, noise, explosives hazards, and vibration, as well as illumination standards. Mining

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Mining operations remain rigorous and intrusive, often resulting in significant environmental impacts on local ecosystems and broader implications for planetary environmental health. To accommodate mines and associated infrastructure, land is cleared extensively, consuming significant energy and

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to the Pacific coast. With the exploration of the West, mining camps sprang up and "expressed a distinctive spirit, an enduring legacy to the new nation"; Gold Rushers would experience the same problems as the Land Rushers of the transient West that preceded them. Aided by railroads, many people

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boxes. Only minor shaking or washing may be necessary to disaggregate (unclump) the sands or gravels before processing. Processing of ore from a lode mine, whether it is a surface or subsurface mine, requires that the rock ore be crushed and pulverized before extraction of the valuable minerals

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This estimation is used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. The next step is to

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According to The World Counts page "The amount of resources mined from Earth is up from 39.3 billion tons in 2002. A 55 percent increase in less than 20 years. This puts Earth's natural resources under heavy pressure. We are already extracting 75 percent more than Earth can sustain in the long

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Mining operations can create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most of the world's nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact; however, the outsized role of mining in generating business for often rural, remote or

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High wall mining, which evolved from auger mining, is another form of surface mining. In high wall mining, the remaining part of a coal seam previously exploited by other surface-mining techniques has too much overburden to be removed but can still be profitably exploited from the side of the

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such as copper, lead, and iron. Areas in modern Montana, Utah, Arizona, and later Alaska became predominant suppliers of copper to the world, which was increasingly demanding copper for electrical and household goods. Canada's mining industry grew more slowly than did the United States due to

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is used in mining to explore and develop sites, to remove and stockpile overburden, to break and remove rocks of various hardness and toughness, to process the ore, and to carry out reclamation projects after the mine is closed. Bulldozers, drills, explosives and trucks are all necessary for

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ASM is an important socio-economic sector for the rural poor in many developing nations, many of whom have few other options for supporting their families. Over 90% of the world's mining workforce are engaged in ASM, with an estimated 40.5 million people directly engaged in ASM, from over 80

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Sub-surface mining consists of digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits. Ore, for processing, and waste rock, for disposal, are brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts. Sub-surface mining can be classified by the type of access shafts used, and the

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design parameters are used in the design of the waste dumps, and special conditions apply to high-rainfall areas and to seismically active areas. Waste dump designs must meet all regulatory requirements of the country in whose jurisdiction the mine is located. It is also common practice to

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insurance. Between 1955 and 1990 it provided about $ 2 billion to fifty mining projects, broadly categorized as reform and rehabilitation, greenfield mine construction, mineral processing, technical assistance, and engineering. These projects have been criticized, particularly the

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Fiji through the Prism of Geology and Mines Inspection. Chapter 5 in: White F. (2020). Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) 978-1-5255-7767-3

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McGill University. Sunset of a Transformational Career. Chapter 16 in: White F. Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) 978-1-5255-7767-3

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explains in detail, was the removal of water from mining shafts. As miners dug deeper to access new veins, flooding became a very real obstacle. The mining industry became dramatically more efficient and prosperous with the invention of mechanically- and animal-driven pumps.

2691:(MSHA) was established in 1978 to "work to prevent death, illness, and injury from mining and promote safe and healthful workplaces for US miners." Since its implementation in 1978, the number of miner fatalities has decreased from 242 miners in 1978 to 24 miners in 2019. 2517:

the best approach. By the beginning of the 21st century, the booming and increasingly complex mining sector in mineral-rich countries was providing only slight benefits to local communities, especially in given the sustainability issues. Increasing debate and influence by

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Noise studies have been conducted in several mining environments. Stageloaders (84-102 dBA), shearers (85-99 dBA), auxiliary fans (84–120 dBA), continuous mining machines (78–109 dBA), and roof bolters (92–103 dBA) represent some of the noisiest equipment in underground

1142:, and other minerals were mined, worked, and traded. Early French explorers who encountered the sites made no use of the metals due to the difficulties of transporting them, but the copper was eventually traded throughout the continent along major river routes. 1996:... this new process has a milder environmental impact and that, besides gold, it can be used for capturing other metals such as platinum and palladium," and could also be used in urban mining processes that remove precious metals from wastewater streams. 2426:; Canadian companies raise capital on these exchanges and then invest the money in exploration globally. Some have argued that below juniors there exists a substantial sector of illegitimate companies primarily focused on manipulating stock prices. 2345:. The US mining industry is also large, but it is dominated by extraction of coal and other nonmetal minerals (e.g., rock and sand), and various regulations have worked to reduce the significance of mining in the United States. In 2007, the total 1176:

In the early colonial history of the Americas, "native gold and silver was quickly expropriated and sent back to Spain in fleets of gold- and silver-laden galleons", the gold and silver originating mostly from mines in Central and South America.

1212:; where natives informed him of an island of copper. La Ronde obtained permission from the French crown to operate mines in 1733, becoming "the first practical miner on Lake Superior"; seven years later, mining was halted by an outbreak between 1651:

Interior of an artisanal mine near Low's Creek, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The human figures, exploring this mine, show the scale of tunnels driven entirely with hand tools (two-kilogram (4.4 lb) hammer and hand-forged scrap-steel

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The process of mining from discovery of an ore body through extraction of minerals and finally to returning the land to its natural state consists of several distinct steps. The first is discovery of the ore body, which is carried out through

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of mining companies was reported at US$ 962 billion, which compares to a total global market cap of publicly traded companies of about US$ 50 trillion in 2007. In 2002, Chile and Peru were reportedly the major mining countries of

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remains one of the largest in terms of its global economic importance. Prospecting potential mining sites, a vital area of concern for the mining industry, is now done using sophisticated new technologies such as seismic prospecting and

1948:(or mineral dressing) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing that enable the separation (extractive metallurgy) of valuable metals or minerals from their 4108:

Maynard, S.R., Lisenbee, A.L. & Rogers, J. (2002). Preliminary Geologic Map of the Picture Rock 7.5 – Minute Quadrangle Santa Fe County, Central New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Open-File Report

2845:, a mining company which supplies the essential cobalt to these multinational corporations with allegations of negligence that led to the deaths of children or injuries such as broken spines, emotional distress and forced labor. 1510:, where valuable minerals are found in veins, in layers, or in mineral grains generally distributed throughout a mass of actual rock. Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both surface and underground methods. 1660:. More than 150 million people indirectly depend on ASM for their livelihood. 70–80% of small-scale miners are informal, and approximately 30% are women, although this ranges in certain countries and commodities from 5% to 80%. 3078:. With 450 kilometres (280 mi) of roads, 40 million tonnes of annually produced ore, and a depth of 1,270 metres (4,170 ft), it is also one of the most modern underground mines. The deepest borehole in the world is 2136:

by the UN Centre for Transnational Corporations (UNCTC), but the Business Council for Sustainable Development (BCSD) together with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) argued successfully for self-regulation instead.

472:. One of the complexes is shown in one of the earliest known mining maps. The miners crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust known as the dry and wet attachment processes. 1262:) and then silver that were taken into possession and extracted first. Other metals would often wait for railroads or canals, as coarse gold dust and nuggets do not require smelting and are easy to identify and transport. 1610:

While there is no completely coherent definition for ASM, artisanal mining generally includes miners who are not officially employed by a mining company and use their own resources to mine. As such, they are part of an

1694:, commonly associated with coal mining, which involves taking the top of a mountain off to reach ore deposits at depth. Most placer deposits, because they are shallowly buried, are mined by surface methods. Finally, 3283: – a discipline of engineering concerned with the application of geological science and engineering principles to fields, such as civil engineering, mining, environmental engineering, and forestry, among others 3559: 1430:

This is when the mining company makes the decision whether to develop the mine or to walk away from the project. This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the

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were found at the Umm el-Sawwan site; gypsum was used to make funerary items for private tombs. Other minerals mined in Egypt from the Old Kingdom (2649-2134 BC) until the Roman Period (30 BC-AD 395) including

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For major mining companies and any company seeking international financing, there are a number of other mechanisms to enforce environmental standards. These generally relate to financing standards such as the

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There have also been instances of killings and evictions attributed to conflicts with mining companies. Almost a third of 227 murders in 2020 were of Indigenous peoples rights activists on the frontlines of

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to England in the mid-sixteenth century. On the continent, mineral deposits belonged to the crown, and this regalian right was stoutly maintained. But in England, royal mining rights were restricted to

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of Brazil, begun in 1981. The World Bank established mining codes intended to increase foreign investment; in 1988, it solicited feedback from 45 mining companies on how to increase their involvement.

6827: 2825:. Reports have risen of children carrying sacks of cobalt weighing 25 kg from small mines to local traders being paid for their work only in food and accommodation. A number of companies such as 2458:; for example, one study found that conversion of forest in the Amazon increased six-fold from the period 2003–2006 (292 ha/yr) to the period 2006–2009 (1,915 ha/yr), largely due to artisanal mining. 2841:

have been implicated in lawsuits brought by families whose children were severely injured or killed during mining activities in Congo. In December 2019, 14 Congolese families filed a lawsuit against

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Reform old taxes in line with more recent financial innovation, engage directly with the companies, enact land use and impact assessments, and incorporate specialized support and standards agencies.

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financing as their principal means of funding exploration. Juniors are mainly pure exploration companies, but may also produce minimally, and do not have a revenue exceeding US$ 50 million.

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is the world's deepest mine from ground level, reaching a depth of 4 km (2.5 mi) below ground level. The trip from the surface to the bottom of the mine takes over an hour. It is a

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oilers, dozer operators, and welders using air arcing were occupations with the highest noise exposures among surface coal miners. Coal mines had the highest hearing loss injury likelihood.

2533:(a Canadian think tank) has highlighted the environmental protection laws in developing countries, as well as voluntary efforts by mining companies to improve their environmental impact. 7019:

The Miner's Handbook: A Handy Book of Reference on the Subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining Operations, Ore Dressing, Etc. For the Use of Students and Others Interested in Mining Matters

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who owned the base metals and coal under their estates then had a strong inducement to extract these metals or to lease the deposits and collect royalties from mine operators. English,

4826: 3211:, found in discarded electronics. Furthermore, waste after 15 years has still not broken down, so less processing would be required when compared to mining ores. A study undertaken by 1130:; metallic copper was still present near the surface in colonial times. Indigenous peoples used Lake Superior copper from at least 5,000 years ago; copper tools, arrowheads, and other 5708: 3899:

Heiss, Andreas G.; Oeggl, Klaus (2008). "Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria)".

2163:, which certify an "auditable environmental management system", involve short inspections, although they have been accused of lacking rigor. Certification is also available through 5514: 1495:. Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85% of minerals (excluding petroleum and natural gas) in the United States, including 98% of metallic ores. 849:

The silver crisis of 1465 occurred when all mines had reached depths at which the shafts could no longer be pumped dry with the available technology. Although an increased use of

4898:"Evidence of the impacts of metal mining and the effectiveness of mining mitigation measures on social–ecological systems in Arctic and boreal regions: a systematic map protocol" 2774:

expelled during the mining process, work in inhumane conditions spending numerous hours working in extreme heat, darkness and 14 hour workdays with no allocated time for breaks.

2454:("commodities supercycle") increased the prices of commodities, driving aggressive mining. In addition, the price of gold increased dramatically in the 2000s, which increased 6584: 11742: 2887:

In Brazil, more than 170 tribes organized a march to oppose controversial attempts to strip back indigenous land rights and open their territories to mining operations. The

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companies are considered to have an adjusted annual mining-related revenue of more than US$ 500 million, with the financial capability to develop a major mine on its own.

6638: 7021: 6741: 6696: 6223: 1840:, in which supporting pillars are removed as miners retreat, allowing the room to cave in, thereby loosening more ore. Additional sub-surface mining methods include 6431: 1942:

is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from their ores, especially through chemical or mechanical means.

10734: 5834: 1521:: this technique involves digging neither at the surface nor underground. The extraction of target minerals by this technique requires that they be soluble, e.g., 5633: 1983:

researchers "invented a new class of molecules whose shape and size enable them to capture and contain precious metal ions," reported in a study published by the

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large crushers, mills, reactors, roasters and other equipment to consolidate the mineral-rich material and extract the desired compounds and metals from the ore.

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The use of Firesetting in the Granite Quarries of South India Paul T. Craddock The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society, Vol. 13 Number 1. 1996

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There is also up to 20 MJ/kg of energy in waste, potentially making the re-extraction more profitable. However, although the first landfill mine opened in

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rehabilitate dumps to an internationally acceptable standard, which in some cases means that higher standards than the local regulatory standard are applied.

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and allowed the mining of previously impenetrable metals and ores. In 1762, one of the world's first mining academies was established in the same town there.

6835: 2680: 2569: 2171:, but these reports are voluntary and unverified. Miscellaneous other certification programs exist for various projects, typically through nonprofit groups. 5797: 6856: 6609: 3002:

has the world's longest winding steel wire rope, which is able to lower workers to 3,054 metres (10,020 ft) in one uninterrupted four-minute journey.

