908:
294:
764:
900:
1491:
212:
2658:
680:
25:
124:
1195:"... In the Byzantine period, from the IV—V centuries AD, this handwriting passed into the "ustav", which was used most often for church books..." (Istrin 1965, p. 350). «…В византийский период, с IV—V вв. н. э., почерк этот перешел в „устав“, применявшийся чаще всего для церковных книг…» (Истрин 1965, стр. 350).
835:
usually teaches a form of evolved Latin-based uncial hand that would probably be best compared to the later 7th to 10th century examples, though admittedly, the variations in Latin uncial are much wider and less rigid than Greek. Modern uncial has borrowed heavily from some of the conventions found
966:
did) and remained in use until the end of the 8th century. The early forms of half-uncial were used for pagan authors and Roman legal writing, while in the 6th century the script came to be used in Africa and Europe (but not as often in insular centres) to transcribe
Christian texts.
1186:"Ustav and poluustav writing is often referred to as Cyrillic uncial and semi-uncial script, but the comparison to the Western European style is considered inadequate by some palaeographers, so the Slavic words are also used in English-language writing."
372:) does not connect with the top curve; the height of the arm can also indicate the age of the script (written in a high position, the script is probably early, while an arm written closer to the middle of the curve may indicate a later script).
203:, a separate category in Slavic terminology is often combined with uncial writing because in some European languages, the "ustav" and the uncial (as well as the semi-ustav and semi-uncial) are generally called the same word.
264:
scripts arose circa AD 800, some of the evolved uncial styles formed the basis for these simplified, smaller scripts. There are over 500 surviving copies of uncial script; by far the larger number of these predate the
874:
to this day. The Modern Greek State has also used uncial script on several occasions in official capacity (such as on seals, government documents, etc.) as did many of the Greek provisional governments during the
954:
Despite the common and well-fixed usage, half-uncial is a poor name to the extent that it suggests some organic debt to regular uncial, though both types share features inherited from their ancient source,
1050:
249:, of the late 1st–early 2nd centuries, all of the letters are disconnected from one another, and word separation is typically not used. Word separation, however, is characteristic of later uncial usage.
559:) generally has definite word separation, and accent marks over stressed syllables, probably because Irish scribes did not speak a language descended from Latin. They also use specifically Insular
783:, is also sometimes used to refer to manuscripts that have been scribed in uncial, especially when differentiating from those penned with minuscule. Some of the most noteworthy Greek uncials are:
252:
As the script evolved over the centuries, the characters became more complex. Specifically, around AD 600, flourishes and exaggerations of the basic strokes began to appear in more manuscripts.
862:
until the 1950s. The script is still widely used in this way for titles of documents, inscriptions on monuments, and other 'official' uses. Strictly speaking, the Gaelic script is
732:
could mean both "inch-high" and "weighing an ounce", and it is possible that Jerome was punning on this; he may conceivably also have been playing with the other meaning of
660:
199:
Slavic professors use also the
English terms even if the comparison to the Western European style is considered inadequate by some palaeographers. Indeed the
655:
505:
which are closer to half-uncial (see below), and was in use in the 4th and 5th centuries; "b-r" uncial, in use in the 5th and 6th centuries, has a form of
2243:
707:(though this makes little sense in the context), and Jerome may have been referring to the larger initial letters found at the beginning of paragraphs.
907:
642:
293:
1343:
2617:
821:
The
Petropolitanus is considered by some to contain optimum uncial style. It is also an example of how large the characters were getting.
1217:
647:
962:
It was first used around the 3rd century (if we don't consider its earliest example a transitional variant of the rustic script, as
487:
260:
were the first major alterations, followed by twists of the tool in the basic stroke and overlapping. By the time the more compact
1034:
763:
89:
2687:
1687:
61:
880:
579:(when at the end of a word), and decorate the script with animals and dots ("Insular dotting", often in groups of three).
131:, c. AD 800, is lettered in a script known as "insular majuscule", a variety of uncial script that originated in Ireland.
