History of the Jews in Ukraine

3070: 4550:. The Israeli Embassy stayed open on the Sabbath to facilitate the evacuation of Jews. A total of 97 Jews chose to travel to Israel. In addition, 140 Jewish orphans fled to Romania and Moldova. 100 Jews fled to Belarus in order to prepare for their eventual move to Israel. On 2 March 2022, the Jewish Agency for Israel reported that hundreds of Jewish war refugees sheltering in Poland, Romania and Moldova were scheduled to leave for Israel the following week. Refugee estimates ranged from 10,000 to 15,200 refugees had arrived in Israel. In September 2023 it was reported that over 43,000 Jews from Russia and over 15,000 Jews from Ukraine have fled to Israel. By August 2024, out of an estimated 30,000 Jews who immigrated to Israel since 7 October 2023, 17,000 Jews were from Russia and 900 Jews from Ukraine. 4533: 3600: 3675: 4283: 3989: 3039: 3502: 5127: 53: 5113: 2922: 3244: 3919:, roughly two million Jews became Soviet citizens. Restrictions on Jews that had existed in those countries were lifted. At the same time, Jewish organizations in the transferred territories were shut down and their leaders were arrested and exiled. Approximately 250,000 Jews escaped or were evacuated from the annexed territories to the Soviet interior prior to the Nazi invasion. 3853:), was created in January 1925 to help recruit colonists and support the colonization work of KOMZET. For the first few years the government encouraged Jewish settlements, particularly in Ukraine. Support for the project dwindled throughout the next decade. In 1938 OZET was disbanded, following years of declining activity. The Soviets set up three Jewish national 7258: 4344:

was established in 2008 in Kyiv to concentrate the efforts of Jewish leaders in Ukraine on resolving the community's strategic problems and addressing socially significant issues. The Committee declared its intention to become one of the world's most influential organizations protecting the rights of

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issued a decree entitled "On the Separation of Church from State and School from Church", depriving religious communities of the status of juridical persons, the right to own property and the right to enter into contracts. The decree nationalized the property of religious communities and banned their

3541:

In Ukraine alone, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was estimated to be between 35,000 and 50,000. Archives declassified after 1991 provide evidence of a higher number; in the period from 1918 to 1921, "according to incomplete data, at least 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in

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passed a motion to resettle a large number of the Jewish population from Ukrainian and Belarusian cities to Crimea, numbering 570,400 families. The plan to further resettle Jewish families was confirmed by the Central Committee of the USSR on 15 July 1926, assigning 124 million roubles to the task

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to link Ukrainian Jews to the despised communism. These connections, combined with the cultural tradition of antisemitism among Russian peasantry, provided ample justification for the Whites to attack Ukraine's Jewish population. Between 1918 and 1921, almost all of the approximately 2,000 pogroms

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On 1 February 1918 the Commissariat for Jewish National Affairs was established as a subsection of the Commissariat for Nationality Affairs. It was mandated to establish the "dictatorship of the proletariat in the Jewish streets" and attract the Jewish masses to the regime while advising local and

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was dissolved, leaving no central Soviet-Jewish organization. Although the body had served to undermine Jewish religious life, its dissolution led to the disintegration of Jewish secular life as well; Jewish cultural and educational organizations gradually disappeared.</ref> When the Soviet

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to power in the Russian Empire. On 21 March/3 April, the government removed all "discrimination based upon ethnic religious or social grounds". The Pale was officially abolished. The removal of the restrictions on Jews' geographical mobility and educational opportunities led to a migration to the

3817:

Jewish section of the Soviet Communist party was at the forefront of the anti-religious campaigns of the 1920s that led to the closing of religious institutions, the break-up of religious communities and the further restriction of access to religious education. To that end a series of "community

3588:, the new government proclaimed the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia," promising all nationalities the rights of equality, self-determination and secession. Jews were not specifically mentioned in the declaration, reflecting Lenin's view that Jews did not constitute a nation. 4422:

and its citizens". After the distribution of the flyers was reported, Denis Pushili, whom the leaflets claimed had issued the discriminatory order, denied any involvement on behalf of himself and the Donetsk government. The chief rabbi of the city of Donetsk, Pinchas Vishedski, later called the

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was one of the most diverse countries in Europe. It became home to one of the world's largest and most vibrant Jewish communities. The Jewish community in the territory of Ukraine-proper during the Commonwealth became one of the largest and most important ethnic minority groups in Ukraine.

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On 8 April 1929 the new Law on Religious Associations codified all previous religious legislation. All meetings of religious associations were required to have their agenda approved in advance; lists of members of religious associations had to be provided to the authorities. In 1930 the

3525:

was an official language, while all government posts and institutions had Jewish members. A Ministry for Jewish Affairs was established (it was the first modern state to do so). Rights of Jewish culture were guaranteed. Jewish parties abstained or voted against the

3649:, the Jews became a crucial site of the conflict between revolutionary Reds and counterrevolutionary Whites, particularly in the contested territory of Ukraine. The Bolsheviks' official opposition to antisemitism—coupled with the prominence of Jews such as 3636:

In contrast with the Bolshevik government's official policy of equality among citizens, antisemitism remained deeply entrenched in the political and social ideologies of the tsarist counterrevolutionaries, especially among paramilitary groups such as the

2633:

into captivity. One estimate (1996) reported that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. More recent estimates (2014) report mortality of 3,000-6,000 people between the years 1648–1649.

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and Jewish-Socialist Parties. On 27 July 1918 the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree stating that antisemitism is "fatal to the cause of the ... revolution". Pogroms were officially outlawed. On 20 October 1918 the Jewish section of the CPSU

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A 1996 estimate reports that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were destroyed. A 2014 estimate reduces the toll to 3,000-6,000 from 1648 to 1649; of these, 3,000-6,000 Jews were killed by Cossacks in

3231:, opposed the Revolution with violent attacks on socialists and pogroms against Jews. A backlash came from the conservative elements of society, notably in spasmodic anti-Jewish attacks – around five hundred were killed in a single day in Odesa. 3542:

the pogroms." The Ukrainian People's Republic did issue orders condemning pogroms and attempted to investigate them. But it lacked authority to stop violence. In the last months of its existence it lacked any power to create social stability.

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carried out in Ukraine were organized by White Army forces. eyewitnesses reported hearing counterrevolutionary milita members expound slogans such as, "We beat the Yids, we beat the Commune", and "This is the answer to the Bolsheviks for the

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became a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency between 1917 and 1920. Before

3130:, 1911 ed.) say the first pogrom was an 1859 riot in Odesa. The term became common after a wave of anti-Jewish violence swept the southern Russian Empire (including Ukraine) between 1881 and 1884, after Jews were blamed for the 4034:

in Eastern Ukraine, or the Ukrainian SSR (within its 1938 borders), is estimated to be slightly less than 700,000 out of a total pre-Holocaust Jewish population of slightly over 1.5 million. Within the borders of Modern

4423:

distribution of the flyers a "hoax" that was carried out by an unknown party, adding "I think it's someone trying to use the Jewish community in Donetsk as an instrument in this conflict. That's why we're upset."

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The total number of civilians who died during the war and the German occupation of Ukraine is estimated to be as high as seven million. This estimate includes over one million Jews who were shot and killed by the

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denounced such actions and eventually executed Otaman Semesenko by firing-squad in November 1919. Semesenko's brigade was disarmed and dissolved. This event is especially remarkable because it was used to justify

2883:"into the hands of the accursed Jews." It is estimated that at that time the Jewish population in Ukraine numbered 51,325. An army of Cossacks massacred and took into captivity numerous Jews, Roman Catholics and 3849:), was established. KOMZET studied, managed and funded projects for Jewish resettlement in rural areas. A public organization, the Society for the Agricultural Organization of Working Class Jews in the USSR ( 3788:'s assassination of the Ukrainian leader in 1926. Although Petliura's direct involvement was never proven, Schwartzbard was acquitted in revenge. The series of Jewish pogroms around Ukraine culminated in the 3844:

On 31 January 1924 the Commissariat for Nationalities' Affairs was disbanded. On 29 August 1924 an official agency for Jewish resettlement, the Commission for the Settlement of Jewish Toilers on the Land

3774:

record books those murdered in the pogrom included 390 men, 309 women and 76 children. The number of wounded exceeded 500. Two weeks later Order 131 was published in the central newspaper by the head of

2656:. At the start of the 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued, leading to large-scale emigration. In 1915, the imperial Russian government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. 10582: 8295: 8590: 2717:. In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the 9627: 5337: 10607: 7887: 6939:

Khiterer, V. (2020). The Holodomor and Jews in Kyiv and Ukraine: An Introduction and Observations on a Neglected Topic. Nationalities Papers, 48(3), 460-475. doi:10.1017/nps.2018.79

10577: 8377: 7608: 2713:, of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the 7769: 4304:

in 1991, Jews were still discriminated against during the 1990s. For instance, Jews were not allowed to attend some educational institutions. Antisemitism has since declined.

8329: 3325:, an estimated 70,000 to 250,000 Jewish civilians were killed in atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire. In modern Ukraine an estimated 31,071 died in 1918–1920. 3950: 3641:. These militias incited and organized pogroms against Russian Jews. The official slogan of the Black Hundreds was "Bei Zhidov," meaning 'Beat the Jews.' Thus, during the 4605:

A growing trend among Israelis is to visit Ukraine on a "roots trip" to learn of Jewish life there. Kyiv is usually mentioned, where it is possible to trace the paths of

3266:, and many others. Numerous Jewish self-defense groups were organized to prevent the outbreak of pogroms among which the most successful one was under the leadership of 1221: 4047:

Ukraine had 840,000 Jews in 1959, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population declined significantly during the

3349: 3192: 8398: 7718: 4330:, early 2012 there were 250,000 Jews in Ukraine, half of them living in Kyiv. According to the European Jewish Congress, as of 2014, 360,000–400,000 Jews remained. 3864:

The cities with the largest populations of Jews in 1926 were Odesa, 154,000 or 36.5% of the total population; Kyiv, 140,500 or 27.3%; Kharkiv, 81,500 or 19.5%; and

9045: 8497:

Kershner, Isabel (23 March 2022). "Ukraine War Ignites Israeli Debate Over Purpose of a Jewish State". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2022.

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on 25 March, approximately 4,000 Jews were murdered, half in a synagogue set ablaze by Cossack troops under Colonels Kurovsky, Cherkowsy, and Shliatoshenko. Then

6062: 3303:

From March to May 1915, in the face of the German army, the government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas, mainly the Pale of Settlement.