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This was followed by the Global Mining Initiative which was begun by nine of the largest metals and mining companies and which led to the formation of the

1302:. After declines in production, another boom in mining occurred in the 1960s. In the early 21st century, Australia remains a major world mineral producer. 7031:

Aryee, B., Ntibery, B., Atorkui, E. (2003). "Trends in the small-scale mining of precious minerals in Ghana: a perspective on its environmental impact",

2995:#1 Shaft, the underground and surface works were commissioned in 1987. The mine is considered to be one of the most substantial gold mines in the world. 5046: 4666: 5859: 1957:

begins. After lode ore is crushed, recovery of the valuable minerals is done by one, or a combination of several, mechanical and chemical techniques.

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limitations in transportation, capital, and U.S. competition; Ontario was the major producer of the early 20th century with nickel, copper, and gold.

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has long been a concern as well, and where enforced, modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines. Unregulated, poorly regulated or

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were often used by the Spanish to pulverize ore after being mined. This device was powered by animals and used the same principles used for grain

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The Cerrillos Hills Park Coalition, (2000). Cerrillos Hills Historic Park Vision Statement. Public documents: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007,

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benefits of mining using host country regulatory initiatives. It found existing literature suggesting donors encourage developing countries to:

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today increasingly must address environmental and community impacts, including psychological and sociological dimensions. Thus, mining educator

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mining, which is removing ore from rooms while leaving pillars in place to support the roof of the room. Room and pillar mining often leads to

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cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed by further streams of water from the overhead tanks. The Roman miners used similar methods to work

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during operation and after closure may also be required. Government regulations may not be well enforced, especially in the developing world.

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is the largest producer of diamonds in Africa, with an estimated 12 million carats in 2019. Other types of mining reserves in Africa include

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Roman techniques were not limited to surface mining. They followed the ore veins underground once opencast mining was no longer feasible. At

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Landfill Mining, Preserving Resources through Integrated Sustainable Management of Waste, Technical Brief from the World Resource Foundation

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has called on Brazil's Supreme Court to uphold Indigenous land rights to prevent exploitation by mining groups and industrial agriculture.

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so a detailed characterization of the waste material forms an essential part of the geological exploration program for a mining operation.

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Haddaway, Neal R.; Cooke, Steven J.; Lesser, Pamela; Macura, Biljana; Nilsson, Annika E.; Taylor, Jessica J.; Raito, Kaisa (2019-02-21).

4155: 7128: 6456: 6115: 5910: 5894: 4224: 3861: 2141: 5231: 4803: 2600:(CVRD) was privatized. These and other developments, such as the Philippines 1995 Mining Act, led the bank to publish a third report ( 143:

that contains valuable constituent, can be extracted or mined and sold for profit. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any

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by chemicals emitted from mining processes. These processes also affect the atmosphere through carbon emissions which contributes to

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Bloom, M.J. & Denison, M. (2012) Environmental management for extractives, Professional Evidence and Applied Knowledge Services

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end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology.

6588: 6000: 4122: 2573: 1984: 966:, Slovakia) in 1627. Black powder allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins. Blasting was much faster than 946:

was extensive. The water mills were employed in crushing ore, raising ore from shafts, and ventilating galleries by powering giant

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The relationship between indigenous peoples and mining is defined by struggles over access to land. In Australia, the Aboriginal

6144: 5100: 4995: 3992: 3830: 3751: 1008:(1556). These books detail many different mining methods used in German and Saxon mines. A prime issue in medieval mines, which 9751: 7416: 4500:

OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas: Third Edition

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The Periodic Table: Nature's Building Blocks: An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses

3295: 3289: 3151: 1201: 1028:

from the 7th century to the 14th century. Gold was often traded to Mediterranean economies that demanded gold and could supply

846:

and other weapons. The overwhelming dependency on iron for military purposes spurred iron production and extraction processes.

635:, where seven long aqueducts tapped local rivers and sluiced the deposits. The Romans also exploited the silver present in the 6645: 6232: 5372: 1678:

is done by removing surface vegetation, dirt, and bedrock to reach buried ore deposits. Techniques of surface mining include:

11791: 9691: 6991: 6954: 6806: 4608:

Krook, Joakim; Svensson, Niclas; Eklund, Mats (2012-03-01). "Landfill mining: A critical review of two decades of research".

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for mining. Mining accidents continue worldwide, including accidents causing dozens of fatalities at a time such as the 2007

7086: 3481:

Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007,

3378: 2880:

In the Philippines, an anti-mining movement has raised concerns regarding "the total disregard for ancestral land rights".

1712: 1278:

In the early 20th century, the gold and silver rush to the western United States also stimulated mining for coal as well as

8481: 6927:, pp. 749–881; with many tables and maps on the worldwide mining industry in 1950, including coal, metals and minerals 6751: 6706: 4745: 3189: 553:

who developed large-scale mining methods, especially the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by numerous

5430: 4357: 3455:

Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007,

2754:

of mining processes, a prominent criticism pertaining to this form of extractive practice and of mining companies are the

774: 718:

through bare rock to drain the stopes. The same adits were also used to ventilate the workings, especially important when

8988: 7052: 7018: 7016:

The Miner's Handbook: A Handy Reference on the subjects of Mineral Deposits (1894) Mining operations in the 19th century.

3457: 2855: 2766:, miners are not given appropriate equipment to provide them with protection from possible mine collapse or from harmful 2662:

on April 26, 1942, which killed 1,549 miners. While mining today is substantially safer than it was in previous decades,

2616: 2437:, metal ore mining, nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying, and mining support activities. Of all of these categories, 2305: 5155: 1274:

View showing miners' clothes suspended by pulleys, also wash basins and ventilation system, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, 1936

11766: 10546: 4833:"Scientists develop technique to reduce cost, environmental impact of mining precious metal", by Valentina Ruiz Leotaud 4015: 2999: 17: 7095: 7062:

Friesen Press, Victoria. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover), 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback), 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook).

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Masterson, Elizabeth A.; Deddens, James A.; Themann, Christa L.; Bertke, Stephen; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (April 2015).

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and local communities called for new approaches which would also include disadvantaged communities, and work towards

2239:, are most commonly dumped into ponds made from naturally existing valleys. These ponds are secured by impoundments ( 2121: 1452:

operating the mine finds it economical to do so. Once all the ore that the mine can produce profitably is recovered,

1378: 1197: 9125: 6774: 5739: 5534: 5342: 166:

for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final

11504: 9479: 7922: 6585:"Chuquicamata's Life Underground Will Cost a Fortune, but is Likely to Pay Off for Codelco | Copper Investing News" 2672: 538:, captured the gold mines of Mount Pangeo in 357 BC to fund his military campaigns. He also captured gold mines in 9237: 7375: 7154: 6857:"Enhanced Landfill Mining: Material recovery, energy utilisation and economics in the EU (Directive) perspective" 6563: 5804: 5414: 4190:"Mining in the West Development Articles and Essays Meeting of Frontiers Digital Collections Library of Congress" 3265: 2097: 1952:(waste material). Processing of placer ore material consists of gravity-dependent methods of separation, such as 1412: 1290:

and by the 1850s was producing 40% of the world's gold, followed by the establishment of large mines such as the

1041: 875:

Due to differences in the social structure of society, the increasing extraction of mineral deposits spread from

6867: 6670: 6617: 6029: 5064: 4142:, Federal Writers' Project, Trinity University Press, Wisconsin, USA, 2013, p. 451. Retrieved November 15, 2018. 2884:' opposition to mining led a governor to proclaim a ban on mining operations in Mountain Province, Philippines. 10774: 7245: 7240: 7111: 5118:"Chemical reactions and conditions of mineral formation at tailings storage facilities of the Russian Far East" 5065:"A Challenge to Conservationists: Can we protect natural habitats without abusing the people who live in them?" 2676: 2125: 2016:

can occur at local, regional, and global scales through direct and indirect mining practices. Mining can cause

2013: 2006: 1841: 1818: 1814: 1776: 1772: 1630:. However, they also frequently travel to mining areas and work year-round. There are four broad types of ASM: 1396: 1360: 1073: 247:

found close to the Earth's surface. These were used to make early tools and weapons; for example, high quality

5686: 3052:

at 900 metres (3,000 ft), which annually produces 443,000 tons of copper and 20,000 tons of molybdenum.

2429:

Mining operations can be grouped into five major categories in terms of their respective resources. These are

935:

and skilled workers were brought over; in 1642 a colony of 4,000 foreigners was mining and smelting copper at

12081: 9639: 8504: 7439: 5492: 5043: 3184:

ore is saved by using recycled material. However, levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the

5412:

Environmental Effects of Foreign Investment Versus Domestic Investment in the Mining Sector In Latin-America

4660: 3044:, at over 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). The largest and second deepest open-pit copper mine in the world is 2687:(NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues. The 2390:, with BHP founded and headquartered in the country, and mining in Canada are particularly significant. For 2279:

separately with view to later treatment should market conditions change and it becomes economically viable.

10888: 9709: 9702: 9674: 7991: 7826: 6747: 6702: 5856: 5210: 3185: 2822: 2589: 1556: 1427:

to evaluate the financial viability, the technical and financial risks, and the robustness of the project.

1164: 1045: 1036:. The trading of gold for salt was mostly used to promote trade between the different economies. Since the 727: 539: 35: 31: 6480: 170:

or restoration of the land after the mine is closed. Mining materials are often obtained from ore bodies,

12093: 10739: 10597: 10117: 10099: 8315: 7072: 6947:

From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry

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and could also be ignited. Mining equipment can generate considerable noise, putting workers at risk for

2168: 1223: 3722: 2643: 2247:). In 2000 it was estimated that 3,500 tailings impoundments existed, and that every year, 2 to 5 major 1647: 198:

economically depressed communities means that governments often fail to fully enforce such regulations.

12134: 10804: 9719: 9484: 8808: 8448: 8332: 8276: 7368: 7217: 7147: 5962: 4433: 2914: 2668: 2355: 2060: 1691: 1227: 2315: 557:. The water was used for a variety of purposes, including removing overburden and rock debris, called 373:. Later, between 2613 and 2494 BC, large building projects required expeditions abroad to the area of 11601: 11057: 10607: 10592: 10565: 10215: 10045: 7863: 5906: 3348: 2301: 2252: 1758: 1443:

To gain access to the mineral deposit within an area it is often necessary to mine through or remove

1411:

to find and then define the extent, location and value of the ore body. This leads to a mathematical

1021: 680: 9726: 6717: 3921: 456:

were among the largest and most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt. These mines are described by the

11948: 11689: 10856: 10749: 10617: 9731: 8474: 7848: 6968: 5176: 3809: 3304: 2297: 2148: 2129: 2109: 2101: 1980: 1604: 1484: 1424: 1025: 744: 6509: 6302: 5926: 2946: 11729: 11421: 10652: 10536: 10156: 10040: 9566: 8778: 8023: 7912: 5769: 4244: 3079: 2522: 2430: 2342: 2175: 2128:. Mining companies have used this oversight from the financial sector to argue for some level of 1904:

which frees the desired minerals from the waste gravel. The minerals are then concentrated using

1722: 1356: 1349: 1295: 481: 42: 4137: 2358:

includes the mining of various minerals; it produces relatively little of the industrial metals

12052: 12032: 11943: 11938: 10977: 10903: 10409: 10404: 10149: 9679: 9085: 8963: 8958: 8426: 8269: 8141: 7299: 5963:"BLASTING OUT: EXPLOSIVES PRACTICES IN QUEENSLAND METALLIFEROUS MINES, 1870-1920: Blasting out" 4434:"BLASTING OUT: EXPLOSIVES PRACTICES IN QUEENSLAND METALLIFEROUS MINES, 1870-1920: Blasting out" 3916: 3458:"Swaziland National Trust Commission – Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern" 3280: 3192:(UNEP), published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates. 2451: 2438: 2068:

it can also spark conflicts, particularly regarding land use both above and below the surface.

1865: 1825: 1559:

to blast out rock and ore intended for processing. The most common explosive used in mining is

1287: 1248: 888:(of which England had virtually no deposits) by a judicial decision of 1568 and a law in 1688. 577: 554: 215: 144: 9962: 9736: 9095: 4474: 4152: 1024:

dates back over four thousand years. Gold became an important commodity for Africa during the

810:

was primarily extracted from shallow depths, rather than through deep mine shafts. Around the

11888: 11803: 11537: 11414: 11133: 11111: 11062: 10612: 10370: 10234: 9008: 8831: 8645: 8223: 8218: 8013: 7954: 6107: 5891: 5831:"Promoting Transparency in the Extractive Sectors: An EITI Training for Tanzania Legislators" 4946: 4221: 3865: 3203:

now contain higher concentrations of metal than mines themselves. This is especially true of

2751: 2642:

Safety has long been a concern in the mining business, especially in sub-surface mining. The

2597: 2346: 2105: 2033: 1939: 1933: 1876: 963: 955: 526:

after they arrived in the 7th century BC. The marble was shipped away and was later found by

491: 300: 296: 10699: 10319: 9202: 7197: 7105: 2801:

Included within the human rights abuses that occur during mining processes are instances of

2310: 2092:

Iron hydroxide precipitate stains a stream receiving acid drainage from surface coal mining.

