Golden Horde - Knowledge

5878: 10330:: "All physical anthropological parameters indicate that the skulls of the Tavan Tolgoi graves were all anthropologically Mongoloid ", "The mixing between Mongoloid and Caucasoid ethnic groups inherent in the genetic structure of modern-day Mongolians was also observed in the Tavan Tolgoi bodies. The Golden family members carried mtDNA haplogroups D4 and CZ, mostly found in Far Eastern and Northeastern Asia, respectively, whereas male members of Golden family carried the Y-haplogroup R1b-M343, dominant in Western Europe . That is, although members of Golden family were physically Mongoloid, their molecular genealogy revealed the admixture between Caucasoid and Mongoloid ethnic groups. Thus, it is likely that their Mongoloid appearance would have resulted from gradual changes in their appearance from Caucasoid to Mongoloid through generations from their ancestors. Their physical appearance was largely attributed to D4-carrying Mongoloid females who were indigenous peoples of the Mongolian plateau, rather than an R1b-M343-carrying Caucasoid male spouse who had initially moved from Europe to the Mongolian plateau and his male descendants; it is, however, uncertain how and when the admixture between Mongoloid and Caucasoid ethnic groups originated in the Mongolian plateau." 5862: 10388:: "Here, we propose that Genghis Khan and his family carried Y-haplogroup R1b-M343, which is prevalent in West Eurasia, rather than the Y-haplogroup C3c-M48, which is prevalent in Asia and which is widely accepted to be present in the family members of Genghis Khan. Additionally, Tavan Tolgoi bodies may have been the product of marriages between the lineage of Genghis Khan’s Borjigin clan and the lineage of either the Ongud or Hongirad clans, indicating that these individuals were members of Genghis Khan’s immediate family or his close relatives." ... "Considering the historical, archaeological, physical anthropological, and molecular archaeological evidence obtained, it seems most likely that the Tavan Tolgoi bodies are members of Genghis Khan’s Golden family, including the lineage of bekis, Genghis Khan’s female lineage, and their female successors who controlled Eastern Mongolia in the early Mongolian era instead of guregens of the Ongud clan, or the lineage of khans, Genghis Khan’s male lineage, who married females of the Hongirad clan, including Genghis Khan’s grandmother, mother, chief wife, and some daughters-in-law." 2226: 10424:"Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype (Fig 3) . Interestingly, ancestors of those 3 populations were all closely associated with the medieval Mongol Empire. That is, Russian Tatars and Bashkirs are descendants of the Golden Horde (also known as the Ulus of Jochi) that had been controlled by Jochi, the first son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants during the 12th–15th centuries. In addition, some of the Hazara tribes are believed to consist of descendants of Mongolian soldiers and their slave women after the 1221 siege of Bamiyan under the leadership of Genghis Khan . Similarly, the high frequency of R1b-M343 in geographic regions associated with the past Mongol khanates including the Golden Horde strongly suggest a close association between the Y haplotype R1b-M343 and the past Mongol Empire (Fig 3) ." 1868: 5894: 3297: 2722: 10306:: "In the male graves, MN0104 was unearthed holding an ornament, called “Jins” in Mongolia, consisting of a large pearl mounted on a flower-shaped golden base (Fig 2H). MN0126 and MN0127 were each wearing only a single earring that was found under the skull, indicating their higher social status (Fig 2I and 2J); Mongolian aristocratic men usually wore hats adorned with Jins and a single earring in their left ears, confirming that MN0104, MN0126 and MN0127 were all males."..."MN0376 was also believed to belong to a member of the general public, based on the artifacts excavated. The burial artifacts from this grave were all associated with war, including an arrow quiver and arrowheads; his physical anthropological characteristics, including several signs of injury during his lifetime, such as trauma of the left clavicle and a well-developed skeleton, indicate that he was a common warrior ." 6656: 3096:, was also in attendance. Toqta possibly intended to completely transform the political organization of his Russian ulus, though there is little information about the last years of his reign, with there only being accounts in the Russian annals of the interrelations among the princes, while Arab and Persian chroniclers focused on the Golden Horde's relations with Egypt and Iran. Toqta probably intended to eliminate the special status of the grand principality of Vladimir, and to place all the Russian princes on the same level as his vassals with a definite appanage assigned to each one of them. Toqta decided to personally visit northern Russia to settle the conflict between the princes, but he fell ill and died while crossing the Volga in 1312, according to the writer who continued 6106: 6152: 3293:, caused Öz Beg to begin backing Moscow as the leading Russian state. Öz Beg refrained from giving Moscow too much power, giving the patent for the grand princely title to Alexander of Suzdal, though Ivan I would be appointed as grand prince four years later following Alexander's death, and given the right to collect taxes from other Russian potentates. As a result of the good relations between Ivan I and Öz Beg, the Moscow region began to prosper and its population grew rapidly. Ivan I also added to his grand princely title "and all Russia" in an imitation of the Russian Orthodox metropolitan's title, who moved his residence to Moscow, making it the ecclesiastical capital of Russia, but it also marked the beginning of the drive to unify Russia. 3420: 3473: 4147: 6067: 5389:. This led to several battles on the west side of the Caspian which the Horde usually lost. The interruption of trade and conflict with Persia led the Horde to build trading towns along the northern route. They also allied with the Mamluks of Egypt who were the Il-Khan's enemies. Trade between the Horde and Egypt was carried by the Genoese based in Crimea. An important part of this trade was slaves for the Mamluk army. Trade was weakened by a quarrel with the Genoese in 1307 and a Mamluk-Persian peace in 1323. Circa 1336 the Ilkhanate began to disintegrate which shifted trade north. Around 1340, the route north of the Caspian was described by 1860: 2714:, to punish those stubborn subjects, leading to the sacking of a number of cities in 1293, including Vladimir and Moscow, finally forcing Dmitry to abdicate. Only the city of Tver offered stiff resistance to the Mongol invaders, leading to another Mongol army being sent to attack the city. Nogai did not choose to intervene in Russian affairs but was concerned by Toqta's actions; he found it necessary to remind Toqta that he still held supreme power in the affairs of the Golden Horde and consequently sent his senior wife to Toqta in 1293, where she was received with due honor. In the same year, Nogai sent an army to 6043: 90: 5846: 3407: 6082: 3702: 4426:

Mongol rule but the same cannot be said with certainty for the peasantry. There is not much evidence for Mongol influence on the Russian peasantry, whose direct contact with the Mongols was mainly through slavery or forced labor. Russian sources generally tend to focus on military encounters with the Mongols but the literary prose betrays a greater Mongol impact on Russian society than accepted at face value. There was a great deal of familiarity with the Mongols among writers, who recorded the name of virtually every Mongol prince, grandee, and official they came into contact with. The

1642: 5074: 5525: 5910: 5754:. All the skulls dated from Tavan Tolgoi graves were anthropologically Mongoloid. Despite their East Asian physical appearance, their genealogical admixture reveals a admixture of East Asian and Caucasian ethnic groups which was attributed to inter-racial marriages between Mongolian plateau females and male migrants from Europe; however the authors could not determine when and how these intermarriages took place but it was likely to have existed through generations of intermixing through their ancestors, before the existence of the Golden family. 4541:'s mother may have been a Russian princess. Such intermarriage ceased after the Golden Horde Mongols converted to Islam until the 15th century when the weakened Horde's Mongol grandees moved into Muscovite territory. Most of them entered into the service of grand princes, married aristocracy, converted to Christianity, and became assimilated. It is uncertain how much Mongol Tatar blood entered the Russian aristocracy. Some Mongols might have changed their names after converting while Russians took on Mongol nicknames as patronyms. The nobles of 2494: 4619:, there was a blank space for the name to be read aloud orally. There was also a careful delineation between khan and "Tatars". Hagiographers sometimes absolved the khans from their role in killing Russian princes. After the khans' power began to wane in the 14th century, the Church gave its full backing to the Russian princes. However even after Mongol rule ended, the Church still invoked the Mongol model as an example of how they should be treated. In the 16th century, churchmen circulated a translated Mongol 2120: 5961: 3118: 6122: 68: 3028: 6055: 2928: 2813: 3254:, Yury was defeated by Mikhail, and his new wife and the Mongol general, Kawgady, were captured. While she stayed in Tver, Konchak, who converted to Christianity and adopted the name Agatha, died. Mikhail's rivals suggested to Öz Beg that he had poisoned the Khan's sister and revolted against his rule. Mikhail was summoned to Sarai and executed on 22 November 1318. Yury became the grand prince once more. Yury's brother Ivan accompanied the Mongol general Akhmyl in suppressing a revolt by 5997: 6140: 6021: 4810: 2299:. When the Muslim elites and the Jochid retainers in Bukhara declared their loyalty to Berke, Alghu smashed the Golden Horde appanages in Khorazm. Alghu insisted Hulagu attack the Golden Horde; he accused Berke of purging his family in 1252. In Bukhara, he and Hulagu slaughtered all the retainers of the Golden Horde and reduced their families into slavery, sparing only the Great Khan Kublai's men. After Berke gave his allegiance to Kublai, Alghu declared war on Berke, seizing 10569:, p. 372: "We also find the presence of an individual of West Eurasian descent buried together with members of Jochi Khan’s Golden Horde army from the Ulytau mountains (see Supplementary Information section 4: DA28 is East Asian and DA29 is European). This could suggest assimilation of distinct groups into the Medieval Golden Horde, but this individual may also represent a slave or a servant of West Eurasian descent attached to the service of the Golden Horde members." 6183: 4365: 3318: 6009: 1653: 5973: 5985: 5068: 2324: 2505: 1522: 3230: 4615:, converted and founded the Petrov monastery. Peter's descendants used their ties to the khans to protect the monastery from the Rostov princes and the neighboring Russians who desired the fishing rights to that land. The depiction of Mongols by Church was mixed and awkward. It portrayed them as a disaster and their caretaker. This contradiction can be seen in the khans' portrayals in Church texts. Where the khans' names would have been in the 4354: 5830: 3179:. Al-Nasir Muhammad came to believe that Tulunbay was not a real Chingissid princess but an impostor. In 1327–1328, he divorced her, and she then married one of al-Nasir Muhammad's commanders. When Öz Beg learned of the divorce in 1334–1335, he sent an angry missive. Al-Nasir Muhammad claimed that she had died and showed his ambassadors a fake legal document as proof, although Tulunbay still lived and would only pass away in 1340. 7116:"Clearly, the Russian bookmen's posturing notwithstanding, the Mongols were anything but an unknown and unknowable people. The Tatars, as an abstraction, were loathed on principle, but to the Russian elite their Tatar counterparts were far from being nameless, faceless enemies. Indeed, Russian aristocrats were probably more familiar with the higher levels of Mongol society than with the society of the Russian peasantry." 3532: 5949: 4796:

Mongol helmet, and armed with a Mongol bow and quiver. European observers mistook them for Ottoman dress. Muscovite armies also deployed in a similar fashion to the Mongols with the right guard ranked above the left (due to a shamanist belief). The emphasis on cavalry declined in the 16th century as warfare increasingly involved sieges in Eastern Europe than on the steppes with nomadic horsemen.

1802: 4852: 5926: 10341: 3262:, seeking revenge for his father's murder, went to Sarai and persuaded the Khan that Yury had appropriated a large portion of the tribute due to the Horde. Yury was summoned to the Horde for a trial, but he was killed by Dmitry before any formal investigation. Eight months later, Dmitry was also executed by the Horde for his crime. The grand princely title went to 9672: 1026:, called the left wing the Blue Horde, and since he was familiar with the oral traditions of the khanate empire, it seems likely that the Russian chroniclers were correct, and that the khanate itself called its left wing the Blue Horde. The khanate apparently used the term White Horde to refer to its right wing, which was situated in Batu's home base in 10412:: "Coincidentally, the geographical distribution of modern-day individuals matching the Y-haplogroup and haplotype of the Tavan Tolgoi bodies in the regions corresponding to the past Mongol khanates, including the Golden Horde Dynasty and Chagatai Khanate, implies that the modern-day individuals are direct descendants of the Golden family members." 3684: 7336: 3341:) during his reign, but the Lithuanian grand dukes managed to build a strong army and administration as well as uniting the Lithuanian and Belarusian provinces under their rule. Following Yuri's death in 1308, the situation in Galicia and Volhynia quickly deteriorated, with both of his sons dying in 1323, leading to the throne to be offered to 3481:

In 1349, however, Galicia–Volhynia was occupied by a Polish-Hungarian force, and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was finally conquered and incorporated into Poland. This act put an end to the relationship of vassalage between Galicia–Volhynia and the Golden Horde. In 1352, the Golden Horde with its Rus' allies ravaged Polish territory and

3222:. In 1333, she was given permission to visit her father in Constantinople and never returned, apparently fearing her forced conversion to Islam. Öz Beg's armies pillaged Thrace for forty days in 1324 and for 15 days in 1337, taking 300,000 captives. In 1330, Öz Beg sent 15,000 troops to Serbia in 1330 but was defeated. Backed by Öz Beg, 5782:, implying they may be direct descendants of the Tavan Tolgoi specimens. However R1b is largely absent from Mongolia, which the authors propose may have been caused by mass migration of Golden Family members and the Ongud to Eastern Europe and Central Asia, or massacres of Borjigin members there while West Eurasia was relatively safe. 8823: 5766:(923–937 AD) described some male Shatuo Turks as having deep set eyes with whiskers as well as slim bodies with light complexion. Many Ongud were resettled in the Golden Horde as administrators. Authors suggested that the Genghis Khan’s male lineage may have had some Caucasoid-specific genetic features because of descriptions in 4762:

taking advantage of Tatar infighting, while at the same time also continuing the collection of tribute. The Tatar taxation system was exploitative for the Russian principalities during the 13th century, but by the 14th century, the grand principality of Moscow experienced uninterrupted economic growth starting from the reign of

3277:Öz Beg's approach to Russian affairs was less constructive than that of Toqta, in which he made no attempt to change things in Russia, with his goal being to prevent the formation of a unified Russian state and to keep the balance between its princes, especially between those of Tver and Moscow. In 1327, the 2149:'s persuasion might have forced his brother Batu to postpone Hulagu's operation, little suspecting that it would result in eliminating the Jochid predominance there for several years. During the reign of Batu or his first two successors, the Golden Horde dispatched a large Jochid delegation to participate in 3562:), was invited by some grandees to seize the throne. Khidr rebelled against Nawruz, whose own lieutenant betrayed him and handed him over to be executed. Khidr was slain by his own son, Timur Khwaja, in the same year. Timur Khwaja reigned for only five weeks before descendants of Öz Beg Khan seized power. 4066:. Despite his victory, Ulugh Muhammad's situation was pressed. The Golden Horde was no more, he had barely 10,000 soldiers, and thus could not press the advantage against Moscow. A few months later he released Vasily II for a ransom of 25,000 rubles. Unfortunately, Ulugh Muhammad was murdered by his son, 3458:. The slave trade flourished due to strengthening ties with the Mamluk Sultanate. Growth of wealth and increasing demand for products typically produce population growth, and so it was with Sarai. Housing in the region increased, which transformed the capital into the center of a large Muslim Sultanate. 4746:, collective responsibility of a sworn group, became more common in Russia during the Mongol period and may have been influenced by the Mongols. The Mongols may have spread the practice of beating the shins as a punishment from China to Russia, where this punishment for non-payment of debts was called 4436:, who identifies the Mongol captains by name. Russian sources contain a list of the khans of the Golden Horde as well as more detail on their careers during the time of Great Troubles than Arab-Persian sources. Even the names of numerous lesser ranked Mongols are mentioned. The Mongol khan was called 3875:

recruits in the 15th century were of Circassian origin. Timur died in 1405 and Edigu took advantage to seize Khwarezm a year later. From 1400 to 1408, Edigu gradually regained the eastern Russian tributaries, with the exception of Moscow, which he failed to take in a siege but ravaged the surrounding

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One of the Jochid princes who joined Hulagu's army was accused of witchcraft and sorcery against Hulagu. After receiving permission from Berke, Hulagu executed him. After that two more Jochid princes died suspiciously. According to some Muslim sources, Hulagu refused to share his war booty with Berke

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visitors to Daniel's camp remarked that with the exception of Daniel himself, all the horsemen dressed like Mongols. Muscovite cavalrymen were equipped in a similar fashion to the Mongols as late as the 16th century, when they were depicted using a Mongol-style saddle with Mongol stirrups, wearing a

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The historian Charles Halperin cautioned: "To analyze the Mongols' administration of Russia requires meticulous examination both of the extant sources individually and of the larger picture they present. Many of the references to Mongol officials occur in unreliable texts from later periods, showing

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Jani Beg abandoned his father's Balkan ambitions and backed Moscow against Lithuania and Poland. Jani Beg sponsored joint Mongol-Rus' military expeditions against Lithuania and Poland. In 1344, his army marched against Poland with auxiliaries from Galicia–Volhynia, as Volhynia was part of Lithuania.

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succeeded as Great Khan in 1251. Utilizing the discovery of a plot designed to remove him, Möngke as the new Great Khan began a purge of his opponents. Estimates of the deaths of aristocrats, officials, and Mongol commanders range from 77 to 300. Batu became the most influential person in the Mongol

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The study proposed multiple theories as to how the bodies were related to the Golden Family. The Tavan Tolgoi bodies could have been product of marriages between the female lineage of Genghis Khan’s Borjigin clan and the male lineage of either the Hongirad clans or the Ongud. The Ongud were a tribe

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by the Russians and Europeans. Russians preserved this common name for this group down to the 20th century. Whereas most members of this group identified themselves by their ethnic or tribal names, most also considered themselves to be Muslims. Most of the population, both agricultural and nomadic,

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for Russians and to act as an intermediary between the Golden Horde and both the Russian Church and Byzantium. The khans granted the Church significant tax privileges which enabled it to recover from the invasion and prosper even more than before. It was during the 14th century that the Church made

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over to the Mongols, but Daniel personally visited Batu in 1245 and pledged allegiance to him. After returning from his trip, Daniel was visibly influenced by the Mongols, and equipped his army in the Mongol fashion, his horsemen with Mongol-style cuirasses, and their mounts armoured with shoulder,

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These authors noted that there is a close link between the current day distribution of haplogroup R1b and the spread of the Mongol Empire, especially in the Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate; and that the descendants of the Tavan Tolgoi specimens are now located mainly in West Eurasia, rather than

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The existence of a double taxation system led to the increased exploitation of the Russian peasants and the gradual enrichment of the treasuries of the Russian princes; in addition, the tax obligations were greater for those who were poorer. The Russians also attempted to evade the yearly tribute,

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on, a commissioner was appointed by the khan to reside at each of the principalities' capitals. Mongol rule loosened in the late 13th century so that some princes were able to collect taxes as the khan's agents. By the early 14th century, all the grand dukes were collecting taxes by themselves, so

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sought assistance from Töde Möngke. Nogai vowed to support Dmitry in his struggle for the grand princely throne. On hearing about this, Andrey renounced his claims to Vladimir and Novgorod and returned to Gorodets. He returned with Mongol troops sent by Töde Möngke and seized Vladimir from Dmitry.

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supported Kublai, Berke sided with Ariq Böke. There is evidence that Berke minted coins in Ariq Böke's name, but he remained militarily neutral. After the defeat of Ariq Böke in 1264, he freely acceded to Kublai's enthronement. However, some elites of the White Horde joined Ariq Böke's resistance.

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in 1318, 1324, and 1335. Öz Beg's ally Al-Nasir refused to attack Abu Sa'id because the Ilkhan and the Mamluk Sultan signed a peace treaty in 1323. In 1326 Öz Beg reopened friendly relations with the Yuan dynasty and began to send tributes thereafter. From 1339 he received annually 24,000 ding in

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For three centuries, Mongol (or Tatar) presence was an undeniable fact for Russians. Although defined as Russians here, there was no "Russian people" or Russian nation during the period of Mongol rule, and therefore no cohesive national response. Aristocratic Russians responded more uniformly to

5770:'s "Compendium of Chronicles" written in the 14th century. The bodies could have been related to Genghis Khan's male lineage, which they propose had R1b. It is also possible the bodies were related to Genghis Khan's relatives or his generals who were not part of the male-lineage Borjigin clan. 5005:

Both the khans Küchük Muhammad and Sayid Ahmad attempted to reassert authority over Moscow. Küchük Muhammad attacked Ryazan and suffered a major defeat against the forces of Vasily II. Sayid Ahmad continued to raid Muscovy and in 1449, made a direct attack on Moscow. However he was defeated by

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son despised his Muslim daughter. For this reason, he demanded Toqta send Kelmish's husband to him. Nogai's independent actions relating to Russian affairs and foreign merchants had already irritated Toqta. Toqta thus refused and declared war on Nogai. Toqta was defeated in their first battle.

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to Kaidu and Mengu-Timur. In 1268, when a group of princes operating in Central Asia on Kublai's behalf mutinied and arrested two sons of the Qaghan (Great Khan), they sent them to Mengu-Timur. One of them, Nomoghan, favorite of Kublai, was located in the Crimea. Mengu-Timur might have briefly

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decisive inroads into the pagan countryside, possibly due to the attraction of economic benefits bestowed upon Church lands that incentivized peasants to settle. The "Tale of Peters, tsarevich of the Horde" was written in the 14th century. It tells of how the Mongol Peter, a descendant of

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was elected khan with Edigu's approval. After defeating Vytautas, Edigu concentrated on strengthening the Golden Horde. He forbade selling Golden Horde subjects as slaves abroad. Later on the slave trade was resumed, but only Circassians were allowed to be sold. As a result, most of the

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took place in the 1240s, including the areas of Russia and Turkey. In 1251–1259, Möngke conducted the first empire-wide census of the Mongol Empire; while North China was completed in 1252, Novgorod in the far northwest was not counted until winter of 1258–1259. There was an uprising in

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visitors to his camp remarked that only Daniel himself dressed according to the custom in Rus', with a coat of Greek brocade with gold lace, green leather boots, a gilded saddle, and gold-encrusted sword. Mongols that moved into Russian society shed their former customs as they adopted

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visited Sarai in 1333, he found it to be a large and beautiful city with vast streets and fine markets where six "nations" – Mongols, Alans, Kypchaks, Circassians, Russians and Greeks – each had their own quarters. Merchants had a special walled section of the city all to themselves.