8135: 3813:

From 1919 to 1920, Jewish parties and Zionist organizations were driven underground as the Communist government sought to abolish all potential opposition. The

7425: 7398: 4467:

was organizing chartered flights to allow at least 150 Ukrainian Jews to immigrate to Israel in September. Jewish organizations within Ukraine, as well as the

3900: 1799: 3904: 1454: 1149: 10234: 6766: 4479:, arranged temporary homes and shelters for hundreds of Jews who fled the war in Donbas in eastern Ukraine. Hundreds of Jews reportedly fled the cities of 8993: 1341: 7505:"Ukraine President Orders Return of 700 Torah Scrolls Confiscated by Communist Government", Religious Information Service of Ukraine News, November 2007. 9511: 7579: 4360:, garnering 10.44% of the popular vote and the fourth most seats among national political parties; This led to concern among Jewish organizations that 3025: 2549: 8598: 3175:

Odesa became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to account for some 37% of the population.

6781:"Cum a gestionat România criza refugiaţilor din perioada interbelică. 100.000 de evrei, ruşi şi ucraineni s-au refugiat aici la începutul anilor '20" 5651:"Серія "Між Львівською площею та Євбазом (сучасна площа Перемоги)" (Фото Києва ::: Фото Киева ::: Photo of Kiev ::: Pictures of Kyiv)" 5631: 5277: 3300:, who was charged with the murder of a Christian boy. The trial was showcased by the authorities to illustrate the perfidy of the Jewish population. 313: 6524:

Klier, John D., and Shlomo Lambroza, eds. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

4263: 1336: 7913: 3724:(6 and 7 April). In Dubovo (17 June) 800 Jews were decapitated in assembly-line fashion. According to David A. Chapin, the town of Proskurov (now 3666:." Recent studies hold that about 30,000 Jews were killed in these pogroms, while another 150,000 died from wounds sustained during the violence. 4464: 1584: 5677: 4404:

ordering Jews to register to avoid losing their property and citizenship "given that the leaders of the Jewish community of Ukraine support the

10362: 9558: 5245: 3342: 6192: 5949: 10292: 3916: 2992:

in the middle of the 18th century. Frank's teachings were unorthodox (such as purification through transgression and adoption of elements of

1838: 6780: 9038: 8998: 7486: 4594:

of Dnipro are considered to be among the most influential foreigners in the country. Opened in October 2012 in Dnipro, the multifunctional

4468: 3973: 3535: 8259: 7891: 5476: 10151: 8151: 8070: 4676: 4541: 3679: 3531: 2744: 823: 786: 6345:

Kyiv District Commission of the Jewish Public Committee for Relief to Victims of Pogroms. State Archive of the Kyiv Oblast. Fond FR-3050

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and spread to many other regions and continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism.

8983: 7612: 4307:

The overwhelming majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 then moved to other countries in the 1990s during and after the

10499: 10312: 8621: 7278: 4009: 3335: 2706: 1762: 7773: 10337: 10227: 9327: 8313: 7965: 7850:

Oleh Tyahnybok: "The three opposition parties should not be required to act completely in sync", The Ukrainian Week (31 March 2013)

1785: 8529: 8094: 8043: 7196: 6220: 5804: 5690: 10638: 10509: 10088: 9676: 9031: 7799: 5702: 5225: 1135: 8447: 5583: 10597: 10549: 10424: 10419: 9769: 9521: 8167: 5650: 4512: 4361: 3089:. During the second (1793) and the third (1795) partitions, large populations of Jews were absorbed by the Russian Empire, and 2542: 1712: 1647: 1529: 8988: 3818:

trials" against the Jewish religion were held. The last known such trial, on the subject of circumcision, was held in 1928 in

8950: 8893: 8804: 8721: 8700: 7411: 6794: 6586: 6548: 6375: 6329: 6176: 6030: 5993: 5933: 5788: 5611: 5568: 5537: 5507: 4349: 3149:

on the number of Jews allowed to obtain education and professions caused widespread poverty and mass emigration. In 1886, an

2963:, (1698–1760) had a profound effect on Eastern European Jews. His disciples taught and encouraged a new and fervent brand of 833: 3765:). Semesenko claimed that the pogrom was in retaliation for a previous Bolshevik uprising that he believed was led by Jews. 10554: 10384: 9776: 8555: 8472: 4507: 3732:, "was the site of the worst atrocity committed against Jews this century before the Nazis." Pogroms continued until 1921. 3254:

At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur in cities and towns across the Russian Empire such as

1271: 10559: 10220: 9707: 9496: 9474: 8506: 5261: 4337:

scrolls confiscated from Jewish communities during the Soviet era were returned to Jewish communes by state authorities.

3210: 1539: 1356: 1346: 586: 8212: 5719: 3885:

government reintroduced the use of internal passports in 1933, "Jewish" was considered an ethnicity for those purposes.

10484: 9639: 9586: 9553: 9548: 9415: 8186: 4326:

counted 106,600 Jews living in Ukraine (the number of Jews also dropped due to a negative birthrate). According to the

3327: 3296:

cases (accusations of Jews murdering Christians for ritual purposes). One of the most famous was the two-year trial of

2835: 2821: 1935: 1885: 1850: 1544: 1409: 1276: 8110: 6066: 3050: 10633: 10628: 10454: 10414: 10394: 10374: 10277: 9832: 9656: 9400: 8764: 7523: 7465: 7305: 7173: 7107: 6673: 5322: 3538:

and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state, since all Jewish parties were strongly against Ukrainian independence.

2797: 2721:. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was in 1959. During and after the 2535: 1627: 1589: 1564: 1484: 1469: 1316: 1256: 1211: 7422: 10587: 10389: 9632: 7297: 5210: 5170: 4547: 4395: 3312: 2668: 1920: 1902: 1808: 1702: 1554: 1549: 1474: 1439: 1306: 17: 3833:

to choose the country they preferred. Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish minority of the

3826: 2796:, Jews were mentioned for the first time in 1030. From the second part of the 14th century, they were subjects of 10592: 10539: 10514: 10469: 10464: 10439: 10297: 9939: 9405: 4994: 4432:

from Ukraine grew 142% during the first four months of 2014 compared to the previous year. 800 people arrived in

3684: 2783: 2438: 2337: 1892: 1875: 1828: 1727: 1637: 1574: 1524: 1504: 1499: 1419: 1393: 1368: 1246: 1236: 1226: 1206: 1201: 10504: 10444: 10404: 10357: 10352: 10342: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10302: 10287: 10282: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 9999: 9989: 9464: 5751: 5230: 4499: 3889: 3577: 3550: 3518: 3496: 2672: 2602: 1911: 1897: 1865: 1845: 1813: 1732: 1707: 1687: 1677: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1632: 1622: 1617: 1594: 1509: 1494: 1414: 1373: 1326: 1321: 1241: 1186: 8517: 8378:"Jewish-Children-From-Orphanage-and-Yeshiva-Arrive-Safely-in-Romania-and-Moldova.htm Chabbad.com March 1,2022" 3617:) was established for the Party's Jewish members; its goals were similar to those of the Jewish Commissariat. 10602: 10544: 10489: 10479: 10459: 10449: 10434: 10429: 10409: 10379: 10347: 10332: 10307: 10243: 9837: 9666: 9459: 5267: 5220: 5215: 5200: 4391: 3977: 3131: 2825: 2332: 1870: 1855: 1818: 1780: 1752: 1742: 1737: 1722: 1717: 1697: 1682: 1667: 1642: 1608: 1579: 1479: 1464: 1388: 1378: 1296: 1266: 1191: 1177: 7991: 6166: 3708:

spread during February and March to the cities, towns, and villages of many other regions of Ukraine. After

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free of Jews were hindered when the main territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was annexed during the

10519: 10474: 10399: 10369: 9951: 9909: 9883: 9747: 9737: 9661: 9506: 9491: 9320: 8139: 7692: 5250: 4559: 4419: 3218: 3029: 1940: 1860: 1823: 1747: 1692: 1559: 1534: 1459: 1434: 1424: 1363: 1286: 1281: 1261: 1251: 1231: 1216: 1109: 813: 577: 572: 8989:

Jewish Agricultural Colonies of South Ukraine and Crimea webpage with names and maps of Jewish settlements

10643: 9861: 9644: 9568: 6321: 5255: 5240: 5235: 5205: 3658: 3278: 2756: 1930: 1925: 1880: 1833: 1519: 1489: 1449: 1444: 1301: 607: 6252: 10083: 9916: 9822: 9781: 9671: 9486: 8314:"Ukraine's Newly Elected President Is Jewish. So Is Its Prime Minister. Not All Jews There Are Pleased" 5307: 5175: 4341: 4290: 4005: 3698: 3592: 3560:

Between April and December 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic was non-existent and overthrown by the

2861: 2694: 2404: 2249: 1957: 1351: 547: 537: 273: 4051:. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it had been in 1959. 9649: 9622: 8942:

The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800

8155: 5776: 5587: 5401: 4532: 4503: 4460: 4353: 3969: 3930: 2982: 2884: 2630: 2518: 2211: 2062: 2003: 894: 7484:

About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian population census'2001 data

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central institutions on Jewish issues. The Commissariat was also expected to fight the influence of

3599: 2590:, the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes Europe's third-largest and the world's fifth-largest. 9913: 9454: 9410: 9237: 9179: 5691:

National policy of the Central Council in conditions of Ukrainian independence (January-April 1918)

5406: 5327: 4472: 4259: 3997: 3596:

assessment of religious tuition. As a result, religion could be taught or studied only in private.

3277:

against the government of Nicholas II. The chief organizers of the pogroms were the members of the

2793: 2726: 2221: 2201: 1311: 791: 332: 7786: 7635: 4300:

counted 487,000 Jews living in Ukraine. Although discrimination by the state all but halted after

3205:

Jews were over-represented in the Russian revolutionary leadership. However, most were hostile to

10123: 9966: 9934: 9903: 9742: 9712: 9596: 9313: 9184: 7516:"RISU /English /News /Ukrainian Jewish Committee Established to Address Jewish Issues in Ukraine" 7494: 5317: 5312: 5180: 4599: 4595: 4416: 4323: 3138: 3113: 2617:

In the westernmost region, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the

2598: 2362: 2352: 2317: 2196: 2186: 1969: 1140: 1082: 916: 595: 552: 267: 8820:. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Centre for Research and Documentation of East-European Jewry. 7483: 7372: 3861:

occupied the 3rd level of the Soviet system, but were all disbanded by the end of World War II.