1702:

are excavated and processed. Landfill mining has been thought of as a long-term solution to

802:

were also used, mainly for gilding or coinage. Initially, many metals were obtained through

377:

in order to secure minerals and other resources not available in Egypt itself. Quarries for

11963: 11395: 11251: 10964: 10459: 10353: 9969: 9669: 9664: 9045: 8491: 8417: 8389: 8354: 8281: 8081: 8018: 7836: 7657: 5290: 5228: 4909: 4795: 4617: 3962: 3908: 3665: 3618: 3212: 2877:

said mining posed a threat to their living culture and could damage sacred heritage sites.

2423: 2248: 2164: 1231: 1205: 531: 308: 207: 57: 9763: 8813: 6108:"Summary of Longwall and Continuous Miner Section Noise Studies in Underground Coal Mines" 5380: 5279:"Multiple mining impacts induce widespread changes in ecosystem dynamics in a boreal lake" 3482: 2196:

Set in play transparency and community participation initiatives using the wealth accrued.

1032:, even though much of Africa was abundant with salt due to the mines and resources in the 8: 12105: 12047: 12022: 11905: 11679: 11636: 11596: 11562: 11296: 11263: 11121: 10935: 10915: 10647: 10475: 10454: 10256: 10210: 9942: 9365: 8896: 8467: 8412: 8320: 8308: 8198: 8151: 7959: 7882: 7608: 7399: 6267: 3333: 3083: 3029: 2992: 2924:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2695: 2406: 2387: 2133: 1844:, bore hole mining, drift and fill mining, long hole slope mining, sub level caving, and 1502:, consisting of valuable minerals contained within river gravels, beach sands, and other 1453: 1408: 1189:, an estimate of "about 15,000 tons of rock had been removed from Mt. Chalchihuitl using 924: 535: 72: 9310: 6828:"Study shows around £360 million of metals could be mined from just four landfill sites" 5992: 5399: 5294: 4913: 4621: 4119: 3912: 3669: 3622: 3560:"Pharaonic quarrying and mining: settlement and procurement in Egypt's marginal regions" 12000: 11995: 11808: 11641: 11168: 11146: 11141: 11099: 11072: 11032: 10486: 10380: 10334: 10246: 10205: 10188: 10071: 10066: 9787: 9768: 9581: 9505: 9269: 9070: 9065: 8759: 8422: 8407: 8337: 8293: 8183: 7769: 7674: 7429: 6432:"The Cordillera People's Alliance: Mining and Indigenous Rights in the Luzon Highlands" 6199: 6166: 6084: 6051: 5582: 5319: 5278: 5147: 4873: 4848: 3971: 3934: 3634: 3587: 3309: 2922:. The reason given is: Deepest mine record was just changed and might need more detail. 2739: 2486: 2391: 2334: 2117: 2088: 2029: 1945: 1929: 1592:

Artisanal gold mines near Dodoma, Tanzania. Makeshift sails lead fresh air underground.

1526: 1318: 1270: 1239: 1145: 1134:

that were part of an extensive native trade-network have been discovered. In addition,

1123: 959: 312: 291:

in origin (c. 4000–3000 BC). Other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the

183: 84: 11306: 10541: 8788: 7122: 5134: 4774: 4387:"Blasting injuries in surface mining with emphasis on flyrock and blast area security" 2215:

Location of waste rock storage (center) at Teghut (village) Copper-Molybdenum Mine in

2132:. In 1992, a Draft Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations was proposed at the 1796:

Caterpillar Highwall Miner HW300 – Technology Bridging Underground and Open Pit Mining

11868: 11684: 11658: 11646: 11631: 11542: 11390: 11217: 11116: 11047: 10729: 10724: 10664: 10657: 10622: 10385: 10200: 10108: 9856: 9809: 9686: 9546: 9536: 9501: 9491: 9459: 9402: 9397: 9300: 8588: 8546: 8394: 7858: 7764: 7737: 7584: 7534: 7470: 7424: 7005: 6987: 6950: 6539: 6204: 6186: 6136: 6089: 6071: 5978: 5803:. World Bank's Oil, Gas and Mining Policy and Operations Unit (COCPO). Archived from 5586: 5493:

Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: Global Prices, Deforestation, and Mercury Imports

5324: 5306: 5151: 5139: 4927: 4878: 4641: 4633: 4512: 4449: 4414: 4406: 3988: 3781: 3638: 3591: 3579: 3436: 3315: 3251: 3147: 2975: 2818: 2280: 2052: 2025: 1703: 1607:

but works independently, mining minerals using their own resources, usually by hand.

1461: 1437: 1291: 1131: 1107: 1099: 1009: 994: 735: 219: 8803: 8672: 8623: 7060:

Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator.

5658:

Do Canadian mining companies operating abroad face weaker environmental regulations?

3938: 3508: 3223:, Israel in 1953, little work has followed due to the abundance of accessible ores. 3125: 11970: 11898: 11893: 11461: 11439: 11399: 11375: 11339: 11311: 11291: 11239: 11084: 11024: 10819: 10602: 10570: 10558: 10439: 10324: 10241: 10183: 9819: 9814: 9778: 9617: 9360: 9345: 9322: 9295: 8866: 8838: 8662: 8633: 8608: 8583: 8566: 8344: 8303: 8286: 8173: 8071: 7603: 7507: 7391: 7334: 7212: 6194: 6178: 6079: 6063: 5974: 5668: 5574: 5503: 5369: 5314: 5298: 5129: 4917: 4868: 4860: 4694: 4625: 4504: 4445: 4398: 3926: 3673: 3626: 3571: 3239: 3063:

in Germany, where the base of the pit is 299 metres (981 ft) below sea level.

2655: 2544: 2530: 2479:

companies have at least $ 50 million in annual revenue but less than $ 500 million.

2466:

Mining companies can be classified based on their size and financial capabilities:

2211: 2174:

The purpose of a 2012 EPS PEAKS paper was to provide evidence on policies managing

1988: 1960:

Since most metals are present in ores as oxides or sulfides, the metal needs to be

1912: 1829: 1612: 1596: 1581: 1560: 1244: 936: 640: 558: 461: 167: 9947: 9145: 9013: 8793: 6798: 6457:"Indigenous warrior women take fight to save ancestral lands to Brazilian capital" 6182: 5892:

The Challenges of Development, Mining Codes in Africa And Corporate Responsibility

4588: 3400: 3168: 1792: 1750: 648: 12129: 12027: 11975: 11606: 11469: 11324: 11234: 11224: 11212: 11191: 11067: 11052: 10834: 10829: 10669: 10580: 10464: 10449: 10444: 10225: 10139: 9920: 9743: 9714: 9449: 9274: 8993: 8926: 8702: 8650: 8613: 8361: 8327: 8213: 8193: 8103: 7752: 7718: 7652: 7449: 7434: 7339: 7304: 7281: 7187: 7090: 7083: 7079: 7025: 6726: 5914: 5898: 5863: 5664: 5518: 5507: 5499: 5418: 5387: 5376: 5349: 5235: 5104: 5050: 4830: 4629: 4595: 4344: 4251: 4228: 4159: 4126: 3678: 3653: 3488: 3430: 3370: 3260: 3233: 3137: 3060: 2963: 2663: 2647: 2419: 2415: 2383: 2187: 2186:

Make the environment-poverty link and introduce cutting-edge wealth measures and

2073: 1888: 1881: 1833: 1738: 1695: 1679: 1618:

Artisanal miners often undertake the activity of mining seasonally. For example,

1530: 1477: 1226:

became widespread in the 19th century, and the United States Congress passed the

1209: 1004: 861: 803: 767: 449: 402: 120: 48: 10302: 8936: 8798: 6319:"Apple and Google named in US lawsuit over Congolese child cobalt mining deaths" 4849:"Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science" 4737: 2624: 2582: 600:

to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The resulting

12005: 11928: 11694: 11584: 11579: 11557: 11344: 11331: 11274: 11207: 11195: 11089: 10930: 10898: 10799: 10553: 10525: 10490: 10431: 9989: 9984: 9952: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9782: 9625: 9541: 9317: 9256: 9130: 8983: 8978: 8931: 8921: 8911: 8682: 8573: 8561: 8531: 8402: 8349: 8259: 8178: 8163: 8158: 8110: 7998: 7794: 7742: 7725: 7559: 7329: 7309: 7179: 7040: 5302: 4386: 4254:. Australian Atlas of Minerals Processing, Mines, and & Processing Centres. 3630: 3342: 3327: 3208: 3173: 3129: 3033: 3010: 2867: 2711: 2605: 2577: 2443: 2379: 2255:

at least 2 million tons of tailings were released into a local river. In 2015,

2244: 2179: 2041: 1993: 1837: 1690:, which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore underneath; and 1675: 1670: 1552: 1534: 1514: 1488: 1157: 1072:

Gold and coal mining started in Australia and New Zealand in the 19th century.

999: 876: 834:, for example, were often laden with up to 100 pounds (45 kg) of plate or 799: 740: 569: 527: 498:

Mining in Europe has a very long history. Examples include the silver mines of

236: 203: 187: 175: 9115: 8722: 6403: 5578: 4922: 4897: 4698: 4402: 3930: 3575: 3461: 3428: 3199:

As recycling rates are low and so much metal has already been extracted, some

2505: 2319: 1964:

to its metallic form. This can be accomplished through chemical means such as

1686:, identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay; 568:

The Romans used hydraulic mining methods on a large scale to prospect for the

194:

is dependent on investment, labor, energy, refining, and transportation cost.

12123: 12042: 11552: 11187: 10997: 10814: 10809: 10674: 10511: 10495: 10363: 10349: 10230: 10193: 10124: 10056: 10050: 10035: 9930: 9915: 9823: 9474: 9327: 9290: 9264: 9105: 9050: 8901: 8886: 8712: 8556: 8366: 8203: 8093: 8050: 7831: 7708: 7594: 7544: 7408: 7349: 7271: 7202: 6190: 6167:"Evaluating hearing loss risks in the mining industry through MSHA citations" 6075: 5310: 5143: 5117: 4931: 4688: 4637: 4508: 4410: 3606: 3583: 3321: 3245: 3099: 3041: 2881: 2629: 2351: 2293: 2268: 2264: 2037: 1973: 1893: 1538: 1518: 1310: 1234:

in the mid-19th century, mining for minerals and precious metals, along with

1182: 1153: 1119: 1077: 1033: 988:

Much of the knowledge of medieval mining techniques comes from books such as

672: 601: 386: 374: 354: 280: 276: 10684: 9120: 8916: 2632:

spraying rockdust to reduce the combustible fraction of coal dust in the air

2401: 27:

Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth

11985: 11920: 11873: 11569: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11434: 11429: 11094: 10952: 10679: 10634: 10504: 10500: 10468: 10358: 10280: 10251: 10176: 10171: 10161: 10061: 9979: 9910: 9865: 9596: 9576: 9561: 9525: 9520: 9496: 9412: 9305: 9182: 9003: 8973: 8891: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8843: 8754: 8655: 8168: 8126: 7902: 7853: 7789: 7645: 7549: 7266: 7261: 6208: 6093: 5328: 4882: 4864: 4645: 4418: 4361: 3045: 3006: 2984: 2955: 2863: 2802: 2794: 2786: 2763: 2755: 2719: 2526: 2256: 1915:

are used to sink shafts, excavate stopes, and obtain samples for analysis.

1869: 1845: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1687: 1657: 1623: 1588: 1568: 967: 811: 719: 683:, the scale of the operations increased dramatically, as the Romans needed 668: 597: 550: 465: 406: 304: 264: 211: 191: 156: 116: 79:. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through 10689: 9212: 9207: 9197: 9160: 9150: 9090: 9023: 8536: 5903:

International and Comparative Mineral Law and Policy: Trends and Prospects

5560:"Regulation & Legitimacy in the Mining Industry in Africa: Where does" 3780:. Vitoria, Spain: Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava. pp. 205–335. 2370:, but according to one estimate has as a percent of world reserves 40% of 1938:

Once the mineral is extracted, it is often then processed. The science of

1754: 1087:, in 1934, the Emperor Gold Mining Company Ltd. established operations at 12037: 12017: 11990: 11816: 11574: 11474: 11172: 11161: 11156: 11104: 10982: 10972: 10841: 10297: 10266: 10261: 10220: 10129: 9905: 9880: 9875: 9844: 9601: 9556: 9464: 9444: 9177: 9100: 9060: 8968: 8948: 8692: 8677: 8667: 8603: 8523: 8264: 8208: 8030: 8008: 8003: 7870: 7747: 7713: 7701: 7589: 7512: 7344: 7207: 5760: 5680: 3067: 2838: 2814: 2759: 2735: 2637: 2602:

Assistance for Minerals Sector Development and Reform in Member Countries

2455: 2434: 2386:

is a significant part of that country's economy. In the developed world,

2232: 1564: 1404: 1391: 1255: 1127: 989: 932: 921: 787: 783: 723: 656: 632: 605: 562: 390: 335: 316: 292: 199: 179: 163: 152: 80: 4385:

Bajpayee, T.S.; Rehak, T.R.; Mowrey, G.L.; Ingram, D.K. (January 2004).