1336:
943:, which contains sections in each of the two types of script. The terminology was continued in the mid-18th century by
2682:
1227:
108:
68:
911:
A 3rd-century script that can either be considered a rustic predecessor of semi-uncial or the earliest semi-uncial,
1318:
A manual of Latin paleography; a comprehensive PDF file containing 82 pages profusely illustrated, 4 January 2024).
479:
442:) do not entirely curve in to touch their stems, and the script is generally not written as cleanly as previously.
235:
surfaces, as opposed to the angular, multiple-stroke letters, which are more suited for rougher surfaces, such as
866:, not uncial. Uncial Greek (commonly called "Byzantine lettering" by Greeks themselves) is commonly used by the
1128:
815:
475:
143:
75:
46:
42:
2612:
1607:
1329:
1093:
455:
1253:
602:
with a curled stem (somewhat resembling an apple), and there are many decorations of fish, trees, and birds.
2717:
2497:
2459:
1647:
948:
57:
2643:
1712:
667:
2712:
2223:
1147:
1038:
899:
935:(Mantua, 1727); he used it to distinguish what seemed like a cut-down version of uncial in the famous
2707:
1869:
876:
463:
2722:
2627:
2444:
2115:
2052:
1757:
1680:
467:
459:
346:
is formed with curved strokes (although a straight first stroke may indicate an early script), and
1438:
858:
letterforms, which are similar to uncial letterforms, were conventionally used for typography in
617:
528:
etc.), and a sharp bow (as in
African uncial), an almost horizontal rather than vertical stem in
471:
266:
35:
1204:
1167:
215:
Simplified relationship between various scripts, showing the development of uncial through time.
2072:
1795:
1029:
are similar to their uncial counterparts (with the same differences compared to modern letters)
241:
944:
712:
Habeant qui volunt veteres libros, vel in membranis purpureis auro argentoque descriptos, vel
2692:
2547:
2047:
2042:
1955:
1942:
1775:
1398:
1063:
867:
752:
253:
1049:
2339:
1980:
1834:
1428:
840:
scripts, using flourishes, variable width strokes, and on occasion, even center axis tilt.
803:
560:
82:
1159:
724:, or burdens {rather than books} written in uncial letters, as they are popularly called."
490:) uncial is more angular than other forms of uncial. In particular, the bow of the letter
8:
2697:
2661:
2622:
2535:
2429:
2284:
2262:
2252:
2120:
1727:
1717:
1673:
1654:
1545:
1468:
1120:
912:
613:
609:
497:
Byzantine uncial has two variants, each with unique features: "b-d uncial" uses forms of
1321:
146:(written entirely in capital letters) commonly used from the 4th to 8th centuries AD by
2585:
2512:
2492:
2482:
2454:
2424:
2384:
2011:
1874:
1859:
1800:
1790:
1617:
1583:
1550:
1520:
1480:
1393:
1357:
1353:
797:
640:) can also been applied to Glagolitic manuscripts (See the russian version of articles
608:
manuscript developed from Greek uncial in the late ninth century (mostly replacing the
583:
2507:
2530:
2449:
2404:
2334:
1805:
1555:
1463:
1408:
1388:
1223:
1163:
1124:
1112:
1078:
956:
224:
2702:
2416:
2369:
2208:
2155:
2016:
1826:
1515:
1490:
1456:
1451:
1418:
787:
768:
721:
451:
426:
In later uncial scripts, the letters are sometimes drawn haphazardly; for example,
232:
189:
151:
1315:
1278:
2552:
2439:
2434:
2354:
2322:
2213:
1950:
1752:
1599:
1574:
1433:
1378:
1083:
928:
851:
792:
748:
246:
220:
174:
170:
166:
1254:"uncial, adj. & n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary"
720:"Let those who so desire have old books, or books written in gold and silver on
2557:
2502:
2379:
2182:
2006:
1960:
1894:
1864:
1732:
1535:
1403:
1073:
940:
884:
863:
859:
772:
556:
282:
278:
158:
2676:
2349:
2317:
2307:
1631:
1525:
1510:
1373:
1143:
963:
888:
744:
513:
with a bow resting on the baseline and the stem extending below the baseline.