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disappeared and the Russian princes themselves began to gather the total sum of taxes following a number of revolts at the end of the 13th century, leading to the princes to act as governors on behalf of the khan. The handling of Russian affairs was moved to Sarai, where various

8832:, p. 198, Ibn-Batuta, who visited Uzbeg's dominions around 1333, describes Saray as a large and beautiful city with vast streets and fine markets. Six "nations" lived in it—Mongols, Alans, Kypchaks, Circassians, Russians and Greeks–each being assigned a section of its own.. 4686:

assumed the role of collecting and presenting the taxes from all the Russian principalities. As the Horde became politically weakened and the grand princes of Moscow grew in power, it was possible for the tribute to be withheld, such as in 1372–1382 and 1396–1408. Ultimately,

3888:, who died in 1410 and was succeeded by Temur Khan, the son of Temür Qutlugh. Temur Khan turned against Edigu and forced him to flee to Khwarezm in 1411. Temur himself was ousted the next year by Jalal al-Din, who returned from Lithuania and briefly took the throne. In 1414, 4774:

per year between 1380 and 1472, falling to 1,000 rubles after 1480. The tribute to the Horde decreased and was at times interrupted during the 14th and 15th centuries as a result of its political decline and the strengthening of Russian and Polish–Lithuanian authority.

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in their entourage. Yuri II married a daughter of Gediminas and possibly gave his daughter in marriage to a son of Gediminas, leading to Öz Beg to intervene to prevent the plans of Poland and Lithuania. Mongol forces raided the borderlands of Lithuania in 1336 and then

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Ostrowski, Donald G. (Spring 2007). "Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, and: The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, and: Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, and: The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (review)".

5877: 4770:, which was made up of various taxes and tolls, allowing them to increase their revenue by imposing larger sums than was necessary, while the Tatar tribute was typically a negotiated sum. The most credible estimates put the amount of tribute between 5,000 and 7,000 3657:

deserted Urus and went over to Timur. Timur personally attacked Urus in 1376 but the campaign ended indecisively. Urus died the next year and was succeeded by his son, Timur-Melik, who immediately lost Sighnaq to Tokhtamysh. In 1378, Tokhtamysh conquered Sarai.

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obvious signs of interpolation." Although it is evident that the Mongols started collecting taxes in the principalities as early as 1245 (shortly after they subdued them during or after the invasion of 1237), this appears to have been a localised affair with

7774:, p. 78, Local censuses also took place in the 1240s in Russia and Turkey... extent of the empire made the census very time consuming; while that of North China was completed in 1252, Novgorod in the far northwest was not counted until winter 1258–59.. 3285:'s palace. Rumors spread that Shevkal wanted to occupy the throne for himself and introduce Islam to the city. The Tverians revolted after Shevkal established his office, and the Mongol commissioner and most of his lieutenants were killed. Öz Beg summoned 3723:

in 1381, thus briefly reestablishing the Golden Horde as a dominant regional power. Mamai fled to the Genoese who killed him soon after. Tokhtamysh sent an envoy to the Russian states to resume their tributary status, but the envoy only made it as far as

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requested Öz Beg to restore Roman Catholic churches destroyed in the region. Öz Beg signed a new trade treaty with the Genoese in 1339 and allowed them to rebuild the walls of Caffa. In 1332 he allowed the Venetians to establish a colony at Tanais on the

4648:, a Turkic word used in early sources meaning a local Mongol official who was primarily responsible for collecting tribute and conscripting troops), appointed per village, town or city, rather than a simultaneous imposition of a uniform taxation system. 657:

Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in

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With the new powers afforded to Batu by Möngke, he now had direct control over the princes of Rus'. However, Andrey II refused to submit to Batu. Batu sent a punitive expedition under Nevruy, who defeated Andrey and forced him to flee to Novgorod, then

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suggests that there was a practical need for such works in the chancelleries handling correspondence with the Golden Horde. It is thus reasonable to conclude that letters received by the Mamluks – if not also written by them – must have been in Mongol.

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Aristocratic familiarity with Mongol customs did not result in adopting Mongol culture. Any partiality shown towards Mongol customs could be dangerous, although in one instance they did adopt Mongol military attire. After visiting Batu's camp in 1245,

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in 1303 and then Pereslavl-Zalessky, which threw off the already weak balance of interprincely relations. Daniel may have been motivated to round out his appanage, which in terms of the modern administrative divisions of Russia, was not larger than

5656:, which was inherited from Genghis Khan. It is said that there were a total of ten political divisions within the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde majorly was divided into Blue Horde (Kok Horde) and White Horde (Ak Horde). Blue Horde consisted of 2202:, capturing an empty Jochid encampment, only to be routed in a surprise attack by Nogai's forces. Many of them were drowned as the ice broke on the frozen Terek River. The outbreak of conflict was made more annoying to Berke by the rebellion of 4417:. The objective of the Golden Horde in conquered lands revolved around obtaining recruits for the army and exacting tax payments from its subjects. In most cases the Golden Horde did not implement direct control over the people they conquered. 5861: 10400:"...the geographical distribution of R1b-M343-carrying modern-day individuals demonstrates that descendants of Tavan Tolgoi bodies today live mainly in Western Eurasia, with a high frequency in the territories of the past Mongol khanates." 3289:, the prince of Moscow, and ordered him to lead a punitive expedition along with Alexander of Suzdal; the Muscovite and Suzdalian troops, reinforced by Mongol detachments, looted Tver and captured thousands of prisoners. The incident, the 7403:

Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and

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The Russian aristocracy had to familiarize themselves with the workings of Mongol high society. The prince had to receive a patent for his throne from the khan, who then sent an envoy to install the prince on his throne. From the time of

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dated between 1130–1250 AD, which are believed to be members of the Mongol Golden Family based on contextual evidence. The male individuals possibly associated with the Golden Family belonged to the West Eurasian paternal haplogroup

4058:. Ulugh Muhammad became master of Belyov. Ulugh Muhammad continued to exert influence on Moscow, occupying Gorodets in 1444. Vasily II even wanted him to issue him a patent for the throne, but Ulugh Muhammad attacked him instead at 2706:, Alexander Nevsky's youngest son, failed to appear at the court of Toqta. The division of the authority of the Golden Horde led to the creation of two rival groups of Russian princes. Toqta attempted to reassert his authority over 930:

It was not until the 16th century that Russian chroniclers begin explicitly using the term to refer to this particular successor khanate of the Mongol Empire. The first known use of the term, in 1565, in a Russian chronicle called

9572:

Sagit Faizov. Letters of khans Islam Giray III and Muhammad Giray IV to Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich and king Jan Kazimir, 1654–1658: Crimean Tatar diplomacy in polit. post-Pereyaslav context. time. Moscow: Humanitarii, 2003. 166 p.

4481:

was exempt from the presence of Mongol agents after 1260 but still had to pay taxes. The Mongols took censuses in 1245, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1274, and 1275. No further censuses were taken after that. Some places such as the town of

10851:

Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; Shin, Heejin; Lee, Si Eun; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Kim, Kyung-Yong; Kim, Kijeong; Park, Ae Ja; Lee, Ho Woon; Kim, Mi Jin; Choi, Jaesung; Choi, Jee-Hye; Min, Na Young; Lee, Kwang-Ho (2016).

6105: 4165:

ousted Sayid Ahmad. He attacked Ryazan and suffered a major defeat against the forces of Vasily II. Sayid Ahmad continued to raid Muscovy and in 1449 made a direct attack on Moscow. However he was defeated by Muscovy's ally

1768:

In 1248, Güyük demanded Batu come east to meet him, a move that some contemporaries regarded as a pretext for Batu's arrest. In compliance with the order, Batu approached, bringing a large army. When Güyük moved westwards,

2194:(1260–1277). Hulagu harshly punished the rest of the Golden Horde army in Iran. Berke sought a joint attack with Baybars and forged an alliance with the Mamluks against Hulagu. The Golden Horde dispatched the young prince 1925:

entered Galicia and Volhynia and offered an ultimatum: Daniel was to destroy his fortifications or Boroldai would assault the towns. Daniel complied and pulled down the city walls. In 1259 Berke launched savage attacks on

3593:

backed Abdullah but failed to take Sarai, which saw the reign of two more khans, Murad and Aziz. Abdullah died in 1370 and Muhammad Bolaq was enthroned as puppet khan by Mamai. Mamai also had to deal with a rebellion in

3949:

was officially Khan of the Golden Horde but his authority was limited to the lower banks of the Volga where Tokhtamysh's other son Kepek also reigned. The Golden Horde's influence was replaced in Eastern Europe by the

2480:

in 1277, Michael VIII and Nogai supported different candidates to the throne, leading to relations to deteriorate. This led to an intervention by Mengu-Timur in Balkan affairs, in which Mengu-Timur and Metropolitan

2701:

was summoned to appear before Nogai in Sarai, where he chose to side with Nogai and went to him instead for confirmation of his throne, while Dmitry refused to appear, considering himself to be a vassal of Nogai.

9826: 9104:

A. Caiozzo et J.-C. Ducène (Éd.), de la Mongolie Àla Mongolie dans Son Espace Régional. Entre Mémoire et Marques de Territoire, des Mondes Anciens À Nos Jours, Valenciennes, Presses Universitaires de Valenciennes

5893: 3245:

ingratiated himself with Öz Beg so that he appointed him as the grand prince and gave him his sister, Konchak, in marriage. After spending three years at Öz Beg's court, Yury returned with an army of Mongols and

3896:

conquered Khwarezm. Edigu fled to the Crimea where he launched raids on Kiev and tried to forge an alliance with Lithuania to win back the horde. Edigu died in 1419 in a skirmish with one of Tokhtamysh's sons.

3732:, which fell after three days under a false truce. The next year, most of the Russian princes once again made obeisance to the khan and received patents from him. Tokhtamysh also crushed the Lithuanian army at 1793:

and a Muslim chronicler state that Batu killed the imperial envoy, and one of his brothers murdered the Great Khan Güyük, but these claims are not completely corroborated by other major sources. Güyük's widow

9555:

Documents of the Crimean khanate from the collection of Huseyn Feyzkhanov / comp. and the transliteration. R. R. Abdujalilov; scientific. edited by I. Mingaleev. – Simferopol: LLC "Konstanta". 2017. 816 p.

1609:

was undoubtedly in general use at the court of Batu, few Mongol texts written in the territory of the Golden Horde have survived, perhaps because of the prevalent general illiteracy. According to Grigor'ev,

5397:

led to the spread of the black death to Europe. In 1395–96 Tamerlane laid waste to the Horde's trading towns. Since they had no agricultural hinterland many of the towns vanished and trade shifted south.

3641:, presumably because "Urus-Khan's mother was a Russian princess... he was prepared to press his claims on Russia on that ground." In 1372, Urus marched west and occupied Sarai. His nephew and lieutenant 3602:. However Arab-Shah was unable to take advantage of the situation because of the advance of another Mongol general from the east. Encouraged by the news of Muscovite defeat, Mamai sent an army against 1694:, had quarreled violently with Batu at a victory banquet during the Mongol occupation of Eastern Europe. He sent his brothers to the kurultai, and the new Khagan of the Mongols was elected in 1246. 5587:

The Horde developed as a sedentary rather than nomadic culture, with Sarai evolving into a large, prosperous metropolis. In the early 14th century, the capital was moved considerably upstream to

1059: 4220:, the grand prince of Moscow, recognize the khan as his overlord. In 1480, Ahmed organized a military campaign against Moscow, resulting in a face off between two opposing armies known as the 3827:

Temür Qutlugh was chosen Khan in Sarai while Edigu became co-ruler, and Koirijak was appointed sovereign of the White Horde by Timur. Tokhtamysh fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and asked

2555:

historians, Töde Möngke sent the Mamluks a letter proposing to fight against their common enemy, the unbelieving Ilkhanate. This indicates that he might have had an interest in Azerbaijan and

3370:

took control of the city; a detachment of Mongol troops was sent to protect Galicia and Volhynia from the Poles, who were forced to retreat but did not give up on their claims to the region.

2476:, in 1278. After his Ossetian expedition, Mengu-Timur turned his attention to affairs with the Byzantine Empire and Egypt in an attempt to curb the authority of Nogai. Following the death of 2449:, Amraghan, and many Mongols assisted the army assembled by the grand prince Yaroslav. The Germans and the Danes were so cowed that they sent gifts to the Mongols and abandoned the region of 2671:

and ravaged the country. After returning, Talabuga overthrew Töde Möngke, who was left to live in peace. Talabuga's army made unsuccessful attempts to invade the Ilkhanate in 1288 and 1290.

5473:, and others. The Horde was gradually Turkified and lost its Mongol identity, while the descendants of Batu's original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class. They were commonly named 4875:

against the Golden Horde and conquered both Kiev and Podolia. After 1360, payment of tribute and taxes from Russian subjects to the declining Golden Horde decreased significantly. In 1374,

4825:, as The second part of this chapter is a carbon copy of other paragraphs. It should explain how the Golden Horde lost its administrative influence, not historical events already described. 10318:: "Four of the 5 bodies were determined to carry the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup D4, while the fifth carried haplogroup CZ, indicating that this individual had no kinship with the others. 3008:

In 1304, ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of Central Asia and the Yuan dynasty announced to Toqta their general peace proposal. Toqta immediately accepted the supremacy of Yuan emperor

3043:

in 1307. The cause was apparently Toqta's displeasure at the Genoese slave trade of his subjects, who were mostly sold as soldiers to Egypt. In 1308, Caffa was plundered by the Mongols.

4954:

From 1400 to 1408, Edigu gradually regained control of tributaries in Russia, with the exception of Moscow, which he failed to take in a siege but ravaged the surrounding countryside.

908:

means 'palace', 'camp' or 'headquarters', in this case the headquarters of the khan, being the capital of the khanate, metonymically extended to the khanate itself. The English word

4986:, whom he defeated twice in battle. In 1445, Vasily II was taken prisoner by Ulugh Muhammad and ransomed for 25,000 rubles. Ulugh Muhammad was murdered in the same year by his son, 4082:

In 1449, Hacı I Giray seized Crimea from Ahmad I, and founded the Crimean Khanate. The Crimean Khanate considered its state as the heir and legal successor of the Golden Horde and

2590:

was installed by Nogai as emperor of Bulgaria. Accordingly, the reign of Smilets has been considered the height of Mongol overlordship in Bulgaria. When he was expelled by a local

4549:

claimed Tatar descent. Mongol ancestry was considered as prestigious as German, Latin, and Greek ancestry in the 16th century, although such views declined dramatically after the

3155:

in 1314 and proscribed Buddhism and Shamanism among the Mongols in the Golden Horde. By 1315, Öz Beg had successfully Islamicized the Horde and killed Jochid princes and Buddhist

1325: 9908: 2363:, but the Great Khan Kublai forced them to sign a peace treaty. He was allowed to take his share in Persia. Independently from the Khan, Nogai expressed his desire to ally with 1182: 4927:

for assistance in retaking the Golden Horde in exchange for suzerainty over the lands that were taken. In 1399, Vytautas and Tokhtamysh attacked Temür Qutlugh and Edigu at the

9835:, pp. 475–476, ...the basqaqs (the institution called baskachestvo in Russian), collected the taxes instituted by the Mongols, and only the Russian clergy was tax-exempt. 1355: 6151: 11077: 5909: 4698:

Moscow adopted the Mongol tax system and continued to collect tribute after they stopped passing it onto the Golden Horde. The Muscovite grand princes replaced the Mongol

3504:, Jani Beg boasted that three uluses of the Mongol Empire were under his control. However, on his way back from Tabriz, Jani Beg was murdered on the order of his own son, 10833:

The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents

1562:. His brother Orda returned to take part in the succession. The Mongol armies would never again travel so far west. In 1242, after retreating through Hungary, destroying 1350: 2710:; he confirmed Andrey as the grand prince and authorized him to depose Dmitry, who refused to surrender his throne. Toqta sent a punitive expedition led by his brother, 2408:

Byzantine Empire in 1271, the Khan sent his envoys to maintain friendly relationship with Michael VIII Palaiologos, who sued for peace and married one of his daughters,

1895:. The khatun summoned all the princes of Rus' to Sarai to renew their patents. In 1256, Andrey traveled to Sarai to ask for pardon. He was once again reappointed as the 1052: 6081: 3831:

for assistance in retaking the Golden Horde in exchange for suzerainty over the Russian lands. In 1399, Vytautas and Tokhtamysh attacked Temür Qutlugh and Edigu at the

11685: 3550:

in 1359. Qulpa's two sons were Christians and bore the Slavic names Michael and Ivan, which outraged the Muslim populace of the Golden Horde. In 1360, Qulpa's brother

3366:

defied Öz Beg's authority, instead recognizing the suzerainty of Gediminas. After the sudden death of Yuri II, who had no heirs, a committee of Galician boyars led by

623: 609: 595: 581: 567: 553: 539: 525: 511: 486: 472: 458: 4224:. Ahmed judged the conditions unfavorable and retreated. This incident formally ended the "Tatar yoke" over the Russian lands. On 6 January 1481, Ahmed was killed by 2424:, to the great and the young, and to all: your way is clear through my lands; and who comes to fight, with them I do as I know; but for the merchant the way is clear. 1268: 4446:. It is evident that the writers expected their audience to be familiar with the names of individual Mongols and their attributes despite their pervasive hostility. 4958:

was lost to Lithuania. After Edigu died in 1419, the Golden Horde rapidly disintegrated but it still retained some vestige of influence in Eastern Europe. In 1426,

3167:Öz Beg continued the alliance with the Mamluks begun by Berke and his predecessors. He kept a friendly relationship with the Mamluk Sultan and his shadow Caliph in 3016:

and commercial networks across the Mongol khanates reopened. Toqta introduced the general peace among the Mongol khanates to the Russian princes at the assembly in

13252: 12081: 2792:), Khan of the White Horde. After taking military support from Toqta, Bayan asked help from the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate to organize a unified attack on the 2178:

The increasing tension between Berke and Hulagu was a warning to the Golden Horde contingents in Hulagu's army to flee. One contingent reached the Kipchak Steppe,

1075: 5045:

recognize the khan as his overlord. In 1480, Ahmed organized a military campaign against Moscow, resulting in a face off between two opposing armies known as the

3377:

to proselytize, was renewed by Öz Beg in 1314. Öz Beg allowed the Christian Genoese to settle in Crimea after his accession, but the Mongols sacked their outpost

2472:. Along with the Mongol army were also some of the princes who were ordered to join him in his expedition, where they took the fortified stronghold of the Alans, 2225: 1985: 1375: 13257: 10583:

Allsen, Thomas T. (1985). "The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the Ulus of Ordu in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries".

1365: 1045: 5599:

along with "plenty of lesser mosques". Another contemporary source describes it as "a grand city accommodating markets, baths and religious institutions". An

809:

khanates which declined steadily in power. At the start of the 15th century, the Horde began to fall apart. By 1466, it was being referred to simply as the "

1686:. Although Batu excused himself by saying he was suffering from old age and illness, it seems that he did not support the election of Güyük Khan. Güyük and 12009: 1318: 3598:. Muscovite troops impinged on the Bulgar territory of Arab-Shah, the son of Bulat Temir, who caught them off guard and defeated them on the banks of the 1867: 1814:

Empire as his friendship with Möngke ensured the unity of the realm. Batu, Möngke, and other princely lines shared rule over the area from Afghanistan to

8201:

the role of the Tatars who settled in Russia and were converted to Christianity... case of Tsarevich Peter of the Horde, founder of a monastery in Rostov

5925: 5818:. According to the authors, this could suggest assimilation of distinct ethnic groups in to the Golden Horde, however he could also be servant or slave. 1175: 5774:

Mongolia. A close association was observed between haplogroup R1b-M343 and the descendants of the Golden Horde, with a high frequency of R1b-M343 among

2812: 13262: 2409: 12076: 6988: 5354:

was the Khans' long-standing trade partner and ally in the Mediterranean. Berke, the Khan of Kipchak had drawn up an alliance with the Mamluk Sultan

3489:, submitted to the Horde in 1357 and paid tribute in order to avoid more conflicts. The seven Mongol princes were sent by Jani Beg to assist Poland. 1622:. The existence of Arabic-Mongol and Persian-Mongol dictionaries dating from the middle of the 14th century and prepared for the use of the Egyptian 12952: 6617: 1030:

and controlled the ulus. The designations Golden Horde, Blue Horde, and White Horde have not been encountered in the sources of the Mongol period.

853: 12415: 5653: 3353:

as prince, but the principality's tribute to the Khan continued. On a campaign a few years later, the Lithuanians under Fedor included the Khan's

3296: 3159:

who opposed his religious policy. Under the reign of Öz Beg, trade caravans went unmolested and there was general order in the Golden Horde. When

5762:, suggesting that they may have had a Caucasoid appearance based on the fact they were carriers of haplogroup R1b. Contemporary records from the 4330: 3759:

to seek an alliance. In 1387, Timur sent an army into Azerbaijan and fought indecisively with the forces of the Golden Horde. Tokhtamysh invaded

1311: 1011:

sources (e.g. Zafar-Nameh). Western scholars have tended to follow the Timurid sources' nomenclature and call the left wing the White Horde. But

9632: 6655: 2974:. A report reached Western Europe that Toqta was highly favourable to the Christians. According to Muslim observers, however, Toqta remained an 2428:

This decree also allowed Novgorod's merchants to travel throughout the lands of Suzdal without restraint. Mengu Timur honored his vow: when the

11678: 4606:

to pray for the health of the khan and in return they looked after the church's health and fostered its growth. A bishopric was established in

1168: 4974:

still visited Ulugh Muhammad's court in 1432 to request a grand ducal patent. A year later, Ulugh Muhammad was ousted and fled to the town of

4907:, the grand duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, accepted his supremacy and agreed to pay tribute in turn for a grant of territory. In 1395, 3076:

Toqta organized a new conference for the princes in Pereslavl-Zalessky in the autumn of 1304, which was attended by leading princes including

2647:

and abandoned state affairs. Rumors spread that the khan was mentally ill and only cared for clerics and sheikhs. In 1285, Talabuga and Nogai

10375: 6020: 4526:

by allowing his men to carry him off the field in honor of his bravery. Russian nobles also fought alongside the Mongols as allies at times.

3089: 833:, the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively, when they were conquered by the expanding Russian state. 7967:

As the transformation of St. Aleksandr Nevsky from 'son of Suzdal' to 'son of Rus'' in early modern Muscovite literature well attests...

3974:

but failed to establish himself in those regions, and Dawlat took advantage of the situation to seize Crimea. Barak defeated an invasion by

2400:. Some of Mengu-Timur's relatives converted to Christianity at the same time and settled in Russia; one of them was a prince who settled in 13307: 9917:, p. 476, other darughas may have existed with the same authority over other subjected Russian territories, such as Tver’ and Riazan’. 7412:

and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier

5584:, were responsible for levying taxes and dealing with popular discontent. Civil and military administration, as a rule, were not separate. 3740:, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, accepted his supremacy and agreed to pay tribute in return for a grant of Russian territory. 6066: 2721: 1765:

instead. A bishop by the name of Cyril went to Kiev and found it so devastated that he abandoned the place and went further east instead.