4068:

Copper: its mining and use by the aborigines of the Lake Superior Region

4050:

Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines

3975: 1196:

In 1727 Louis Denys (Denis) (1675–1741), sieur de La Ronde – brother of

96: 11980: 11910: 11880: 11863: 11841: 11651: 11521: 11516: 11229: 11177: 11002: 10925: 10824: 10719: 10397: 10307: 10292: 10275: 10271: 10028: 9797: 9531: 9427: 9407: 9338: 9172: 8953: 8822: 8818: 8707: 8551: 8371: 8188: 8146: 8088: 8057: 7696: 7628: 7566: 7539: 7502: 7047:

The Oil, gas and Mining Sustainable Community Development Fund (2009).

6067: 5277:

Leppänen, Jaakko Johannes; Weckström, Jan; Korhola, Atte (2017-09-05).

5097: 4503:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2016. 3429:

J. Theo Kloprogge; Concepcion P. Ponce; Tom Loomis (18 November 2020).

2826: 2767: 2707: 2568:

has been involved in mining since 1955, mainly through grants from its

2565: 1979:

In 2018, led by Chemistry and Biochemistry professor Bradley D. Smith,

1900:, is fed into machinery consisting of a hopper and a shaking screen or 1861: 1627: 1444: 1432: 1363: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1298:(one of the largest zinc-lead ore deposits), and the iron ore mines at 1279: 1243:

traveled West for work opportunities in mining. Western cities such as

1190: 1186: 1037: 951: 943: 835: 707: 589: 581: 515: 503: 431: 284: 88: 9192: 9155: 8697: 6559: 6481:"Brazil: Supreme Court must uphold indigenous land rights – UN expert" 5411: 3831:"Web Hosting, Reseller Hosting & Domain Names from Heart Internet" 1976:

combines the geologic sciences with extractive metallurgy and mining.

1801:

extraction method or the technique used to reach the mineral deposit.

1537:, which dissolve in water. Some minerals, such as copper minerals and 1456:

can begin, to make the land used by the mine suitable for future use.

75:

of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the

12012: 11958: 11858: 11836: 11821: 11623: 11354: 11246: 11182: 11079: 10992: 10947: 10883: 10868: 10714: 10585: 10375: 10166: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9802: 9591: 9571: 9454: 9417: 9110: 9075: 8906: 8826: 8687: 8254: 8136: 7944: 7939: 7917: 7806: 7799: 7618: 7613: 7520: 7497: 6375:"Old Habits Die Hard: Indigenous Land Rights and Mining in Australia" 6021: 5370:

Industry in Transition: A Profile of the North American Mining Sector

5076: 3889:

A Harper International Edition. Fifth printing. February 1968. p. 316

3204: 3141: 3056: 3005:

The deepest mine in Europe is the 16th shaft of the uranium mines in

2980: 2834: 2771: 2703: 2447: 2160: 2096:

Countries with strongly enforced mining regulations commonly require

1969: 1682:, which is the recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground; 1643:

Shock-push (poverty-driven, following conflict or natural disasters).

1599:(ASM) is a blanket term for a type of subsistence mining involving a 1567:

used 66.4%, nonmetal mining and quarrying 13.5%, metal mining 10.4%,

1416: 1299: 1259: 1178: 1088: 982: 974: 973:

The widespread adoption of agricultural innovations such as the iron

913: 827: 684: 676: 667:

was one of the most important mining regions, but all regions of the

580:

to supply water to the minehead, where the water was stored in large

423: 419: 378: 366: 358: 288: 148: 124: 112: 104: 8618: 8541: 7360: 7139: 6536:"Mineral deposits: from their origin to their environmental impacts" 6502: 5044:

Regulations for Corporations: A historical account of TNC regulation

3215:

has found £360 million of metals could be mined from just four

2762:

close to them. Frequently, despite being protected by International

1856: 1781: 1640:

Rush-type (massive migration, pulled often by commodity price jumps)

1338: 1321:, have begun to increase in demand as a result of new technologies. 761: 726:

and dewatered the mines using several kinds of machines, especially

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Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia)

4533:"Addressing Forced Labor in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM)" 4153:

The General Mining Act of 1872 has left a legacy of riches and ruin

3838: 3220: 3216: 3200: 3161:

below ground as unused reserves. An example is the in-use stock of

3018: 2951: 2842: 2790: 2727: 2715: 2699: 2224: 2206: 2156: 2021: 1965: 1897: 1699: 1503: 1235: 1217: 1135: 1057: 978: 928: 850: 628: 617: 609: 596:

underneath and any gold-bearing veins. The rock was then worked by

453: 443: 346: 320: 108: 5709:"Principles: Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)" 5469:"2017 North American Industry Classification System Definition 21" 3654:"Selective attachment processes in ancient gold ore beneficiation" 3419:, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc, 1992, p. 3. 2556: 1172:

1880–1885. Photographs of the American West, Boston Public Library

514:

working them, their technology was essentially identical to their

11848: 11831: 11611: 11479: 11409: 11385: 11284: 10920: 10846: 10481: 10421: 10414: 10329: 10287: 10134: 10113: 10094: 10076: 10018: 9957: 9925: 9870: 9586: 9510: 9370: 9350: 9279: 8941: 8848: 8766: 8729: 8717: 8249: 8045: 8040: 7986: 7892: 7821: 7664: 7465: 7291: 6137:"Worker exposure and equipment noise in large surface coal mines" 5711:. Business and Human Right Resource Centre (2009). Archived from 5249:"Exclusive: Barrick faces sanctions for Argentina cyanide spills" 3960:"The Spanish Tradition in Gold and Silver Mining." Otis E. Young 3248: – Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict 3181: 3120: 3022: 2988: 2859: 2810: 2805:. These instances are a cause for widespread criticism of mining 2782: 2723: 2323: 2260: 2216: 2048: 2017: 1905: 1901: 1785: 1726: 1114:

During prehistoric times, early Americans mined large amounts of

1053: 947: 917: 889: 860:

during this period did decrease the value of, and dependence on,

831: 823: 815: 711: 593: 573: 530:

to have been used in buildings including the tomb of Amphipolis.

499: 486: 415: 370: 331: 324: 256: 140: 6266:. Ghana: Third World Network - Africa. p. 9. Archived from 5798:"Advancing the EITI in the Mining Sector: Implementation Issues" 5623:"The World Bank's Evolutionary Approach to Mining Sector Reform" 4300:"Net Zero Needs More Metals, But Less Extraction From the Earth" 3851:

A culture of Improvement. Robert Friedel. MIT Press. 2007. p. 81

572:

of ore, especially using a now-obsolete form of mining known as

11933: 11319: 11202: 11042: 10851: 10794: 10704: 10144: 9773: 9432: 9422: 9385: 9375: 9355: 9167: 9018: 8098: 8063: 7887: 7843: 7489: 7192: 4971:"Mining is a polluting business. Can new tech make it cleaner?" 3162: 3157: 3075: 3071: 2966: 2874: 2830: 2809:, a mineral essential for powering modern technologies such as 2806: 2651: 2375: 2359: 2330: 2272: 2236: 2228: 1953: 1949: 1828:, which is mining upward, creating a sloping underground room, 1683: 1522: 1149: 1115: 1061: 1049: 901: 885: 869: 854: 843: 819: 791: 731: 692: 660: 636: 585: 519: 511: 507: 457: 439: 435: 427: 410: 382: 260: 252: 132: 128: 53: 4796:"Minerals Mining Conveyors | Mineral Mining Conveyor Products" 4264: 4262: 4260: 2543:

However, implementation has issues; inclusion or exclusion of

1498:

Targets are divided into two general categories of materials:

369:

used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and

11853: 11826: 11380: 11151: 11014: 10878: 10786: 10392: 10009: 8638: 8628: 8593: 8131: 7971: 7897: 7684: 7121: 6052:"Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981–2010" 6049: 4562:"Women and Artisanal Mining: Gender Roles and the Road Ahead" 3049: 2959: 2866:, hydroelectric dams, and other infrastructure, according to 2659: 2395: 1961: 1637:

Seasonal (annually migrating during idle agriculture periods)

1600: 1317:

have also become a concern. Different elements, particularly

1213: 1139: 857: 839: 664: 624: 523: 398: 394: 362: 327: 272: 268: 248: 244: 76: 6939:

Treasures of the Earth: need, greed and a sustainable future

6932:

Mining, the Environment and Indigenous Development Conflicts

5857:

Mining, Sustainability and Risk:World Bank Group Experiences

5116:

Zvereva, V. P.; Frolov, K. R.; Lysenko, A. I. (2021-10-13).

3094: 3082:

at 12,262 metres (40,230 ft), but this is connected to

287:

are especially famous, and like most other flint mines, are

275:

areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by

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The end of a Celtic tradition: the last gold miner in Wales

3778:

Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. II. Sulfuros y sulfosales

3607:"Al Fawakhir Gold mine as a Geosite, Eastern Desert, Egypt" 3037: 2654:

on March 10, 1906. This disaster was surpassed only by the

2588:

In 1992, the World Bank began to push for privatization of

2518: 2509: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2064: 2056: 1916: 1884:

haul truck at the North Antelope Rochelle opencut coal mine

1619: 1513:

Some mining, including much of the rare earth elements and

1472: 1103: 1084: 1029: 905: 897: 893: 881: 865: 795: 715: 700: 688: 613: 584:

and tanks. When a full tank was opened, the flood of water

469: 468:

as one method used to break down the hard rock holding the

240: 218:. Mining can also perpetuate political instability through 171: 136: 100: 61: 3336: – Resources that exist without actions of humankind. 2493:

Re their valuation, and stock market characteristics, see

1872:. It is also one of the largest land vehicles of all time. 1742:

Coalburg Seam highwall mining at ADDCAR 16 Logan County WV

722:

was used. At other parts of the site, they penetrated the

10694: 10013: 9935: 8783: 8035: 7679: 4895: 4384: 2821:. Many of these cases of child laborers are found in the 2338: 2240: 909: 807: 696: 543: 92: 30:"Underground mining" redirects here. For other uses, see 6404:"Uranium Mining – The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation" 6022:"Mission | Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)" 5531:"Metals Economics Group World Exploration Trends Report" 5276: 5211:

Technical Report: Design and Evaluation of Tailings Dams

3501:"ASA – October 1996: Mining and Religion in Ancient Man" 2679:

in the United States. Mining has been identified by the

2227:. For example, 99 tons of waste is generated per ton of 2072:

water resources, emitting air pollutants, and producing

1832:, which is grinding a long ore surface underground, and 303:. The oldest-known mine on archaeological record is the 5828: 4853:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4013: 3422: 3338:

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3268: – Environmental problems from uncontrolled mining 3256:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3242: – Removal of human labor from the mining industry 2962:, site of the largest circumference and second deepest 2789:: child workers who broke down coal at a mine in South 2495:

Valuation (finance) § Valuation of mining projects

1992:

gold-containing ore with large quantities of poisonous

1788:

used for transporting miners within an underground mine

1254:

When new areas were explored, it was usually the gold (

1040:

in the 19th century, after, gold and diamond mining in

518:

predecessors. At other mines, such as on the island of

5512:

Amazon Gold Fever Comes with a High Environmental Cost

5445:"China's Continuing Monopoly Over Rare Earth Minerals" 872:

still remained vital to the story of medieval mining.