378:
has a small base, not extending to the right to connect with the next letter.
128:
1280:
Istoria diplomatica che serve d'introduzione all'arte critica in tal materia
903:
An exemplary early 6th-century semi-uncial, Codex
Basilicanus S. Petri D 182
2607:
2487:
2374:
2359:
2329:
2289:
2272:
2026:
1996:
1970:
1879:
1722:
1704:
1624:
1612:
1560:
1540:
1638:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2394:
2344:
2299:
2239:
2203:
2174:
2162:
2142:
1965:
1917:
1785:
1413:
1068:
1033:
Half-uncial was brought to
Ireland in the 5th century, and from there to
855:
844:
832:
810:
696:
298:
211:
2575:
2389:
2279:
2132:
2125:
2102:
2057:
2021:
1975:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1907:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1696:
1530:
1475:
1310:
692:
261:
879:. The height of uncial usage by the Modern Greek State was during the
2067:
2062:
1839:
1767:
1589:
679:
257:
228:
140:
747:
in the early 18th century. Thereafter his definition was refined by
196:. It can still be used today in academic or religious publications.
24:
2540:
2399:
2218:
2091:
2077:
1902:
1854:
1579:
1423:
847:
605:
193:
188:
scripts were used from the 9th to the 17th century AD to write the
1297:, with an introduction by F. Troncarelli (Turnhout, 2001), 105–17.
683:
Calligraphic writing of the word "Unziale" in a modern uncial hand
2364:
2150:
2001:
1912:
1844:
1780:
1567:
1505:
1088:
837:
624:(predominant in the 11–14th centuries), and later developed into
281:
variant of uncial remained the standard script used to write the
274:
236:
1170:, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RUSSIAN STUDIES, ISSUE NO. 2 (2013/2)
824:
For further details on these manuscripts, see
Guglielmo Cavallo
2267:
1884:
1219:
New Hart's Rules: The
Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors
871:
564:
399:
154:
123:
2110:
1849:
1817:
1665:
1119:. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press &
533:
482:) centres, there were many slightly different styles in use:
305:
In general, there are some common features of uncial script:
270:
162:
147:
687:
There is some doubt about the original meaning of the word.
239:. In the oldest examples of uncial, such as the fragment of
2466:
2312:
2257:
843:
In a way comparable to the continued widespread use of the
1351:
1316:'Fonts for Latin Paleography: User's Manual. 6th edition'
743:
in the sense of describing this script was first used by
716:
ut vulgo aiunt litteris onera magis exarata quam codices.
1160:
SHORT HISTORY OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET by IVAN G. ILIEV.
269:. Uncial was still used, particularly for copies of the
751:, who used it to refer to this script as distinct from
632:, 15–16th centuries). In slavic terminology, the terms
223:. Early forms are characterized by broad single-stroke
802:– these being three of what are often called the four
516:
Italian uncial has flatter tops on the round letters (
1293:
L. E. Boyle, "'Basilicanus' of Hilary
Revisited," in
555:
Insular uncial (not to be confused with the separate
227:
using simple round forms taking advantage of the new
16:
Capital letter-only writing system in Greek and Latin
996:
have vertical stems, identical to the modern letters
598:
with lines that cross higher than the middle, and a
509:
that is twice as large as the other letters, and an
430:
runs together at the baseline, bows (for example in
219:
Early uncial script most likely developed from late
1222:. Oxford, United Kingdom: OUP Oxford. p. 208.
1179:
891:, the Greek State has stopped using uncial script.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1140:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language
703:, but it is possible that this is a misreading of
563:not found in other uncial forms, use wedge-shaped
2674:
368:is formed with a curved stroke, and its arm (or
1002:has a flat top, no bow, and a curved descender
975:Some general forms of half-uncial letters are:
670:was also used from the 13th to the 15h century.