10158: 9994: 9944: 9116: 8266: 7446: 5985: 5160: 5140: 4670: 4301: 3834: 3776: 3690: 3371: 2481: 2216: 2130: 1196: 748: 367: 337: 8836:

Moscow and the Ukraine : 1918-1953 : a study of Russian Bolshevik nationality policy

7450: 7291: 7097: 6663: 6611: 6365: 6315: 6020: 5768: 3822:. At the same time, the body worked to establish a secular identity for the Jewish community. 10098: 9961: 9878: 9732: 9536: 9126: 9121: 9054: 7417: 7163: 6101: 5601: 5554: 5527: 5497: 5480: 5282: 4850: 4630: 4558:

As of 2012, Ukraine had the fifth-largest Jewish community in Europe and the twelfth-largest

4495: 4365: 4242: 3754: 3725: 3554: 3297: 3232: 3224: 2763: 2642: 2587: 2372: 2367: 2312: 2100: 1015: 743: 730: 625: 342: 9023: 8973: 7609:"2012 Top Ten Anti-Israel/Anti-Semitic Slurs:Mainstream Anti-Semitism Threatens World Peace" 7233: 6344: 4436:

over January–April, and over 200 signed up for May 2014. On the other hand, chief rabbi and

10093: 10046: 9956: 9873: 9847: 9759: 9752: 9722: 9610: 9444: 9427: 9395: 9268: 9189: 9153: 9136: 9131: 8742:

Rothenberg, Joshua (1970). "Jewish Religion in the Soviet Union". In Kochan, Lionel (ed.).

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In April 2014, leaflets were distributed by three masked men as people left a synagogue in

4297: 4017: 3789: 3585: 3172:

to the Pale. The reign of Alexander III began with pogroms and concluded with expulsions."

3086: 2872: 2852: 2834:

From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in the 10th century through the creation of the

2618: 2443: 2395: 2135: 1993: 806: 671: 660: 618: 6879: 8: 10163: 9971: 9898: 9893: 9695: 9681: 9543: 9089: 8473:"In time for Passover: Israeli immigration minister visits Ukraine to get Jews to Israel" 8351: 7321: 6311: 5954: 5416: 5393: 5287: 5150: 4954: 4845: 4806: 4781: 4716: 4706: 4701: 4587: 4445: 4345:

Jews and "the most important and powerful structure protecting human rights in Ukraine".

4308: 3126: 3090: 2996:). He was excommunicated along with his numerous followers. They eventually converted to 2722: 2594: 2496: 2191: 869: 736: 639: 632: 562: 450: 325: 7347: 3357: 2697:

are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, including 225,000 in

2578:(late 9th to mid-13th century). Important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from 10187: 10146: 10078: 9981: 9926: 9842: 9817: 9795: 9591: 9516: 9345: 9242: 9230: 9207: 8929: 8928:

Weinryb, Bernard Dov (1970). "Antisemitism in Soviet Russia". In Kochan, Lionel (ed.).

8918: 8899: 8743: 7998: 7200: 7122: 6217: 5978: 5885: 5868:(1991). "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917-1920". 5808: 5059: 4811: 4776: 4756: 4622: 4517: 4491: 4311:. By 1999 there were various Ukrainian Jewish organizations that disputed each other's 3962: 3785: 3741: 3318: 3274: 3259: 3196: 3150: 3094: 3074: 3009: 2952: 2864: 2710: 2660: 2347: 2297: 2244: 2239: 2153: 2023: 1291: 1120: 879: 799: 653: 219: 138: 8674:

Bringham Young University Special Collections - Biography of Sidor Belarsky on lib.byu

8234: 8012: 7744: 6696: 6095:"Table 30. Immigrants from the USSR (former) by last republic of residence: 1990-2001" 2652:, in which 14 Jews were recorded killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first 10021: 10016: 10004: 9888: 9827: 9807: 9526: 9437: 9217: 9202: 9194: 9163: 9158: 8946: 8903: 8889: 8840: 8821: 8800: 8770: 8760: 8717: 8696: 8533: 8321: 7861: 7407: 7301: 7169: 7103: 6669: 6592: 6582: 6554: 6544: 6371: 6325: 6172: 6026: 5989: 5929: 5784: 5607: 5564: 5533: 5523: 5503: 5366: 5185: 5064: 4964: 4925: 4860: 4801: 4766: 4721: 4591: 4456:

and walk through the streets openly dressed as a Jew, with nothing to be afraid of".

3642: 3621: 3565: 3482:

All perpetrators in total: 1,236 pogroms; 31,071 murdered; 25 murdered in each pogrom

3322: 3200: 2868: 2771: 2725:

in the 1990s, the majority of Jews in 1989 left the country and moved abroad (mostly

2709:. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the 2664: 2491: 2433: 2413: 2230: 1790: 1429: 889: 760: 690: 567: 480: 347: 8420: 5654: 2675:(1917–21), pogroms continued. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by the 10196: 10168: 10113: 10108: 10103: 9922: 9432: 9420: 9283: 9273: 9263: 9247: 9143: 8881: 7148: 7134: 6540:

Legacy of blood : Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets

5877: 5397: 5165: 5155: 5145: 5074: 4949: 4915: 4816: 4796: 4751: 4741: 4711: 4654: 4521: 4487: 4383: 3988: 3940: 3801: 3653:

within the Bolshevik ranks—allowed the Christian nationalist movements of both the

3522: 3403: 3267: 3188: 3165: 2948: 2937: 2729:). Antisemitism, including violent attacks on Jews, is still a problem in Ukraine. 2461: 2342: 2302: 2266: 1964: 1514: 1025: 781: 685: 600: 490: 282: 162: 142: 134: 5950:"20 years before the Holocaust, pogroms killed 100,000 Jews – then were forgotten" 5302: 3145:

that remained in effect until 1917. Systematic policies of discrimination, strict

10073: 10011: 9717: 9469: 8940: 8853: 8794: 8783: 8732: 8711: 8690: 8673: 7745:"Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC" 7548: 7490: 7429: 6351: 6224: 5923: 5919: 5292: 5009: 4939: 4731: 4726: 4606: 4387: 3646: 3561: 3527: 3255: 3184: 3098: 2997: 2974: 2908: 2829: 2809: 2760: 2626: 2423: 2382: 2377: 2357: 2279: 2273: 2206: 2158: 1998: 1979: 1130: 859: 771: 754: 298: 195: 146: 10212: 7515: 6925:

Medvedev, R. (ed.). "Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR, 1918–1958".

6126: 2614:, slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews. 10201: 10136: 10026: 9764: 9727: 9479: 9449: 9390: 9212: 9084: 9017: 8917:

Schechtman, J.B. (1970). "The Jews in Soviet Russia". In Kochan, Lionel (ed.).

8299: 8172: 7049: 7038:

Margolin A. "The New Palestine", December 1926 also Тризуб, 1927 ч. 14 p. 13-14

6058: 5865: 5443: 5272: 5132: 5118: 5084: 5024: 5019: 4969: 4895: 4830: 4771: 4476: 4408: 4357: 4024: 3958: 3936: 3865: 3838: 3780: 3750: 3638: 3509:

of the Ukrainian National Republic. Revers. 3 languages: Ukrainian, Polish and

3282: 3263: 3248: 3228: 3206: 3117: 3082: 2978: 2748: 2738: 2702: 2680: 2676: 2649: 2575: 2523: 2322: 2177: 2057: 2036: 2013: 2008: 1986: 1974: 1569: 1050: 984: 949: 927: 864: 702: 680: 542: 521: 497: 263: 245: 203: 183: 166: 8844: 6596: 6558: 5556:

The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization

5297: 10622: 9563: 8984:

Jewish Agricultural Colonies, adjacent towns and villages in Southern Ukraine

8873: 8865:

Jewish Identities in Postcommunist Russia and Ukraine: An Uncertain Ethnicity

8325: 7663: 5603:

Speaking Jewish - Jewish Speak: Multilingualism in Western Ashkenazic Culture

5190: 5094: 5069: 5054: 5039: 5034: 4959: 4944: 4920: 4890: 4885: 4835: 4736: 4691: 4319: 4267: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4031: 3908: 3625: 3221:, and committed to stamping out any sign of "Jewish cultural particularism". 2925: 2876: 2471: 2466: 1672: 1599: 1125: 974: 969: 964: 954: 932: 884: 646: 485: 390: 352: 303: 199: 191: 8885: 8874:"The Jewish Minority in the Soviet Union: Demographic and Cultural Profiles" 8825: 8660: 7770:"Experts weigh in on rise of Ukrainian Svoboda party | JPost | Israel News" 6240: 6127:"Ukraine: Treatment of ethnic minorities, including Roma; state protection" 5743: 5089: 4989: 4984: 4974: 4875: 4840: 4791: 4658: 4563: 4312: 4001: 3961:, who regarded it as a provocation. This train of thought was supported by 3912: 3650: 3549:, Pinkhas Krasny, Abram Revutsky, Moishe Zilberfarb, and many others. (see 3546: 3289: 3161: 3146: 2993: 2767: 2611: 2501: 2327: 2168: 2163: 2121: 2074: 1168: 1035: 1020: 979: 944: 557: 399: 187: 9011: 8774: 8591:"World's biggest Jewish community center opens in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine" 8579:"Ukrainian rabbis seen as 'powerful foreigners'," Jewish & Israel News 7849: 7165:

Judgment Before Nuremberg: The Holocaust in the Ukraine and the First Nazi

3837:. Also, during the interwar period, thousands of Jewish refugees from the 3469:

12 pogroms, 20 excesses; 134 murdered; 4 murdered in each pogrom or excess

9375: 9004: 6640: 5342: 5332: 5079: 5049: 5029: 4999: 4910: 4905: 4870: 4786: 4746: 4696: 4618: 4271: 3814: 3506: 3461: 3293: 2989: 2912: 2486: 2428: 2093: 999: 994: 989: 959: 207: 6354:

by Vladimir Danilenko, Director of the State Archive of the Kyiv Oblast.

3038: 2940:

left a deep and lasting impression on Jewish social and spiritual life.

10141: 10131: 10066: 9531: 9380: 9365: 9068: 8754: 6193:"This Day: 230 years since Jewish messiah claimant Jacob Frank's death" 5889: 5362: 5044: 4979: 4900: 4880: 4865: 4761: 4646: 4610: 4379: 4282: 3965:

who stated that it would be dangerous to set up Jewish colonies there.