235:

Since the beginning of civilization, people have used

7053:

CommDev: Projects: Social Mine Closure Strategy, Mali

5763:"Report of 5th EITI Global Conference in Paris, 2011" 2681:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2570:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

1968:

or through electrolytic reduction, as in the case of

5491:

Swenson JJ, Carter CE, Domec J-C, Delgado CI (2011)

5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5115: 4491: 4467: 4016:"Mining industry in Africa - statistics & facts" 3808:. News.independent.co.uk. 2007-01-20. Archived from 3752:"Mining Greece the Goldmines of Alexander the Great" 3532:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 57–59. 3285:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3236: – Exploitation of raw materials from asteroids 2918:

of parts of this article (those related to article)

2263:

into a total of five rivers in Argentina near their

2251:

and 35 minor failures occurred. For example, in the

1987:. The new method "converts gold-containing ore into 782:

Mining as an industry underwent dramatic changes in

6925:

World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks

6345:"Record number of environmental activists murdered" 4607: 3324: – Point in time of largest mineral production 2592:with a new set of codes, beginning with its report 1541:, require acid or carbonate solutions to dissolve. 6454: 6301: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 2446:. Mining is heavily affected by the prices of the 2223:Ore mills generate large amounts of waste, called 1328: 1230:to encourage mining of federal lands. As with the 1044:has had major political and economic impacts. The 7132:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 528–542. 6260:Human Rights Violations in Africa's Mining Sector 6171:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 5355: 3989:"The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade (7th–14th Century)" 3345: – Part of the primary sector of the economy 2920:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 2650:, involved the death of 1,099 miners in Northern 2398:reportedly controlled 95% of production in 2013. 1483:Mining techniques can be divided into two common 623:Sluicing methods were developed by the Romans in 565:, or crushed, ores and driving simple machinery. 315:shows to be about 43,000 years old. At this site 12121: 6892:"Assessing the opportunities of landfill mining" 6737: 6735: 6455:Phillips, Tom; Milhorance, Flávia (2021-09-10). 6425: 6423: 6373:Behrendt, Larissa; Strelein, Lisa (March 2001). 6372: 5733: 5400:Global stock values top $ 50 trln: industry data 5205: 5203: 5201: 4380: 4378: 3405:. MBLWHOI Library. New York, Dover Publications. 3330: – Theory that resource wealth slows growth 2409:of Rio Tinto's subsidiary, Kennecott Utah Copper 1436:is economically recoverable is dependent on the 1309:of large multinational corporations has arisen. 830:greatly increased the demand for iron. Medieval 7096:An introduction to geology and hard rock mining 6941:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 6898:. Research database – University of Groningen. 6291: 6225:Human Rights Risks in Mining - A Baseline Study 5761:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. 5681:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. 5012: 4194:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 3318: – Overview of and topical guide to mining 3292: – To certify the origin of rough diamonds 3089: 1821:rock formations requires different techniques. 1603:who may or may not be officially employed by a 6986:(2nd ed.). Wide Publishing. p. 505. 6729:Carolyn Fry, Guardian.co.uk, 22 February 2008. 6698:The Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report 6528: 5223: 5221: 5219: 4218:Atlas of US and Canadian Environmental History 3398: 3180:95% of the energy used to make aluminium from 2698:associated with mining, including exposure to 2153:International Organization for Standardization 8475: 7376: 7155: 6743:Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis 6732: 6420: 5523: 5198: 4947:"The Environmental Problems Caused by Mining" 4375: 4052:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 5–6. 3966:, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Winter, 1965), pp. 299–314 ( 3275:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 3013:, at 1,838 metres (6,030 ft). Second is 2683:(NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the 2538:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 2333:is the headquarters for large miners such as 2259:Corporation spilled over 1 million liters of 542:for minting coinage, eventually producing 26 6965:Gold mines may owe their origins to bacteria 6923:Woytinsky, W.S., and E.S. Woytinsky (1953). 6639:"Nordrhein-Westfalen in Zahlen und Geodaten" 5855:For an overview of the Bank and mining, see 5533:. Metals Economics Group Inc. Archived from 4139:The WPA Guide to Wisconsin: The Badger State 4044: 4042: 3604: 3548:. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 108. 3351: – Mines in the Keuperian basin, France 2500: 2461: 1185:America; in the Cerillos Mining District in 338:may have mined flint for weapons and tools. 6764:"Landfill mining: new opportunities ahead?" 5754: 5216: 4099:. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 34. 4078: 4076: 3864:. Mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu. Archived from 3723:"Mining Greece Ancient Quarries in Thassos" 2083: 1809:uses diagonally sloping access shafts, and 8482: 8468: 7383: 7369: 7162: 7148: 6944: 6934:. Tucson AZ: University of Arizona Press. 6294:"Congo, Child Labor and Your Electric Car" 5993:"NORA Mining Sector Council | NIOSH | CDC" 5229:Trends in the stewardship of tailings dams 3898: 3055:The deepest open-pit mine with respect to 3028:The deepest open-pit mine in the world is 2275:, but it is used in the developing world. 2142:International Council on Mining and Metals 2124:environmental standards, and criteria for 1517:, is done by less-common methods, such as 1397:cut and fill mining operation in hard rock 1314: 475: 6198: 6165:Sun, Kan; Azman, Amanda S. (March 2018). 6083: 5829:Revenue Watch Institute (20 April 2010). 5318: 5133: 4944: 4921: 4872: 4212: 4210: 4097:Politics of Latin America: The Power Game 4062: 4060: 4058: 4039: 3991:. The Metropolitan Museum. October 2000. 3920: 3677: 3399:Agricola, Georg; Hoover, Herbert (1950). 2889:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 2797:, United States in the early 20th century 2758:abuses occurring within mining sites and 2596:. In 1997, Latin America's largest miner 1379:Learn how and when to remove this message 1305:As the 21st century begins, a globalized 631:gold deposits, the largest site being at 190:. The exploitation of these deposits for 6692: 6690: 6342: 6164: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 4846: 4245:History of Australia's Minerals Industry 4073: 3167: 3156:During the 20th century, the variety of 3119: 3093: 2950: 2781: 2623: 2615: 2574:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 2555: 2504: 2450:minerals, which are often volatile. The 2400: 2309: 2210: 2087: 1999: 1985:Journal of the American Chemical Society 1875: 1855: 1791: 1780: 1749: 1737: 1646: 1587: 1471: 1390: 1294:, which ran for nearly a hundred years, 1269: 1163: 1144: 1098: 790:was mainly focused on the extraction of 773: 760: 757:Mining and metallurgy in medieval Europe 485: 452:occurred in the earliest dynasties. The 345: 47: 6981: 6429: 6056:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 5792: 5790: 5557: 4358:"In Situ Leach Mining (ISL) of Uranium" 3611:International Journal of Earth Sciences 2689:Mining Safety and Health Administration 1813:uses vertical access shafts. Mining in 1492: 1076:has become important in the economy of 14: 12122: 11503: 7119: 6538:. Taylor & Francis. January 1995. 5960: 5442: 5062: 4686: 4669:from the original on September 6, 2021 4431: 4207: 4177:The Americans: The National Experience 4095:Vaden, H.E. & Prevost. G. (2002). 4055: 4014:Published by M. Garside (2021-10-20). 3651: 3540: 3538: 3296:List of critical mineral raw materials 3290:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 3152:List of critical mineral raw materials 1238:, became a driving factor in the U.S. 778:Gallery, 12th to 13th century, Germany 11717: 11502: 10772: 9236: 9235: 8502: 8463: 7390: 7364: 7169: 7143: 6949:. Mining Journal Books. p. 555. 6687: 6510:"Mining and minerals in South Africa" 6316: 6221: 5736:"At the Fifth EITI Global Conference" 5608: 4847:Laura J., Sonter (December 5, 2018). 4297: 4179:. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 78–81. 3862:"Chapter 7: Medieval Silver and Gold" 3775: 2947:Extremes on Earth § Subterranean 2848: 2685:National Occupational Research Agenda 1764: 1286:Meanwhile, Australia experienced the 730:. These were used extensively in the 12089: 8489: 6752:United Nations Environment Programme 6707:United Nations Environment Programme 6516:from the original on 1 December 2016 5945:Where The Coal Is Stained With Blood 5787: 5098:http://partnerplatform.org/?zl177g4a 4738:"Metallurgy - Extractive metallurgy" 4658: 3901:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 3557: 3190:United Nations Environment Programme 3025:, at 1,750 metres (5,740 ft). 2898: 2620:Mining transport in Devnya, Bulgaria 1892:excavating the land. In the case of 1361:adding citations to reliable sources 1332: 6671:"The deepest hole we have ever dug" 6668: 6512:. SouthAfrica.info. 8 August 2012. 6256: 5567:Review of African Political Economy 4662:Coal Mining and the Highwall Method 4659:Drum, The Oil (November 26, 2010), 4360:. World-nuclear.org. Archived from 3546:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 3535: 3530:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 2702:which can lead to diseases such as 2306:Category:Mining industry by country 998:and probably most importantly from 927:combined to finance extraction and 786:. The mining industry in the early 675:the natives had mined minerals for 24: 10773: 8503: 7049:Social Mine Closure Strategy, Mali 6917: 6222:Spohr, Maximilian (January 2016). 5967:Australian Economic History Review 5689:from the original on 13 April 2011 5596:from the original on 31 March 2020 5177:"What is the Cost of Mining Gold?" 4475:"Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining" 4438:Australian Economic History Review 4070:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. 3298: – European Union legislation 3000:North West Province (South Africa) 942:Use of water power in the form of 750: 210:, frequently contributes to local 25: 12151: 7066: 6317:Kelly, Annie (16 December 2019). 6231:. BGR. p. 10. Archived from 5457:from the original on Apr 3, 2023. 5135:10.17073/2500-0632-2021-3-181-191 3995:from the original on 25 June 2020 3605:Abdelmaksoud, Kholoud M. (2020). 3277: – Organization of countries 3254: – War fought over resources 3176:that has been abandoned for years 2590:government-owned mining companies 2329:Mining exists in many countries. 2108:prior beginning mine operations. 1880:A Bucyrus Erie 2570 dragline and 1571:7.1%, and all other users 2.6%". 1198:Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure 502:, which helped support the Greek 490:Ancient Roman development of the 12100: 12088: 12077: 12076: 8444: 8443: 7041:Mining: An International History 6884: 6849: 6820: 6791: 6756: 6711: 6662: 6631: 6602: 6577: 6552: 6473: 6448: 6396: 6366: 6336: 6310: 6285: 6250: 6215: 6158: 6129: 6100: 6043: 6014: 5979:10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x 5961:Wegner, Jan Helen (2010-06-22). 4450:10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x 4432:Wegner, Jan Helen (2010-06-22). 3802:"The Independent, 20 Jan. 2007: 3066:The largest underground mine is 2903: 2714:. Gases in the mine can lead to 2673:2009 Heilongjiang mine explosion 2005:This section is an excerpt from 1805:uses horizontal access tunnels, 1711: 1597:Artisanal and small-scale mining 1580:This section is an excerpt from 1493:sub-surface (underground) mining 1337: 510:. Although they had over 20,000 341: 162:Modern mining processes involve 12101: 9636:Outdoors & sports equipment 7084:Introductory Mining Engineering 6902:from the original on 2019-01-27 6809:from the original on 2017-05-23 6719:Tread lightly: Aluminium attack 6566:from the original on 2019-03-28 6491:from the original on 2021-09-13 6385:from the original on 2021-09-13 6355:from the original on 2021-09-13 6343:Marshall, Claire (2021-09-13). 6292:Financial Times (7 July 2019). 6147:from the original on 2018-07-19 6118:from the original on 2018-06-27 6032:from the original on 2018-06-14 6003:from the original on 2019-06-16 5985: 5954: 5937: 5919: 5907:African Mining Codes Questioned 5884: 5868: 5849: 5822: 5727: 5701: 5674: 5651: 5551: 5485: 5461: 5436: 5424: 5405: 5392: 5335: 5270: 5259:from the original on 2021-10-09 5241: 5187:from the original on 2015-06-12 5169: 5158:from the original on 2022-07-08 5109: 5090: 5056: 5036: 4988: 4963: 4945:Witchalls, Sammy (2022-04-03). 4938: 4889: 4840: 4817: 4806:from the original on 2023-01-26 4788: 4759: 4748:from the original on 2021-06-02 4730: 4705: 4680: 4652: 4601: 4582: 4554: 4525: 4456:from the original on 2023-02-21 4425: 4350: 4334:Introductory Mining Engineering 4326: 4316: 4291: 4280:from the original on 2023-04-02 4238: 4182: 4169: 4145: 4131: 4112: 4102: 4089: 4029: 4007: 3981: 3954: 3945: 3892: 3879: 3854: 3845: 3823: 3794: 3769: 3744: 3733:from the original on 2015-06-12 3715: 3704:from the original on 2015-06-12 3686: 3645: 3598: 3551: 3417:SME Mining Engineering Handbook 3381:from the original on 2023-02-10 3266:Environmental effects of mining 2998:The Moab Khutsong gold mine in 2745: 2594:The Strategy for African Mining 2098:environmental impact assessment 1626:, and mining is pursued in the 1348:needs additional citations for 1329:Mine development and life cycle 939:in the northwestern mountains. 334:are believed to be sites where 12140:Occupational safety and health 7112:New International Encyclopedia 6982:Jayanta, Bhattacharya (2007). 5443:Nesbit, Jeff (April 2, 2013). 5227:TE Martin, MP Davies. (2000). 4767:"Mining Concentrate Thickener" 3522: 3493: 3475: 3449: 3409: 3392: 3363: 3312: – Engineering discipline 2991:province. Previously known as 2777: 2677:Upper Big Branch Mine disaster 2126:Socially responsible investing 2014:Environmental impact of mining 2007:Environmental impact of mining 1777:Underground mining (soft rock) 1773:Underground mining (hard rock) 13: 1: 9640:Personal protective equipment 7033:Journal of Cleaner Production 7002:Hardrock Gold: a miner's tale 6183:10.1080/15459624.2017.1412584 3694:"Mining greece ancient mines" 3652:Neesse, Thomas (April 2014). 3356: 2551: 2231:, with even higher ratios in 1923: 1551:Explosives have been used in 1467: 1306: 1181:dated at 700 AD was mined in 1169: 728:reverse overshot water-wheels 522:, marble was quarried by the 230: 7409:Pollution / quality 7120:Munroe, Henry Smith (1911). 6748:International Resource Panel 6703:International Resource Panel 6587:. 2015-04-06. Archived from 6430:Tartlet, R.K. (March 2001). 