1016: 912:, in the sense of a large (and often threatening) group, emerged later, metaphorically extended from the reputation of the Mongol hordes. 7532: 7013: 6678: 6121: 5668:, while White Horde encompassed the lands of the princes of the left hand: Taibugin Yurt, Ulus Shiban, Ulus Tok-timur, Ulus Ezhen Horde. 5533: 2697:

Andrey, accompanied by a number of Rostov princes and the bishop of Rostov, went to Toqta to renew his patent and complain about Dmitry.

1978: 1749:, who probably did it to spite Batu and even her own son Güyük, because he did not approve of her regency. Güyük appointed Andrey as the 5845: 2951:. However, the troubles were soon overcome and conditions in the Golden Horde rapidly improved under Toqta's reign. After the defeat of 2636:

Dmitry retaliated with the support of Mongol troops from Nogai and retook his holdings. In 1285, Andrey again led a Mongol army under a

2485:

sent Bishop Theognost as their joint envoy to Michael VIII and the patriarch of Constantinople with their respective gifts and letters.

12559: 4155: 5689:

custom duties, and the revenues were divided among all Chingisid princes of the Mongol Empire in accordance with the appanage system.,

5591:, which became one of the largest cities of the medieval world, with 600,000 inhabitants. Sarai was described by the famous traveller 3195:

approached Öz Beg in their desperation to find a leader, but the latter declined after consulting with his senior emir, Qutluq Timür.

12327: 12319: 11671: 2473: 919:

is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by

89: 6042: 4134:

granted them pasture lands. After Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in 1467, they assumed leadership over most of his followers, and became the

3954:, who Ulugh Muhammad turned to for support. The political situation in the Golden Horde did not stabilize. In 1422, the grandson of 7066: 6882: 6873: 6245: 2307:. While the left bank of Khorazm would eventually be retaken, Berke had lost control over Transoxiana. In 1264 Berke marched past 11806: 4277:

Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century and it was mentioned in works of Russian publisher

13027: 12567: 11084: 5049:. Ahmed judged the conditions unfavorable and retreated. This incident formally ended the "Tatar yoke" over the Russian lands. 1971: 5603:

was discovered during excavations at the site and the city was home to many poets, most of whom are known to us only by name.

4579:

collected taxes imposed by the Mongols, with only Russian clergy being exempt from the taxes, in a system known in Russian as

4030:

still visited Ulugh Muhammad's court in 1432 to request a grand ducal patent. A year later, Ulugh Muhammad lost the throne to

2997:

give Azerbaijan back but was refused. Then he sought assistance from Egypt against the Ilkhanate. Toqta made his man ruler in

2453:. The Mongol Khan's authority extended to all principalities, and in 1274–1275 the census took place in all cities, including 12623: 10985: 10956: 10935: 10916: 10841: 10817: 10641: 10618: 10592: 10072: 10019: 9561: 9275: 9212: 9164: 9029: 8906: 8868: 8702: 8670: 8630: 8579: 8552: 8382: 8261: 8194: 8155: 8128: 8098: 8071: 8044: 8005: 7952: 7925: 7628: 7561: 7369: 7160: 6981: 4518: 941:. In contemporary Persian, Armenian and Muslim writings, and in the records of the 13th and early 14th centuries such as the 4537:, and Gleb Vasilkovich married Mongol princesses. Geb Vasilkovich spent his entire career among the Mongols in the steppes. 3214:

Macaria was occupied. Friendly relations were established with the Byzantine Empire for a brief period after Öz Beg married

2420:

Mengu-Timur's word to Prince Yaroslav: give the German merchants way into your lands. From Prince Yaroslav to the people of

6610: 5488:

The descendants of Batu ruled the Golden Horde from Sarai Batu and later Sarai Berke, controlling an area ranging from the

3728:

before he was stopped. Tokhtamysh immediately seized all the boats on the Volga to ferry his army across and commenced the

8662:

Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba TŸkles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition

4915:, destroyed his capital, looted the Crimean trade centers, and deported the most skillful craftsmen to his own capital in 3811:, destroyed his capital, looted the Crimean trade centers, and deported the most skillful craftsmen to his own capital in 1292: 738:(the founder of the Golden Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of 13277: 12650: 12599: 12575: 12374: 12340: 12024: 2678:, Talabuga became resentful of Nogai, whom he believed did not provide him with adequate support during the invasions of 7644: 6008: 13287: 13282: 12358: 12311: 6096: 4449:

While the Mongols generally did not directly administer the Eastern European lands they conquered, in the cases of the

3064:

for protection. However, this did not deter Daniel, who defeated the Ryazan and Mongol troops in 1301, and then seized

3020:(Pereslavl-Zalessky). The Yuan influence seemed to have increased in the Golden Horde as some of Toqta's coins carried 2935: 1142: 12392: 3937:

situated in Chimgi-Tura, and the Taibugid Muhammad at the fortress of Sibir, from which the khanate derives its name.

12607: 12535: 12519: 10793: 10767: 10172: 10145: 9680: 9578: 7444: 7061: 7007: 5686: 5595:

as "one of the most beautiful cities ... full of people, with the beautiful bazaars and wide streets", and having 13

5426:, and Je'ured clans held importants positions at the court or elsewhere. There existed four mingghans (4,000) of the 5026: 4860: 4201: 2648: 2627:

At the same time, the influence of Nogai greatly increased in the Golden Horde. Backed by him, some princes, such as

2276:

and had him marry a Mongol woman. Hulagu died in February 1265 and Berke followed the next year while on campaign in

1463: 1401: 1393: 1381: 1069: 217: 5829: 2260:(Berke's vassal), Nogai invaded the Empire in 1265. By the next year, the Mongol-Bulgarian army was within reach of 12591: 12551: 11447: 10947:(2017), "The Domination of the Golden Horde in the Romanian Regions", in Khakimov, Rafael; Favereau, Marie (eds.), 10051:, volume 3, pp. 263–270, 2016. He seems to be following Virgil Ciociltan, The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade, 2012 6974: 6635: 4940: 4477:

retained their princes but also had to contend with Mongol agents who enforced recruitment and tax collection. The

4474: 4428: 4018:

fled to Lithuania to ask Vytautas for support. In 1426, Ulugh Muhammad contributed troops to Vytautas' war against

3852: 3720: 3419: 2219: 2167:, who had been killed by Hulagu in 1258. The Jochids believed that Hulagu's state eliminated their presence in the 1344: 1256: 8740:

Badarch Nyamaa – The coins of Mongol empire and clan tamgna of khans (XIII–XIV) (Монеты монгольских ханов), Ch. 2.

6054: 5410:: the Sanchi'ud (or Salji'ud), Keniges, Uushin, and Je'ured clans to Jochi. By the beginning of the 14th century, 4329:

wreaked havoc in southern Russia, Ukraine and even Poland in the course of the 16th and early 17th centuries (see

3333:, where the Danilovichi had sought to improve internal conditions in the country from the late 13th-century, with 2536:

was now strong enough to establish himself as an independent ruler. The Golden Horde was thus ruled by two khans.

1921:

and dispatched an expedition with the aim of taking Kiev. Despite initial successes, in 1259 a Mongol force under

1494:, and they would, in time, mix with other groups in the Crimea (including Greeks, Goths, and Mongols) to form the 13267: 12615: 12543: 12449: 12285: 7474:рЕПЛХМ гНКНРЮЪ нПДЮ - НЬХАЙЮ РНКЛЮВЮ 16 ЯРНКЕРХЪ (мХК лЮЙЯХМЪ) / оПНГЮ.ПС – МЮЖХНМЮКЭМШИ ЯЕПБЕП ЯНБПЕЛЕММНИ ОПНГШ 7288: 6801: 6603: 4904: 4712:, which was probably modeled after the Mongol tribute system. The Russians adopted the Mongol word for treasury, 4462: 3737: 3183: 2668: 2513: 1538:, the Mongols continued west, raiding Poland and Hungary, which culminated in Mongol victories at the battles of 1275: 1203: 999:

The eastern or left wing (or "left hand" in official Mongolian-sponsored Persian sources) was referred to as the

728: 6907: 5802:. One male, who was a Buddhist member of the Golden Horde army, was of East Asian ancestry and carried paternal 5634:

among them – were reportedly assassinated in Sarai, but the Khans were generally tolerant and even released the

5010:

but was turned back by a combined Russo-Tatar army. In 1451, Sayid Ahmad tried to take Moscow again and failed.

4266:

in 1475, subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502. After seeking refuge in Lithuania,

4174:

but was turned back by a combined Russo-Tatar army. In 1451, Sayid Ahmad tried to take Moscow again and failed.

12666: 12511: 12423: 12348: 12019: 9019: 6570: 4146: 3791:. The battle ended indecisively. In 1391, Timur gathered an army 200,000 strong and defeated Tokhtamysh at the 3282: 3263: 11048: 10009: 8569: 3622:

mercenaries for another attack on Moscow in 1380. In the ensuing battle, Mongol forces once again lost at the

3472: 3423:. The caption reads: "Here resides the emperor of this northern region whose empire starts in the province of 1490:, and it became one of the appanages of the Mongol Empire. The remnants of the Crimean Cumans survived in the 1282: 12996: 12722: 12693: 12583: 12066: 12039: 12034: 8937:(Great families of Greece, Albania and Constantinople: Historical and genealogical dictionary) (1983), p. 373 7194: 7056: 7046: 6665: 6192: 5374:

where it intersected the east–west route north of the Caspian, and then down the west side of the Caspian to

5046: 4692: 4221: 4151: 3792: 2157:

in accordance with Genghis Khan's wish. Berke was a devoted Muslim who had had a close relationship with the

2085: 2064: 1995: 822: 716: 377: 111: 31: 17: 10350:, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch, a publication from 1897, now in the 5067: 3073:

before 1917. His tenacity laid the pattern for his successors to become the rulers of all of Russia proper.

2766:, first escaped to the Alans, and then Bulgaria where he briefly ruled as emperor before he was murdered by 2586:

came under the Mongol rule during the major invasion of Bulgaria, and coins were struck in the Khan's name.

12503: 12301: 12044: 12029: 7031: 6197: 5390: 3281:

Shevkal, cousin of Öz Beg, arrived in Tver from the Horde, with a large retinue. They took up residence at

3241:

won the battle against the party in Novgorod in 1316. While Mikhail was asserting his authority, his rival

2781:. Kaidu tried to restore his influence in the Golden Horde by sponsoring his own candidate Kobeleg against 2754:, looting both cities. Within two years, Toqta returned and killed Nogai in 1299 at the Kagamlik, near the 1636: 1287: 7553:

The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century

6748: 13272: 12674: 12642: 12493: 12441: 12293: 11799: 10606: 5960: 4928: 4450: 3832: 3767:, but failed to take the city, and had to turn back. Timur retaliated by invading Khwarezm and destroyed 3465:

of the 1340s was a major factor contributing to the economic downfall of the Golden Horde. It struck the

10926:

Mirgaleyev, Ilnur (2017), "The Golden Horde and Anatolia", in Khakimov, Rafael; Favereau, Marie (eds.),

7195:"The language situation and status of the Turkic language in the Egyptian Mamluk state and Golden Horde" 5996: 5972: 4599:

are given, which, by the second half of the 13th century, primarily came to refer to the Tatar tribute.

3701: 3508:. Following the assassination of Jani Beg, the Golden Horde quickly lost Azerbaijan to the Jalayir king 2539:

Töde Möngke made peace with Kublai, returned his sons to him, and acknowledged his supremacy. Nogai and

742:

instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of

13020: 11560: 5014: 4738:

postal system was adopted by Russia in the late 15th century as the peasants had already been paying a

4461:, they removed the native administration altogether and replaced it with their own direct control. The 4186: 3649:

for assistance. Tokhtamysh attacked Urus, killing his son Kutlug-Buka, but lost the battle and fled to

3215: 3207: 1706: 1499: 10374:

Fire and Ice: Li Cunxu and the Founding of the Later Tang. Historian Richard L. Davis · 2016, Page 14

8863:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–137. 7393: 5984: 4274:

some time after 1504. According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.

1827:

against the Mongol census, but Alexander Nevsky forced the city to submit to the census and taxation.

67: 12527: 12485: 12468: 12402: 12382: 12366: 12128: 11636: 11387: 10803: 10605:(1994). "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China". In Denis C. Twitchett; 9636: 8935:

Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople

8247: 5657: 5647: 4931:

but were defeated. The Golden Horde victory secured for it Kiev, Podolia, and some land in the lower

4912: 4822: 4470: 3808: 3607: 3203: 2971: 2967: 1397: 1370: 1263: 1209: 1088: 842: 4516:

and despite the numerous mentions of Mongol atrocities, some more honorable portrayals do exist. In

4499:

that the average people no longer dealt with Mongol overlords while their rulers answered to Sarai.

3202:

in aid of Bulgaria's war against Byzantium and Serbia beginning in 1319. The Byzantine Empire under

7036: 5080: 4868: 4466: 4240: 3951: 3678: 3574: 3330: 3255: 3176: 2660: 2401: 2368: 2342:

was nominated by Kublai and succeeded his uncle Berke. However, Mengu-Timur secretly supported the

2265: 1896: 1750: 1710: 1623: 1094: 425: 10827: 6139: 4239:

Ahmed's sons were unable to maintain the Great Horde. They attacked the Kingdom of Poland and the

1229: 12433: 6918: 6644: 5635: 5312: 5227: 4997:

In 1447, Mäxmüd sent an army against Muscovy but was repelled. Another of Ulugh Muhammad's sons,

4603: 4513: 3326: 3267: 3093: 3040: 3032: 2405: 2404:

and became known as Tsarevich Peter of the Horde (Peter Ordynsky). Even though Nogai invaded the

2381: 2257: 1785:

because of deteriorating health, he may have succumbed to the combined effects of alcoholism and

1726: 1698: 1124: 1037: 9228: 8374: 3962:, attacked the reigning khans in the west. Within two years, Ulugh, Kepek, and another claimant 1798:

took over as regent, but she was unable to keep the succession within her branch of the family.

927:, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan. 82:

1339 map (other sources claim that the Golden Horde was named for the yellow banner of the khan)

13297: 13036: 12071: 11792: 11555: 7605: 7242: 6955: 5815: 5767: 5740: 5736: 5485:, which developed into the regional languages of Kypchak groups after the Horde disintegrated. 5200: 5142: 4896: 4683: 4338: 4290: 4178: 3803:

took the eastern half of the Golden Horde. Tokhtamysh returned in 1394, ravaging the region of

3729: 3223: 3097: 3055: 2886: 2600:, the Mongols launched another invasion to protect their protege. Nogai compelled Serbian king 2198:

to invade the Ilkhanate but Hulagu forced him back in 1262. The Ilkhanid army then crossed the

1887:. As soon as he returned from the court of the Great Khan in Mongolia, Sartaq died. The infant 1859: 1678:

invited Batu to elect the next Emperor of the Mongol Empire in 1242, he declined to attend the

1249: 1112: 282: 11038: 10951:, Kazan: Märcani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, pp. 394–426, 10930:, Kazan: Märcani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, pp. 347–351, 10189: 10135: 10062: 9154: 8896: 8690: 8519: 8088: 8061: 7995: 7913: 7536: 7359: 5810:. The other male, who was of West Eurasian (European) ancestry, was a carrier of the paternal 5807: 4086:, called themselves khans of "the Great Horde, the Great State and the Throne of the Crimea". 1709:, acknowledged Batu's supremacy. Originally Batu ordered Daniel to turn the administration of 30:

This article is about the Mongol khanate established in the 13th century. For other uses, see

13247: 13013: 12814: 12758: 12091: 11070: 10976:

Vásáry, István (2022), "Taxation in the Jochid Ulus", in May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.),

10737: 10500: 10206:

Geographicheskoy opisaniye Zolotoy Ordi v encyclopedia al-Kashkandi-Tyurkologicheskyh sbornik

10162: 9202: 8660: 8620: 8544: 8251: 8118: 8034: 7551: 7150: 7071: 6449: 6238: 6202: 5948: 5378:

in Persian Azerbaijan where it met the larger east–west route south of the Caspian. In 1262,

4872: 4486:

became the personal property of individual Mongols such as the Khatun Taidula, the mother of

4047: 3599: 3586: 3486: 3290: 1730: 1426:

was the eldest, but he died six months before Genghis. The westernmost lands occupied by the

818: 10966: 10906: 10831: 10807: 10783: 10732:

Frank, Allen J. (2009), "The Western Steppe: Volga-Ural Region, Siberia and the Crimea", in

9201:

Massing, Jean Michel; Albuquerque, Luís de; Brown, Jonathan; González, J. J. Martín (1991).

3046:

During the late reign of Toqta, tensions between princes of Tver and Moscow became violent.

3009: 1234: 746:(1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from 12714: 12706: 12186: 11550: 10865: 10854:"Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan" 10679: 10447: 10231: 10220:"Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan" 8164: 7051: 5751: 5747: 5627: 5493: 5218: 4987: 4454: 4433: 4318: 4162: 4067: 3406: 2656: 2136: 2128: 2059: 2054: 1719: 1715: 1641: 1148: 948: 421: 9273:

Zdan, Michael B. (June 1957). "The Dependence of Halych-Volyn' Rus' on the Golden Horde".

3880:

was also lost to Lithuania. Shadi Beg rebelled against Edigu but was defeated and fled to

8: 13050: 12962: 11916: 10548: 10536: 10524: 10512: 6950: 6821: 6281: 6212: 5524: 5442: 5209: 4983: 4333:), but they were not able to defeat Russia or take Moscow. Under Ottoman protection, the 4193: 4119: 4051: 3979: 3927: 3666: 3266:. In early 1326, Yury's remains were returned to Moscow and buried by the bishops of the 3238: 3117: 3021: 2698: 2628: 2367:

in 1271. Despite the fact that he was proposing a joint attack on the Ilkhanate with the

2351: 2171:. Those events increased the anger of Berke and the war between the Golden Horde and the 1913:

In 1256, Daniel of Galicia openly defied the Mongols and ousted their troops in northern

1219: 903: 210: 10869: 10683: 10451: 10348:

Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 30-31

10235: 2959:

or remained under the service of Toqta, to become what would eventually be known as the

1777:

warned Batu that the Jochids might be his target. Güyük died on the way, in what is now

13302: 11838: 11663: 10888: 10853: 10775: 10713: 10630: 10489: 10434:

Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël (May 2018).

10262: 10219: 9284: 8367: 7944:

The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

7677: 7513: 7305: 6425: 6217: 6207: 5278: 5042: 4967: 4944: 4884: 4867:

in 1359, which started a protracted political crisis lasting two decades. In 1363, the

4688: 4530: 4217: 4062:

in 1445. On 7 July, Vasily II was defeated and taken prisoner by Ulugh Muhammad at the

4023: 3856: 3623: 3536: 3394:. In 1333, when Ibn Battuta visited Sudak, he found the population to be predominantly 3391: 3077: 3017: 2767: 2632: 1790: 1606: 775: 12784: 12116: 12056: 5073: 4827: 4670:

may have existed with the same level of authority over other Russian territories such

2778: 2605: 1746: 1745:

in 1247. Yaroslav II never returned and died in Mongolia. He was probably poisoned by

13292: 13102: 12151: 11728: 10981: 10952: 10931: 10912: 10893: 10837: 10813: 10789: 10763: 10705: 10637: 10614: 10588: 10493: 10481: 10473: 10267: 10249: 10168: 10141: 10068: 10015: 9676: 9574: 9557: 9208: 9160: 9025: 8902: 8874: 8864: 8698: 8686: 8666: 8626: 8575: 8548: 8378: 8257: 8190: 8151: 8124: 8094: 8067: 8040: 8001: 7958: 7948: 7921: 7624: 7557: 7517: 7440: 7416:

in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols.

7365: 7254: 7216: 7156: 6893: 6811: 5803: 5236: 5182: 5162: 5034: 4831: 4784: 4504: 4478: 4334: 4310: 4298: 4209: 3334: 3172: 2895: 2763: 2556: 2482: 2437: 2385: 2269: 1935: 1702: 1539: 1491: 1487: 1244: 1224: 1136: 1118: 546: 206: 10717: 10661: 10435: 8537: 4507:

was visibly influenced by the Mongols, and equipped his army in the Mongol fashion.

3001:, but he was expelled by its people. Toqta dispatched a peace mission to the Ilkhan 2218:

agreed to pay a large indemnity, Berke relented. Alexander died on his trip back in

13107: 13082: 12698: 12658: 12111: 11771: 11756: 11716: 10994: 10883: 10873: 10695: 10687: 10666: 10611:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

10602: 10463: 10455: 10257: 10239: 8892: 7600: 7505: 7297: 7206: 7021: 6341: 6131: 6112: 6032: 5787: 5744: 5482: 5457:, among others (whether Muslim or not). Most of the Horde's population was Turkic: 5256: 5191: 5151: 5089: 5038: 4991: 4763: 4584: 4550: 4368: 4322: 4314: 4229: 4213: 4071: 4063: 4055: 3911: 3638: 3342: 3286: 3047: 2915: 2829: 2793: 2726: 2703: 2579: 2529: 2509: 2493: 2433: 2245: 2238: 2211: 2091: 2081: 2049: 2033: 1758: 1734: 1660: 1214: 1130: 1106: 973: 814: 616: 588: 323: 185: 155: 79: 11419: 8186:

Readings in Russian Civilization Volume I: Russia before Peter the Great, 900–1700

3796: 3210:

was raided by the Golden Horde between 1320 and 1341, until the Byzantine port of

2371:, Mengu-Timur congratulated Abagha when Baraq was defeated by the Ilkhan in 1270. 1781:, at about the age of 42. Although some modern historians believe that he died of 1486:

took shelter among them. By 1239 a large portion of Cumans were driven out of the

1012: 711:

established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the

13212: 13123: 13097: 12792: 11733: 11575: 11052: 10878: 10733: 10675: 10244: 9668: 8184: 8145: 7434: 7364:. Vol. 1: From Early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. 7026: 6546: 6534: 6377: 6157: 5792: 5631: 5131: 5053: 4876: 4523: 4342: 4278: 4259: 4083: 3725: 3595: 3565:

In 1362, the Golden Horde was divided between Keldi Beg in Sarai, Bulat Temir in

3271: 3081: 3070: 2986:) and showed favour to religious men of all faiths, though he preferred Muslims. 2707: 2575: 2563: 2288: 2215: 2164: 1949:. The Lithuanians were probably tributary in the 1260s, when reports reached the 1511: 1239: 1100: 942: 933: 826: 574: 532: 390: 7388: 7211: 4015: 3554:

revolted against the khan and killed him and his sons. In 1361, a descendant of

1963: 1917:. In 1257, he repelled Mongol assaults led by the prince Kuremsa on Ponyzia and 13087: 13065: 12061: 11761: 11616: 11540: 11526: 11260: 8516: 7991: 7283: 7279: 7041: 6558: 6522: 6497: 6461: 6365: 6027: 5665: 5434: 4959: 4948: 4923:

before turning back. Tokhtamysh fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and asked

4888: 4534: 4326: 4263: 4135: 3946: 3860: 3603: 3566: 3526: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3350: 3259: 3242: 3144: 3133: 3121: 3085: 2875: 2773:

After Mengu-Timur died, rulers of the Golden Horde withdrew their support from

2741:

general of the Golden Horde. Nogai was angry with Kelmish's family because her

2601: 2477: 2261: 2142: 1946: 1840: 1782: 1619: 1591: 1543: 1526: 1495: 1467: 1360: 1008: 894: 848: 830: 802: 790: 759: 755: 719:

after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the

697: 560: 491: 106: 12805: 12779: 11210: 10691: 10459: 4783:

Some of the Mongols' subjects adopted Mongol military accoutrements. In 1245,

4495: 4358: 3140: 3027: 2222:

on the Volga. He was well loved by the people and called the "sun of Suzdal".