887:coins had uncial lettering on them. Since the
2618:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
1681:
1337:
1311:More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
1180:English wiktionary, Usage notes for the word
2160:
1645:
1636:
1622:
1565:
870:and various institutions and individuals in
273:, until around the 10th century outside of
1688:
1674:
1344:
1330:
2644:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1037:. In England, it was used to create the
906:
898:
762:
678:
612:), and was originally used to write the
567:, connect a slightly subscript "pendant
450:Due to its extremely widespread use, in
398:resembles (and is the ancestor of) the "
392:, often connecting with the next letter.
292:
210:
122:
2675:
1276:
1215:
285:until the middle of the 20th century.
1669:
1325:
157:. Uncial letters were used to write
1248:
1246:
986:, sometimes with a slightly open top
970:
297:A sample of the Latin text from the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
1048:
854:until well into the 20th century,
771:, in Byzantine uncial, containing
586:) uncial uses thin descenders (in
494:is particularly sharp and pointed.
445:
14:
2734:
1304:
1243:
1106:
1006:(somewhat resembling the digit 5)
2657:
2656:
1489:
826:Ricerche sulla Maiuscola Biblica
699:, where it is found in the form
169:, and are the current style for
23:
1287:
881:Greek military junta of 1967–74
34:needs additional citations for
1695:
1270:
1209:
1198:
1189:
1173:
1153:
1133:
894:
816:Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus
620:. The earlier form was called
206:
1:
2613:History of Western typography
1608:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
1099:
1094:List of New Testament uncials
758:
616:liturgical language with the
2460:traditional point-size names
1648:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
674:
532:, and forked finials (i.e.,
384:has a long, curved shoulder
7:
2688:Greek New Testament uncials
1713:Canons of page construction
1057:
691:itself probably comes from
668:Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)
10:
2739:
1216:Miller, Robert M. (2005).
1148:Cambridge University Press
1044:
1039:Old English Latin alphabet
1035:England in the 7th century
2652:
2636:
2568:
2521:
2475:
2415:
2298:
2238:
2196:
2173:
2141:
2101:
2090:
2035:
1989:
1941:
1893:
1870:Subscript and superscript
1825:
1816:
1766:
1703:
1598:
1498:
1487:
1364:
1277:Maffei, Scipione (1727).
1113:Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall
949:Charles François Toustain
877:Greek War of Independence
2683:Latin-script calligraphy
2628:Vox-ATypI classification
1758:Intentionally blank page
1283:. Mantova: A. Tumermani.
1117:Encyclopedia of the Book
536:in some letters such as
288:
618:Early Cyrillic Alphabet
354:to distinguish it from
267:Carolingian Renaissance
2161:
1646:
1637:
1623:
1566:
1054:
927:was first deployed by
916:
904:
776:
684:
342:are relatively broad;
328:are relatively narrow.
302:
216:
135:In a Western context,
132:
1295:Integral Palaeography
1064:Carolingian minuscule
1052:
910:
902:
868:Greek Orthodox Church
766:
753:Roman square capitals
682:
666:). A decorative form
561:scribal abbreviations
296:
242:De bellis macedonicis
214:
186:Semi-Uncial/Poluustav
180:In a Slavic context,
126:
2498:Typographic features
1041:in the 8th century.
804:great uncial codices
43:improve this article
2718:Western calligraphy
2623:Technical lettering
2522:Typography in other
2263:Hanging punctuation
1546:Technical lettering
1205:British Library Mss
1121:The British Library
1012:has a curved shaft
945:René Prosper Tassin
933:Istoria diplomatica
913:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus
736:, "block of wood".
728:In classical Latin
614:Old Church Slavonic
610:Glagolitic alphabet
488:Roman North African
2586:Handwriting script
2513:Desktop publishing
2483:Character encoding
2476:Digital typography
1990:Horizontal aspects
1943:Visual distinction
1801:Widows and orphans
1618:Getty-Dubay Italic
1584:Ukrainian skoropys
1055:
1053:a uncial alphabet.
917:
905:
828:(Florence, 1967).