5933:(in French). March 10, 2006. 5508:10.1371/journal.pone.0018875 5450:U.S. News & World Report 4630:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.015 4298:Rathi, Akshat (2024-09-10). 4084:A History of American Mining 3679:10.1016/j.mineng.2014.01.009 3186:International Resource Panel 3090:Metal reserves and recycling 2823:Democratic Republic of Congo 1896:, unconsolidated gravel, or 1733: 1574: 1265: 1251:originated as mining towns. 1046:Democratic Republic of Congo 954:was first used in mining in 330:. Mines of a similar age in 279:and galleries. The mines at 139:. The ore must be a rock or 95:recovered by mining include 36:Underground hard-rock mining 32:Underground soft-rock mining 7: 11718: 6984:Principles of Mine Planning 6560:"Chuquicamata | MINING.com" 5431:Mining in Africa – Overview 5343:Mining's Problem with Waste 4569:siteresources.worldbank.org 4086:, McGraw-Hill Book Company. 3887:Economic History of Europe. 3226: 3172:A metal recycling plant in 2287: 2169:Global Reporting Initiative 1851: 1224:Mining in the United States 1094: 10: 12156: 6945:Even-Zohar, Chaim (2002). 6803:www.enviroalternatives.com 5303:10.1038/s41598-017-11421-8 5063:Chapin, Mac (2004-10-15). 4690:Underground mining Methods 4687:Harraz, Hassan Z. (2010). 4391:Journal of Safety Research 3631:10.1007/s00531-019-01811-w 3145: 3135: 2944: 2927:Last update: 9th July 2022 2894: 2669:Ulyanovskaya Mine disaster 2635: 2598:Companhia Vale do Rio Doce 2356:mineral industry of Africa 2314:The Särkijärvi pit of the 2291: 2204: 2061:mountaintop removal mining 2004: 1927: 1770: 1668: 1664: 1634:Permanent artisanal mining 1579: 1228:General Mining Act of 1872 1067: 754: 627:in 25 AD to exploit large 479: 225: 40: 29: 12071: 11919: 11802: 11728: 11724: 11713: 11672: 11622: 11515: 11511: 11498: 11365: 11305: 11262: 11132: 11023: 10963: 10867: 10785: 10781: 10768: 10633: 10524: 10430: 10087: 9855: 9655: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9231: 9038: 8859: 8745: 8522: 8515: 8511: 8498: 8439: 8380: 8245: 8238: 8119: 7980:Types / location 7979: 7970: 7780: 7575: 7488: 7458: 7407: 7398: 7322: 7290: 7254: 7233: 7226: 7178: 7099:(archived 13 August 2016) 5579:10.1080/03056240802410984 5502:. PLoS ONE 6(4): e18875. 4923:10.1186/s13750-019-0152-8 4699:10.13140/RG.2.1.2881.1124 4403:10.1016/j.jsr.2003.07.003 3931:10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8 3576:10.1017/S0003598X0004624X 3349:Grozon coal and saltworks 2611: 2501:Regulation and governance 2462:Corporate classifications 2444:remote-sensing satellites 2378:, and 90% of the world's 2302:Category:Mining companies 2253:Marcopper mining disaster 2219:'s northern Lori province 2149:mines with good practices 1759:Upper Silesian Coal Basin 1415:to estimate the size and 1160:, Michigan, U.S., in 1905 1022:Iron metallurgy in Africa 1016: 687:'s resources, especially 271:mines have been found in 64:'s crater lake, Indonesia 11949:Mergers and acquisitions 11690:Research and development 10055:Chemical & hormonal 9710:Communications equipment 6864:Enhanced Landfill Mining 5913:January 1, 2016, at the 5558:Cambell, Bonnie (2008). 4509:10.1787/9789264252479-en 4151:McClure R, Schneider A. 3968:Journal of the Southwest 3835:romans-in-britain.org.uk 3558:Shaw, Ian (March 1994). 3435:. Elsevier. p. 54. 3305:List of mining companies 2644:Courrières mine disaster 2298:List of mining companies 2200: 2130:industry self-regulation 2110:Environmental monitoring 2102:environmental management 2084:Environmental regulation 1981:University of Notre Dame 1504:unconsolidated materials 1440:of the ore in the area. 1110:region of the U.S., 1865 1026:trans-Saharan gold trade 745:National Museum of Wales 714:out the veins and drove 10740:Painting and decorating 9764:Medical imaging systems 9697:Parts & peripherals 7129:Encyclopædia Britannica 6937:Ali, Saleem H. (2009). 6930:Ali, Saleem H. (2003). 4742:Encyclopedia Britannica 4479:Intergovernmental Forum 4175:Boorstin, D.J. (1965). 4125:August 1, 2012, at the 3080:Kola Superdeep Borehole 2856:climate change activism 2675:in China, and the 2010 2523:sustainable development 1757:coal mine shaft tower, 1723:Garzweiler surface mine 1296:Broken Hill ore deposit 482:Mining in Roman Britain 476:Ancient Greece and Rome 216:environmental conflicts 43:Mining (disambiguation) 12053:State-owned enterprise 12033:Nonprofit organization 11944:Horizontal integration 9757:Scientific instruments 9720:Network infrastructure 7044:. Ernest Benn Limited. 7000:Morrison, Tom (1992). 5734:The Ghanaian Journal. 5683:"Governance Structure" 5000:www.theworldcounts.com 4902:Environmental Evidence 4865:10.1098/rspb.2018.1926 4717:Geosciences LibreTexts 4274:Geosciences LibreTexts 4082:Ricard, T. A. (1932), 3885:Heaton Herbert (1948) 3776:Calvo, Miguel (2003). 3281:Geological engineering 3177: 3133: 3117: 2970: 2862:, mining, large-scale 2798: 2633: 2621: 2561: 2513: 2512:Global Conference 2016 2452:2000s commodities boom 2439:oil and gas extraction 2431:oil and gas extraction 2410: 2326: 2220: 2093: 1885: 1873: 1866:bucket-wheel excavator 1826:shrinkage stope mining 1824:Other methods include 1797: 1789: 1761: 1743: 1653: 1593: 1480: 1399: 1288:Australian gold rushes 1275: 1200:and the son-in-law of 1173: 1161: 1111: 779: 771: 576:. They built numerous 495: 351: 145:non-renewable resource 83:, or feasibly created 81:agricultural processes 65: 11396:Private investigation 7038:Temple, John (1972). 5368:MacDonald A. (2002). 5352:. MiningWatch Canada. 5031:Rocks and Hard Places 4665:, A Media Solutions, 3171: 3123: 3116:inches (4 cm) in size 3097: 2954: 2785: 2752:environmental impacts 2627: 2619: 2583:Ferro Carajas project 2559: 2508: 2404: 2347:market capitalization 2313: 2214: 2205:Further information: 2106:mine closure planning 2091: 2047:Some mining methods ( 2030:contamination of soil 2000:Environmental effects 1940:extractive metallurgy 1934:Extractive metallurgy 1879: 1859: 1795: 1784: 1753: 1741: 1706:and local pollution. 1698:involves sites where 1650: 1591: 1475: 1394: 1315:environmental impacts 1273: 1167: 1148: 1102: 931:. Hundreds of German 814:, the growing use of 777: 764: 663:, among many others. 561:, as well as washing 492:Dolaucothi Gold Mines 489: 480:Further information: 349: 301:English Lake District 297:Langdale axe industry 51: 11964:Vertical integration 9970:Speciality chemicals 9810:Electrical equipment 9727:Consumer electronics 8355:remnant natural area 7992:storage and recovery 7658:habitat conservation 7476:Deforestation (REDD) 6976:Alaska Placer Mining 6610:"The TEX Report Ltd" 5905:. Summarized in the 5069:World Watch Magazine 5042:Abrahams D. (2005). 4540:responsiblemines.org 4233:Taylor & Francis 4048:Lankton, L. (1991). 3963:Arizona and the West 3658:Minerals Engineering 3213:Cranfield University 3207:, used in cans, and 2696:occupational hazards 2424:TSX Venture Exchange 2155:(ISO). For example, 2026:loss of biodiversity 1546:Explosives in Mining 1357:improve this article 1232:California Gold Rush 1106:mining in the upper 765:Agricola, author of 637:argentiferous galena 549:However, it was the 532:Philip II of Macedon 309:Eswatini (Swaziland) 208:developing economies 41:For other uses, see 12048:Sole proprietorship 12023:Joint-stock company 11297:Veterinary medicine 11122:Property management 10916:Passenger transport 9943:Commodity chemicals 9769:Optical instruments 9737:Video game consoles 9630:Musical instruments 9471:Media reproduction 8309:Earth Overshoot Day 7883:Marine conservation 7864:non-timber products 7218:Mountaintop removal 6963:Geobacter Project: 6614:www.texreport.co.jp 6114:. 25 October 2016. 5667:. MiningFacts.org. 5341:Coumans C. (2002). 5295:2017NatSR...710581L 4914:2019EnvEv...8....9H 4622:2012WaMan..32..513K 4066:West, G.A. (1970). 3913:2008VegHA..17..211H 3756:www.miningreece.com 3727:www.miningreece.com 3698:www.miningreece.com 3670:2014MiEng..58...52N 3623:2020IJEaS.109..197A 3415:Hartman, Howard L. 3371:"Definition of ORE" 3334:Resource extraction 3084:scientific drilling 3030:Bingham Canyon Mine 2993:Western Deep Levels 2750:In addition to the 2694:There are numerous 2407:Bingham Canyon Mine 2392:rare earth minerals 2388:mining in Australia 2151:occurs through the 1692:mountaintop removal 1622:are planted in the 1413:resource estimation 1319:rare-earth minerals 671:were exploited. In 536:Alexander the Great 454:gold mines of Nubia 385:were also found at 263:was used to create 11996:Putting-out system 11505:Information sector 11426:Personal services 11033:Financial services 10505:offshore platforms 10354:advanced materials 10335:Ready-mix concrete 9788:Laser construction 9748:Clocks and watches 9582:Injection moulding 9553:Other fabrication 9506:household hardware 8294:Ecosystem services 7417:Ambient standards 7089:2023-11-03 at the 7078:2016-04-15 at the 7024:2023-11-03 at the 6725:2017-05-10 at the 6349:BBC via Yahoo News 6257:Tamufor, Lindlyn. 6238:on 31 October 2020 6068:10.1002/ajim.22429 5897:2016-01-01 at the 5862:2011-09-29 at the 5663:2018-07-06 at the 5517:2013-03-09 at the 5498:2013-09-21 at the 5417:2016-12-31 at the 5386:2013-09-15 at the 5375:2011-07-28 at the 5348:2017-07-06 at the 5283:Scientific Reports 5234:2016-03-03 at the 5103:2020-09-23 at the 5049:2011-10-01 at the 4996:"The World Counts" 4859:(1892): 20181926. 4829:2018-06-12 at the 4594:2017-05-23 at the 4343:2016-04-15 at the 4250:2017-07-11 at the 4227:2023-09-28 at the 4216:Miller C. (2013). 4158:2010-12-05 at the 3487:2008-12-07 at the 3310:Mining engineering 3178: 3134: 3128:, a metal mine in 3118: 2971: 2849:Indigenous peoples 2799: 2634: 2622: 2572:, with the Bank's 2562: 2514: 2485:companies rely on 2411: 2327: 2221: 2118:Equator Principles 2094: 1946:Mineral processing 1930:Mineral processing 1886: 1874: 1798: 1790: 1765:Underground mining 1762: 1744: 1654: 1594: 1557:sub-surface mining 1527:potassium chloride 1481: 1400: 1276: 1240:Westward Expansion 1204:– took command of 1174: 1162: 1124:Keweenaw Peninsula 1112: 960:Kingdom of Hungary 780: 772: 496: 397:and various other 352: 313:radiocarbon dating 251:found in northern 220:resource conflicts 66: 18:Underground mining 12135:History of mining 12117: 12116: 12067: 12066: 12063: 12062: 11894:Natural resources 11739:Production-based 11709: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11647:Vocational school 11494: 11493: 11490: 11489: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10725:Electrical wiring 10711:Specialty trades 10665:Civil engineering 10520: 10519: 10194:Vulcanized rubber 9990:Cleaning products 9830:Electric lighting 9547:Surface finishing 9537:Powder metallurgy 9492:Metal fabrication 9238:Industrial sector 9227: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9126:Rare-earth metals 9034: 9033: 8457: 8456: 8435: 8434: 8234: 8233: 7913:genetic resources 7849:genetic resources 7484: 7483: 7392:Natural resources 7358: 7357: 7318: 7317: 7058:White F. (2020). 6993:978-81-7764-480-7 6974:Garrett, Dennis. 6956:978-0-9537336-1-3 6799:"Landfill Mining" 6436:Cultural Survival 6379:Cultural Survival 6273:on 18 August 2021 5876:World Development 5742:on 1 January 2016 5181:Visual Capitalist 5029:Moody R. (2007). 4518:978-92-64-25238-7 3841:on July 20, 2010. 3544:Shaw, I. (2000). 3528:Shaw, I. (2000). 3442:978-0-12-821538-8 3316:Outline of mining 3252:Conflict resource 3148:Conflict resource 3068:Kiirunavaara Mine 2969:mine in the world 2943: 2942: 2928: 2819:electric vehicles 2646:, Europe's worst 2281:Civil engineering 2147:Certification of 2100:, development of 1704:methane emissions 1656:countries in the 1462:Frank T. M. White 1438:enrichment factor 1425:feasibility study 1389: 1388: 1381: 1292:Mount Morgan Mine 1108:Mississippi River 995:De la pirotechnia 836:chain link armour 355:Ancient Egyptians 16:(Redirected from 12147: 12104: 12103: 12092: 12091: 12080: 12079: 11976:Enforced breakup 11971:Decentralization 11899:Physical capital 11726: 11725: 11715: 11714: 11513: 11512: 11500: 11499: 11376:Customer service 11292:Residential care 11240:Public relations 11048:Financial advice 11025:Asset management 10820:Department store 10783: 10782: 10770: 10769: 10750:Site preparation 10598:Telecom networks 10566:Waste management 10542:Gas distribution 10226:Synthetic fibers 9953:Industrial gases 9692:Computer systems 9626:Medical supplies 9253: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9233: 9232: 8663:Animal husbandry 8634:Medicinal plants 8520: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8500: 8499: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8461: 8460: 8447: 8446: 8398: 8345:Natural heritage 8304:overexploitation 8243: 8242: 7977: 7976: 7923:herbal medicines 7903:FAO Plant Treaty 7443: 7420: 7405: 7404: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7362: 7361: 7231: 7230: 7213:Hydraulic mining 7164: 7157: 7150: 7141: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7108: 6997: 6960: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6872: 6866:. Archived from 6861: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6834:. Archived from 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6773:. Archived from 6768: 6760: 6754: 6739: 6730: 6715: 6709: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6644:. Archived from 6643: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6616:. Archived from 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591:on April 6, 2015 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6300:. Archived from 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6272: 6265: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6230: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6202: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6087: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5958: 5952: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5927:"Marcel Barrois" 5923: 5917: 5888: 5882: 5881:(3) pp. 385–400. 5872: 5866: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5837:on July 20, 2011 5833:. Archived from 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5768:. Archived from 5767: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5738:. Archived from 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5678: 5672: 5669:Fraser Institute 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5638: 5632:. Archived from 5627: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5595: 5564: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5527: 5521: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5473:US Census Bureau 5465: 5459: 5458: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5366: 5353: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5322: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5245: 5239: 5225: 5214: 5209:US EPA. (1994). 5207: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5137: 5113: 5107: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5075:. Archived from 5060: 5054: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4876: 4844: 4838: 4837:, June 10, 2018. 