3881: 3873: 3663: 3654: 3614: 3501: 3387: 2144: 1158: 1087: 1045: 874: 854: 413: 320: 240: 9224: 8999:

Video of Lecture on Jews of 17th-century Ukraine by Dr. Henry Abramson

8834: 6576: 6538: 3949:

In 1921, Crimea became an autonomous republic. In 1923, the All-Union

3704:

The pogroms that erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of

2770:

or Constantinople. One of the three Kyivan city gates in the times of

9501: 9360: 9278: 7470: 7072:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 6022:

The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions

5632:

Conservative Judaism movement to establish first community in Ukraine

5014: 5004: 4650: 4626: 4405: 4238: 3944: 3553:) The autonomy of Ukraine was openly greeted by the Ukrainian Jewish 3013: 2944: 2929: 2645: 2307: 2292: 1382: 1330: 1092: 1040: 1030: 711: 707: 697: 612: 372: 8815: 8296:

Ukrainian president taps Jewish politician to be next prime minister

8044:"Antisemitic flyer 'by Donetsk People's Republic' in Ukraine a hoax" 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5881: 4375:

Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still a problem.

3957:

The Soviet initiative of Jewish settlement in Crimea was opposed by

3358:

Pogroms in Ukraine 1918–1920: perpetrators of and numbers of victims

3243: 1060: 9305: 7050:"Віктор Даниленко Проекти Єврейської Автономії В Радянському Криму" 5780: 4855: 4614: 4369: 4048: 4013: 3762: 3729: 3721: 3705: 3674: 3433: 3160:

When Alexander III died in Crimea on 20 October 1894, according to

3120:, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources mark this episode as the first 3021: 2969: 2916: 2858: 2805: 2718: 2714: 2687: 2622: 2579: 2476: 2086: 2018: 849: 357: 308: 8961:

Ukraine's Revolutions and anti-Jewish Pogroms * (historians.in.ua)

6165:

Subtelny, Orest; Studies, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian (1994).

6133:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 17 September 2012 3631: 10061: 10056: 10041: 10036: 9336: 9295: 9104: 8282:"The Ukrainian Crisis and the Jews: A Time for Hope or Despair," 8136:

In Dnepropetrovsk, a Stylish Passover Despite Ukraine's Rumblings

7984: 7580:"Extreme Choices: Svoboda plays nationalist card - Oct. 18, 2012" 5897: 5636: 5438: 5436: 5434: 4642: 4638: 4579: 4506:

in April 2016. Ukraine elected its first Jewish president in the

4480: 4401: 4286: 4036: 3819: 3758: 3609: 3510: 3214: 3157:. In 1893–1894, some areas of Crimea were removed from the Pale. 2964: 2896: 2892: 2880: 2801: 2698: 2606: 2583: 2571: 2452: 2418: 2287: 2081: 1070: 1065: 937: 828: 723: 719: 715: 464: 459: 436: 418: 293: 288: 278: 256: 231: 158: 58: 52: 8692:

The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority

8448:"Hundreds of Jews fleeing Ukraine to arrive in Israel next week" 8260:"The Ukrainian Crisis and the Jews: A Time for Hope or Despair?" 7029:Петлюра С. Статті, листи, документи – Н. Й. 1979 – Vol 2, p. 428 4364:"Svoboda" of Nazi sympathies and antisemitism. In May 2013, the 10051: 9385: 9109: 9099: 9094: 7941:"Ukraine's Ultranationalists Show Surprising Strength at Polls" 6476: 6474: 6367:

Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1999

6100:. Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Israel. Archived from 4575: 4567: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4428: 3893: 3846: 3769: 3747: 3717: 3713: 3571: 3454:

24 pogroms, 9 excesses; 185 murdered; 6 murdered in each pogrom

3121: 3102: 3017: 2921: 2839: 2787: 2683:

during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 100,000.

2653: 2112: 2107: 2067: 2052: 1163: 1055: 475: 441: 427: 362: 62: 7284: 5431: 2751:

had familial, cultural, and theological ties with the Jews of

9370: 9053: 7825: 7322:"Studio visit : Klone | Documenting the real and unreal" 7279:

YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I

6795:"Refugiaţii evrei, din Ucraina sovietică în Basarabia română" 6464: 6462: 5529:

Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule

4634: 4583: 4453: 4334: 3709: 3273:

In 1905, a series of pogroms erupted at the same time as the

3169: 3109: 2693:

Total civilian losses in Ukraine during World War II and the

2686:

Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of

2638: 1075: 504: 408: 377: 8713:

The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival

8005: 7406:(in Dutch). Instituut voor Publiek en Politiek. p. 84. 7400:

Demonen aan de Dnipr: de moeizame staatsvorming van Oekraïne

6942: 6894: 6471: 3892:

affected the Jewish population, and led to a migration from

3800:

In July 1919, the Central Jewish Commissariat dissolved the

3697:. From The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, 3545:

Among the prominent Ukrainian statesmen of this period were

7914:"Tiahnybok denies anti-Semitism in Svoboda - Dec. 27, 2012" 4571: 4536:

A Ukrainian Jewish family arrives in Israel on 6 March 2022

4441: 4412: 3869: 3850: 3830: 3694: 3603:

Main Synagogue of Yelisavetgrad looted by Hryhoriv's rebels

3154: 2752: 2567: 227: 179: 7693:"Svoboda: The Rising Spectre Of Neo-Nazism In The Ukraine" 6699:. Detroit : Wayne State University Press. 10 May 1989 6459: 5843: 5841: 3193:

General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia

2902: 8399:"WATCH: Moving Havdalah With Jewish Refugees From Odessa" 7549:"Ukraine election: President Yanukovych party claims win" 6954: 6825: 6767:"Refugiaţi, emigranţi din URSS către România interbelică" 6723: 6491: 6489: 5627: 5625: 5623: 4448:

claimed in late April 2014 "Today, you can come to Kyiv,

3795: 3534:

of 25 January 1918 which was aimed at breaking ties with

3379:

493 pogroms; 16,706 murdered; 34 murdered in each pogrom

3164:: "as the body of the deceased was carried by railway to 3049: with: the history of Austrian rule. You can help by 2932:

hang a Jew by his heels. Ukrainian folk art, 19th century

8111:"Ukrainian Jews immigrate to Israel amid growing unrest" 7445: 6747: 5762: 5760: 5718:. Geschichteinchronologie.ch. 7 May 2007. Archived from 4328:

Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs Minister of Israel

8477:

Israel365 News | Latest News. Biblical Perspective

8095:

Donetsk leaflet: Jews must register or face deportation

6966: 6849: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6435: 6405: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5584:

Ukraine Jews Expect Little to Change Following Election

3425:

307 pogroms; 4,615 murdered; 15 murdered in each pogrom

3395:

213 pogroms; 5,235 murdered; 25 murdered in each pogrom

8817:

Distribution of the Jewish population of the USSR 1939

6735: 6578:

A Specter Haunting Europe The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism

6486: 6447: 5773:

Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia

5739: 5737: 5620: 3872:'s Jewish population numbered 98,000 or 31.9%, and in 3810:

had provided social services to the Jewish community.

3746:

On 15 February 1919, during the Ukrainian-Soviet war,

3624:

in May 1919, almost 3000 Jews of Yelisavetgrad (today

3411:

52 pogroms; 3,471 murdered; 67 murdered in each pogrom

3168:, the same rails were carrying the Jewish exiles from 2593:

At times it flourished, while at other times it faced

8978: 8622:"The Menorah Center: Largest Jewish complex in world" 8152:

150 Jews who fled Ukraine fighting expected in Israel

7800:"Svoboda promoting hatred in Ukraine - Feb. 14, 2013" 7002: 5757: 3439:

106 pogroms; 725 murdered; 7 murdered in each pogrom

3292:

tenor of the period was characterized by a number of

8556:"Chabad of Dnepropetrovsk - Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine" 6990: 6906: 6861: 6837: 6813: 6801: 6501: 6279: 5823: 5108: 4933: 4039:, the death toll is estimated to be around 900,000. 3954:

and also receiving 67 million from foreign sources.

3209:

and Jewish political parties, and were loyal to the

3178: 2570:

communities have existed in the modern territory of

2091: 2072: 495: 8213:"Russia and Ukraine at war - among the Jews anyway" 8038: 8036: 8034: 7966:"Ukraine party attempts to lose anti-Semitic image" 7664:"Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists" 7348:"Динамика численности еврейского населения Украины" 6711: 6363: 6258: 6014: 6012: 5980:

The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century

5734: 3857:in Ukraine as well as two in the Crimea – national 3003: 8168:Israel rescues Ukrainian Jews stranded by fighting 6237:The Newest History of the Jewish People, 1789–1914 6155:, Second Edition, Rowman and Littlefield, pg. 198. 6089: 6087: 5977: 3026:Jewish agricultural colonies in the Russian Empire 2846: 10242: 7787:Winer, Stuart. Ukraine okays 'zhyd' slur for Jews 6389: 6387: 4510:where former comedian and actor of the TV series 3521:(UPR, 1917–1921), pogroms continued. In the UPR, 2815: 10620: 8071:"Leaflet tells Jews to register in East Ukraine" 8031: 7281:. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14. 6009: 3899:As the Soviet government annexed territory from 3584:One week after the 25 October / 7 November 1917 7199:. Demoscope.ru. 15 January 2013. Archived from 7047: 6164: 6084: 5681:. News Broadcasting Service (TSN). 6 April 2012 4824: 4465:International Fellowship of Christians and Jews 3632:The White Army and counterrevolutionary pogroms 3576:The February 1917 revolution brought a liberal 3235:claimed that 90% of revolutionaries were Jews. 41: 7251: 7215: 7123:Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14. 7020:Сергійчук, В. Український Крим К. 2001, p. 150 6384: 6317:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples 6227:at the Center of Jewish Self-Education "Moria" 6065:. The New York Review of Books. Archived from 6057: 5805:"Virtual Excursion on Jewish Odessa - Pogroms" 5705:. Hadashot by Vaad of Ukraine. January of 2008 5491: 5489: 3972:; once, in the 1920s, with the support of the 3922: 3490: 2812:, made up 5% of the global Jewish population. 10228: 9321: 9039: 9012:Routes to Roots Foundation's Archive Database 6627:originally in Yiddish, YIVO Institute, 1965; 6423:Soviet Jewish Affairs Autumn-Winter 1990, 27. 6048:Сергійчук, В. Український Крим К. 2001, p.156 6044: 6042: 5678:"Interesting Books": Jewish addresses of Kyiv 5278:Jewish–Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia 4426:Due to the Euromaidan, Ukrainian Jews making 3829:, as they were entitled by a peace treaty in 3669: 3568:who ended the experiment in Jewish autonomy. 3343: 2543: 7888:"Ukrainian party picks xenophobic candidate" 7826:"Ukrinform - Ukrainian National News Agency" 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6171:. University of Toronto Press. p. 599. 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5392: 4469:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 4390:, and this escalated in April 2014 into the 3974:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 3572:Provisional Government of Russia and Soviets 9018:Routes to Roots Foundation's Image Database 8979:Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS 8649:A mile in their shoes, By Moshe Gilad, RISU 7938: 7719:"Results of the vote count - Nov. 09, 2012" 7543: 7541: 7373:"The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Ukraine" 7161: 6891:Problems of Communism May–June 1973, 10–11. 6697:"Reflections of a post-Auschwitz Christian" 6603: 6370:. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 849. 6025:. Princeton University Press. p. 516. 5876:(03). Cambridge University Press: 542–550. 5860: 5858: 5856: 5486: 5361:Apparently referring to the support of the 4677:Category:People of Ukrainian-Jewish descent 3628:) were murdered and their property stolen. 2981:, with a continuous influence through many 787:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 10235: 10221: 9328: 9314: 9046: 9032: 8916: 8851: 8832: 8752: 8741: 7189: 6960: 6948: 6900: 6729: 6480: 6185: 6039: 5561:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 5388: 5386: 5246:Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict 5196:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia 4289:from Ukraine, from the collections of the 4258:Such immigrants included artists, such as 3350: 3336: 3081:The traditional measures used to keep the 2625:massacred and took large numbers of Jews, 2550: 2536: 51: 9055:Ethnic and national minorities of Ukraine 8813: 8421:"Rescuing 100 Jews in Ukraine on Shabbat" 8105: 8103: 7939:Herszenhorn, David M. (9 November 2012). 7789:, The Times of Israel, 19 December 2012.] 7658: 7656: 7603: 7601: 7574: 7572: 7570: 6972: 6668:. Destiny Image Publishers. p. 105. 6574: 6291: 5975: 5962: 5918: 5502:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4664: 4010:Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany 3735: 3124:, while according to others (such as the 8862: 8644: 8642: 8289: 8179: 7687: 7685: 7538: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7008: 6570: 6568: 6536: 6532: 6530: 6357: 6255:, by Katherine Avgerinos and Josh Wilson 5864: 5853: 5532:. Harvard University Press. p. 60. 5522: 5495: 4531: 4527: 4281: 3987: 3673: 3598: 3500: 3306: 3242: 3141:introduced temporary regulations called 3068: 2920: 2875:(1648–1657), under the premise that the 8938: 8927: 8878:The Jewish Minority in the Soviet Union 8796:The Russian Jew Under Tsars and Soviets 8781: 8756:The Jewish religion in the Soviet Union 8619: 8588: 8352:"In Ukraine, The Escape Road Not Taken" 8311: 7396: 7392: 7390: 6831: 6609: 6453: 6310: 5984:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5766: 5383: 5226:History of the Jews in the Soviet Union 4542:Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present) 4030:The total number of Jews killed in the 3792:between June and October of that year. 2903:Rise of Hasidism and internal struggles 2804:. The Jewish population of Galicia and 2669:killed in pogroms between 1918 and 1920 14: 10621: 8934:. London: Institute of Jewish Affairs. 8923:. London: Institute of Jewish Affairs. 8871: 8748:. London: Institute of Jewish Affairs. 8688: 8613: 8100: 7653: 7598: 7567: 7449:; League, Bnai Brith Anti-defamation. 6912: 6867: 6843: 6807: 6643:. Grossmanproject.net. 7 November 1905 6512: 6441: 6411: 6285: 5832: 5599: 5552: 4350:2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections 4277: 4241:(all per the 1959 Soviet census), and 4068: 4055:Historical Ukrainian Jewish population 3968:The Soviets twice sought to establish 3796:Bolsheviks/USSR consolidation of power 10216: 9309: 9027: 9020:– search includes Ukraine and Moldova 9014:– search includes Ukraine and Moldova 8792: 8709: 8639: 8582: 8252: 7682: 7526:from the original on 8 September 2012 7434: 6996: 6855: 6819: 6741: 6717: 6661: 6565: 6527: 6495: 6402:Insight on the News 21 May 1990b, 17. 6264: 6253:"Odessa: A City Born Again and Again" 6018: 5847: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 4637:, where one can follow the course of 4553: 4042: 3907:(both would be incorporated into the 3757:in which many Jews were massacred on 3331: 3238: 9335: 8931:The Jews in Soviet Russia Since 1917 8920:The Jews in Soviet Russia Since 1917 8745:The Jews in Soviet Russia Since 1917 8730: 7636:"Ukraine okays 'zhyd' slur for Jews" 7387: 7116: 7095: 6924: 6753: 4621:, where one can follow the steps of 4372:. "Svoboda" has denied the charges. 4225:The Jewish population data includes 3033: 2988:A different movement was started by 92:Regions with significant populations 9005:Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova 8974:Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Ukraine 8734:The Bolshevik Revolution: 1917-1923 8097:, antisemitism.org (16 April 2014)] 7970:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 5771:. In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.). 5769:"Chmielnicki Massacres (1648–1649)" 5499:Language Policy in the Soviet Union 5262:Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova 4333:In November 2007, an estimated 700 4027:and local Ukrainian collaborators. 2777: 24: 9460:Revolution and War of Independence 8872:Sawyer, Thomas E. (11 July 2019), 8682: 8661:"ראש הממשלה היהודי של המדינה המוז" 8620:Chesler, Chaim (22 October 2012). 8332:from the original on 25 April 2019 8068: 7992:"Anti-Semitism in Ukraine in 2010" 6019:Mayer, Arno J. (15 January 2002). 5693:. Electronic library of handbooks. 5653:. 21 November 2014. Archived from 5461: 4629:, where one can trace the life of 4063: 2977:. The rise of Hasidism influenced 2755:. For instance, some 11th-century 2621:between 1648 and 1657, an army of 2566:dates back over a thousand years; 25: 10655: 8967: 8445: 8312:Higgins, Andrew (24 April 2019). 8284:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 7633: 7466:Rabinovich rallies his supporters 7099:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 6662:Brown, Michael L. (10 May 1992). 5925:Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation 5807:. 21 January 2007. Archived from 5419:: North American Jewish Data Bank 5413:Current Jewish Population Reports 5323:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 4934:Ukrainian-descended American Jews 4685: 4266:, as well as activists including 3992:A map of the Holocaust in Ukraine 3179:Political activism and emigration 3108:During 1821 anti-Jewish riots in 2637:During 1821 anti-Jewish riots in 578:Historical population comparisons 9777:Ukraine–European Union relations 9633:Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine 9475:West Ukrainian People's Republic 8667: 8653: 8589:Shulman, Ian (15 January 2013). 8573: 8548: 8522: 8511: 8500: 8491: 8465: 8439: 8413: 8391: 8370: 8344: 8305: 8227: 8205: 8187:"Putin Gets Personal in Ukraine" 8161: 8145: 8129: 8088: 8062: 7958: 7932: 7906: 7880: 7854: 7843: 7818: 7792: 7780: 7762: 7737: 7711: 7627: 7508: 7499: 7477: 7459: 7455:. Ramot Publishing. p. 150. 7365: 7340: 6665:Our Hands Are Stained with Blood 6612:"The Pogroms in Ukraine in 1919" 6063:"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality" 5496:Grenoble, L. A. (31 July 2003). 5365:protests (that ousted president 5355: 5211:History of the Jews in Lithuania 5171:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 5125: 5111: 4396:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3806:(Jewish Communal Councils). The 3517:During the establishment of the 3313:Pogroms of the Russian Civil War 3247:The victims of a 1905 pogrom in 3037: 3004:Russian Empire and Austrian rule 2667:, an estimated 31,071 Jews were 2586:, arose there. According to the 1222:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1136:Historical population by country 9298:of over 1,000 people are shown. 8235:"Hroisman elected Rada speaker" 7314: 7272: 7223:"World Jewish Population, 2002" 7155: 7149:"Jews in Ukraine 1926 and 1933" 7141: 7135:"Jews in Ukraine 1897 and 1900" 7127: 7089: 7064: 7041: 7032: 7023: 7014: 6978: 6933: 6918: 6885: 6873: 6787: 6773: 6759: 6689: 6655: 6633: 6518: 6426: 6417: 6396: 6338: 6270: 6246: 6230: 6211: 6158: 6145: 6119: 6051: 5942: 5797: 5716:"Jewish Urban Population: 1897" 5708: 5696: 5684: 5669: 5643: 5402:"World Jewish Population, 2012" 5369:) by prominent Jews in Ukraine. 3983: 2847:Cossack Uprising and the Deluge 2774:was called Zhydovski (Judaic). 10639:History of religion in Ukraine 10244:History of the Jews in Europe 9559:Annexation of Crimea by Russia 9416:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8945:. Jewish Publication Society. 8793:Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1976). 8695:. Cambridge University Press. 8518:Israel 365 News August 28,2024 8507:The medialine September 1,2023 8286:VIII : 2 (2014) pp 77–85. 8201:– via www.bloomberg.com. 7293:American Jewish Year Book 2012 6243:, vol. 3, Russian ed., p. 153. 6197:The Jerusalem Post (jpost.com) 5752:University of Washington Press 5593: 5577: 5546: 5516: 4502:respectively. Groysman became 3551:General Secretariat of Ukraine 2836:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2822:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2816:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2732: 2564:history of the Jews in Ukraine 13: 1: 9294:National or ethnic groups in 9008:at Routes to Roots Foundation 8939:Weinryb, Bernard Dov (1973). 8880:, Routledge, pp. 29–55, 8814:Altshuler, Mordechai (1993). 8759:. New York: Ktav Pub. House. 8731:Carr, Edward Hallett (1971). 8716:. New York University Press. 8170:by Reuters (reprinted in the 7197:"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly" 7096:Arad, Yitzhak (27 May 2020). 6707:– via Internet Archive. 