1884: 1547: 1503: 75: 13241: 13154: 13092: 13060: 12866: 12797: 12104: 11922: 11815: 11766: 11721: 11545: 10944: 10477: 10351: 10253: 8878: 8114: 7962: 7648: 7258: 7220: 6841: 6781: 6509: 6317: 6305: 6227: 5811: 5718: 5563: 5505: 5466: 5300: 5002: 4406: 4402: 4099: 4031: 3983: 3414: 3211: 3125: 2939: 2737:

Nogai's daughter married a son of Kublai's niece, Kelmish, who was wife of a

2631:, refused to visit the court of Töde Möngke in Sarai, while Dmitry's brother 2199: 2168: 1795: 1691: 1570:, Batu established his capital at Sarai, commanding the lower stretch of the 1563: 1482:

and Cumans had already started under Jochi and Subutai in 1216–1218 when the

1470:

in 1236. From there he conquered some of the southern steppes of present-day

1415: 1405: 1303: 1160: 963: 712: 518: 504: 463: 150: 12861: 7301: 3300: 2927: 2562:

In the 1270s, Nogai had raided Bulgaria, as well as Lithuania. He blockaded

2119: 1818:. Batu allowed Möngke's census-takers to operate freely in his realm. Local 1618:, or decrees of the Khans, were written in Mongol, then translated into the 924: 648:

Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery.

13219: 13159: 13075: 12766: 12206: 12099: 12014: 11948: 11871: 11851: 11601: 11565: 11530: 11021: 11012: 10897: 10709: 10485: 10271: 6771: 6700: 6329: 5759: 5731: 5549: 5497: 5394: 5371: 5289: 5173: 5109: 4971: 4612: 4607: 4546: 4483: 4341:

annexed it on April 8, 1783. It was by far one of the longest-lived of the

4267: 4127: 4111: 4027: 4014:

Ulugh Muhammad ousted Dawlat Berdi from Crimea. At the same time, the khan

3963: 3691: 3509: 3492:

Jani Beg asserted Jochid dominance over the Chagatai Khanate and conquered

3432: 3367: 3312: 3191:

in China. When the Ilkhanate collapsed after Abu Sa'id's death, its senior-

2975: 2906: 2849: 2782: 2617: 2544: 2131:

in 1262. Many of Hulagu's men drowned in the Terek River while withdrawing.

2018: 1851:, Alexander was installed as the grand prince of Vladimir by Batu in 1252. 1843:

stopped their advance to Novgorod and Pskov. Thanks to his friendship with

1774: 1599: 1411: 1027: 938: 825:

in 1480, which traditionally marks the end of Mongol rule over Russia. The

751: 299: 180: 128: 12211: 11467: 11339: 11265: 10760:

Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History

8915: 8858: 8622:

Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365

7509: 7323: 7284:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 7095:

Their state came to be known in historiography as the Golden Horde or the

5562:'s descendants. The prime minister, also ethnically Mongol, was known as " 4809: 4553:. There was also intermarriage with their other subjects, such as between 4364: 3999: 2947:

From 1300 to 1302, a severe drought occurred in the areas surrounding the

2210:

and tax-collectors. Berke planned a severe punitive expedition. But after

2099: 1863:

Banner adopted sometime during 1267-1280, during the reign of Möngke Temür

1839:. The Mongols overran Vladimir and harshly punished the principality. The 13070: 12932: 12881: 12841: 12810: 11911: 11751: 11743: 11711: 11492: 11166: 11140: 11121: 10287:: Table 2. Y-haplogroups of the male Tavan Tolgoi bodies. MN0376: R1a1a, 10034:

Mantran, Robert (Fossier, Robert, ed.) "A Turkish or Mongolian Islam" in

6831: 6353: 6182: 5700: 5682: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5489: 5386: 5245: 5018: 4855:

Map of Europe circa 1444, showing the Golden Horde and successor khanates

4734: 4391: 4182: 4131: 4003: 3919: 3784: 3760: 3615: 3462: 3454:

from the Genoese but failed. In 1347, he signed a commercial treaty with

3374: 3317: 3304: 3160: 3013: 2960: 2675: 2543:, Khan of the White Horde and son of Orda Khan, also made peace with the 2497: 2355: 2339: 2249: 2230: 2103: 2095: 1880: 1844: 1683: 1652: 1571: 1559: 1534: 1502:

and spent three years subjugating the principalities, whilst his cousins

1451: 810: 789:

The khanate experienced violent internal political disorder known as the

771: 602: 364: 350: 286: 240: 10700: 10468: 7681: 1675: 12977: 12886: 12236: 12221: 11958: 11703: 11646: 11596: 11535: 11410: 11392: 11235: 11187: 9288: 7405: 7309: 6485: 5763: 5619: 5501: 4998: 4892: 4700: 4644: 4562: 4558: 4410: 4167: 4115: 4095: 4074:

in 1445. In 1447, Mäxmüd sent an army against Moscow but was repelled.

4035: 3966:, were defeated. Ulugh Muhammad fled to Lithuania, Kepek tried to raid 3959: 3744: 3716: 3705: 3694: 3662: 3642: 3551: 3501: 3129: 3088:, Daniel's eldest son who succeeded him after his death in March 1304. 2952: 2540: 2533: 2517: 2504: 2332: 2323: 2241: 2207: 2195: 1848: 1443: 1435: 794: 743: 739: 705: 346: 270: 257: 4181:

in 1459, from which point on the Golden Horde came to be known as the

2412:, to Nogai. Mengu-Timur ordered the grand prince of Vladimir to allow 2343: 1931: 1521: 13198: 12846: 12836: 12201: 12181: 12176: 12135: 11631: 11626: 11591: 11586: 11428: 11382: 11318: 11225: 11116: 7942: 7472: 7409: 7103:, while the contemporaries simply referred to it as the Great Horde ( 6413: 6401: 6092: 5685:). After the Mongol conquest in 1238, the port cities in Crimea paid 5615: 5600: 5568: 5559: 5383: 5359: 5340: 5332: 5122: 5030: 4979: 4932: 4916: 4864: 4792: 4788: 4538: 4508: 4387: 4383: 4294: 4225: 4205: 4123: 4043: 3975: 3955: 3934: 3931: 3889: 3881: 3867: 3844: 3812: 3772: 3719:

attacked Mamai, who had recently suffered a loss against Moscow, and

3650: 3630: 3543: 3505: 3497: 3346: 2983: 2948: 2866: 2800:. However, the Yuan court was unable to send quick military support. 2548: 2292: 2172: 2124: 2107: 2023: 1927: 1738: 1645: 1447: 1439: 920: 783: 767: 735: 253: 236: 175: 10061:

Blair, Sheila; Art, Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic (1995).

9099: 8984:

Fennell, John (1988). "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308–1339".

7843:

Annales Mellicenses. Continuatio Zwetlensis tertia, MGHS, IX, p. 644

7241:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

4863:

in 1349. The Golden Horde entered severe decline after the death of

4522:, the Mongol Batu exhibited chivalric courtesy to the Russian noble 4353: 3229: 2268:

to release Kaykaus and pay tribute to the Horde. Berke gave Kaykaus

1810: 13190: 13180: 13129: 12972: 12191: 12051: 11933: 11606: 11220: 11215: 11171: 11130: 11044: 10011:

Traditions & encounters : a global perspective on the past

9996:

The New Islamic Dynasties – A chronological and genealogical manual

8571:

Traditions & encounters : a global perspective on the past

6696: 6582: 6473: 5775: 5706: 5661: 5607: 5554: 5545: 5509: 5470: 5458: 5454: 5415: 5407: 5022: 5001:, fled to Moscow, where Vasily II granted him land that became the 4955: 4924: 4750:. When the grand princes of Moscow collected the tribute, the term 4487: 4442: 4379: 4197: 4098:, fled to Moscow, where Vasily II granted him land that became the 3893: 3877: 3828: 3776: 3752: 3577:

attacked the western tributaries of the Golden Horde and conquered

3444: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3410: 3363: 3247: 3188: 3065: 3005:

in 1294, and peace was maintained mostly uninterrupted until 1318.

3002: 2979: 2742: 2738: 2664: 2652: 2637: 2621: 2567: 2521: 2469: 2454: 2273: 1938: 1922: 1918: 1888: 1824: 1778: 1762: 1742: 1679: 1595: 1567: 1551: 1479: 1459: 1419: 1023: 313: 170: 13202: 8036:

Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State In Central Asia

5758:

that may have originated in West Asia and were descended from the

5508:. Censuses recorded Chinese living quarters in the Tatar parts of 5370:

According to Baumer the natural trade route was down the Volga to

1725:

When Güyük called Batu to pay him homage several times, Batu sent

1067: 13164: 13139: 12942: 12937: 12927: 12912: 12216: 12171: 12166: 11953: 11943: 11881: 11621: 11611: 7413: 6791: 6687: 6437: 6293: 6257: 6222: 6174: 5611: 5541: 5438: 5427: 5355: 4900: 4895:

restored Mongol suzerainty over Moscow two years later following

4658: 4458: 4252: 4244: 3915: 3840: 3804: 3780: 3768: 3764: 3733: 3634: 3582: 3531: 3148: 3051: 2994: 2956: 2820: 2755: 2751: 2679: 2587: 2583: 2458: 2413: 2364: 2304: 2296: 2191: 2179: 2158: 1942: 1914: 1483: 1471: 1455: 1427: 747: 708: 701: 477: 134: 11784: 9978: 9976: 9520: 9518: 7326:. Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved 14 July 2017. 5915:

Muscovite coin minted in the name of Abdullah ibn Uzbeg, dating

4591:). In the privilege charters given to Russian clergy, the terms 3226:

declared an independent state from the Hungarian crown in 1330.

1956:

In 1261, Berke approved the establishment of a church in Sarai.

1687: 13194: 13144: 13134: 13005: 12922: 12896: 12891: 12226: 12196: 12156: 11906: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11846: 11462: 11334: 11255: 11062: 10064:جامع التواريخ: Rashid Al-Din's Illustrated History of the World 10036:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250–1520

9792: 9790: 9200: 7076: 7002: 6761: 6718: 6269: 6088: 5779: 5712: 5678: 5574: 5476: 5462: 5423: 5375: 5348: 5267: 5007: 4936: 4920: 4671: 4621: 4616: 4575: 4542: 4414: 4399: 4372: 4271: 4248: 4233: 4190: 4171: 4039: 3971: 3967: 3923: 3872: 3848: 3816: 3748: 3709: 3570: 3555: 3493: 3482: 3466: 3455: 3359: 3354: 3278: 3199: 3152: 3060: 2998: 2990: 2759: 2730: 2715: 2711: 2683: 2609: 2571: 2552: 2443: 2389: 2376: 2360: 2308: 2277: 2203: 2183: 2161: 2150: 1892: 1872: 1836: 1819: 1815: 1672: 1613: 1583: 1575: 1555: 1515: 1475: 1431: 813:". Within its territories there emerged numerous predominantly 779: 763: 429: 9100:"Mongols et Tartare dans les cartes occidentales du Moyen Âge" 8524:. Translated by Minorsky, V.; Minorsky, T. Brill. p. 127. 3443:

reigned briefly from 1341 to 1342 before his younger brother,

3385:. The Genoese merchants in the other towns were not molested. 3349:

of Lithuania gained control of Kiev and installed his brother

13206: 13185: 13149: 12967: 12947: 12876: 12856: 12851: 12831: 12771: 11938: 11928: 11876: 11507: 11498: 11476: 11437: 11370: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11277: 11230: 11205: 11176: 11135: 10433: 10160: 9973: 9961: 9898: 9896: 9515: 9467: 9173: 9079: 9050: 8226:

On the Edge of Empire: Novgorod's trade with the Golden Horde

7918:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, c. 1198–c. 1300

6127: 6072: 5623: 5537: 5450: 5446: 5419: 5411: 5379: 5351: 5336: 5328: 5006:

Muscovy's ally Qasim Khan. In 1450, Küchük Muhammad attacked

4975: 4963: 4908: 4880: 4771: 4554: 4395: 4059: 4019: 3995: 3885: 3800: 3788: 3756: 3687: 3654: 3646: 3619: 3611: 3590: 3559: 3547: 3451: 3378: 3198:Öz Beg, whose total army exceeded 300,000, repeatedly raided 3168: 2758:. Toqta had his son stationed troops in Saqchi and along the 2747: 2691: 2644: 2613: 2591: 2465: 2450: 2429: 2393: 2354:, a peace treaty was concluded in 1267 granting one-third of 2347: 2328: 2312: 2300: 2284: 2253: 2187: 2146: 1950: 1907: 1903: 1832: 1770: 1722:

in 1240, refused to show obeisance and was executed in 1246.

1656: 1582:. Shortly before that, the younger brother of Batu and Orda, 1558:

but did not return to Mongolia, rather opting to stay at the

1507: 1423: 806: 798: 191: 12352:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) 10662:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes" 10436:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes" 9869: 9787: 9775: 9751: 9727: 9702: 9700: 9673:

Ancient Russian Hydrography" (Древняя российская идрография)

9650: 9615: 9613: 9600: 9598: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9366: 9364: 9351: 9349: 9324: 9322: 9244: 9242: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9115: 9113: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9001: 8999: 8306: 8282: 7789: 7535:. North Georgia College and State University. Archived from 7176: 7174: 7172: 7155:(Revised ed.). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. 5433:

The population of the Golden Horde was largely a mixture of

3807:. In 1395, Timur annihilated Tokhtamysh's army again at the 1801: 12917: 12871: 12231: 12161: 10100: 9405: 9403: 8840: 8838: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8323: 8321: 8253:

The Nikonian Chronicle: From the year 1241 to the year 1381

7695: 7693: 7691: 6727: 6709: 5693: 5513: 5344: 4851: 4787:'s army was dressed in the Mongol fashion after a visit to 4724:. The Muscovites used the Mongol customs tax system called 4675: 4196:. In the summer of 1470, Ahmed organized an attack against 3978:

in 1427 but was assassinated the next year. His successor,

3945:

After 1419, the Golden Horde functionally ceased to exist.

3930:. When he died in 1468, the khanate split in two, with the 3836: 3578: 3251: 3156: 2797: 2774: 2687: 2421: 2416:

merchants free travel through his lands. The gramota says:

2397: 1786: 1754: 1579: 9920: 9893: 9802: 9717: 9715: 7825: 4432:

recounts the words of Tovrul, a captured informant at the

4022:. Despite the Golden Horde's greatly reduced status, both 2256:

envoy was also detained there. With the assistance of the

12957: 10744:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 237–259 10361:

Fire and Ice: Li Cunxu and the Founding of the Later Tang

9951: 9949: 9947: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9763: 9697: 9610: 9595: 9530: 9491: 9479: 9455: 9431: 9388: 9376: 9361: 9346: 9319: 9307: 9254: 9239: 9125: 9110: 9062: 9038: 8996: 8748: 8746: 7169: 3683: 3500:

rule there in 1356. After accepting the surrender of the

3476:

Coinage of Jani Beg (Jambek) II. AH 767–768 AD 1365–1366.

3427:

and ends at the city of Organcio. The sovereign is named

3192: 2214:

begged Berke not to punish his people, and the cities of

1902:

Ulaghchi died soon after and Batu Khan's younger brother

1422:, but the Empire remained united under the supreme khan. 11693: 11026:

The Golden Horde: From the Himalaya to the Mediterranean

10850: 10785:

History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century

10397: 10081: 9739: 9583: 9400: 8835: 8811: 8794: 8782: 8770: 8711: 8600: 8588: 8465: 8440: 8428: 8416: 8318: 8294: 8270: 8206: 7972: 7858: 7813: 7801: 7741: 7717: 7688: 3922:. After his death in 1428, the khanate was ruled by the 3024:

in addition to Mongolian script and Persian characters.

2796:

under the leadership of Kaidu and his second-in-command

2718:

and forced the king to acknowledge himself as a vassal.

901: 864: 10742:

The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age

9932: 9881: 9712: 9443: 9295: 8120:

Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281

6115:

presumably demanding submission before sacking the city

5579: 5441:

who adopted Islam later, as well as smaller numbers of

5393:. In 1347 a Horde siege of the Genoese Crimean port of 4891:

against Mamai, Moscow was free of Mongol control until

3373:

A decree, issued probably by Mengu-Timur, allowing the

3171:. In 1320, the Jochid princess Tulunbay was married to 2441: 1611: 10968:

Die Goldene Horde, die Mongolen in Russland, 1223–1502

10014:. New York : McGraw-Hill. p. 471, map 18.2. 9944: 9838: 9814: 9420: 9418: 9334: 8965: 8860:

Kingship and ideology in the Islamic and Mongol worlds

8743: 8574:. New York : McGraw-Hill. p. 471, map 18.2. 8391: 8173:, p. 475, only the Russian clergy was tax-exempt. 8093:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 130–132. 7846: 7582: 7337:"The History and Culture of the Golden Horde (Room 6)" 5743:. Four of the skeletons belonged to the East Eurasian 5430:

in the left wing of the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde).

4990:, who fled to the middle Volga region and founded the 4859:

Mongol rule in Galicia ended with its conquest by the

4662:

supervised the Russian principalities. Along with the

4070:, who fled to the middle Volga region and founded the 2350:

against Kublai and the Ilkhanate. After the defeat of

955: 797:(1381–1395). However, soon after the 1396 invasion of 12082:

List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

9685: 9503: 7753: 7729: 7705: 7498:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

7453: 7192: 7130: 2464:

In 1277, Mengu-Timur launched a campaign against the

1910:, was enthroned as khan of the Golden Horde in 1258. 1478:

to retreat westward. The Mongol campaign against the

8940: 8758: 8539:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

8497: 8346: 7777: 7570: 4251:

in eastern Poland before being decisively beaten at

3835:

but were defeated. The Golden Horde victory secured

3143:

assumed the throne in 1313, he adopted Islam as the

9415: 8014: 7193:Mustafayeva, A. A.; Aubakirova, K. K. (June 2021). 5532:The Golden Horde's elites were descended from four 4766:. The grand princes of Moscow also manipulated the 4357:The Golden Horde and its tributaries in 1313 under 4281:in his work of 1773 "Ancient Russian Hydrography". 4054:attempted to drive him out but was defeated at the 2686:. Talabuga challenged Nogai, but was defeated in a 10629: 8536: 8366: 8246: 7439:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 688. 5500:. The descendants of Orda ruled the area from the 4691:stopped paying tribute in 1472–1476, leading to a 3589:in 1363. A powerful Mongol general by the name of 3218:'s illegitimate daughter, who came to be known as 3039:Toqta arrested the Italian residents of Sarai and 1458:began an invasion westwards, first conquering the 821:to formally rid itself of the "Tatar yoke" at the 12077:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 8901:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 256. 4899:. Tokhtamysh also crushed the Lithuanian army at 3751:. He ordered money with his name on it coined in 3690:and his forces advance against the Golden Horde, 2604:to accept Mongol supremacy and received his son, 2528:Mengu-Timur was succeeded in 1281 by his brother 2283:Ariq Böke had earlier placed Chagatai's grandson 2233:. Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273–1275). 1993: 13239: 10653:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia 2 10613:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 321–413. 8691:"Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans" 8369:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 8250:, Serge A.; Zenkovsky, Betty Jean, eds. (1986). 7902:Rashid al-Din-Jawal al Tawarikhi, (Boyle) p. 256 7668:Sinor, Denis (1999). "The Mongols in the West". 7618: 7240: 5791:examined the remains of two males buried in the 5739:, while one male of commoner status belonged to 5730:A 2016 study analyzed the DNA of 5 skeletons in 4247:at the time) in 1487–1491 and reached as far as 4189:in 1465. In 1469, Ahmed attacked and killed the 3900: 863:), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic 13253:States and territories established in the 1240s 12497:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) 11374:(de facto ruler) Arab Shah Muzaffar (1377–1380) 10659: 10566: 10554: 10542: 10530: 10518: 10506: 10133: 6111:Drawing of Mongols of the Golden Horde outside 4651:During the first half of the 14th century, the 4557:and a Seljuk princess, and Jöge (eldest son of 3309:Hic dominatur Usbech, dominus imperator de Sara 2153:'s expedition in the Middle East in 1256–1257. 2114: 1959: 10632:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 10161:Ravil Bukharaev; David Matthews, eds. (2013). 9106:. Presses Universitaires de Valenciennes: 145. 8123:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–89. 7383: 7381: 7339:. Saint Petersburg: The State Hermitage Museum 7278: 6014:Mongol-Tatar warriors besiege their opponents. 5317:The Golden Horde, with contemporary polities, 4378:The subjects of the Golden Horde included the 2659:. Talabuga's soldiers were angered and sacked 2640:prince to Vladimir, but Dmitry expelled them. 2145:families to join Hulagu's expedition to Iran. 1757:. However, when they returned, Andrey went to 1753:and Alexander was given the princely title of 1333: 1190: 937:, applied it to the Ulus of Batu, centered on 793:(1359–1381), before it briefly reunited under 727:, and it replaced the earlier, less organized 13258:States and territories disestablished in 1502 13021: 11800: 11679: 11078: 10826: 10129: 10127: 10125: 9656: 8147:Chronology of the Medieval World: 800 to 1491 8113: 7623:(in Russian). Moscow: Bogorodskii Pechatnik. 7243:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 7180: 6982: 6611: 3998:by the name of Musa bin Waqqas was ruling at 3669:attempted to break free of the Khan's power. 3520: 3182:The Golden Horde invaded the Ilkhanate under 1979: 1891:succeeded him under the regency of Boragchin 1554:homeland. Batu turned back from his siege of 1319: 1176: 1053: 1033: 967: 888: 882: 876: 870: 858: 413:6,000,000 km (2,300,000 sq mi) 11980: 11055:. arheo.manefon.org (the World Archaeology) 10660:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018). 10587:. Vol. V. Harrassowitz. pp. 5–40. 10421: 10409: 10385: 10327: 10315: 10303: 10284: 10217: 8189:. University of Chicago Press. p. 191. 5931:Dawlat Berdi's coin minted in Kaffa, dating 4962:contributed troops to Vytautas' war against 4879:rebelled and slaughtered an embassy sent by 4695:which ended without military confrontation. 4270:, last Khan of the Horde, died in prison in 3637:. He was named Urus, which means Russian in 2803: 2488: 1875:) mint. Struck c. AH 662–665 (AD 1263–1267). 946: 11511:(de facto ruler) Hajji Muhammad Khan (1419) 11281:(de facto ruler) Muhammad Bolaq (1370–1372) 9159:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 8856: 8697:. Cambridge University Press. p. 374. 7920:. Cambridge University Press. p. 709. 7378: 5365: 5033:. By August 20, the Moldavian forces under 4966:and despite the horde's reduced size, both 4911:annihilated Tokhtamysh's army again at the 4331:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe 4284: 4208:. By August 20, the Moldavian forces under 3417:(1375), with the flag of the Golden Horde: 3345:. He was confirmed by Öz Beg as "Yuri II". 3325:The Mongols had undermined the strength of 3237:With Öz Beg's assistance, the grand prince 3035:was still tributary to the Mongols in 1308. 1953:that they were in league with the Mongols. 1945:in 1259–1260 inflicted heavy losses on the 1930:and Poland, and demanded the submission of 1773:'s widow and a sister of Batu's stepmother 1532:Using the migration of the Cumans as their 991: 985: 817:khanates. These internal struggles allowed 681: 13028: 13014: 11807: 11793: 11686: 11672: 11353:(de facto ruler) Hajji Cherkes (1374–1375) 11085: 11071: 10925: 10122: 9808: 8986:Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte 8625:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. 7947:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. 7619:Grekov, B. D.; Yakubovski, A. Y. (1998) . 6989: 6975: 6618: 6604: 4943:fled to Lithuania and participated in the 4883:. For a brief period after the victorious 4568: 4156:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible 4141: 4009: 3905: 3866:Temür Qutlugh died in 1400 and his cousin 3855:fled to Lithuania and participated in the 3743:Elated by his success, Tokhtamysh invaded 3381:in 1322 when the Genoese clashed with the 3112: 2926: 2608:, as hostage in 1287. Under his rule, the 2318: 2291:, ruling Central Asia. He took control of 1986: 1972: 1697:All the senior princes of Rus', including 1326: 1312: 1183: 1169: 1060: 1046: 88: 13263:1240s establishments in the Mongol Empire 10993: 10887: 10877: 10699: 10650: 10467: 10261: 10243: 10164:Historical Anthology of Kazan Tatar Verse 9982: 9967: 9769: 9706: 9619: 9604: 9589: 9543: 9524: 9497: 9473: 9461: 9437: 9394: 9382: 9370: 9355: 9328: 9313: 9260: 9248: 9204:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration 9179: 9140: 9119: 9085: 9073: 9056: 9044: 9024:. Univ of California Press. p. 102. 9005: 8844: 8829: 8817: 8805: 8788: 8776: 8728: 8606: 8594: 8478: 8459: 8434: 8422: 8327: 8312: 8300: 8288: 8276: 8212: 7978: 7864: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7747: 7723: 7699: 7494: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7324:"The Monetary System of The Golden Horde" 7210: 5610:, the Mongols clung to their traditional 4919:. Timur's forces reached as far north as 4625:that granted tax immunity to the Church. 4337:continued its precarious existence until 4262:, which had become a vassal state of the 4177:Küchük Muhammad was succeeded by his son 4077: 3815:. Timur's forces reached as far north as 3672: 3147:. He built a large mosque in the city of 2674:During a punitive expedition against the 2651:. While Nogai was successful in subduing 1498:population. Moving north, Batu began the 10757: 10087: 10060: 9938: 9926: 9902: 9887: 9875: 9796: 9781: 9757: 9745: 9733: 9721: 9633:"Russian Interaction with Foreign Lands" 9426:Codex diplomaticus Prussicus, 6 vols, VI 9409: 8946: 8534: 8086: 7990: 7663: 7661: 7136: 7067:List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans 7014:Tale of the Destruction of the Rus' Land 5899:Ordumelik's coin minted in Azak, dating 5883:Kildibeg's coin minted in Sarai, dating 5867:Berdi Beg's coin minted in Azak, dating 5523: 5519: 5401: 5327:Sarai carried on a brisk trade with the 5041:. In 1474 and 1476, Ahmed insisted that 4850: 4363: 4352: 4216:. In 1474 and 1476, Ahmed insisted that 4145: 4105: 3914:was ruled by a dynasty originating with 3700: 3682: 3606:, who defeated the Mongol forces at the 3530: 3471: 3413:of the Golden Horde, as depicted in the 3405: 3295: 3228: 3124:avenging the death of his father in the 3116: 3026: 2720: 2559:, which were both ruled by the Ilkhans. 2503: 2492: 2322: 2224: 2190:where they were well received by Sultan 2118: 1866: 1858: 1800: 1666: 1651: 1640: 1520: 1430:, which included what is today southern 10980:, London: Routledge, pp. 468–483, 10802: 10781: 10748: 10187: 10007: 9485: 9449: 9301: 9017: 8983: 8752: 8658: 8567: 8397: 8020: 8000:. ACLS Humanities E-Book. p. 446. 7911: 7852: 7831: 7533:"Khanate of the Golden Horde (Kipchak)" 5528:Tilework fragments of a palace in Sarai 5052:In 1502, the Horde was absorbed by the 4935:basin. Tokhtamysh died in obscurity in 4529:Intermarriage did happen but was rare. 4089: 3940: 3847:basin. Tokhtamysh died in obscurity in 3469:in 1345 and killed over 85,000 people. 3401: 3362:in Poland the next year. The prince of 3233:The domains of the Golden Horde in 1389 2746:Nogai's army turned their attention to 2729:(Mengu). AH 679–687 AD 1280–1287 Qrim ( 2374:In 1267, Mengu-Timur issued a diploma ( 2338:Berke left no sons, so Batu's grandson 1454:. In 1235, Batu with the great general 14: 13240: 12427:(1277 / 1283 / 1287) 12386:(1236 / 1240 / 1252) 11360:(de facto ruler) Muhammad Bolaq (1375) 11001:, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 10975: 10964: 10943: 10904: 10627: 10601: 10582: 9955: 9914: 9863: 9832: 9820: 9340: 9152: 9097: 8971: 8921: 8891: 8764: 8618: 8503: 8373:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8352: 8170: 8143: 7940: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7735: 7711: 7588: 7576: 7549: 7459: 7432: 7421: 7357: 7148: 5626:as a state religion. Several rulers – 5298: 5287: 5171: 4185:. Mahmud was succeeded by his brother 3989: 3775:in 1389 with a massive army including 2970:by Maria, an illegitimate daughter of 2904: 2893: 2884: 2873: 805:, the Golden Horde broke into smaller 94:Territories of Golden Horde as of 1300 13009: 12746: 12257: 11979: 11826: 11788: 11667: 11066: 10731: 10358: 9691: 9509: 9276:The Slavonic and East European Review 9207:. Yale University Press. p. 29. 9098:Vagnon, Emmanuelle (1 January 2020). 8685: 8364: 8032: 7997:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion 7667: 7658: 7329: 6130:of Abdullah Khan (r. 1361–1370) with 5671: 5276: 5265: 5160: 5149: 5140: 5129: 5120: 5107: 5098: 5087: 5078: 4732:(customs house) is derived from. The 4519:The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan 4038:. Ulugh Muhammad fled to the town of 2847: 2827: 2818: 2762:as far as the Iron Gate. Nogai's son 2667:instead. In 1286, Talabuga and Nogai 1967: 1525:Decisive Golden Horde victory in the 1442:, who eventually became ruler of the 1438:, were given to Jochi's eldest sons, 1307: 1164: 1041: 12258: 12010:Administrative divisions and vassals 11502:(de facto ruler) Dervish Khan (1419) 10509:, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 23-24. 10346:This article incorporates text from 10191:The Dissolution of the Mongol Empire 9675:. Saint Petersburg, 1773. page 167. 9272: 8543:. Rutgers University Press. p. 8515: 8182: 8039:. Taylor & Francis. p. 52. 7891:Bulgaro-Tatarskiya monetnaia sistema 5331:trade emporiums on the coast of the 5254: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5180: 4803: 4304: 4293:'s descendants continued to rule in 4170:. In 1450, Küchük Muhammad attacked 3822: 3546:was killed in a coup by his brother 3311:, "Here rules Özbeg, the Emperor of 3187:Yuan paper currency from the Jochid 2913: 2864: 2838: 2570:in 1279, executed the rebel emperor 2311:to fight against Hulagu's successor 2090:After Möngke Khan died in 1259, the 1854: 881:) was translated to 'Golden', while 13308:Historical transcontinental empires 12277: 10809:The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 10751:A History of the Peoples of Siberia 9998:, Edinburgh University Press, 2012. 8090:The History of the Mongol Conquests 8059: 7530: 7524: 5422:(Arghun), Keniges, Jajirad, Besud, 4982:, where he came into conflict with 4742:tax for centuries. The practice of 4046:, where he came into conflict with 3771:. Tokhtamysh attacked Timur on the 3250:. After he ravaged the villages of 2384:from any taxation, and gave to the 1474:in 1237, forcing many of the local 977: 27:1242–1502 Turkicized Mongol khanate 24: 11367:(de facto ruler) Aybak (1375–1377) 11006: 10628:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). 10218:Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed (2016). 10204:A. P. Grigorev and O. B. Frolova, 9021:The Emergence of Moscow, 1304-1359 8898:The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History 6160:being punished by the Golden Horde 6060:Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1285 6026:Mongols chase Hungarian king from 5785:A 2018 genetic study published in 5406:Genghis Khan assigned four Mongol 4236:at the mouth of the Donets River. 2643:In 1283, Mengu-Timur converted to 2359:struggled with Hulagu's successor 2182:, and a third body took refuge in 2123:The Golden Horde army defeats the 774:in the south, while bordering the 25: 13319: 11814: 11445:(co-ruler) Temur Khan (1410–1411) 11032: 11017:The Golden Horde and its Downfall 10949:The Golden Horde in World History 10928:The Golden Horde in World History 10782:Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1880). 10194:. Harrassowitz. pp. 186–243. 10137:Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons 9635:. Strangelove.net. Archived from 7621:The Golden Horde and its Downfall 7247:Journal of World-Systems Research 7062:List of Khans of the Golden Horde 4678:. By the 14th century, the other 4628: 3450:In 1344, Jani Beg tried to seize 3258:in 1320. In 1322, Mikhail's son, 2280:, causing his troops to retreat. 2206:at the same time, killing Mongol 1941:in 1259 and 1260. His assault on 1934:, the Hungarian monarch, and the 1879:After Batu died in 1256, his son 1394:Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria 1003:in Russian chronicles and as the 13035: 11448:Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh 11092: 10560: 10557:, Supplementary Table 8, Row 82. 10545:, Supplementary Table 9, Row 17. 10533:, Supplementary Table 8, Row 81. 10521:, Supplementary Table 9, Row 16. 10427: 10415: 10403: 10391: 10379: 10368: 10339: 10333: 10321: 10309: 10297: 10278: 10211: 10198: 10181: 10154: 10111: 10093: 10067:. Nour Foundation. p. 212. 10054: 10041: 10028: 10001: 9988: 9662: 9625: 9566: 9549: 9266: 9229:"The Cresques Project – Panel V" 9221: 9194: 9185: 9146: 9091: 9018:Fennell, John (September 2022). 9011: 8977: 8952: 8665:. Penn State Press. p. 99. 7676:(1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 1–44. 7110: 6654: 6181: 6150: 6138: 6120: 6104: 6080: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5959: 5947: 5924: 5908: 5892: 5876: 5860: 5844: 5828: 5072: 5066: 4808: 4475:Principality of Novgorod-Seversk 3418: 3316: 2942:and main Asian polities, c. 1300 2811: 2655:, Talabuga stalled north of the 2331:inhabited by the descendants of 1789:, or he may have been poisoned. 1566:in the process, and subjugating 621: 607: 593: 579: 565: 551: 537: 523: 509: 484: 470: 456: 66: 13117:Related ethnic groups and clans 11827: 10576: 8927: 8885: 8850: 8734: 8679: 8652: 8639: 8612: 8561: 8528: 8509: 8484: 8403: 8358: 8333: 8240: 8231: 8218: 8176: 8137: 8107: 8080: 8053: 8026: 7984: 7934: 7905: 7896: 7883: 7870: 7837: 7637: 7612: 7594: 7543: 7488: 7465: 7436:Encyclopedia of Russian History 7361:The Cambridge History of Russia 7351: 7289:International Studies Quarterly 7089: 6048:The Mongol army captures a city 4708:who collected tribute known as 4545:and the Godunov clan of prince 3107: 2955:, his followers either fled to 2787: 1805:Routes taken by Mongol invaders 1450:, who became the leader of the 10911:. Cambridge University Press. 8256:. Kingston Press. p. 45. 7316: 7272: 7234: 7186: 7142: 7008:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 5548:. Their supreme ruler was the 5021:, organized an attack against 4754:became more common instead of 4728:, from which the Russian word 4573:During early Mongol rule, the 4348: 4122:'s followers eastwards to the 4094:One of Ulugh Muhammad's sons, 4002:as an independent khan of the 3994:By the 1440s, a descendant of 3653:. Soon after, another general 2442: 2141:Möngke ordered the Jochid and 1402:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 1071:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 651: 642: 13: 1: 12997:Timeline of the Mongol Empire 12694:Division of the Mongol Empire 10971:(in German). O. Harrassowitz. 10758:Halperin, Charles J. (1987). 10609:; John King Fairbank (eds.). 8857:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2008). 8695:The Cambridge History of Iran 7358:Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006). 7123: 7099:("people" or "patrimony") of 7057:History of the western steppe 7047:Division of the Mongol Empire 5932: 5916: 5900: 5884: 5868: 5852: 5836: 5796: 5318: 5047:Great Stand on the Ugra River 4222:Great Stand on the Ugra River 4152:Great Stand on the Ugra River 3901:Disintegration and succession 3843:, and some land in the lower 3793:Battle of the Kondurcha River 2594: 2532:, who was a Muslim. However, 2508:The Jochid vassal princes of 2086:Division of the Mongol Empire 1997:Division of the Mongol Empire 1809:With the assistance of Batu, 1648:establishes the Golden Horde. 1630: 1586:, was given his own enormous 953:, the khanate was called the 823:Great Stand on the Ugra River 717:division of the Mongol Empire 378:Great Stand on the Ugra River 131:(Western wing, later overall) 112:Division of the Mongol Empire 32:Golden Horde (disambiguation) 10879:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622 10753:, Cambridge University Press 10585:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 10245:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622 8521:Four Studies on Central Asia 7916:. In Abulafia, David (ed.). 7645:"History of Crimean Khanate" 7504:(2). Project MUSE: 431–441. 7032:Timeline of the Golden Horde 5978:Golden Horde raid at Kozelsk 5814:and the maternal haplogroup 5806:and the maternal haplogroup 5641: 5572:. The ministers were called 4799: 4440:, a title also used for the 4429:Galician–Volhynian Chronicle 4420: 4154:in 1480, miniature from the 3884:. Shadi Beg was replaced by 3447:(1342–1357), came to power. 3058:, which turned to the local 2989:He demanded that the Ilkhan 2392:exclusive trading rights in 2115:Berke–Hulagu war (1262–1266) 1960:Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) 1906:, who had been converted to 1637:Timeline of the Golden Horde 389:• Sack of Sarai by the 7: 11944:Manghit / Mangudai 10788:. New York: Burt Franklin. 8066:. Transworld. p. 229. 7414:Cuman-Kipchak confederation 7322:Fedorov-Davydov, German A. 7212:10.26577/JOS.2021.v97.i2.02 7199:Journal of Oriental Studies 6571:Mongolian People's Republic 6165: 6099:from 16th-century chronicle 5954:Golden Horde raid at Ryazan 5725: 5606:Despite Russian efforts at 5580: 5037:defeated the Tatars at the 4929:Battle of the Vorskla River 4821:to comply with Knowledge's 4778: 4463:Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 4451:Principality of Pereyaslavl 4212:defeated the Tatars at the 3833:Battle of the Vorskla River 1612: 968: 947: 889: 877: 859: 847:The name Golden Horde is a 778:and the territories of the 729:Cuman–Kipchak confederation 478:Cuman-Kipchak Confederation 10: 13324: 13278:Medieval history of Russia 12747: 12723:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 11041:(archived 10 January 2016) 11015:and Alexander Yakubovski, 10359:Davis, Richard L. (2016), 10140:. Routledge. p. 116. 10008:Bentley, Jerry H. (2008). 9994:Clifford Edmund Bosworth, 8568:Bentley, Jerry H. (2008). 5990:Golden Horde raid Vladimir 5940: 5821: 5645: 4682:likely disappeared as the 3676: 3524: 3521:Great Troubles (1359–1381) 3515: 3337:assuming the royal title ( 3321:appears next to the ruler. 3216:Andronikos III Palaiologos 3208:Andronikos III Palaiologos 3092:, the metropolitan of the 2440:in 1269, the Khan's great 2180:another traversed Khorasan 2134: 2079: 1707:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir 1682:and instead stayed at the 1634: 1391: 1335:Mongol invasion of Hungary 1034:Mongol origins (1225–1241) 956: 840: 766:in the west, and from the 363:• Disintegrated into 29: 13288:Former Islamic monarchies 13283:Nomadic groups in Eurasia 13228: 13173: 13116: 13043: 12994: 12905: 12824: 12757: 12753: 12742: 12686: 12635: 12538:(1223 / 1236–40) 12484: 12461: 12444:(1257 / 1284–88) 12414: 12339: 12284: 12273: 12253: 12144: 12090: 12067:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance 12002: 11998: 11975: 11890: 11837: 11833: 11822: 11742: 11702: 11456: 11328: 11249: 11150: 11100: 10908:Medieval Russia, 980–1584 10692:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 10651:Christian, David (2018), 10460:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 10167:. Routledge. p. 15. 8693:. In Boyle, J. A. (ed.). 8341:Din-II Successors (Boyle) 7433:Millar, James R. (2004). 5966:Golden Horde raid at Kiev 5935:1419–1421 or 1428–1432 AD 5648:Wings of the Golden Horde 4913:Battle of the Terek River 4602:The Mongols required the 4588: 4471:Principality of Chernigov 4243:(which possessed much of 3809:Battle of the Terek River 3645:deserted him and went to 3608:Battle of the Vozha River 3204:Andronikos II Palaiologos 2972:Andronikos II Palaiologos 2968:Byzantine-Mongol alliance 2804:General peace (1299–1312) 2489:Dual khanship (1281–1299) 2065:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 2046: 2041: 2015: 2010: 2005: 1418:amongst his four sons as 1398:Mongol invasion of Europe 1341: 1200: 1084: 883: 871: 852: 843:Wings of the Golden Horde 637: 435: 417: 409: 404: 400: 387: 374: 361: 343: 333: 329: 319: 309: 305: 293: 276: 264: 247: 230: 226: 216: 201: 163: 144: 121: 99: 87: 74:Flag during the reign of 63: 58: 46: 41: 13230:Origin is controversial. 