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4773:. Archived from 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4610:Waste Management 4605: 4599: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4354: 4348: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4266: 4255: 4242: 4236: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4149: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4071: 4064: 4053: 4046: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3985: 3979: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3924: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3837:. Archived from 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3570:(258): 108–119. 3555: 3549: 3542: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3507:. Archived from 3497: 3491: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3460:. Archived from 3453: 3447: 3446: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3367: 3339: 3301: 3286: 3271: 3257: 3240:Automated mining 3188:, hosted by the 3115: 3114: 3110: 3107: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2915:factual accuracy 2907: 2906: 2899: 2664:mining accidents 2656:Benxihu Colliery 2628:A coal miner in 2545:artisanal mining 2531:Fraser Institute 2176:ecological costs 2134:Rio Earth Summit 1989:chloroauric acid 1842:hard rock mining 1830:long wall mining 1715: 1613:informal economy 1582:Artisanal mining 1561:ammonium nitrate 1519:in-situ leaching 1419:of the deposit. 1384: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1341: 1333: 1171: 1168:Mining factory, 964:Banská Štiavnica 679:, but after the 639:in the mines of 559:hydraulic mining 534:, the father of 462:Diodorus Siculus 323:to make the red 206:, especially in 21: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12145: 12144: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12112: 12059: 12028:Nationalization 11915: 11885:Primary inputs 11806: 11798: 11731: 11730:Classification 11720: 11701: 11668: 11618: 11602:Social networks 11519: 11507: 11486: 11470:Business travel 11372:Administrative 11361: 11345:Amusement parks 11309: 11301: 11275:Dentist offices 11258: 11128: 11095:Pension funding 11068:Risk management 11053:Holding company 11019: 10959: 10871: 10863: 10835:Specialty store 10830:Online shopping 10777: 10756: 10629: 10516: 10426: 10083: 10041:Pharmaceuticals 9985:Aroma compounds 9921:Petroleum jelly 9851: 9840:Home appliances 9835:Electric motors 9783:spotting scopes 9744:Instrumentation 9657: 9651: 9633:Office supplies 9240: 9219: 9203:Dimension stone 9137:Other minerals 9082:Mining of ores 9030: 8855: 8741: 8688:Other livestock 8574:Permanent crops 8507: 8494: 8488: 8458: 8453: 8431: 8396: 8376: 8362:Systems ecology 8328:Natural capital 8230: 8115: 8104:reclaimed water 7966: 7928:UPOV Convention 7776: 7571: 7480: 7454: 7450:Ozone depletion 7441: 7418: 7394: 7389: 7359: 7354: 7340:Deep sea mining 7314: 7300:Room and pillar 7286: 7250: 7222: 7174: 7168: 7137: 7103: 7091:Wayback Machine 7080:Wayback Machine 7069: 7026:Wayback Machine 6994: 6957: 6920: 6918:Further reading 6915: 6914: 6905: 6903: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6841: 6839: 6832:www.rebnews.com 6826: 6825: 6821: 6812: 6810: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6740: 6733: 6727:Wayback Machine 6716: 6712: 6695: 6688: 6679: 6677: 6669:Piesing, Mark. 6667: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6623: 6621: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6492: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6465: 6463: 6453: 6449: 6440: 6438: 6428: 6421: 6412: 6410: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6388: 6386: 6371: 6367: 6358: 6356: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6315: 6311: 6298:Financial Times 6290: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6163: 6159: 6150: 6148: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6121: 6119: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6048: 6044: 6035: 6033: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6006: 6004: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5959: 5955: 5951:. March 2, 2007 5942: 5938: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5915:Wayback Machine 5899:Wayback Machine 5890:GRAMA. (2003). 5889: 5885: 5873: 5869: 5864:Wayback Machine 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5775:on 26 July 2011 5772: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5715:on 8 April 2011 5707: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5679: 5675: 5665:Wayback Machine 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5519:Wayback Machine 5510:. Lay summary: 5500:Wayback Machine 5490: 5486: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5419:Wayback Machine 5410: 5406: 5397: 5393: 5388:Wayback Machine 5377:Wayback Machine 5367: 5356: 5350:Wayback Machine 5340: 5336: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5236:Wayback Machine 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5159: 5114: 5110: 5105:Wayback Machine 5095: 5091: 5082: 5080: 5061: 5057: 5053:, p. 6. UNRISD. 5051:Wayback Machine 5041: 5037: 5028: 5013: 5004: 5002: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4953: 4943: 4939: 4894: 4890: 4845: 4841: 4831:Wayback Machine 4822: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4780: 4778: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4685: 4681: 4672: 4670: 4657: 4653: 4606: 4602: 4596:Wayback Machine 4589:Landfill Mining 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4457: 4430: 4426: 4383: 4376: 4367: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4345:Wayback Machine 4331: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4258: 4252:Wayback Machine 4243: 4239: 4229:Wayback Machine 4215: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4170: 4160:Wayback Machine 4150: 4146: 4136: 4132: 4127:Wayback Machine 4117: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4090: 4081: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4019: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3922:10.1.1.156.1683 3897: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3871: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3813: 3812:on July 6, 2008 3800: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3734: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3650: 3646: 3603: 3599: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3489:Wayback Machine 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3402:De re metallica 3397: 3393: 3384: 3382: 3375:Merriam-Webster 3369: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3337: 3299: 3284: 3269: 3261:Deep sea mining 3255: 3234:Asteroid mining 3229: 3217:landfill sites. 3209:precious metals 3154: 3144: 3138:Landfill mining 3136:Main articles: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3092: 3061:Tagebau Hambach 2949: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2851: 2780: 2748: 2671:in Russia, the 2648:mining accident 2640: 2614: 2560:World Bank logo 2554: 2503: 2464: 2420:venture capital 2416:publicly listed 2384:Mining in India 2308: 2290: 2245:embankment dams 2209: 2203: 2188:natural capital 2086: 2081: 2080: 2074:hazardous waste 2010: 2002: 1936: 1928:Main articles: 1926: 1889:Heavy machinery 1854: 1834:room and pillar 1779: 1771:Main articles: 1767: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1716: 1696:landfill mining 1680:open-pit mining 1673: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1585: 1577: 1547: 1531:sodium chloride 1500:placer deposits 1478:longwall mining 1470: 1395:Schematic of a 1385: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1354: 1342: 1331: 1307:mining industry 1268: 1210:Chequamegon Bay 1097: 1070: 1042:Southern Africa 1019: 1005:De re metallica 862:precious metals 838:in addition to 804:open-pit mining 800:precious metals 784:medieval Europe 768:De Re Metallica 759: 753: 751:Medieval Europe 484: 478: 464:, who mentions 450:Mining in Egypt 409:. Quarries for 403:Sinai Peninsula 344: 233: 228: 214:violations and 188:placer deposits 121:dimension stone 60:at the edge of 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12153: 12143: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12115: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12098: 12086: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12006:Temporary work 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11929:Centralization 11925: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11883: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11851: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11813: 11811: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11745: 11736: 11734: 11722: 11721: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11695:Basic research 11687: 11682: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11655: 11654: 11649: 11639: 11634: 11628: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11589: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11526: 11524: 11509: 11508: 11496: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11464: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11424: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11412: 11404: 11403: 11402: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11369: 11367: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11334: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11316: 11314: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11268: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11237: 11227: 11225:Legal services 11222: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11196:system testing 11185: 11180: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11138: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11119: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11077: 11076: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11058:Money transfer 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11029: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10969: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10956: 10955: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10931:Passenger rail 10928: 10923: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10899:Moving company 10896: 10891: 10886: 10875: 10873: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10839: 10838: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10805:Consumer goods 10802: 10800:Car dealership 10791: 10789: 10779: 10778: 10775:Service sector 10766: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10639: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10595: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10530: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10498: 10493: 10478: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10436: 10434: 10432:Heavy industry 10428: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10371:Metal refining 10368: 10367: 10366: 10364:Synthetic gems 10361: 10356: 10347: 10341:Other mineral 10339: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10285: 10284: 10283: 10278: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10239: 10238: 10237: 10231:Thermoplastics 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10111: 10106: 10091: 10089: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10057:contraceptives 10053: 10051:Blood products 10048: 10038: 10036:Fine chemicals 10033: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9916:Petrochemicals 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9861: 9859: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9817: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9776: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9699: 9694: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9680:Semiconductors 9677: 9675:Circuit boards 9672: 9661: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9623: 9620: 9615: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9542:Prefabrication 9539: 9534: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9499: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9475:Cassette tapes 9469: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9437: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9325: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9311:Vegetable oils 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9285: 9284:Dairy products 9282: 9277: 9272: 9261: 9259: 9257:Light industry 9250: 9242: 9241: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8839:Wild mushrooms 8836: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8816: 8814:Natural rubber 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8781: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8751: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8599:Tropical fruit 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8532:Arable farming 8528: 8526: 8517: 8509: 8508: 8505:Natural sector 8496: 8495: 8487: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8397:(perpetuation) 8392: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8350:Nature reserve 8347: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7983: 7981: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7827:climate change 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7795:Bioprospecting 7792: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7581: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7440:Clean Air Act 7432: 7427: 7422: 7413: 7411: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7388: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7167: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7123:"Mining" 7117: 7106:"Mining" 7101: 7093: 7068: 7067:External links 7065: 7064: 7063: 7056: 7045: 7036: 7029: 7012: 6998: 6992: 6979: 6972: 6961: 6955: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6883: 6848: 6819: 6790: 6755: 6731: 6710: 6686: 6661: 6630: 6601: 6576: 6562:. 2012-07-17. 6551: 6544: 6527: 6501: 6487:. 2021-08-23. 6472: 6447: 6419: 6395: 6365: 6335: 6309: 6306:on 2022-12-10. 6284: 6249: 6214: 6157: 6128: 6099: 6062:(4): 392–401. 6042: 6013: 5999:. 2017-10-24. 5984: 5973:(2): 193–208. 5953: 5936: 5918: 5883: 5867: 5848: 5821: 5810:on 3 July 2014 5786: 5753: 5726: 5700: 5673: 5650: 5630:The World Bank 5607: 5550: 5522: 5484: 5460: 5435: 5423: 5404: 5391: 5381:Free full-text 5354: 5334: 5269: 5255:. 2017-05-08. 5240: 5215: 5197: 5183:. 2013-05-21. 5168: 5128:(3): 181–191. 5108: 5089: 5055: 5035: 5011: 4987: 4962: 4937: 4888: 4839: 4824:Leotaud, V. R. 4816: 4787: 4758: 4729: 4713:"12.9: Mining" 4704: 4679: 4651: 4600: 4581: 4553: 4524: 4517: 4490: 4466: 4444:(2): 193–208. 4424: 4374: 4349: 4325: 4315: 4290: 4276:. 2017-01-28. 4270:"12.9: Mining" 4256: 4237: 4206: 4181: 4168: 4144: 4130: 4111: 4101: 4088: 4072: 4054: 4038: 4028: 4006: 3980: 3953: 3944: 3891: 3878: 3853: 3844: 3822: 3793: 3786: 3768: 3743: 3729:. 2014-12-10. 3714: 3700:. 2014-12-10. 3685: 3644: 3617:(1): 197–199. 3597: 3550: 3534: 3521: 3492: 3474: 3448: 3441: 3421: 3408: 3391: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3343:Stone industry 3340: 3331: 3328:Resource curse 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3302: 3293: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3263: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3174:South Carolina 3126:Pyhäsalmi Mine 3091: 3088: 3086:, not mining. 