5376: 5268:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 5221:History of the Jews in Russia 5216:History of the Jews in Poland 5201:History of the Jews in Europe 4680: 4598:is among the world's largest 4382:protests, unrest has gripped 4354:All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" 3978:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 3689:(Ходорків), committed by the 3132:assassination of Alexander II 2936:The Cossack Uprising and the 2826:History of the Jews in Poland 793:Christianity and Judaism 10089:Intangible Cultural Heritage 9507:Eastern Front (World War II) 9492:Ukrainian National Committee 8994:Jewish Renaissance in Odessa 8788:. Syracuse University Press. 8785:The Jews in the Soviet Union 8782:Schwarz, Solomon M. (1951). 8530:"RISU on Jewish Communities" 8140:Lubavitch World Headquarters 7697:International Business Times 6581:. Harvard University Press. 6364:Europa Publications (1999). 5976:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). 4825:Ukrainian-born American Jews 4475:and the Jewish community of 4318:Some 266,300 Ukrainian Jews 3976:, and again in 1944, by the 3219:proletarian internationalism 3030:History of the Jews in Odesa 7: 9465:Ukrainian People's Republic 8959:Velychenko, Stephen (2021) 8753:Rothenberg, Joshua (1972). 6882:, encyclopediaofukraine.com 6543:. Oxford University Press. 6468:Survey January 1968, 77–81. 6322:University of Toronto Press 5928:. Oxford University Press. 5256:Janowska concentration camp 5206:History of the Jews in Kyiv 5104: 4494:were appointed Governor of 4356:won its first seats in the 3923:Jewish settlement in Crimea 3868:, 62,000 or 26.7%. In 1931 3678:The victims of a pogrom in 3659:Ukrainian National Republic 3519:Ukrainian People's Republic 3497:Ukrainian People's Republic 3491:Ukrainian People's Republic 3279:Union of the Russian People 2784:Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 2673:Ukrainian People's Republic 2603:Ukrainian People's Republic 2599:anti-Semitic discrimination 2092: 2073: 1800:Latin America and Caribbean 496: 10: 10660: 9487:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 8858:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 8855:U S S R: A Concise History 8852:Dmytryshyn, Basil (1965). 8833:Dmytryshyn, Basil (1956). 8013:"Ukraine crisis: Timeline" 7375:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5308:The Holocaust in Lithuania 5231:Israel–Lithuania relations 5176:Racism in the Soviet Union 4931: 4822: 4683: 4674: 4668: 4539: 4508:2019 presidential election 4342:Ukrainian Jewish Committee 4291:National Library of Israel 4006:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 3995: 3934: 3928: 3890:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 3739: 3699:National Library of Israel 3670:Pogroms in western Ukraine 3593:RSFSR Council of Ministers 3494: 3310: 3182: 3007: 2906: 2850: 2819: 2781: 2736: 2641:followed the death of the 2405:Jewish political movements 2102:Conversion to Judaism 10568: 10530: 10250: 10181: 10122: 9980: 9869: 9860: 9803: 9794: 9703: 9694: 9618: 9609: 9579: 9353: 9344: 9292: 9256: 9172: 9077: 9061: 8689:Pinkus, Benjamin (1988). 8156:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 6685:– via Google Books. 6537:Bemporad, Elissa (2019). 5777:Santa Barbara, California 5703:Money with Yiddish labels 5588:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 4504:Prime Minister of Ukraine 4500:Speaker of the Parliament 4461:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 4237:(or Central Asian Jews), 4206: 4081:— 3970:Jewish autonomy in Crimea 3931:Jewish autonomy in Crimea 3480: 3460: 3448: 3432: 3418: 3402: 3386: 3370: 3363: 2895:in May 1648 and 1,500 in 2885:Ukrainian Greek Catholics 808:Hinduism and Judaism 178: 173: 157: 152: 133: 128: 120: 112: 104: 96: 91: 74: 69: 50: 42: 36: 10634:Ethnic groups in Ukraine 10629:Jewish Ukrainian history 9919:hybrid variant (2020-22) 9708:Administrative divisions 9411:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 7489:17 December 2011 at the 7259:"Powered by Google Docs" 6575:Hanebrink, Paul (2018). 5553:Trenin, Dmitriĭ (2002). 5448:European Jewish Congress 5348: 5328:The Holocaust in Ukraine 5251:Israel–Ukraine relations 4600:Jewish community centers 4473:Jewish Agency for Israel 4260:Marina Maximilian Blumin 3998:The Holocaust in Ukraine 3716:, northwest of Kyiv. In 3581:country's major cities. 3281:(commonly known as the " 2759:participated in an anti- 634:Temple in Jerusalem 327:Bar and bat mitzvah 9554:2014 pro-Russian unrest 8886:10.4324/9780429312090-2 7495:Ukrainian Census (2001) 7452:Anti-Semitism Worl Wide 7397:Stewart, Susan (1994). 7102:. U of Nebraska Press. 6223:21 January 2007 at the 5767:Batista, Jakub (2014). 5600:Berger, Shlomo (2003). 5400:; Sheskin, Ira (eds.). 5318:The Holocaust in Russia 5313:The Holocaust in Poland 5241:Israel–Russia relations 5236:Israel–Poland relations 5181:Antisemitism in Ukraine 4570:. The majority live in 4415:and are hostile to the 3896:to overcrowded cities. 3288:From 1911 to 1913, the 3153:was applied to Jews in 3139:Alexander III of Russia 3112:after the death of the 596:Twelve Tribes of Israel 10293:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10159:Immigration to Ukraine 9833:Science and technology 9782:Ukraine–NATO relations 8863:Gitelman, Zvi (1993). 8839:. Bookman Associates. 7447:Stephen Roth Institute 5606:. Peeters Publishers. 5161:Antisemitism in Russia 5141:Antisemitism in Europe 4671:List of Ukrainian Jews 4665:Notable Ukrainian Jews 4548:Russia invaded Ukraine 4537: 4302:Ukrainian independence 4293: 4250:360,000–400,000 (2014) 3993: 3835:Polish Second Republic 3777:Directorate of Ukraine 3736:Pogroms across Podolia 3701: 3691:Directorate of Ukraine 3604: 3578:Provisional Government 3514: 3372:Directorate of Ukraine 3251: 3227:groups, including the 3078: 2933: 9569:2022 Russian invasion 9537:Revolution of Dignity 8452:www.timesofisrael.com 7640:www.timesofisrael.com 7300:. 2012. p. 225. 7048:Mykola Vladzimirsky. 6985:Soviet Jewish Affairs 6927:The Samizdat Register 6629:The Berdichev Revival 5481:World Jewish Congress 5283:List of Galician Jews 4851:Valentin Chmerkovskiy 4631:Mendele Mocher Sforim 4535: 4528:2022 Russian invasion 4513:Servant of the People 4496:Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 4366:World Jewish Congress 4324:2001 Ukrainian Census 4309:collapse of Communism 4298:1989, a Soviet census 4285: 3991: 3935:Further information: 3841:migrated to Romania. 3677: 3602: 3555:Volodymyr Zhabotinsky 3504: 3311:Further information: 3307:World War I aftermath 3298:Menahem Mendel Beilis 3246: 3225:Counter-revolutionary 3072: 2924: 2743:By the 11th century, 2723:collapse of communism 2701:, were killed by the 2588:World Jewish Congress 2574:from the time of the 1342:São Tomé and Príncipe 1337:Republic of the Congo 731:Second Temple Judaism 602:Kingdom of Judah 573:Modern historiography 174:Related ethnic groups 165:and other (including 9940:Freedom of the press 9677:World Heritage Sites 9672:Islands and sandbars 9445:Pereiaslav Agreement 9428:Zaporozhian Cossacks 9396:Principality of Kiev 8710:Levin, Nora (1988). 7522:. 8 September 2012. 7428:21 July 2011 at the 7162:Greg Dawson (2012). 6783:. 29 September 2015. 6756:, pp. 401, 413. 6610:Tcherikower, Elias. 6350:30 June 2007 at the 6153:The Jews of Khazaria 5783:. pp. 100–101. 5748:A History of Ukraine 5394:DellaPergola, Sergio 4459:In August 2014, the 4368:listed the party as 4358:Ukrainian Parliament 4018:1941 Odessa massacre 3790:Kyiv pogroms of 1919 3728:), near the city of 3586:Bolshevik Revolution 3087:partitions of Poland 2873:Khmelnytsky Uprising 2853:Khmelnytsky Uprising 2757:Jews from Kievan Rus 2707:Ukrainian supporters 2619:Khmelnytsky Uprising 2444:World Agudath Israel 1585:United Arab Emirates 672:Second Temple period 662:Babylonian captivity 10531:States with limited 9544:Russo-Ukrainian War 8115:The Times of Israel 7868:. 25 September 2011 7615:on 21 December 2013 7298:Springer Publishing 7230:www.ajcarchives.org 7168:. Open Road Media. 6987:Summer 1991, 53–54. 5955:The Times of Israel 5657:on 21 November 2014 5417:Storrs, Connecticut 5396:(2 November 2012). 5288:List of Polish Jews 5151:Racism in Lithuania 4955:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 4846:Maksim Chmerkovskiy 4807:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 4782:Aleksandr Rozenberg 4717:Hayim Nahman Bialik 4707:Jonathan Markovitch 4588:Jonathan Markovitch 4520:won over incumbent 4446:Jonathan Markovitch 4320:emigrated to Israel 4278:Independent Ukraine 4056: 3876:, 42,600 or 37.9%. 3827:emigrated to Poland 3753:initiated a pogrom 3712:it was the turn of 3419:Miscellaneous bands 3127:Jewish Encyclopedia 3091:Catherine the Great 2951:. The teachings of 2943:This was a time of 737:Hellenistic Judaism 315:Land of Israel 274:Principles of faith 47: 10644:Judaism in Ukraine 9904:Swine flu pandemic 9838:Telecommunications 9628:Biosphere reserves 9517:Chernobyl disaster 8663:. 28 January 2024. 8626:The Jerusalem Post 8446:Gross, Judah Ari. 8358:. 27 February 2022 8318:The New York Times 8019:. 13 November 2014 7999:Human Rights Watch 7945:The New York Times 7920:. 27 December 2012 7806:. 14 February 2013 7699:. 27 December 2012 7670:. 26 December 2012 7203:on 12 October 2013 6951:, pp. 210–14. 6903:, pp. 177–78. 6858:, pp. 131–51. 6483:, pp. 172–73. 6199:. 10 December 2021 6168:Ukraine: A History 6070:(Internet Archive) 5811:on 21 January 2007 5524:Berkhoff, Karel C. 5060:Richard M. Sherman 4812:Wladimir Klitschko 4777:Yossele Rosenblatt 4757:Nachman of Breslov 4623:Haim Nahman Bialik 4554:Jewish communities 4538: 4518:Volodymyr Zelensky 4492:Volodymyr Groysman 4463:reported that the 4322:in the 1990s. The 4294: 4262:and street artist 4054: 4043:Post-war situation 3994: 3825:In 1921 many Jews 3786:Sholem Schwarzbard 3742:Schwartzbard trial 3702: 3645:that followed the 3605: 3515: 3319:Russian Revolution 3252: 3239:Early 20th century 3197:October Revolution 3151:edict of Expulsion 3095:Pale of Settlement 3079: 3075:Pale of Settlement 3010:Pale of Settlement 2953:Israel ben Eliezer 2947:and overly formal 2934: 2865:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 2711:Pale of Settlement 2661:Russian Revolution 2298:Jewish Koine Greek 1840:Dominican Republic 1121:Judaism by country 800:Jews and Christmas 655:Assyrian captivity 87:by 2014 est. 32: 10616: 10615: 10210: 10209: 10177: 10176: 9952:Human trafficking 9910:COVID-19 pandemic 9884:Gender inequality 9856: 9855: 9790: 9789: 9748:Political parties 9738:Foreign relations 9690: 9689: 9605: 9604: 9527:Orange Revolution 9512:Volhynia massacre 9303: 9302: 8952:978-0-8276-0016-4 8895:978-0-429-31209-0 8806:978-0-02-507300-5 8723:978-0-8147-5034-6 8702:978-0-521-38926-6 8272:on 12 August 2014 8001:. 7 October 2010. 7972:. 21 January 2013 7830:www.ukrinform.net 7776:on 27 April 2013. 7725:. 9 November 2012 7586:. 18 October 2012 7555:. 29 October 2012 7413:978-90-6473-295-9 6834:, p. 162–63. 6744:, pp. 90–91. 6616:www.berdichev.org 6588:978-0-674-98856-9 6550:978-0-19-046645-9 6498:, pp. 78–80. 6414:, pp. 14–15. 6377:978-1-85743-058-5 6331:978-1-4426-4085-6 6276:Lowe 1993, 284–90 6178:978-0-8020-7191-0 6072:on 9 January 2014 6032:978-0-691-09015-3 5995:978-0-521-81545-1 5935:978-0-19-530546-3 5850:, p. 188–91. 5790:978-1-59884-926-4 5640:(5 February 2012) 5613:978-90-429-1429-2 5570:978-0-87003-190-8 5539:978-0-674-02078-8 5526:(15 March 2008). 5509:978-1-4020-1298-3 5398:Dashefsky, Arnold 5367:Viktor Yanukovich 5186:Racism in Ukraine 5102: 5101: 5065:Robert B. Sherman 4995:David Copperfield 4965:Leonard Bernstein 4926:Alexander Vindman 4861:Lenny Krayzelburg 4802:Viktor Vekselberg 4767:Semion Mogilevich 4722:Vladimir Drinfeld 4592:Shmuel Kaminetsky 4546:In February 2022 4256: 4255: 3951:Central Committee 3768:According to the 3657:and the emergent 3643:Russian Civil War 3622:Hryhoriv Uprising 3566:Pavlo Skoropadsky 3487: 3486: 3476: 3475: 3323:Russian Civil War 3201:Jewish Bolshevism 3067: 3066: 2983:Hasidic dynasties 2879:had sold them as 2772:Yaroslav the Wise 2695:German occupation 2631:Uniate Christians 2560: 2559: 2509: 2508: 2257: 2256: 2004:Reconstructionist 1948: 1947: 1100: 1099: 907: 906: 744:Jewish–Roman wars 692:Hasmonean dynasty 608:Kingdom of Israel 512: 511: 213: 212: 16:(Redirected from 10651: 10569:Dependencies and 10510:Northern Ireland 10251:Sovereign states 10237: 10230: 10223: 10214: 10213: 10190: 10132:Ukrainian people 9867: 9866: 9813: 9801: 9800: 9701: 9700: 9645:Populated places 9616: 9615: 9421:Kiev Voivodeship 9406:Galicia–Volhynia 9351: 9350: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9307: 9306: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9025: 9024: 8956: 8935: 8924: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8868: 8859: 8848: 8829: 8810: 8789: 8778: 8749: 8738: 8737:. Penguin Books. 