11694:Successor states of the 11504:Qadeer Berdi Khan (1419) 11039:The Golden Horde coinage 10965:Spuler, Bertold (1943). 10812:. Taylor & Francis. 10398:Lkhagvasuren et al. 2016 10134:Ravil Bukharaev (2014). 9191:Ibn Battuta-, 2, 414 415 8933:Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza, 8150:. Helicon. p. 339. 8087:Saunders, J. J. (2001). 7914:"The Mongols and Europe" 7670:Journal of Asian History 7473: 7082: 6002:Golden Horde raid Suzdal 5851:Jani Beg's coin, dating 5835:Talabuga's coin, dating 5677:Venetian port cities in 5366:A change in trade routes 5059: 4869:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 4834:may contain suggestions. 4819:may need to be rewritten 4467:Principality of Smolensk 4285:Astrakhan Khanate (1466) 4241:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3952:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3575:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2770:on the orders of Toqta. 2500:Khan of the Golden Horde 2315:, but he died en route. 2266:Michael VIII Palaiologos 2175:soon broke out in 1262. 1897:grand prince of Vladimir 1871:Coinage of Berke, Qrim ( 1847:, Batu's son, who was a 1761:while Alexander went to 1751:grand prince of Vladimir 1714:chest, and head pieces. 12020:Invasions and conquests 11939:Paiza / Gerege 11490:Chokra Khan (1414–1417) 11486:Karim Berdi (1412–1414) 10749:Forsyth, James (1992), 10188:Jackson, Peter (1978). 10118:Encyclopædia Britannica 10049:History of Central Asia 9233:www.cresquesproject.net 8659:DeWeese, Devin (2010). 8619:Vásáry, István (2005). 8535:Grousset, René (1970). 8492:Mansuri-Zubdat al-Fikra 7941:Plokhy, Serhii (2006). 7912:Jackson, Peter (1995). 7550:Spinei, Victor (2009). 7394:Encyclopædia Britannica 7302:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 6919:History of Central Asia 5636:Russian Orthodox Church 5013:In the summer of 1470, 4604:Russian Orthodox Church 4569:Russian Orthodox Church 4142:Great Horde (1459–1502) 4010:Khanate of Kazan (1445) 3906:Khanate of Sibir (1405) 3268:Russian Orthodox Church 3113:Öz Beg Khan (1313–1341) 3094:Russian Orthodox Church 2512:contributed troops for 2478:Constantine of Bulgaria 2410:Euphrosyne Palaiologina 2319:Mengu-Timur (1266–1280) 1699:Yaroslav II of Vladimir 1500:Mongol invasion of Rus' 1143:Batu's raid in Ruthenia 980:, 'Qipchaq Steppe') or 902: 865: 836: 13268:1502 disestablishments 12677:(1260 / 1301) 12405:(1274 / 1281) 12072:Franco-Mongol alliance 11028:, Penguin Books, 1998. 10999:The Mongols and Russia 10905:Martin, Janet (2007). 10828:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz 10762:. Indiana University. 9153:Rowell, S. C. (2014). 8365:Curta, Florin (2006). 8237:GVNP, p. 13; Gramota#3 8144:Storey, R. L. (1994). 8033:Biran, Michal (2013). 7606:Encyclopedia Americana 7149:Zahler, Diane (2013). 5919:1367–1368 or 1369–1370 5768:Rashid al-Din Hamadani 5732:Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia 5608:proselytizing in Sarai 5597:congregational mosques 5578:. Local governors, or 5529: 5453:, and people from the 4856: 4704:with officials called 4684:grand prince of Moscow 4375: 4361: 4158: 4078:Crimean Khanate (1449) 3763:and reached as far as 3730:Siege of Moscow (1382) 3713: 3698: 3673:Tokhtamysh (1381–1395) 3540: 3477: 3436: 3322: 3264:Aleksandr Mikhailovich 3234: 3224:Basarab I of Wallachia 3136: 3036: 2966:Toqta established the 2734: 2578:to seek refuge in the 2525: 2501: 2426: 2335: 2252:appealed to Berke. An 2248:, his younger brother 2234: 2132: 1876: 1864: 1806: 1663: 1649: 1529: 1514:moved southwards into 1410:At his death in 1227, 1382:2nd invasion (1285–86) 1345:1st invasion (1241–42) 1276:3rd invasion (1287–88) 1257:2nd invasion (1259–60) 1204:1st invasion (1240–41) 992: 986: 982:Khanate of the Qipchaq 11561:Ahmed Khan bin Küchük 10354:in the United States. 10101:"Britannica Academic" 8183:Riha, Thomas (2009). 8115:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven 7556:. Brill. p. 38. 7539:on December 14, 2006. 7510:10.1353/kri.2007.0019 7072:List of Mongol states 6450:Northern Yuan dynasty 6306:Khamag Mongol Khanate 5658:Pontic–Caspian steppe 5527: 5520:Internal organization 5402:Geography and society 5382:began a war with the 5015:Ahmed Khan bin Küchük 4939:around 1405. His son 4905:Władysław II Jagiełło 4873:Battle of Blue Waters 4854: 4531:Theodore Rostislavich 4514:Orthodox Christianity 4367: 4356: 4345:to the Golden Horde. 4187:Ahmed Khan bin Küchük 4149: 4106:Kazakh Khanate (1458) 3851:around 1405. His son 3819:before turning back. 3738:Władysław II Jagiełło 3704: 3686: 3610:in 1378. Mamai hired 3587:Battle of Blue Waters 3534: 3487:Casimir III the Great 3475: 3409: 3299: 3291:Tver Uprising of 1327 3232: 3120: 3030: 2938:The divisions of the 2724: 2507: 2496: 2418: 2327:Regions in the lower 2326: 2228: 2122: 1870: 1862: 1804: 1731:Andrey II of Vladimir 1720:killed a Mongol envoy 1667:Batu Khan (1242–1256) 1655: 1644: 1574:, on the site of the 1524: 962:('realm of Jochi' in 841:Further information: 801:, the founder of the 782:dynasty known as the 674:, self-designated as 145:Common languages 12568:Serbia and Bulgaria 11729:Khanate of Astrakhan 11274:Abdullah (1362–1370) 11051:27 July 2011 at the 10567:Damgaard et al. 2018 10555:Damgaard et al. 2018 10543:Damgaard et al. 2018 10531:Damgaard et al. 2018 10519:Damgaard et al. 2018 10507:Damgaard et al. 2018 9657:Kołodziejczyk (2011) 7181:Kołodziejczyk (2011) 7037:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 5778:and Eastern Russian 5654:decimal organization 5652:The Mongols favored 5628:Mikhail of Chernigov 5622:(1312–1341) adopted 5496:to the mouth of the 5494:Carpathian mountains 5414:from the Sanchi'ud, 5313:class=notpageimage| 4455:Principality of Kiev 4434:Siege of Kiev (1240) 4319:Khanate of Astrakhan 4297:as the khans of the 4228:, the prince of the 4090:Qasim Khanate (1452) 3941:Uzbek Khanate (1428) 3679:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 3633:had set up court in 3439:Öz Beg's eldest son 3402:Jani Beg (1342–1357) 3014:yams (postal relays) 2657:Carpathian Mountains 2620:lived in modern-day 2574:in 1280, and forced 2244:was arrested in the 1716:Michael of Chernigov 1546:. In 1241, however, 700:), was originally a 13051:Tatar confederation 12815:Khagans of the Yuan 12544:Poland and Bohemia 12320:Khwarazmian Empire 12045:Society and economy 11242:Timur Khwaja (1361) 10870:2016PLoSO..1161622L 10776:1985 edition online 10736:; Frank, Allen J.; 10684:2018Natur.557..369D 10452:2018Natur.557..369D 10236:2016PLoSO..1161622L 10208:, 2001, pp. 262–302 9985:, pp. 277–287. 9970:, pp. 233–244. 9878:, pp. 113–115. 9799:, pp. 111–113. 9784:, pp. 107–109. 9760:, pp. 124–126. 9736:, pp. 118–119. 9527:, pp. 296–319. 9476:, pp. 284–287. 9182:, pp. 203–204. 9156:Lithuania Ascending 9088:, pp. 201–202. 9059:, pp. 200–201. 8315:, pp. 173–174. 8291:, pp. 172–173. 7889:Mukhamadiev, A. G. 7834:, pp. 123–124. 7798:, pp. 148–149. 6883:Colonization period 6822:Kara-Khanid Khanate 5638:from paying taxes. 5443:Finno-Ugric peoples 4984:Vasily II of Moscow 4339:Catherine the Great 4052:Vasily II of Moscow 3990:Nogai Horde (1440s) 3755:and sent envoys to 3747:in 1386 and seized 3485:. The Polish king, 3343:Boleslav of Mazovia 3239:Mikhail Yaroslavich 3050:seized the town of 2699:Mikhail Yaroslavich 2629:Dmitry of Pereslavl 2514:invasions of Europe 2352:Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq 2258:Kingdom of Bulgaria 734:After the death of 335:• Established 211:hereditary monarchy 13273:History of Siberia 12560:Holy Roman Empire 12015:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug 11289:Bulat Temir (1362) 11109:White Horde (East) 10047:Christoph Baumer, 9424:ed. Johann Voigt, 8060:Man, John (2012). 7282:(September 1997). 6426:Jalairid Sultanate 6075:'s invasion of Rus 5672:Vassal territories 5530: 5043:Ivan III of Russia 4968:Yury of Zvenigorod 4945:Battle of Grunwald 4903:in the next year. 4885:Battle of Kulikovo 4857: 4376: 4362: 4161:In 1435, the khan 4159: 4024:Yury of Zvenigorod 3857:Battle of Grunwald 3736:in the next year. 3714: 3699: 3661:By the 1380s, the 3624:Battle of Kulikovo 3569:, and Abdullah in 3541: 3537:Battle of Kulikovo 3478: 3437: 3323: 3272:Metropolitan Peter 3235: 3137: 3078:Andrey of Vladimir 3037: 2993:and his successor 2777:, the head of the 2768:Theodore Svetoslav 2735: 2690:and replaced with 2633:Andrey of Gorodets 2582:in 1292. In 1284, 2526: 2502: 2406:Orthodox Christian 2336: 2235: 2133: 2094:broke out between 1877: 1865: 1807: 1791:William of Rubruck 1664: 1650: 1607:Mongolian language 1530: 1022:), a historian of 776:Caucasus Mountains 13235: 13234: 13103:Astrakhan Khanate 13003: 13002: 12990: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12715:Kaidu–Kublai war 12707:Berke–Hulagu war 12699:Toluid Civil War 12480: 12479: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12052:House of Borjigin 11971: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11782: 11781: 11734:Khanate of Crimea 11661: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11574:destroyed by the 11556:Mahmud bin Küchük 11523: 11522: 11518: 11517: 11488:Kebek Khan (1414) 11407: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11315: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11301:Murad (1362–1364) 11202: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11106:Blue Horde (West) 10995:Vernadsky, George 10987:978-1-351-67631-1 10958:978-5-94981-254-9 10937:978-5-94981-254-9 10918:978-0-521-85916-5 10843:978-90-04-19190-7 10836:. Leiden: Brill. 10819:978-1-317-87898-8 10655:, Wiley Blackwell 10643:978-0-8160-4671-3 10636:. Facts On File. 10620:978-0-521-24331-5 10594:978-3-447-08610-3 10446:(7705): 369–374. 10422:Lkhagvasuren 2016 10410:Lkhagvasuren 2016 10386:Lkhagvasuren 2016 10328:Lkhagvasuren 2016 10316:Lkhagvasuren 2016 10304:Lkhagvasuren 2016 10285:Lkhagvasuren 2016 10074:978-0-19-727627-3 10021:978-0-07-340693-0 9929:, pp. 89–91. 9905:, pp. 50–51. 9562:978-5-906952-38-7 9488:, pp. 25–26. 9214:978-0-300-05167-4 9166:978-1-107-65876-9 9031:978-0-520-34758-8 8924:, "Golden Horde". 8908:978-0-8122-0107-9 8893:Allsen, Thomas T. 8870:978-0-521-85265-4 8704:978-0-521-06936-6 8672:978-0-271-04445-3 8645:Ptolemy of Lucca 8632:978-1-139-44408-8 8581:978-0-07-340693-0 8554:978-0-8135-1304-1 8384:978-0-521-81539-0 8263:978-0-940670-02-0 8196:978-0-226-71843-9 8157:978-0-09-178264-1 8130:978-0-521-52290-8 8100:978-0-8122-1766-7 8073:978-1-4464-8615-3 8046:978-1-136-80044-3 8007:978-1-59740-450-1 7954:978-0-511-24564-0 7927:978-0-521-36289-4 7630:978-5-8958-9005-9 7563:978-90-04-17536-5 7371:978-0-521-81227-6 7162:978-1-4677-0375-8 6999: 6998: 6964: 6963: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6908:Great game period 6902: 6901: 6894:Russian Turkestan 6864: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6812:Oghuz Yabgu State 6739: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6679:Oxus Civilization 6628: 6627: 6145:Mongol-Tatar raid 5745:mtDNA haplogroups 5564:prince of princes 5447:Sarmato-Scythians 5035:Stephen the Great 5027:Kingdom of Poland 4861:Kingdom of Poland 4849: 4848: 4823:quality standards 4785:Daniel of Galicia 4666:of Moscow, other 4505:Daniel of Galicia 4479:Novgorod Republic 4335:Khanate of Crimea 4321:in 1556, and the 4311:Tsardom of Russia 4305:Russian conquests 4299:Astrakhan Khanate 4291:Mahmud bin Küchük 4210:Stephen the Great 4202:Kingdom of Poland 4179:Mahmud bin Küchük 3823:Edigu (1395–1419) 3795:. Timur's allies 3573:. Meanwhile, the 3173:Al-Nasir Muhammad 2764:Chaka of Bulgaria 2438:Novgorod Republic 2077: 2076: 2072: 2071: 1883:was appointed by 1855:Berke (1258–1266) 1835:, and finally to 1703:Daniel of Galicia 1492:Crimean mountains 1488:Crimean peninsula 1389: 1388: 1301: 1300: 1192:Mongol invasions 1158: 1157: 949:Jami' al-tawarikh 668: 667: 633: 632: 629: 628: 547:Astrakhan Khanate 497: 496: 295:• 1481–1502 283:Mahmud bin Küchük 278:• 1459–1465 266:• 1379–1395 249:• 1242–1255 232:• 1226–1280 207:elective monarchy 16:(Redirected from 13315: 13083:Chagatai Khanate 13030: 13023: 13016: 13007: 13006: 12801: 12788: 12785:Töregene Khatun 12775: 12755: 12754: 12744: 12743: 12726: 12718: 12710: 12702: 12678: 12670: 12662: 12654: 12646: 12627: 12619: 12611: 12603: 12595: 12587: 12579: 12571: 12563: 12555: 12547: 12539: 12531: 12523: 12515: 12507: 12499: 12498: 12472: 12453: 12445: 12437: 12429: 12428: 12406: 12396: 12388: 12387: 12378: 12370: 12362: 12354: 12353: 12331: 12323: 12315: 12305: 12297: 12282: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12255: 12254: 12217:Shangdu (Xanadu) 12207:Sarai Batu/Berke 12112:Chagatai Khanate 12000: 11999: 11977: 11976: 11835: 11834: 11824: 11823: 11809: 11802: 11795: 11786: 11785: 11772:Khanate of Khiva 11757:Khanate of Sibir 11717:Khanate of Kazan 11688: 11681: 11674: 11665: 11664: 11459: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11331: 11330: 11326: 11325: 11303:Aziz (1365–1367) 11299:Keldi Beg (1362) 11252: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11153: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11127:Boragchin Khatun 11103: 11102: 11087: 11080: 11073: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11002: 10990: 10978:The Mongol World 10972: 10961: 10940: 10922: 10901: 10891: 10881: 10847: 10823: 10799: 10773: 10754: 10745: 10738:Golden, Peter B. 10734:Di Cosmo, Nicola 10728: 10726: 10724: 10703: 10656: 10647: 10635: 10624: 10598: 10570: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10471: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10377: 10372: 10366: 10363: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10265: 10247: 10215: 10209: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10131: 10120: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10058: 10052: 10045: 10039: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10005: 9999: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9942: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9891: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9867: 9861: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9818: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9710: 9704: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9608: 9602: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9570: 9564: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9528: 9522: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9422: 9413: 9407: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9359: 9353: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9246: 9237: 9236: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9198: 9192: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9123: 9117: 9108: 9107: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8994: 8993: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8741: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8709: 8708: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8656: 8650: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8542: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8463: 8457: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8372: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8244: 8238: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8011: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7894: 7887: 7881: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7686: 7685: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7647:. Archived from 7641: 7635: 7634: 7616: 7610: 7601:Edward L. Keenan 7598: 7592: 7591:, pp. 5–40. 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7531:May, T. (2001). 7528: 7522: 7521: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7430: 7419: 7418: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7333: 7327: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7214: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7167: 7166: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7117: 7114: 7108: 7093: 7052:Berke–Hulagu war 7022:Russo-Kazan Wars 6991: 6984: 6977: 6944: 6943: 6915: 6914: 6890: 6889: 6879: 6878: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6658: 6648: 6630: 6629: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6590: 6589: 6578: 6577: 6566: 6565: 6554: 6553: 6542: 6541: 6530: 6529: 6518: 6517: 6505: 6504: 6493: 6492: 6481: 6480: 6469: 6468: 6457: 6456: 6445: 6444: 6433: 6432: 6421: 6420: 6409: 6408: 6397: 6396: 6385: 6384: 6373: 6372: 6361: 6360: 6349: 6348: 6342:Chagatai Khanate 6337: 6336: 6325: 6324: 6313: 6312: 6301: 6300: 6289: 6288: 6277: 6276: 6265: 6264: 6253: 6252: 6185: 6170: 6169: 6154: 6142: 6132:Mongolian script 6124: 6108: 6084: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033:Chronicon Pictum 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5951: 5934: 5928: 5918: 5912: 5902: 5896: 5886: 5880: 5870: 5864: 5854: 5848: 5838: 5832: 5801: 5798: 5583: 5552:, chosen by the 5483:Kypchak language 5320: 5307: 5305: 5296: 5294: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5272: 5263: 5261: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5239: 5232: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5187: 5185: 5178: 5176: 5169: 5167: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5145: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5103: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5039:battle of Lipnic 4992:Khanate of Kazan 4844: 4841: 4835: 4812: 4804: 4693:standoff in 1480 4590: 4551:Time of Troubles 4369:Alexander Nevsky 4343:successor states 4323:Khanate of Sibir 4315:Khanate of Kazan 4230:Khanate of Sibir 4214:battle of Lipnic 4194:Abu'l-Khayr Khan 4120:Abu'l-Khayr Khan 4072:Khanate of Kazan 4064:Battle of Suzdal 4056:Battle of Belyov 3980:Abu'l-Khayr Khan 3928:Abu'l-Khayr Khan 3912:Khanate of Sibir 3639:Turkish language 3422: 3320: 3048:Daniel of Moscow 3033:Bulgarian Empire 3022:'Phags-pa script 2930: 2922: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2794:Chagatai Khanate 2791: 2790: 1299–1304 2789: 2599: 2596: 2580:Byzantine Empire 2510:Galicia-Volhynia 2448: 2447: 2434:Livonian Knights 2369:Mamluks of Egypt 2246:Byzantine Empire 2237:When the former 2212:Alexander Nevsky 2137:Berke–Hulagu war 2092:Toluid Civil War 2082:Toluid Civil War 2060:Kaidu–Kublai war 2055:Berke–Hulagu war 2050:Toluid Civil War 2034:Chagatai Khanate 2008: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1841:Livonian Knights 1735:Alexander Nevsky 1690:, a grandson of 1661:Karagandy Region 1624:Mamluk Sultanate 1617: 1336: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1305: 1304: 1195: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1162: 1161: 1079: 1072: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1021: 1018: 995: 989: 979: 971: 959: 958: 952: 934:History of Kazan 915:The appellation 907: 900:The Turkic word 892: 886: 885: 880: 874: 873: 868: 862: 856: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 659: 655: 649: 646: 625: 624: 617:Khanate of Kazan 611: 610: 597: 596: 589:Khanate of Sibir 583: 582: 569: 568: 555: 554: 541: 540: 527: 526: 513: 512: 501: 500: 488: 487: 474: 473: 460: 459: 453: 452: 437: 436: 324:Late Middle Ages 186:Tibetan Buddhism 92: 70: 48: 39: 38: 21: 13323: 13322: 13318: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13312: 13238: 13237: 13236: 13231: 13224: 13169: 13112: 13098:Crimean Khanate 13039: 13034: 13004: 12999: 12982: 12901: 12820: 12799: 12786: 12773: 12749: 12730: 12724: 12716: 12708: 12700: 12682: 12676: 12668: 12660: 12652: 12644: 12631: 12625: 12617: 12609: 12601: 12593: 12585: 12577: 12569: 12561: 12553: 12545: 12537: 12529: 12521: 12520:Volga Bulgaria 12513: 12505: 12496: 12494: 12476: 12470: 12457: 12451: 12443: 12435: 12426: 12424: 12410: 12404: 12394: 12385: 12383: 12376: 12375:Southern China 12368: 12360: 12359:Northern China 12351: 12349: 12335: 12329: 12321: 12313: 12303: 12295: 12269: 12268: 12241: 12140: 12117:House of Ögedei 12086: 12057:House of Ögedei 12025:Destructiveness 11994: 11993: 11963: 11900: 11886: 11829: 11818: 11813: 11783: 11778: 11738: 11698: 11692: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11581: 11576:Crimean Khanate 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11551:Küchük Muhammad 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11519: 11514: 11512: 11505: 11503: 11496: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11481: 11452: 11446: 11441: 11432: 11423: 11414: 11403: 11398: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11377: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11354: 11324: 11322: 11311: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11284: 11282: 11275: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11198: 11193: 11191: 11182: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11146: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11125: 11120: 11096: 11091: 11056: 11053:Wayback Machine 11035: 11009: 11007:Further reading 10988: 10959: 10938: 10919: 10864:(9): e0161622. 10844: 10820: 10796: 10770: 10722: 10720: 10676:Nature Research 10644: 10621: 10595: 10579: 10574: 10573: 10565: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10529: 10525: 10517: 10513: 10505: 10501: 10432: 10428: 10420: 10416: 10408: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10384: 10380: 10373: 10369: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10283: 10279: 10230:(9): e0161622. 10216: 10212: 10203: 10199: 10186: 10182: 10175: 10159: 10155: 10148: 10132: 10123: 10116: 10112: 10105:academic.eb.com 10099: 10098: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10075: 10059: 10055: 10046: 10042: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10006: 10002: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9974: 9966: 9962: 9954: 9945: 9937: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9913: 9909: 9901: 9894: 9886: 9882: 9874: 9870: 9862: 9839: 9831: 9827: 9819: 9815: 9809:Mirgaleyev 2017 9807: 9803: 9795: 9788: 9780: 9776: 9768: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9740: 9732: 9728: 9720: 9713: 9705: 9698: 9690: 9686: 9669:Nikolay Novikov 9667: 9663: 9655: 9651: 9642: 9640: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9618: 9611: 9603: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9571: 9567: 9554: 9550: 9542: 9531: 9523: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9460: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9423: 9416: 9408: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9369: 9362: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9327: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9283:(85): 521–522. 