3034:Bingham Canyon 3011:Czech Republic 2941: 2940: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2882:Ifugao peoples 2868:Global Witness 2850: 2847: 2779: 2776: 2747: 2744: 2712:pneumoconiosis 2636:Main article: 2613: 2610: 2606:resource curse 2578:political risk 2553: 2550: 2502: 2499: 2491: 2490: 2480: 2474: 2463: 2460: 2380:platinum group 2335:Anglo American 2289: 2286: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2180:socio-economic 2085: 2082: 2042:climate change 2011: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1994:sodium cyanide 1925: 1922: 1853: 1850: 1838:retreat mining 1766: 1763: 1735: 1732: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1676:Surface mining 1671:Surface mining 1669:Main article: 1666: 1663: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1605:mining company 1586: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1553:surface mining 1545: 1535:sodium sulfate 1515:uranium mining 1489:surface mining 1469: 1466: 1445:waste material 1387: 1386: 1345: 1343: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1267: 1264: 1206:Fort La Pointe 1193:before 1700." 1158:Copper Country 1126:and in nearby 1096: 1093: 1069: 1066: 1018: 1015: 1000:Georg Agricola 877:central Europe 755:Main article: 752: 749: 741:British Museum 681:Roman conquest 592:to expose the 528:archaeologists 477: 474: 343: 340: 232: 229: 227: 224: 204:illegal mining 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12152: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12109: 12108: 12099: 12097: 12096: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12043:Privatization 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12011: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11818: 11817:Externalities 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11805: 11801: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11779: 11778:Market-based 11777: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11727: 11723: 11716: 11712: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11568: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11549:Audio-visual 11548: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11501: 11497: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11308: 11307:Entertainment 11304: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11063:Payment cards 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10998:Food delivery 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10978:Drink service 10976: 10975: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10962: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10872:& Storage 10870: 10866: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10815:Grocery store 10813: 10811: 10810:General store 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10771: 10767: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10496:Rail vehicles 10494: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10469:wind turbines 10466: 10463: 10461: 10460:Machine tools 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10350:Carbon fibers 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10318: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10067:Illegal drugs 10065: 10063: 10062:Generic drugs 10060: 10058: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9980:Agrochemicals 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9963:Pure elements 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9931:Synthetic oil 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9793:Lens grinding 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9715:Mobile phones 9713: 9712: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9703:storage media 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658:& optical 9654: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9485:Optical discs 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9328:Bottled water 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9249:Manufacturing 9247: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9230: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9009:Sea cucumbers 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8673:Dairy farming 8671: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8579:Apples et al. 8577: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8450: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8428: 8427:Non-renewable 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Urban ecology 8365: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8199:Privatization 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8094:Surface water 8092: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7596: 7595:peak farmland 7593: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7379: 7374: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7351: 7350:Seabed mining 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7160: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7107: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073:First chapter 7071: 7070: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7010:0-8061-2442-3 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6873:on 2015-06-12 6869: 6865: 6858: 6852: 6838:on 2015-06-12 6837: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6780:on 2015-06-13 6776: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6651:on 2021-04-28 6647: 6640: 6634: 6620:on 2016-03-03 6619: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6547: 6545:9789054105503 6541: 6537: 6531: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6424: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6269: 6262: 6261: 6253: 6234: 6227: 6226: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177:(3): 246–62. 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5880: 5877: 5874:See the 1995 5871: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5654: 5639:on 2014-04-17 5635: 5631: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5573:(3): 367–89. 5572: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5540:on 2012-08-03 5536: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5488: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5079:on 2010-08-02 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4777:on 2021-06-25 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4616:(3): 513–20. 4615: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4364:on 2010-08-17 4363: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4338:First chapter 4335: 4332:Hartmann HL. 4329: 4319: 4305: 4304:Bloomberg.com 4301: 4294: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4178: 4172: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4032: 4017: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3907:(2): 211–21. 3906: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3868:on 2013-07-14 3867: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3789: 3787:84-7821-543-3 3783: 3779: 3772: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3511:on 2018-10-02 3510: 3506: 3505:www2.asa3.org 3502: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3464:on 2016-03-03 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322:Peak minerals 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3246:Blood diamond 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3101: 3100:native copper 3096: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042:United States 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015:Bergwerk Saar 3012: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2937: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2630:West Virginia 2626: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2536:In 2007, the 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:South America 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294:List of mines 2285: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2269:United States 2266: 2265:Veladero mine 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2178:and maximize 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2077: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2038:surface water 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2008: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1974:Geometallurgy 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:placer mining 1890: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1659: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1583: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1539:uranium oxide 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1508:lode deposits 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1393: 1383: 1380: 1372: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1346:This section 1344: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Peak minerals 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:René Chartier 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:pre-Columbian 1180: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1154:Tamarack Mine 1151: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:Lake Superior 1117: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1078:New Caledonia 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:Sahara desert 1031: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 996: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 856: 853:, credit and 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 776: 770: 769: 763: 758: 748: 746: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 673:Great Britain 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602:thermal shock 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 493: 488: 483: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 408: 404: 401:sites on the 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:Wadi Hammamat 384: 380: 376: 375:Wadi Maghareh 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 348: 342:Ancient Egypt 339: 337: 333: 329: 326: 322: 319:humans mined 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299:based in the 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281:Grimes Graves 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 195: 193: 192:raw materials 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 63: 59: 55: 50: 44: 37: 33: 19: 12106: 12094: 12082: 12001:Spinning-off 11986:Homesteading 11939:Conglomerate 11921:Organization 11874:Raw material 11869:Intermediate 11748: 11747: 11570:Broadcasting 11475:Cruise lines 11445:Maid service 11435:Dry cleaning 11406:Maintenance 11169:Architecture 11134:Professional 10953:Self storage 10857:Distribution 10635:Construction 10480:Other heavy 10405:Formed metal 10359:Mineral wool 10281:Safety glass 10252:Fused quartz 10247:Borosilicate 9911:Paraffin wax 9866:oil refining 9845:Transformers 9611:Other goods 9597:Stonemasonry 9577:Glassblowing 9562:Blow molding 9521:Locksmithing 9497:Boilermaking 9046:Fossil fuels 8844:Fungiculture 8799:Gutta-percha 8789:Frankincense 8784:Tree tapping 8755:Silviculture 8735:Fur trapping 8646:Horticulture 8594:Stone fruits 8425: / 8299:Exploitation 8184:Conservation 8127:Desalination 8062: 7955:conservation 7790:Biodiversity 7738:conservation 7691: 7585:Agricultural 7513:Fossil fuels 7170: 7136: 7127: 7110: 7059: 7048: 7039: 7032: 7015: 7014:John Milne. 7001: 6983: 6975: 6946: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6904:. 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Retrieved 3374: 3365: 3198: 3194: 3179: 3155: 3065: 3054: 3048:in northern 3046:Chuquicamata 3027: 3004: 2997: 2985:South Africa 2974: 2973:As of 2019, 2972: 2956:Chuquicamata 2931: 2919: 2913: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2864:agribusiness 2852: 2800: 2795:Pennsylvania 2787:Breaker boys 2764:Labor rights 2756:human rights 2749: 2746:Human rights 2732: 2720:hearing loss 2716:asphyxiation 2693: 2658:accident in 2641: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2563: 2542: 2535: 2527:mine closure 2515: 2492: 2482: 2477:Intermediate 2476: 2470: 2465: 2428: 2412: 2328: 2316:apatite mine 2292:Main pages: 2277: 2257:Barrick Gold 2222: 2173: 2146: 2139: 2114: 2095: 2070: 2046: 2012: 1978: 1959: 1944: 1937: 1910: 1887: 1870:strip mining 1846:block caving 1823: 1811:shaft mining 1807:slope mining 1803:Drift mining 1799: 1768: 1745: 1688:strip mining 1674: 1658:global south 1624:rainy season 1617: 1609: 1595: 1569:construction 1550: 1544: 1543: 1512: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1482: 1476:Underground 1458: 1450: 1442: 1429: 1421: 1401: 1375: 1366: 1355:Please help 1350:verification 1347: 1323: 1304: 1285: 1277: 1253: 1222: 1195: 1175: 1113: 1082: 1071: 1060:, coal, and 1020: 1003: 993: 987: 972: 968:fire-setting 952:Black powder 941: 874: 848: 812:14th century 781: 766: 720:fire-setting 705: 669:Roman Empire 652: 645:Cartago Nova 644: 622: 608:deposits in 598:fire-setting 567: 548: 497: 466:fire-setting 448: 365:. 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Statista 3872:2013-06-22 3816:2013-06-22 3762:2015-06-11 3737:2015-06-11 3708:2015-06-11 3515:2015-06-11 3468:2016-02-05 3385:2023-02-10 3357:References 3146:See also: 2945:See also: 2858:linked to 2768:pollutants 2736:coal mines 2728:rock falls 2708:asbestosis 2566:World Bank 2552:World Bank 1924:Processing 1862:Bagger 288 1628:dry season 1485:excavation 1468:Techniques 1433:metallurgy 1423:conduct a 1369:March 2024 1249:Sacramento 1187:New Mexico 1038:Great Trek 828:horseshoes 708:Dolaucothi 590:overburden 582:reservoirs 563:comminuted 546:per year. 516:Bronze Age 504:city state 432:travertine 293:greenstone 285:Krzemionki 231:Prehistory 155:, or even 89:laboratory 73:extraction 52:Mining of 12013:Ownership 11959:Monopsony 11837:Pollution 11822:Community 11732:standards 11637:Secondary 11624:Education 11607:Streaming 11280:Hospitals 11271:Medicine 11247:Marketing 11183:Surveying 11147:Assurance 11117:Brokerage 11080:Insurance 11008:Teahouses 10993:Fast food 10884:Air cargo 10869:Transport 10852:Brokerage 10842:Wholesale 10730:Elevators 10715:Cabinetry 10643:Buildings 10623:Telephone 10618:Satellite 10586:Recycling 10581:Hazardous 10547:Renewable 10526:Utilities 10487:Aerospace 10455:Hydraulic 10445:Conveyors 10440:Machinery 10345:Abrasives 10303:Porcelain 10257:Soda-lime 10216:Specialty 10206:Commodity 10167:Cardboard 10150:Composite 10088:Materials 10005:Fireworks 9995:Cosmetics 9975:Adhesives 9857:Chemicals 9815:Batteries 9687:Computers 9622:Jewellery 9608:Furniture 9592:Sintering 9572:Extrusion 9526:Machining 9502:Builders' 9455:Engraving 9450:Embossing 9433:Tailoring 9418:Hatmaking 9318:Beverages 9301:Preserved 9198:Limestone 9168:Quarrying 9141:Gemstones 9111:Palladium 9076:Tar sands 9071:Petroleum 9066:Oil shale 8912:Swordfish 8872:Anchovies 8713:Cochineal 8423:Renewable 8408:Depletion 8395:Conflict 8277:Economics 8255:enclosure 8214:Resources 8194:Pollution 8111:Watershed 8014:pollution 7945:Seed bank 7940:Rangeland 7822:Fisheries 7807:Biosphere 7800:biopiracy 7743:fertility 7619:cityscape 7614:Landscape 7521:peak coal 7508:Resources 7459:Emissions 7335:Automated 7330:Abandoned 7246:Soft rock 7241:Hard rock 7193:Quarrying 6520:13 August 6191:1545-9632 6076:1097-0274 5587:154670334 5433:. 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