8727: 8706: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8657: 8651: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8597:. Archived from 8586: 8580: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8536:on 20 April 2005 8532:. Archived from 8526: 8520: 8515: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8417: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8309: 8303: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8271: 8265:. Archived from 8264: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8239:Interfax-Ukraine 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8183: 8177: 8165: 8159: 8158:, 7 August 2014. 8149: 8143: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8040: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7996: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7890:. Archived from 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7858: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7772:. Archived from 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7749:Interfax-Ukraine 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7689: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7611:. Archived from 7605: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7576: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7545: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7497: 7481: 7475: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7443: 7432: 7421: 7420:on 21 July 2011. 7416:. Archived from 7405: 7394: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7352:www.demoscope.ru 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7238: 7232:. Archived from 7227: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7131: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7076:www.demoscope.ru 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6637: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6572: 6563: 6562: 6534: 6525: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6499: 6493: 6484: 6478: 6469: 6466: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6444:, p. 58–59. 6439: 6433: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6400: 6394: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6361: 6355: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6312:Magocsi, Paul R. 6308: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6234: 6228: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6162: 6156: 6151:Kevin A. Brook, 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6061:(16 July 2009). 6055: 6049: 6046: 6037: 6036: 6016: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5983: 5973: 5960: 5959: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5920:Yekelchyk, Serhy 5916: 5895: 5893: 5862: 5851: 5845: 5836: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5764: 5755: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5647: 5641: 5629: 5618: 5617: 5597: 5591: 5590:(3 October 2007) 5581: 5575: 5574: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5493: 5484: 5474: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5440: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5410: 5390: 5370: 5359: 5338:Wooden synagogue 5166:Racism in Russia 5156:Racism in Poland 5146:Racism in Europe 5135: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5075:Steven Spielberg 4950:Darren Aronofsky 4916:Mikhail Turovsky 4817:Vitali Klitschko 4797:Mikhail Turovsky 4752:Ihor Kolomoyskyi 4742:Lazar Kaganovich 4712:Eduard Bagritsky 4702:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 4681: 4655:Maurycy Gottlieb 4522:Petro Poroshenko 4488:Ihor Kolomoyskyi 4420:Donetsk Republic 4070: 4065: 4057: 4053: 3941:Crimean Karaites 3763:parashah Tesaveh 3688: 3536:Bolshevik Russia 3532:Fourth Universal 3404:Hryhoriv's bands 3368: 3367: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3321:and the ensuing 3317:During the 1917 3268:Mishka Yaponchik 3189:Odessa Committee 3093:established the 3062: 3059: 3041: 3034: 2869:Cossack uprising 2778:Galicia-Volhynia 2552: 2545: 2538: 2401: 2400: 2282: 2103: 2097: 2078: 2042: 2041: 1989: 1936:New Zealand 1888: 1851:El Salvador 1841: 1773:Northern America 1765: 1359: 1115: 1114: 1026:Crimean Karaites 922: 921: 900: 898: 819: 817: 809: 803: 794: 782:Rabbinic Judaism 763: 757: 751: 739: 727: 693: 686:Maccabean Revolt 663: 656: 650: 642: 635: 629: 621: 603: 527: 526: 501: 396: 395: 328: 316: 215: 214: 70:Total population 57:The location of 55: 48: 46: 45: 44: 43:Українськi євреї 38: 31: 21: 18:Ukrainian Jewish 10659: 10658: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10570: 10564: 10550:Northern Cyprus 10532: 10526: 10425:North Macedonia 10246: 10241: 10211: 10206: 10193: 10186: 10173: 10118: 10033:Cultural icons 9976: 9852: 9823:Stock exchanges 9811: 9786: 9770:Law enforcement 9686: 9640:Nature reserves 9601: 9575: 9470:Ukrainian State 9401:Mongol invasion 9340: 9334: 9304: 9299: 9288: 9252: 9168: 9073: 9057: 9052: 8970: 8953: 8908: 8906: 8896: 8807: 8767: 8724: 8703: 8685: 8683:Further reading 8680: 8679: 8672: 8668: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8618: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8601:on 5 March 2013 8587: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8404: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8310: 8306: 8302:(14 April 2016) 8294: 8290: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8243: 8241: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8215:. 27 March 2014 8211: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8194: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8176:), 27 May 2014. 8166: 8162: 8150: 8146: 8142:(27 April 2014) 8134: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8077: 8067: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8050:. 18 April 2014 8042: 8041: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8011: 8010: 8006: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7702: 7700: 7691: 7690: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7662: 7661: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7634:Winer, Stuart. 7632: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7607: 7606: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7547: 7546: 7539: 7529: 7527: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7491:Wayback Machine 7482: 7478: 7464: 7460: 7444: 7435: 7430:Wayback Machine 7414: 7403: 7395: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7308: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7239:on 21 July 2020 7236: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7160: 7156: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6963:, pp. 180. 6961:Rothenberg 1970 6959: 6955: 6949:Dmytryshyn 1965 6947: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6901:Rothenberg 1970 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6822:, pp. 131. 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6730:Schechtman 1970 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6700: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6620: 6618: 6608: 6604: 6589: 6573: 6566: 6551: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6502: 6494: 6487: 6481:Rothenberg 1970 6479: 6472: 6467: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6393:Korey 1978, 90. 6392: 6385: 6378: 6362: 6358: 6352:Wayback Machine 6343: 6339: 6332: 6324:. p. 537. 6309: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6235: 6231: 6225:Wayback Machine 6216: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6107:on 14 July 2014 6104: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6017: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5974: 5963: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5917: 5898: 5882:10.2307/2499851 5866:Abramson, Henry 5863: 5854: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5775:. Vol. 1. 5765: 5758: 5742: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5722:on 23 June 2013 5714: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5630: 5621: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5563:. p. 256. 5551: 5547: 5540: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5494: 5487: 5475: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5441: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5404: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5293:Lithuanian Jews 5131: 5126: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5010:Jesse Eisenberg 4940:Sheldon Adelson 4936: 4827: 4732:Mikhail Fridman 4727:Moysey Fishbein 4688: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4653:– the place of 4607:Sholem Aleichem 4556: 4544: 4530: 4388:eastern Ukraine 4280: 4208: 4045: 4020: 3996:Main articles: 3986: 3963:Arnold Margolin 3947: 3933: 3925: 3798: 3744: 3738: 3682: 3672: 3647:1917 Revolution 3634: 3574: 3562:Ukrainian State 3528:Tsentralna Rada 3499: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3472: 3456: 3444: 3428: 3414: 3398: 3382: 3359: 3356: 3315: 3309: 3241: 3211:Communist Party 3203: 3185:Bilu (movement) 3183:Main articles: 3181: 3099:Congress Poland 3063: 3057: 3054: 3047:needs expansion 3032: 3008:Main articles: 3006: 2955:, known as the 2919: 2909:Hasidic Judaism 2907:Main articles: 2905: 2855: 2849: 2832: 2830:Lithuanian Jews 2820:Main articles: 2818: 2810:Austria-Hungary 2790: 2782:Main articles: 2780: 2766:held in either 2741: 2735: 2705:and their many 2627:Roman Catholics 2556: 2511: 2510: 2398: 2388: 2387: 2378:Judeo-Malayalam 2358:Judaeo-Georgian 2278: 2269: 2259: 2258: 2159:Yiddish theatre 2101: 2039: 2029: 2028: 1987: 1960: 1950: 1949: 1886: 1839: 1763: 1357: 1141:Genetic studies 1112: 1102: 1101: 919: 909: 908: 896: 895: 815: 814: 807: 797: 792: 774:and Middle Ages 772:Rabbinic period 759: 753: 746: 734: 705: 691: 661: 654: 645: 637: 633: 624: 619:in Judaism 616: 601: 524: 514: 513: 393: 383: 382: 326: 314: 259: 196:Belarusian Jews 85:360,000–400,000 83:enlarged 65: 40: 35: 34: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10657: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10574: 10572: 10571:other entities 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10500:United Kingdom 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10313:Czech Republic 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10240: 10239: 10232: 10225: 10217: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10191: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10128: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9992: 9986: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9942: 9932: 9931: 9930: 9920: 9907: 9901: 9896: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9653: 9652: 9642: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9625: 9623:National parks 9619: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9480:Makhnovshchina 9477: 9472: 9467: 9457: 9452: 9450:Russian Empire 9447: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9357: 9355: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9339: articles 9333: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9310: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9231:Transcarpathia 9228: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9092: 9087: 9085:Crimean Tatars 9081: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9062:Dominant group 9059: 9058: 9051: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8969: 8968:External links 8966: 8965: 8964: 8957: 8951: 8936: 8925: 8914: 8894: 8869: 8860: 8849: 8830: 8811: 8805: 8790: 8779: 8765: 8750: 8739: 8728: 8722: 8707: 8701: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8666: 8652: 8638: 8612: 8595:Jewish Journal 8581: 8572: 8547: 8521: 8510: 8499: 8490: 8479:. 