9271: 9267: 9259: 9255: 9247: 9240: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9215: 9199: 9195: 9190: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9167: 9151: 9147: 9139: 9126: 9118: 9111: 9096: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9072: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9016: 9012: 9004: 8997: 8982: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8957: 8953: 8947:Saunders (2001) 8945: 8941: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8890: 8886: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8804: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8727: 8712: 8705: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8657: 8653: 8644: 8640: 8633: 8617: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8533: 8529: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8489: 8485: 8477: 8466: 8458: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8245: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8223: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8197: 8181: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8008: 7989: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7888: 7884: 7875: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7689: 7666: 7659: 7653: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7617: 7613: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7548: 7544: 7529: 7525: 7493: 7489: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7431: 7422: 7401:Kipchak Khanate 7387: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7321: 7317: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7239: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7170: 7163: 7152:The Black Death 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7094: 7090: 7085: 7027:Tatar invasions 6995: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6941: 6933: 6932: 6876: 6866: 6865: 6751: 6741: 6740: 6668: 6646: 6639: 6624: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6547:Dzungar Khanate 6543: 6539: 6538: 6535:Khoshut Khanate 6531: 6527: 6526: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6378:Yarkent Khanate 6374: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6258:Khereid Khanate 6254: 6250: 6249: 6246:Mongol khanates 6241: 6173:History of the 6168: 6161: 6158:Mikhail of Tver 6155: 6146: 6143: 6134: 6125: 6116: 6109: 6100: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6061: 6058: 6049: 6046: 6037: 6024: 6015: 6012: 6003: 6000: 5991: 5988: 5979: 5976: 5967: 5964: 5955: 5952: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5920: 5913: 5904: 5897: 5888: 5881: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5849: 5840: 5833: 5824: 5799: 5793:Ulytau District 5728: 5699:the country of 5674: 5650: 5644: 5632:Mikhail of Tver 5522: 5404: 5368: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5054:Crimean Khanate 5017:, ruler of the 4988:Mäxmüd of Kazan 4877:Nizhny Novgorod 4845: 4839: 4836: 4826: 4813: 4802: 4781: 4631: 4571: 4423: 4351: 4307: 4287: 4279:Nikolay Novikov 4260:Crimean Khanate 4163:Küchük Muhammad 4144: 4118:led 200,000 of 4108: 4092: 4084:Desht-i Kipchak 4080: 4068:Mäxmüd of Kazan 4012: 3992: 3943: 3908: 3903: 3825: 3726:Nizhny Novgorod 3681: 3675: 3596:Nizhny Novgorod 3529: 3523: 3518: 3404: 3177:Sultan of Egypt 3115: 3110: 3082:Mikhail of Tver 3071:Moskovsky Uyezd 2945: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2806: 2786: 2779:House of Ögedei 2708:northern Russia 2669:attacked Poland 2649:invaded Hungary 2606:Stefan Dečanski 2597: 2576:George Terter I 2564:Michael Asen II 2551:. According to 2491: 2321: 2289:Chagatayid Khan 2264:. Nogai forced 2216:Vladimir-Suzdal 2139: 2129:battle of Terek 2117: 2088: 2080:Main articles: 2078: 2073: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1962: 1857: 1747:Töregene Khatun 1671:When the Great 1669: 1639: 1633: 1408: 1392:Main articles: 1390: 1385: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1302: 1297: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1159: 1154: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1036: 1019: 969:Dasht-i-Qipchaq 845: 839: 827:Crimean Khanate 721:Kipchak Khanate 693: 690: 687: 684: 664: 663: 662: 656: 652: 647: 643: 622: 608: 594: 580: 575:Crimean Khanate 566: 552: 538: 533:Genoese Gazaria 524: 510: 485: 471: 457: 393: 391:Crimean Khanate 380: 367: 354: 336: 296: 279: 267: 250: 233: 197: 140: 117: 114:(until 1313/68) 95: 83: 72: 71: 54: 50: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13321: 13311: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13233: 13232: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13210: 13188: 13183: 13177: 13175: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13088:Timurid Empire 13085: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13068: 13066:Kazakh Khanate 13063: 13058: 13053: 13047: 13045: 13041: 13040: 13033: 13032: 13025: 13018: 13010: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12909: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12828: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12818: 12808: 12803: 12798:Oghul Qaimish 12795: 12790: 12782: 12777: 12769: 12763: 12761: 12751: 12750: 12740: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12729: 12728: 12720: 12712: 12704: 12696: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12672: 12664: 12656: 12648: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12629: 12621: 12613: 12605: 12597: 12589: 12581: 12573: 12565: 12557: 12549: 12541: 12533: 12525: 12517: 12509: 12501: 12490: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12455: 12447: 12439: 12431: 12420: 12418: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12399: 12398: 12390: 12380: 12372: 12364: 12356: 12345: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12333: 12325: 12317: 12309: 12308: 12307: 12290: 12288: 12279: 12271: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12259: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12148: 12146: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12138: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12096: 12094: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12062:Mongol Armenia 12059: 12054: 12048: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12006: 12004: 11996: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11988: 11985: 11981: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11843: 11841: 11831: 11830: 11820: 11819: 11812: 11811: 11804: 11797: 11789: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11764: 11762:Kazakh Khanate 11759: 11754: 11748: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11714: 11708: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11691: 11690: 11683: 11676: 11668: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11617:Mubarak Khwaja 11584: 11582: 11580: 11579: 11541:Ulugh Muhammad 11527:Ulugh Muhammad 11524: 11521: 11520: 11516: 11515: 11484: 11482: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11457: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11400: 11399: 11380: 11378: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11337: 11329: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11308: 11307: 11297: 11295: 11287: 11285: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11261:Volga Bulgaria 11258: 11250: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11195: 11194: 11185: 11183: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11157: 11151: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11090: 11089: 11082: 11075: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11042: 11034: 11033:External links 11031: 11030: 11029: 11019: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11003: 10991: 10986: 10973: 10962: 10957: 10945:Spinei, Victor 10941: 10936: 10923: 10917: 10902: 10848: 10842: 10824: 10818: 10804:Jackson, Peter 10800: 10794: 10779: 10768: 10755: 10746: 10729: 10657: 10648: 10642: 10625: 10619: 10607:Herbert Franke 10603:Allsen, Thomas 10599: 10593: 10578: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10559: 10547: 10535: 10523: 10511: 10499: 10426: 10414: 10402: 10390: 10378: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10332: 10320: 10308: 10296: 10277: 10210: 10197: 10180: 10173: 10153: 10146: 10121: 10110: 10092: 10090:, p. 111. 10080: 10073: 10053: 10040: 10027: 10020: 10000: 9987: 9983:Vernadsky 1953 9972: 9968:Vernadsky 1953 9960: 9958:, p. 477. 9943: 9931: 9919: 9907: 9892: 9880: 9868: 9866:, p. 476. 9837: 9825: 9823:, p. 405. 9813: 9811:, p. 347. 9801: 9786: 9774: 9772:, p. 222. 9770:Vernadsky 1953 9762: 9750: 9748:, p. 125. 9738: 9726: 9711: 9709:, p. 214. 9707:Vernadsky 1953 9696: 9694:, p. 253. 9684: 9661: 9649: 9624: 9622:, p. 332. 9620:Vernadsky 1953 9609: 9607:, p. 330. 9605:Vernadsky 1953 9594: 9590:Christian 2018 9582: 9565: 9548: 9546:, p. 329. 9544:Vernadsky 1953 9529: 9525:Vernadsky 1953 9514: 9512:, p. 242. 9502: 9500:, p. 293. 9498:Vernadsky 1953 9490: 9478: 9474:Vernadsky 1953 9466: 9464:, p. 282. 9462:Vernadsky 1953 9454: 9452:, p. 287. 9450:Howorth (1880) 9442: 9440:, p. 277. 9438:Vernadsky 1953 9430: 9414: 9412:, p. 407. 9399: 9397:, p. 267. 9395:Vernadsky 1953 9387: 9385:, p. 250. 9383:Vernadsky 1953 9375: 9373:, p. 247. 9371:Vernadsky 1953 9360: 9358:, p. 258. 9356:Vernadsky 1953 9345: 9343:, p. 480. 9333: 9331:, p. 246. 9329:Vernadsky 1953 9318: 9316:, p. 208. 9314:Vernadsky 1953 9306: 9304:, p. 211. 9302:Jackson (2014) 9294: 9265: 9263:, p. 205. 9261:Vernadsky 1953 9253: 9251:, p. 204. 9249:Vernadsky 1953 9238: 9220: 9213: 9193: 9184: 9180:Vernadsky 1953 9172: 9165: 9145: 9143:, p. 203. 9141:Vernadsky 1953 9124: 9122:, p. 202. 9120:Vernadsky 1953 9109: 9090: 9086:Vernadsky 1953 9078: 9076:, p. 201. 9074:Vernadsky 1953 9061: 9057:Vernadsky 1953 9049: 9047:, p. 199. 9045:Vernadsky 1953 9037: 9030: 9010: 9008:, p. 200. 9006:Vernadsky 1953 8995: 8976: 8974:, p. 175. 8964: 8951: 8939: 8926: 8914: 8907: 8884: 8869: 8849: 8847:, p. 197. 8845:Vernadsky 1953 8834: 8830:Vernadsky 1953 8822: 8820:, p. 196. 8818:Vernadsky 1953 8810: 8808:, p. 195. 8806:Vernadsky 1953 8793: 8791:, p. 194. 8789:Vernadsky 1953 8781: 8779:, p. 191. 8777:Vernadsky 1953 8769: 8757: 8755:, p. 204. 8753:Jackson (2014) 8742: 8733: 8731:, p. 193. 8729:Vernadsky 1953 8710: 8703: 8678: 8671: 8651: 8638: 8631: 8611: 8609:, p. 190. 8607:Vernadsky 1953 8599: 8597:, p. 189. 8595:Vernadsky 1953 8587: 8580: 8560: 8553: 8527: 8517:Barthold, V.V. 8508: 8496: 8483: 8481:, p. 186. 8479:Vernadsky 1953 8464: 8462:, p. 185. 8460:Vernadsky 1953 8439: 8437:, p. 178. 8435:Vernadsky 1953 8427: 8425:, p. 177. 8423:Vernadsky 1953 8415: 8402: 8400:, p. 130. 8398:Howorth (1880) 8390: 8383: 8357: 8345: 8332: 8330:, p. 174. 8328:Vernadsky 1953 8317: 8313:Vernadsky 1953 8305: 8303:, p. 173. 8301:Vernadsky 1953 8293: 8289:Vernadsky 1953 8281: 8279:, p. 172. 8277:Vernadsky 1953 8269: 8262: 8239: 8230: 8217: 8215:, p. 169. 8213:Vernadsky 1953 8205: 8195: 8175: 8163: 8156: 8136: 8129: 8106: 8099: 8079: 8072: 8052: 8045: 8025: 8021:Howorth (1880) 8013: 8006: 7983: 7981:, p. 163. 7979:Vernadsky 1953 7971: 7953: 7933: 7926: 7904: 7895: 7882: 7869: 7867:, p. 153. 7865:Vernadsky 1953 7857: 7855:, p. 202. 7853:Jackson (2014) 7845: 7836: 7832:Jackson (2014) 7824: 7822:, p. 151. 7820:Vernadsky 1953 7812: 7810:, p. 150. 7808:Vernadsky 1953 7800: 7796:Vernadsky 1953 7788: 7776: 7764: 7762:, p. 213. 7752: 7750:, p. 147. 7748:Vernadsky 1953 7740: 7738:, p. 152. 7728: 7726:, p. 143. 7724:Vernadsky 1953 7716: 7714:, p. 479. 7704: 7702:, p. 146. 7700:Vernadsky 1953 7687: 7657: 7651:on 2009-01-06. 7636: 7629: 7611: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7562: 7542: 7523: 7487: 7464: 7462:, p. 201. 7452: 7445: 7420: 7389:"Golden Horde" 7377: 7370: 7350: 7328: 7315: 7280:Rein Taagepera 7271: 7233: 7185: 7168: 7161: 7141: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7109: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7042:Volga Bulgaria 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7005: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6947: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6911: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6886: 6885: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6651: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6561: 6559:Bogd Khaganate 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6523:Kalmyk Khanate 6520: 6513: 6507: 6500: 6498:Arghun dynasty 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6462:Timurid Empire 6459: 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6368: 6366:Turpan Khanate 6363: 6356: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6294:Naiman Khanate 6291: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6270:Merkit Khanate 6267: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6187: 6186: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6101: 6086: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6040: 6038: 6030:, detail from 6025: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5795:in Kazakhstan 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5673: 5670: 5666:Volga Bulgaria 5643: 5640: 5618:beliefs until 5544:, Sicivut and 5521: 5518: 5403: 5400: 5367: 5364: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5058: 4960:Ulugh Muhammad 4949:Teutonic Order 4889:Dmitry Donskoy 4847: 4846: 4816: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4780: 4777: 4630: 4629:Administration 4627: 4570: 4567: 4535:Yury of Moscow 4422: 4419: 4350: 4347: 4327:Crimean Tatars 4313:conquered the 4306: 4303: 4286: 4283: 4264:Ottoman Empire 4143: 4140: 4136:Kazakh Khanate 4107: 4104: 4091: 4088: 4079: 4076: 4011: 4008: 3991: 3988: 3982:, founded the 3947:Ulugh Muhammad 3942: 3939: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3861:Teutonic Order 3824: 3821: 3674: 3671: 3604:Dmitry Donskoy 3567:Volga Bulgaria 3527:Great Troubles 3525:Main article: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3431:, Lord of the 3403: 3400: 3387:Pope John XXII 3243:Yury of Moscow 3145:state religion 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3086:Yury of Moscow 3041:besieged Caffa 2976:idol-worshiper 2934: 2933: 2925: 2859:(Yuan dynasty) 2817: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2602:Stefan Milutin 2490: 2487: 2382:Russian clergy 2320: 2317: 2262:Constantinople 2135:Main article: 2116: 2113: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1947:Teutonic Order 1856: 1853: 1783:natural causes 1668: 1665: 1632: 1629: 1620:Cuman language 1592:Ural Mountains 1527:Battle of Mohi 1468:Volga Bulgaria 1464:then moving on 1387: 1386: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1316: 1308: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1165: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1098: 1095:Voronezh River 1092: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1050: 1042: 1035: 1032: 895:transliterated 849:partial calque 838: 835: 831:Kazakh Khanate 803:Timurid Empire 791:Great Troubles 756:Eastern Europe 698:Kipchak Turkic 666: 665: 661: 660: 650: 640: 639: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 627: 626: 619: 613: 612: 605: 599: 598: 591: 585: 584: 577: 571: 570: 563: 561:Kazakh Khanate 557: 556: 549: 543: 542: 535: 529: 528: 521: 515: 514: 507: 498: 495: 494: 492:Volga Bulgaria 489: 481: 480: 475: 467: 466: 461: 449: 448: 443: 433: 432: 419: 415: 414: 411: 407: 406: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 388: 385: 384: 381: 375: 372: 371: 368: 362: 359: 358: 355: 344: 341: 340: 337: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 320:Historical era 317: 316: 311: 307: 306: 303: 302: 297: 294: 291: 290: 280: 277: 274: 273: 268: 265: 262: 261: 251: 248: 245: 244: 234: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 220: 214: 213: 203: 199: 198: 196: 195: 189: 183: 178: 173: 167: 165: 161: 160: 159: 158: 156:Kipchak Turkic 153: 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 137:(Eastern wing) 132: 125: 123: 119: 118: 116: 115: 109: 107:Nomadic empire 103: 101: 97: 96: 93: 85: 84: 73: 65: 64: 61: 60: 56: 55: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13320: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13298:Mongol states 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13227: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13215: 13211: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13178: 13176: 13172: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13155:Mughal people 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13109: 13108:Kazan Khanate 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13093:Mughal Empire 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13077: 13074: 13073: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13061:Uzbek Khanate 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13048: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13031: 13026: 13024: 13019: 13017: 13012: 13011: 13008: 12998: 12993: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12867:Chagatai Khan 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12816: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12745: 12741: 12727: 12721: 12719: 12713: 12711: 12705: 12703: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12689: 12685: 12679: 12673: 12671: 12665: 12663: 12657: 12655: 12649: 12647: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12634: 12628: 12622: 12620: 12614: 12612: 12606: 12604: 12598: 12596: 12590: 12588: 12582: 12580: 12576:Latin Empire 12574: 12572: 12566: 12564: 12558: 12556: 12550: 12548: 12542: 12540: 12534: 12532: 12526: 12524: 12518: 12516: 12510: 12508: 12502: 12500: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12483: 12473: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12454: 12448: 12446: 12440: 12438: 12432: 12430: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12391: 12389: 12381: 12379: 12373: 12371: 12365: 12363: 12357: 12355: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12318: 12316: 12310: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12298: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12283: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12143: 12137: 12134: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12122: 12118: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12110: 12106: 12105:Northern Yuan 12103: 12102: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12030:Imperial Seal 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11924: 11923:Pax Mongolica 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11816:Mongol Empire 11810: 11805: 11803: 11798: 11796: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11767:Uzbek Khanate 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11722:Qasim Khanate 11720: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11689: 11684: 11682: 11677: 11675: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11649: 11648: 11645:destroyed by 11643: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11577: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11546:Sayid Ahmad I 11542: 11537: 11532: 11529:, Kepek, and 11528: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11501: 11500: 11494: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11451: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11435: 11430: 11426: 11421: 11420:Temür Qutlugh 11417: 11412: 11397: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11305: 11296: 11293: 11286: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11271: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11248: 11244: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11192: 11189: 11184: 11181: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11162: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11099: 11095: 11088: 11083: 11081: 11076: 11074: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10983: 10979: 10974: 10970: 10969: 10963: 10960: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10933: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10845: 10839: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10795:9780265306338 10791: 10787: 10786: 10780: 10777: 10771: 10769:9781850430575 10765: 10761: 10756: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10730: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10654: 10649: 10645: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10590: 10586: 10581: 10580: 10568: 10563: 10556: 10551: 10544: 10539: 10532: 10527: 10520: 10515: 10508: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10418: 10411: 10406: 10399: 10394: 10387: 10382: 10376: 10371: 10362: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352:public domain 10347: 10336: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10312: 10305: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10201: 10193: 10192: 10184: 10176: 10174:9781136814655 10170: 10166: 10165: 10157: 10149: 10147:9781136808005 10143: 10139: 10138: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10119: 10114: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10089: 10088:Halperin 1987 10084: 10076: 10070: 10066: 10065: 10057: 10050: 10044: 10037: 10031: 10023: 10017: 10013: 10012: 10004: 9997: 9991: 9984: 9979: 9977: 9969: 9964: 9957: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9941:, p. 93. 9940: 9939:Halperin 1987 9935: 9928: 9927:Halperin 1987 9923: 9916: 9911: 9904: 9903:Halperin 1987 9899: 9897: 9890:, p. 50. 9889: 9888:Halperin 1987 9884: 9877: 9876:Halperin 1987 9872: 9865: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9834: 9829: 9822: 9817: 9810: 9805: 9798: 9797:Halperin 1987 9793: 9791: 9783: 9782:Halperin 1987 9778: 9771: 9766: 9759: 9758:Halperin 1987 9754: 9747: 9746:Halperin 1987 9742: 9735: 9734:Halperin 1987 9730: 9724:, p. 91. 9723: 9722:Halperin 1987 9718: 9716: 9708: 9703: 9701: 9693: 9688: 9682: 9681:9785458063685 9678: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9659:, p. 66. 9658: 9653: 9639:on 2009-01-18 9638: 9634: 9628: 9621: 9616: 9614: 9606: 9601: 9599: 9592:, p. 63. 9591: 9586: 9580: 9579:5-89221-075-8 9576: 9569: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9526: 9521: 9519: 9511: 9506: 9499: 9494: 9487: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9463: 9458: 9451: 9446: 9439: 9434: 9427: 9421: 9419: 9411: 9410:Grousset 1970 9406: 9404: 9396: 9391: 9384: 9379: 9372: 9367: 9365: 9357: 9352: 9350: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9325: 9323: 9315: 9310: 9303: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9269: 9262: 9257: 9250: 9245: 9243: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9216: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9197: 9188: 9181: 9176: 9168: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9149: 9142: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9058: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9014: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8972:Martin (2007) 8968: 8962:, pp. 293–295 8961: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8936: 8930: 8923: 8922:Atwood (2004) 8918: 8910: 8904: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8861: 8853: 8846: 8841: 8839: 8831: 8826: 8819: 8814: 8807: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8790: 8785: 8778: 8773: 8767:, p. 84. 