798:Codex Alexandrinus
777:
695:'s preface to the
685:
656:Poluustav (script)
638:uncial/semi-uncial
428:⟨ll⟩
303:
217:
133:
2713:Early Middle Ages
2670:
2669:
2417:Typographic units
2335:For position only
2234:
2233:
2086:
2085:
1663:
1662:
1079:Irish orthography
1027:⟨s⟩
1023:⟨r⟩
1019:⟨n⟩
1014:⟨ꞇ⟩
1010:⟨t⟩
1004:⟨ᵹ⟩
1000:⟨g⟩
994:⟨d⟩
990:⟨b⟩
984:⟨ɑ⟩
982:is usually round
980:⟨a⟩
971:Half-uncial forms
957:capitalis rustica
937:Codex Basilicanus
767:A portion of the
600:⟨d⟩
596:⟨x⟩
592:⟨p⟩
588:⟨g⟩
582:French (that is,
577:⟨h⟩
573:⟨m⟩
569:⟨i⟩
550:⟨s⟩
546:⟨t⟩
542:⟨l⟩
538:⟨f⟩
530:⟨d⟩
526:⟨o⟩
522:⟨e⟩
518:⟨c⟩
511:⟨r⟩
507:⟨b⟩
503:⟨d⟩
499:⟨b⟩
492:⟨a⟩
470:, and "insular" (
440:⟨r⟩
436:⟨p⟩
432:⟨b⟩
420:⟨f⟩
416:⟨r⟩
404:⟨ſ⟩
396:⟨s⟩
382:⟨r⟩
376:⟨l⟩
366:⟨e⟩
360:⟨s⟩
356:⟨r⟩
352:⟨ɴ⟩
348:⟨n⟩
344:⟨m⟩
340:⟨u⟩
336:⟨n⟩
332:⟨m⟩
326:⟨t⟩
322:⟨s⟩
318:⟨p⟩
314:⟨i⟩
310:⟨f⟩
119:
118:
111:
93:
2730:
2708:Medieval scripts
2660:
2659:
2637:Related template
2569:Related articles
2370:Phototypesetting
2224:reverse-contrast
2209:Display typeface
2166:
2143:Blackletter type
2099:
2098:
2036:Vertical aspects
2017:Sentence spacing
1827:Typeface anatomy
1823:
1822:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1642:
1628:
1600:Teaching scripts
1571:
1493:
1452:Serbian Cyrillic
1346:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1157:
1151:
1137:
1131:
1110:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
985:
981:
788:Codex Sinaiticus
769:Codex Sinaiticus
722:purple parchment
664:
651:
601:
597:
593:
589:
578:
574:
570:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
508:
504:
500:
493:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
417:
414:looks more like
413:
411:
405:
397:
391:
389:
383:
377:
367:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
301:, 6th century AD
190:Slavic languages
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2723:Cyrillic script
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2648:
2632:
2564:
2524:writing systems
2523:
2517:
2471:
2411:
2355:Microtypography
2294:
2230:
2192:
2169:
2137:
2094:classifications
2093:
2082:
2031:
1985:
1951:Blackboard bold
1937:
1889:
1812:
1762:
1753:Recto and verso
1699:
1694:
1664:
1659:
1594:
1575:Russian cursive
1494:
1485:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1158:
1154:
1150:, 1995. p. 258.
1138:
1134:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1084:Rustic capitals
1060:
1047:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
983:
979:
973:
929:Scipione Maffei
897:
793:Codex Vaticanus
761:
749:Scipione Maffei
677:
658:
645:
634:ustav/poluustav
599:
595:
591:
587:
576:
572:
568:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
525:
521:
517:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
448:
446:National styles
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
415:
409:
407:
406:; in uncial it
403:
395:
387:
385:
381:
375:
365:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
291:
247:British Library
221:rustic capitals
209:
115:
104:
98:
95:
58:"Uncial script"
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:National Fonts
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Web typography
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Reversing type
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Letter-spacing
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1961:Color printing
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1895:Capitalization
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Page numbering
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1439:Early Cyrillic
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Insular script
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1305:External links
1303:
1300:
1299:
1286:
1269:
1242:
1228:
1208:
1197:
1188:
1172:
1152:
1132:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:Insular script
1071:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1031:
1030:
1016:
1007:
997:
987:
972:
969:
896:
893:
819:
818:
813:
808:
807:
806:
795:
790:
760:
757:
726:
725:
718:
676:
673:
672:
671:
643:Ustav (script)
603:
580:
557:Insular script
553:
514:
495:
486:African (i.e.
447:
444:
424:
423:
393:
379:
373:
363:
350:is written as
329:
290:
287:
283:Irish language
208:
205:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2735:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Bézier curves
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Rasterization
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Microprinting
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Etaoin shrdlu
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1231:
1229:9780198610410
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1146:. Cambridge:
1145:
1144:David Crystal
1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Gaelic script
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1017:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
977:
976:
968:
965:
964:Leonard Boyle
960:
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
909:
901:
892:
890:
889:Metapolitefsi
886:
885:Greek Drachma
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
841:
839:
834:
829:
827:
822:
817:
814:
812:
809:
805:
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
782:
774:
770:
765:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:Jean Mabillon
742:
737:
735:
731:
723:
719:
717:
715:
710:
709:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
681:
669:
665:
662:
657:
652:
649:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
585:
581:
566:
562:
558:
554:
535:
515:
496:
489:
485:
484:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
401:
394:
380:
374:
371:
364:
330:
308:
307:
306:
300:
295:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
213:
204:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
165:, as well as
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
130:
129:Book of Kells
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2693:Palaeography
2608:Type foundry
2445:Metric units
2375:Punchcutting
2360:Movable type
2330:Font catalog
2290:Vertical bar
2187:
2027:Word spacing
1997:Figure space
1880:Text figures
1723:Even working
1655:Zaner-Bloser
1625:Grundschrift
1383:
1367:and medieval
1294:
1289:
1279:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1233:. Retrieved
1218:
1211:
1200:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1116:
1108:
1032:
974:
961:
953:
936:
932:
924:
920:
918:
883:, when even
850:for written
842:
830:
825:
823:
820:
780:
778:
740:
738:
733:
729:
727:
713:
711:
704:
700:
688:
686:
654:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
449:
425:
369:
304:
251:
240:
218:
200:
198:
185:
182:Uncial/Ustav
181:
179:
136:
134:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2603:Type design
2598:Style guide
2591:Calligraphy
2581:Handwriting
2395:Type design
2345:Lorem ipsum
2340:Letterpress
2300:Typesetting
2240:Punctuation
2204:Record type
2175:Gaelic type
2163:Schwabacher
2053:Body height
1918:Letter case
1786:Line length
1551:Copperplate
1414:Blackletter
1399:Carolingian
1394:Merovingian
1354:handwritten
1258:www.oed.com
925:semi-uncial
921:half-uncial
895:Half-uncial
845:blackletter
833:calligraphy
811:Codex Bezae
705:inicialibus
697:Book of Job
659: [
646: [
628:script (or
584:Merovingian
299:Codex Bezae
207:Development
201:Greek ustav
2698:Papyrology
2677:Categories
2576:Penmanship
2548:East Asian
2390:Type color
2323:monospaced
2280:Interpunct
2273:minus sign
2197:Specialist
2133:Sans-serif
2126:slab serif
2103:Roman type
2058:Cap height
2022:Thin space
1981:Whitespace
1933:Title case
1928:Snake case
1923:Small caps
1908:Camel case
1840:Diacritics
1748:Pull quote
1743:Pagination
1738:Paper size
1697:Typography
1556:Spencerian
1476:Court hand
1464:Glagolitic
1409:Beneventan
1389:Visigothic
1263:2023-09-18
1129:1884718140
1123:, p. 494.