8766: 8765:Spuler (1943) 8761: 8754: 8749: 8747: 8737: 8730: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8674: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8655: 8648: 8642: 8634: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8615: 8608: 8603: 8596: 8591: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8564: 8556: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8540: 8531: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8506:, p. 78. 8505: 8504:Spuler (1943) 8500: 8493: 8487: 8480: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8436: 8431: 8424: 8419: 8412: 8406: 8399: 8394: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8370: 8361: 8355:, p. 21. 8354: 8353:Allsen (1985) 8349: 8342: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8322: 8314: 8309: 8302: 8297: 8290: 8285: 8278: 8273: 8265: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8243: 8234: 8227: 8224:Anton Cooper 8221: 8214: 8209: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8179: 8172: 8167: 8159: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8140: 8132: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8102: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8083: 8075: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8056: 8048: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8009: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7908: 7899: 7892: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7849: 7840: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7797: 7792: 7786:, p. 48. 7785: 7780: 7773: 7768: 7761: 7760:Atwood (2004) 7756: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7736:Martin (2007) 7732: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7662: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7590: 7589:Allsen (1985) 7585: 7579:, p. 41. 7578: 7577:Atwood (2004) 7573: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7476: 7468: 7461: 7460:Atwood (2004) 7456: 7448: 7446:9780028656939 7442: 7438: 7437: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7354: 7338: 7332: 7325: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7145: 7139:, p. 78. 7138: 7137:Halperin 1987 7133: 7129: 7113: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7088: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6936: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6843: 6842:Mongol Empire 6840: 6839: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6803: 6802:Kimek Khanate 6800: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6609: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6584: 6581: 6572: 6569: 6560: 6557: 6548: 6545: 6536: 6533: 6524: 6521: 6511: 6510:Mughal Empire 6508: 6499: 6496: 6487: 6484: 6475: 6472: 6463: 6460: 6451: 6448: 6439: 6436: 6427: 6424: 6415: 6412: 6403: 6400: 6391: 6388: 6379: 6376: 6367: 6364: 6355: 6352: 6343: 6340: 6331: 6328: 6319: 6318:Mongol Empire 6316: 6307: 6304: 6295: 6292: 6283: 6282:Tatar Khanate 6280: 6271: 6268: 6259: 6256: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6228:Proto-Mongols 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6159: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5927: 5922: 5911: 5906: 5895: 5890: 5879: 5874: 5863: 5858: 5847: 5842: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5812:haplogroup R1 5809: 5805: 5804:haplogroup C3 5794: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5720: 5719:Russian lands 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5692:the banks of 5691: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5526: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5506:Lake Balkhash 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5467:Volga Bulgars 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5314: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5293: 5284: 5273: 5262: 5251: 5240: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5168: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5126: 5117: 5104: 5095: 5084: 5075: 5069: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5003:Qasim Khanate 5000: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4978:on the upper 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4843: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4817:This article 4815: 4811: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4720:, and money, 4719: 4716:, treasurer, 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4407:Crimean Goths 4404: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4371:and a Mongol 4370: 4366: 4360: 4355: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4325:in 1582. The 4324: 4320: 4317:in 1552, the 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4100:Qasim Khanate 4097: 4087: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042:on the upper 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032:Sayid Ahmad I 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3984:Uzbek Khanate 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797:Temür Qutlugh 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3415:Catalan Atlas 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126:ordo (palace) 3123: 3119: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3098:Rashid al-Din 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010:Temür Öljeytü 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2940:Mongol Empire 2936: 2929: 2921: 2910: 2901: 2890: 2881: 2870: 2861: 2844: 2835: 2824: 2814: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2618:Turco-Mongols 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468:north of the 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2439: 2436:attacked the 2435: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2239:Seljuk Sultan 2232: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2169:Transcaucasus 2166: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1796:Oghul Qaimish 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1692:Chagatai Khan 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1600:Irtysh Rivers 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:Crimean Tatar 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:Mongol Empire 1413: 1407: 1406:Mongol Empire 1403: 1399: 1395: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1073: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1014: 1013:Ötemish Hajji 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 994: 988: 983: 975: 970: 965: 961: 951: 950: 944: 940: 936: 935: 928: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 906: 905: 898: 896: 891: 879: 867: 861: 860:Zolotáya Ordá 855: 850: 844: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 725:Ulus of Jochi 722: 718: 714: 713:Mongol Empire 710: 707: 703: 699: 679: 678: 673: 654: 645: 641: 636: 620: 618: 615: 614: 606: 604: 601: 600: 592: 590: 587: 586: 578: 576: 573: 572: 564: 562: 559: 558: 550: 548: 545: 544: 536: 534: 531: 530: 522: 520: 519:Qasim Khanate 517: 516: 508: 506: 505:Uzbek Khanate 503: 502: 499: 493: 490: 483: 482: 479: 476: 469: 468: 465: 464:Mongol Empire 462: 455: 454: 451: 450: 447: 444: 442: 439: 438: 434: 431: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 399: 395: 392: 386: 382: 379: 373: 369: 366: 360: 356: 352: 348: 342: 338: 332: 328: 325: 322: 318: 315: 312: 308: 304: 301: 298: 292: 288: 284: 281: 275: 272: 269: 263: 259: 255: 252: 246: 242: 238: 235: 229: 225: 221: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 200: 193: 190: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 166: 162: 157: 154: 152: 151:Middle Mongol 149: 148: 147: 143: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 102: 98: 91: 86: 81: 77: 69: 62: 57: 53: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Ulus of Jochi 13248:Golden Horde 13213: 13160:Aimaq people 13076:Budjak Horde 13056:Golden Horde 13055: 13037:Turco-Mongol 12767:Genghis Khan 12536:Kievan Rus' 12514:(1237–1300s) 12506:(1237–1300s) 12350:Western Xia 12312:Qara Khitai 12145:Major cities 12124:Golden Horde 12123: 12100:Yuan dynasty 11987:Organization 11921: 11872:Khong Tayiji 11696:Golden Horde 11695: 11644: 11585: 11573: 11566:Sheikh Ahmed 11531:Dawlat Berdi 11525: 11506: 11497: 11485: 11479:(1414–1419) 11475: 11450:(1411–1412) 11442: 11433: 11424: 11415: 11409: 11381: 11369: 11362: 11355: 11348: 11347: 11317: 11298: 11288: 11276: 11273: 11240:Khidr (1361) 11204: 11186: 11165: 11126: 11115: 11094:Golden Horde 11093: 11057:(in Russian) 11045:Golden Horde 11025: 11022:Sheila Paine 11016: 11013:Boris Grekov 10998: 10977: 10967: 10948: 10927: 10907: 10861: 10857: 10832: 10808: 10784: 10759: 10750: 10741: 10721:. Retrieved 10701:1887/3202709 10671: 10665: 10652: 10631: 10610: 10584: 10577:Bibliography 10562: 10550: 10538: 10526: 10514: 10502: 10469:1887/3202709 10443: 10439: 10429: 10417: 10405: 10393: 10381: 10370: 10360: 10349: 10345: 10335: 10323: 10311: 10299: 10292: 10288: 10280: 10227: 10223: 10213: 10205: 10200: 10190: 10183: 10163: 10156: 10136: 10117: 10113: 10104: 10095: 10083: 10063: 10056: 10048: 10043: 10035: 10030: 10010: 10003: 9995: 9990: 9963: 9934: 9922: 9910: 9883: 9871: 9828: 9816: 9804: 9777: 9765: 9753: 9741: 9729: 9687: 9664: 9652: 9641:. Retrieved 9637:the original 9627: 9585: 9568: 9551: 9505: 9493: 9486:Forsyth 1992 9481: 9469: 9457: 9445: 9433: 9425: 9390: 9378: 9336: 9309: 9297: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9256: 9232: 9223: 9203: 9196: 9187: 9175: 9155: 9148: 9103: 9093: 9081: 9052: 9040: 9020: 9013: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8967: 8959: 8954: 8942: 8934: 8929: 8917: 8897: 8887: 8859: 8852: 8825: 8813: 8784: 8772: 8760: 8736: 8694: 8687:Boyle, J. A. 8681: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8641: 8621: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8570: 8563: 8538: 8530: 8520: 8511: 8499: 8491: 8486: 8430: 8418: 8410: 8405: 8393: 8368: 8360: 8348: 8340: 8335: 8308: 8296: 8284: 8272: 8252: 8242: 8233: 8225: 8220: 8208: 8200: 8185: 8178: 8166: 8146: 8139: 8119: 8109: 8089: 8082: 8062: 8055: 8035: 8028: 8016: 7996: 7992:Barthold, W. 7986: 7974: 7966: 7943: 7936: 7917: 7907: 7898: 7890: 7885: 7877: 7872: 7860: 7848: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7803: 7791: 7779: 7767: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7719: 7707: 7673: 7669: 7654:(in English) 7649:the original 7639: 7620: 7614: 7604: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7552: 7545: 7537:the original 7526: 7501: 7497: 7490: 7479:. Retrieved 7467: 7455: 7435: 7400: 7399:Also called 7398: 7392: 7360: 7353: 7341:. Retrieved 7331: 7318: 7293: 7287: 7274: 7264:12 September 7262:. Retrieved 7250: 7246: 7236: 7224:. Retrieved 7205:(2): 17–25. 7202: 7198: 7188: 7183:, p. 4. 7151: 7144: 7132: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7012: 6852:Golden Horde 6851: 6772:Hephthalites 6647:Central Asia 6588:1992-present 6390:Golden Horde 6389: 6330:Yuan dynasty 6087:The sack of 6031: 5855:1342–1357 AD 5839:1287–1291 AD 5786: 5784: 5772: 5760:Shatuo Turks 5756: 5729: 5651: 5605: 5586: 5573: 5567: 5553: 5534:Mongol clans 5531: 5516:and Moscow. 5498:Danube River 5487: 5481:adopted the 5474: 5471:Khwarezmians 5432: 5405: 5369: 5358:against the 5326: 5302: 5291: 5153: 5102:GOLDEN HORDE 5100: 5051: 5012: 4996: 4972:Vasily Kosoy 4953: 4947:against the 4941:Jalal al-Din 4858: 4840:October 2020 4837: 4828:You can help 4818: 4782: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4679: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4620: 4613:Genghis Khan 4601: 4596: 4592: 4581:baskachestvo 4580: 4574: 4572: 4528: 4517: 4501: 4492: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4424: 4377: 4308: 4289:After 1466, 4288: 4276: 4268:Sheikh Ahmed 4257: 4238: 4176: 4160: 4128:Esen Buqa II 4112:Janibek Khan 4109: 4093: 4081: 4028:Vasily Kosoy 4016:Hacı I Giray 4013: 3993: 3964:Dawlat Berdi 3944: 3909: 3865: 3859:against the 3853:Jalal al-Din 3826: 3742: 3721:defeated him 3715: 3660: 3628: 3564: 3558:(5th son of 3542: 3510:Shaikh Uvais 3491: 3479: 3460: 3449: 3438: 3372: 3368:Dmytro Dedko 3338: 3324: 3315:". The flag 3308: 3303:in the 1339 3276: 3236: 3219: 3197: 3181: 3166: 3138: 3108:Islamization 3101: 3075: 3059: 3045: 3038: 3007: 2988: 2965: 2946: 2842:GOLDEN HORDE 2840: 2772: 2736: 2696: 2673: 2642: 2626: 2561: 2545:Yuan dynasty 2538: 2527: 2463: 2446:(darughachi) 2427: 2419: 2380:) to exempt 2375: 2373: 2337: 2282: 2236: 2177: 2165:Al-Musta'sim 2155: 2140: 2089: 2029:Golden Horde 2028: 2019:Yuan dynasty 1955: 1912: 1901: 1878: 1829: 1808: 1775:Sorghaghtani 1767: 1724: 1696: 1670: 1604: 1590:east of the 1587: 1550:died in the 1533: 1531: 1414:divided the 1412:Genghis Khan 1409: 1380: 1343: 1274: 1273: 1255: 1254: 1202: 1151: (1240) 1145: (1240) 1139: (1239) 1133: (1238) 1127: (1238) 1121: (1238) 1115: (1238) 1109: (1238) 1103: (1237) 1097: (1237) 1091: (1223) 1004: 1000: 998: 981: 954: 932: 929: 916: 914: 909: 899: 897:to 'Horde'. 854:Золотая Орда 846: 788: 754:to parts of 752:Central Asia 733: 724: 720: 676: 675: 672:Golden Horde 671: 669: 653: 644: 446:Succeeded by 445: 440: 300:Sheikh Ahmed 188:(1240s–1313) 181:Nestorianism 78:as shown in 51: 36: 13071:Nogai Horde 12842:Sartaq Khan 12811:Kublai Khan 12806:Möngke Khan 12780:Ögedei Khan 12759:Great Khans 12725:(1314–1318) 12717:(1268–1301) 12669:(1260–1323) 12653:(1253–1256) 12636:Middle East 12530:(1238–1239) 12471:(1221–1327) 12330:(1219–1256) 12322:(1219–1221) 12304:(1264–1308) 12296:(1207-1308) 12162:Azov (Azaq) 11828:Terminology 11752:Nogai Horde 11744:White Horde 11712:Great Horde 11639:(1377–1378) 11637:Temur-Malik 11629:(1361–1377) 11624:(1344–1360) 11619:(1320–1344) 11614:(1315–1320) 11609:(1309–1315) 11604:(1302–1309) 11599:(1280–1302) 11594:(1251–1280) 11589:(1226–1251) 11568:(1481–1502) 11563:(1465–1481) 11558:(1459–1465) 11553:(1435–1459) 11548:(1433–1435) 11543:(1428–1433) 11538:(1422–1428) 11533:(1419–1421) 11495:(1417–1419) 11493:Yeremferden 11440:(1407–1410) 11436:(co-ruler) 11431:(1400–1407) 11427:(co-ruler) 11422:(1397–1400) 11418:(co-ruler) 11413:(1381–1397) 11395:(1378–1381) 11388:Temur-Malik 11385:(1374–1377) 11321:(1372–1374) 11238:(1360–1361) 11233:(1359–1360) 11228:(1357–1359) 11223:(1342–1357) 11218:(1341–1342) 11213:(1313–1341) 11211:Öz Beg Khan 11208:(1299–1312) 11190:(1280–1299) 11179:(1291–1299) 11174:(1287–1291) 11169:(1280–1287) 11167:Tode Mongke 11143:(1266–1280) 11141:Mengu-Timur 11138:(1258–1266) 11124:(1256–1257) 11122:Sartaq Khan 11119:(1242–1256) 10678:: 369–373. 10293:MN0104: R1b 10289:MN0126: R1b 9956:Vásáry 2022 9915:Vásáry 2022 9864:Vásáry 2022 9833:Vásáry 2022 9821:Spinei 2017 9341:Atwood 2004 8490:Baybars al 8171:Vásáry 2022 8063:Kublai Khan 7784:Atwood 2004 7772:Atwood 2004 7712:Atwood 2004 7226:1 September 6832:Qara Khitai 6749:Middle Ages 6645:History of 6354:Moghulistan 5800: 1300 5701:Circassians 5687:the Jochids 5681:(center at 5593:Ibn Battuta 5589:Sarai Berqe 5569:beklare-bek 5490:Volga River 5387:Hulagu Khan 5019:Great Horde 4887:in 1380 by 4589:баскачество 4496:Öz Beg Khan 4392:Circassians 4359:Öz Beg Khan 4349:Tributaries 4183:Great Horde 4132:Moghulistan 4034:, a son of 4004:Nogai Horde 3920:Chimgi-Tura 3918:in 1405 at 3785:Circassians 3761:Transoxania 3600:Pyana River 3463:Black Death 3375:Franciscans 3339:rex Russiae 3305:Dulcert map 3161:Ibn Battuta 3141:Öz Beg Khan 3018:Pereyaslavl 2961:Nogai Horde 2727:Töde Möngke 2725:Coinage of 2676:Circassians 2598: 1295 2530:Töde Möngke 2498:Tode Mongke 2356:Transoxiana 2340:Mengu-Timur 2250:Kayqubad II 2231:Mengu-Timur 2229:Coinage of 2208:darughachis 2200:Terek River 2104:Hulagu Khan 2096:Kublai Khan 1936:French King 1885:Möngke Khan 1881:Sartaq Khan 1845:Sartaq Khan 1727:Yaroslav II 1684:Volga River 1659:Mausoleum, 1578:capital of 1572:Volga River 1560:Volga River 1548:Ögedei Khan 1535:casus belli 1452:White Horde 1089:Kalka River 1020: 1550 1005:White Horde 851:of Russian 811:Great Horde 772:Caspian Sea 715:. With the 691:Great State 603:Nogai Horde 441:Preceded by 365:Great Horde 351:White Horde 310:Legislature 287:Great Horde 241:White Horde 194:(1313–1502) 76:Öz Beg Khan 47:اولوغ اولوس 43:Great State 13242:Categories 13220:Tug banner 12978:Nogai Khan 12862:Özbeg Khan 12793:Güyük Khan 12687:Civil wars 12675:Palestine 12584:Lithuania 12504:Circassia 12237:Xacitarxan 12222:Soltaniyeh 11959:Darughachi 11704:Blue Horde 11647:Tokhtamysh 11536:Barak Khan 11411:Tokhtamysh 11393:Tokhtamysh 11291:Arab-Shah 11236:Nawruz Beg 11188:Nogai Khan 9692:Frank 2009 9643:2014-04-11 9510:Frank 2009 8409:Byzantino 8339:Rashid al 7481:2014-04-11 7477:. Proza.ru 7406:Sarmatians 7296:(3): 498. 7253:(2): 222. 7124:References 6856:1240s–1446 6766:200s–1000s 6540:1640s-1717 6512:(in India) 6486:Four Oirat 6371:1487-1660? 6347:1225-1340s 5764:Later Tang 5646:See also: 5620:Uzbeg Khan 5502:Ural River 5115:GREAT KHAN 4999:Qasim Khan 4893:Tokhtamysh 4706:danshchiki 4638:(singular 4565:princess. 4411:Bulgarians 4168:Qasim Khan 4116:Kerei Khan 4096:Qasim Khan 4036:Tokhtamysh 3960:Barak Khan 3745:Azerbaijan 3717:Tokhtamysh 3706:Tokhtamysh 3695:Tokhtamysh 3688:Amir Timur 3677:See also: 3663:Shaybanids 3643:Tokhtamysh 3616:Circassian 3585:after the 3552:Nawruz Beg 3502:Jalayirids 3307:. Legend: 3301:Özbeg Khan 3283:Aleksander 3270:headed by 3132:, killing 3130:Uzbeg Khan 3012:, and all 2953:Nogai Khan 2534:Nogai Khan 2518:Nogai Khan 2333:Nogai Khan 2242:Kaykaus II 2143:Chagatayid 1718:, who had 1635:See also: 1631:Golden Age 1605:While the 1594:along the 1444:Blue Horde 1436:Kazakhstan 1356:Nagyszeben 1293:Stary Sacz 1264:Sandomierz 1210:Sandomierz 1001:Blue Horde 925:Özbeg Khan 866:Altan Orda 795:Tokhtamysh 744:Uzbeg Khan 723:or as the 706:Turkicized 704:and later 347:Blue Horde 271:Tokhtamysh 258:Blue Horde 202:Government 13303:Batu Khan 13199:Ergenekon 12847:Orda Khan 12837:Batu Khan 12701:(1260–64) 12645:(1241–43) 12643:Anatolia 12618:(1287–88) 12610:(1285–86) 12602:(1264–65) 12594:(1259–60) 12586:(1258–59) 12562:(1241–42) 12554:(1241–42) 12546:(1240–41) 12522:(1229–36) 12512:Chechnya 12452:(1300–02) 12416:Southeast 12395:(1253–56) 12377:(1235–79) 12369:(1231–60) 12361:(1211–34) 12314:(1216–18) 12302:Sakhalin 12262:Campaigns 12212:Saray-Jük 12202:Samarkand 12177:Karakorum 12136:Ilkhanate 11894:Political 11632:Toqtaqiya 11627:Urus Khan 11592:Qun Quran 11587:Orda Khan 11429:Shadi Beg 11383:Urus Khan 11319:Urus Khan 11226:Berdi Beg 11129:(regent) 11117:Batu Khan 10723:April 11, 10494:256769352 10478:1476-4687 10254:1932-6203 8879:124025602 8248:Zenkovsky 7994:(2008) . 7963:845782300 7876:Kirakos, 7518:161222967 7410:Scythians 7259:1076-156X 7221:2617-1864 6923:XIX a.d.– 6898:1867–1918 6846:1206–1368 6836:1124–1218 6576:1924–1992 6564:1911-1924 6552:1634-1758 6528:1630-1731 6516:1526–1857 6503:1479-1599 6491:1399-1634 6479:1383-1513 6467:1370–1507 6455:1368-1691 6443:1335-1357 6431:1335-1432 6419:1335-1357 6414:Chobanids 6407:1256-1335 6402:Ilkhanate 6395:1240-1502 6383:1514-1705 6359:1346-1462 6335:1271-1368 6323:1206-1368 6097:miniature 6095:in 1238, 6093:Batu Khan 5642:Provinces 5616:shamanist 5601:astrolabe 5560:Batu Khan 5408:mingghans 5391:Pegolotti 5362:in 1261. 5360:Ilkhanate 5333:Black Sea 5260:SULTANATE 5193:BYZANTIUM 5135:SULTANATE 5124:ILKHANATE 5031:Lithuania 4980:Oka River 4933:Bug River 4917:Samarkand 4865:Berdi Beg 4832:talk page 4791:'s camp. 4789:Batu Khan 4730:tamozhnya 4718:kaznachey 4563:Bulgarian 4539:Urus Khan 4421:Influence 4388:Georgians 4384:Armenians 4295:Astrakhan 4226:Ibak Khan 4206:Lithuania 4124:Chu River 4110:In 1458, 4044:Oka River 4000:Saray-Jük 3976:Ulugh Beg 3956:Urus Khan 3935:Ibak Khan 3932:Shaybanid 3890:Shah Rukh 3882:Astrakhan 3868:Shadi Beg 3845:Bug River 3813:Samarkand 3773:Syr Darya 3708:besieges 3651:Samarkand 3631:Urus Khan 3629:By 1360, 3544:Berdi Beg 3512:in 1357. 3506:Berdi Beg 3496:, ending 3347:Gediminas 3189:appanages 3184:Abu Sa'id 2984:Tengerism 2949:Black Sea 2919:SULTANATE 2879:SULTANATE 2868:ILKHANATE 2855:THE GREAT 2694:in 1291. 2612:, Slavs, 2549:Ilkhanate 2293:Samarkand 2173:Ilkhanate 2125:Ilkhanate 2108:Ilkhanate 2100:Ariq Böke 2024:Ilkhanate 1928:Lithuania 1849:Christian 1739:Karakorum 1646:Batu Khan 1552:Mongolian 1448:Orda Khan 1440:Batu Khan 1420:appanages 1371:Esztergom 1220:Chmielnik 1194:of Poland 1137:Chernigov 1125:Sit River 978:دشت قپچاق 964:Mongolian 921:Batu Khan 784:Ilkhanate 768:Black Sea 758:from the 736:Batu Khan 677:Ulug Ulus 658:chancery. 254:Batu Khan 237:Orda Khan 176:Shamanism 164:Religion 80:Dulcert's 59:1242–1502 52:Ulug Ulus 13293:Khanates 13191:Tengrism 13181:Kurultai 13130:Keraites 12973:Boroldai 12953:Khubilai 12933:Bo'orchu 12906:Military 12800:(regent) 12787:(regent) 12774:(regent) 12659:Baghdad 12608:Hungary 12552:Hungary 12495:Georgia 12442:Vietnam 12294:Siberia 12192:Maragheh 12092:Khanates 12040:Religion 12035:Military 11984:Politics 11934:Kurultai 11897:Military 11607:Sasibuqa 11221:Jani Beg 11216:Tini Beg 11172:Talabuga 11131:Ulaghchi 11049:Archived 10997:(1953), 10898:27627454 10858:PLOS ONE 10830:(2011). 10806:(2014). 10740:(eds.), 10718:13670282 10710:29743675 10674:(7705). 10486:29743675 10272:27627454 10224:PLOS ONE 10038:, p. 298 8960:Bulgaria 8958:Jireuek 8895:(2006). 8689:(1968). 8649:, p. 237 8494:, p. 355 8413:, p. 209 8411:Tatarica 8343:, p. 897 8117:(2005). 7878:Istoriia 7682:41933117 7397:. 2007. 7343:21 March 7105:ulu orda 6826:840–1212 6816:750–1055 6806:743–1220 6782:Göktürks 6776:440s–710 6762:Sogdians 6697:Dingling 6636:a series 6634:Part of 6583:Mongolia 6474:Kara Del 6287:IX – XII 6218:Language 6208:Nobility 6193:Timeline 6166:See also 6113:Vladimir 5776:Bashkirs 5737:R1b-M343 5726:Genetics 5707:Walachia 5662:Khazaria 5555:kurultai 5546:Qonqirat 5510:Novgorod 5492:and the 5459:Kipchaks 5455:Caucasus 5416:Hongirat 5238:MARINIDS 5091:CHAGATAI 5023:Moldavia 4956:Smolensk 4925:Vytautas 4871:won the 4793:Austrian 4779:Military 4689:Ivan III 4668:darughas 4659:darughas 4597:poshlina 4561:) and a 4509:Austrian 4488:Jani Beg 4443:basileus 4380:Russians 4218:Ivan III 4198:Moldavia 3894:Timurids 3878:Smolensk 3829:Vytautas 3777:Russians 3753:Khwarezm 3498:Chobanid 3445:Jani Beg 3441:Tini Beg 3425:Bulgaria 3411:Jani Beg 3364:Smolensk 3331:Volhynia 3248:Mordvins 3066:Mozhaysk 3003:Gaykhatu 2980:Buddhism 2831:CHAGATAI 2743:Buddhist 2739:Qongirat 2665:Volhynia 2653:Slovakia 2638:Borjigin 2622:Moldavia 2547:and the 2522:Talabuga 2470:Caucasus 2455:Smolensk 2432:and the 2274:appanage 2254:Egyptian 2220:Gorodets 2102:. 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