1100:References
779:The word,
759:Other uses
714:uncialibus
701:uncialibus
693:St. Jerome
626:semi-ustav
594:etc.), an
258:descenders
99:April 2013
69:newspapers
2073:Overshoot
2068:Mean line
2063:Descender
1976:Underline
1818:Character
1796:Runaround
1776:Alignment
1768:Paragraph
1639:Sütterlin
1613:D'Nealian
1590:Shorthand
1536:Secretary
1516:Johannine
1481:Lombardic
1457:Bosančica
1446:Poluustav
1356:European
1352:Types of
1168:2158-7051
1115:. (1996)
919:The term
848:typefaces
739:The term
675:Etymology
630:poluustav
452:Byzantine
262:minuscule
254:Ascenders
229:parchment
141:majuscule
2662:Category
2541:PT Fonts
2536:Cyrillic
2400:Typeface
2318:computer
2219:fat face
2092:Typeface
2078:x-height
2048:Baseline
2043:Ascender
1903:All caps
1865:Rotation
1860:Ligature
1855:Ink trap
1580:Skoropis
1521:Humanist
1511:Chancery
1429:Georgian
1424:Bastarda
1058:See also
836:in more
730:uncialis
606:Cyrillic
412:⟩
408:⟨
390:⟩
386:⟨
194:Cyrillic
2703:Writing
2488:Hinting
2365:Pangram
2183:Insular
2156:Rotunda
2151:Fraktur
2116:Antiqua
2002:Kerning
1971:Oblique
1966:Italics
1913:Initial
1845:Dingbat
1835:Counter
1781:Leading
1568:Kurrent
1541:Library
1506:Cursive
1469:Angular
1419:Rotunda
1365:Ancient
1358:scripts
1089:Tengwar
1045:Letters
864:insular
838:cursive
831:Modern
571:" with
565:finials
480:English
468:Spanish
460:Italian
456:African
279:insular
275:Ireland
245:in the
237:papyrus
225:letters
155:scribes
83:scholar
2531:Arabic
2430:Cicero
2268:Hyphen
2253:Bullet
2214:script
2188:Uncial
2121:Didone
1885:Tittle
1728:Margin
1718:Column
1632:Palmer
1526:Italic
1499:Modern
1384:Uncial
1379:Rustic
1235:7 July
1226:
1166:
1142:. Ed.
1127:
1025:, and
941:Hilary
872:Greece
856:Gaelic
852:German
781:uncial
775:2:3–8.
773:Esther
741:uncial
689:Uncial
534:serifs
478:, and
464:French
400:long s
277:. The
233:vellum
175:Nobiin
171:Coptic
167:Gothic
144:script
137:Uncial
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2455:Point
2425:Agate
2285:Space
2111:Serif
2012:Pitch
1875:Swash
1850:Glyph
1791:River
1561:Ronde
1531:Round
1443:Ustav
1434:Greek
1374:Roman
1182:ustav
860:Irish
734:codex
663:]
650:]
622:ustav
476:Welsh
472:Irish
418:than
370:hasta
289:Forms
271:Bible
163:Latin
159:Greek
152:Greek
148:Latin
139:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
2553:Thai
2467:Twip
2450:Pica
2405:list
2385:Sort
2313:Font
2258:Dash
2244:List
1956:Bold
1806:runt
1705:Page
1237:2022
1224:ISBN
1164:ISSN
1125:ISBN
992:and
947:and
653:and
548:and
501:and
358:and
338:and
256:and
231:and
184:and
173:and
161:and
150:and
127:The
62:news
959:.
939:of
923:or
915:668
575:or
192:in
45:by
2679::
2440:En
2435:Em
1256:.
1245:^
1162:,
1021:,
951:.
931:,
755:.
661:ru
648:ru
590:,
552:).
544:,
540:,
524:,
520:,
474:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
454:,
438:,
434:,
402:"
334:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
177:.
2246:)
2242:(
1689:e
1682:t
1675:v
1586:)
1582:(
1345:e
1338:t
1331:v
1266:.
1239:.
1184::
636:(
422:.
410:ꞅ
388:ꞃ
362:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