7 April 2022 8464: 8438: 8427:. 3 March 2022 8412: 8401:. 6 March 2022 8390: 8369: 8343: 8304: 8300:Jerusalem Post 8288: 8251: 8226: 8204: 8193:. 4 March 2014 8178: 8173:Jerusalem Post 8160: 8144: 8128: 8099: 8087: 8069:Dorell, Oren. 8061: 8030: 8004: 7983: 7957: 7931: 7905: 7894:on 9 June 2012 7879: 7853: 7842: 7817: 7791: 7779: 7761: 7736: 7710: 7681: 7652: 7626: 7597: 7566: 7537: 7507: 7498: 7476: 7474:(8 April 1999) 7458: 7433: 7412: 7386: 7364: 7339: 7328:. 15 June 2013 7313: 7306: 7283: 7271: 7250: 7214: 7188: 7174: 7154: 7140: 7126: 7115: 7108: 7088: 7063: 7040: 7031: 7022: 7013: 7001: 6999:, p. 294. 6989: 6977: 6973:Altshuler 1993 6965: 6953: 6941: 6932: 6917: 6905: 6893: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6786: 6772: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6732:, p. 113. 6722: 6720:, pp. 81. 6710: 6688: 6674: 6654: 6632: 6602: 6587: 6564: 6549: 6526: 6517: 6500: 6485: 6470: 6458: 6456:, p. 306. 6446: 6434: 6432:Korey 1978, 79 6425: 6416: 6404: 6395: 6383: 6376: 6356: 6337: 6330: 6290: 6278: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6229: 6218:Odessa pogroms 6210: 6184: 6177: 6157: 6144: 6118: 6083: 6059:Timothy Snyder 6050: 6038: 6031: 6008: 5994: 5961: 5941: 5934: 5896: 5894:Table, pg. 548 5852: 5837: 5822: 5796: 5789: 5756: 5733: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5668: 5642: 5619: 5612: 5592: 5576: 5569: 5545: 5538: 5515: 5508: 5485: 5460: 5430: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Jewish gauchos 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5133:Ukraine portal 5122: 5119:Judaism portal 5106: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5085:Paul Wellstone 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Irvin Kershner 5022: 5020:Erving Goffman 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4970:Bruce Blakeman 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4896:Sholom Secunda 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4831:Sidor Belarsky 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4772:Viktor Pinchuk 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4686:Ukrainian Jews 4684: 4669:Main article: 4666: 4663: 4645:– the path of 4596:Menorah center 4574:(about half), 4555: 4552: 4529: 4526: 4477:Dnipropetrovsk 4279: 4276: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4044: 4041: 4025:Einsatzgruppen 3985: 3982: 3959:Symon Petliura 3937:Khazar Judaism 3929:Main article: 3924: 3921: 3866:Dnipropetrovsk 3839:Soviet Ukraine 3797: 3794: 3781:Symon Petliura 3751:Ivan Semesenko 3737: 3734: 3671: 3668: 3639:Black Hundreds 3633: 3630: 3573: 3570: 3495:Main article: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3308: 3305: 3283:Black Hundreds 3249:Yekaterinoslav 3240: 3237: 3229:Black Hundreds 3207:Jewish culture 3180: 3177: 3166:St. Petersburg 3118:Constantinople 3114:Greek Orthodox 3097:that included 3083:Russian Empire 3065: 3064: 3044: 3042: 3005: 3002: 2979:Haredi Judaism 2904: 2901: 2899:in July 1648. 2851:Main article: 2848: 2845: 2817: 2814: 2779: 2776: 2749:Constantinople 2745:Byzantine Jews 2737:Main article: 2734: 2731: 2703:Einsatzgruppen 2681:Symon Petliura 2677:Ukrainian Army 2650:Constantinople 2643:Greek Orthodox 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2439:Territorialism 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2323:Judaeo-Spanish 2320: 2318:Judaeo-Iranian 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2098: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1764:United Kingdom 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1197:Bilad-el-Sudan 1194: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1150:Land of Israel 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1010: 1009: 1008:Related groups 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 941: 940: 935: 920: 915: 914: 911: 910: 905: 904: 903: 902: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 865:Jewish atheism 862: 857: 852: 844: 843: 839: 838: 837: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816:Islamic–Jewish 811: 804: 789: 784: 776: 775: 768: 767: 766: 765: 741: 728: 700: 695: 688: 683: 681:Yehud Medinata 675: 674: 668: 667: 666: 665: 658: 651: 643: 630: 622: 610: 605: 598: 590: 589: 587:Ancient Israel 583: 582: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 543:Land of Israel 540: 532: 531: 525: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 509: 508: 507: 502: 498:Shulchan Aruch 493: 488: 483: 478: 470: 469: 468: 467: 462: 454: 453: 447: 446: 445: 444: 439: 431: 430: 424: 423: 422: 421: 416: 411: 403: 402: 394: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 323: 318: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 276: 271: 264:God in Judaism 260: 255: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248: 243: 235: 234: 224: 223: 211: 210: 204:Hungarian Jews 184:Ashkenazi Jews 176: 175: 171: 170: 155: 154: 150: 149: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 72: 71: 67: 66: 56: 37:יהדות אוקראינה 33:Ukrainian Jews 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10656: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10583:Faroe Islands 10581: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10555:South Ossetia 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10529: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10385:Liechtenstein 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10238: 10233: 10231: 10226: 10224: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10180: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10121: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9928: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9564:War in Donbas 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9497:Ukrainian SSR 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9338: 9331: 9326: 9324: 9319: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9216: 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Macmillan. 8798: 8797: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8766:0-87068-156-7 8762: 8758: 8757: 8751: 8747: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8675: 8670: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8645: 8643: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8576: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8514: 8508: 8503: 8494: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8400: 8394: 8379: 8373: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8285: 8268: 8261: 8255: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8214: 8208: 8192: 8191:Bloomberg.com 8188: 8182: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8096: 8091: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8000: 7993: 7987: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7846: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7788: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7480: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7402: 7401: 7393: 7391: 7374: 7368: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7309: 7307:9789400752047 7303: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7275: 7260: 7254: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7218: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7177: 7175:9781453226339 7171: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7150: 7144: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7119: 7111: 7109:9781496210791 7105: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7052:. Ukrlife.org 7051: 7044: 7035: 7026: 7017: 7010: 7009:Gitelman 1993 7005: 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6975:, p. 85. 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6936: 6928: 6921: 6915:, p. 57. 6914: 6909: 6902: 6897: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6870:, p. 65. 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6846:, p. 64. 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6810:, p. 59. 6809: 6804: 6796: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6698: 6692: 6677: 6675:9781560430681 6671: 6667: 6666: 6658: 6642: 6641:"The Pogroms" 6636: 6630: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6571: 6569: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6533: 6531: 6521: 6515:, p. 62. 6514: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6438: 6429: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6399: 6390: 6388: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6360: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6341: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6288:, p. 30. 6287: 6282: 6273: 6267:, p. 67. 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6214: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6161: 6154: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6045: 6043: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6013: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5870:Slavic Review 5867: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5835:, p. 31. 5834: 5829: 5827: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5492: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303:Lwów Uprising 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191:Galician Jews 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5123: 5120: 5109: 5096: 5095:Abella Danger 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070:Beverly Sills 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055:Chuck Schumer 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5040:Judith Resnik 5038: 5036: 5035:Leonard Nimoy 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:Roseanne Barr 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4945:Sidney Altman 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Inna Vernikov 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Dmitry Salita 4889: 4887: 4886:Kirill Reznik 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836:Len Blavatnik 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737:Vadym Gutzeit 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692:Baal Shem Tov 4690: 4689: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4566:and ahead of 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4483:and Donetsk. 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4392:war in Donbas 4389: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268:Gennady Riger 4265: 4261: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4235:Bukharan Jews 4232: 4231:Georgian Jews 4228: 4227:Mountain Jews 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3918: 3917:Baltic states 3914: 3910: 3909:Ukrainian SSR 3906: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3629: 3627: 3626:Kropyvnytskyi 3623: 3618: 3616: 3611: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3591:In 1918, the 3589: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3479: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3137:In May 1882, 3135: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3116:patriarch in 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3045:This section 3043: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2967:, related to 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957:Baal Shem Tov 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2926:Cossack Mamay 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671:. During the 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2605:(1917–1920), 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2363:Judeo-Aramaic 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2353:Judeo-Italian 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2333:Ghardaïa Sign 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1958:Denominations 1954: 1953: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786:United States 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1401: 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Retrieved 6615: 6605: 6577: 6539: 6520: 6454:Weinryb 1970 6449: 6437: 6428: 6419: 6407: 6398: 6366: 6359: 6340: 6316: 6281: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6241:Simon Dubnow 6236: 6232: 6213: 6201:. Retrieved 6196: 6187: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6147: 6135:. Retrieved 6130: 6121: 6109:. Retrieved 6102:the original 6074:. Retrieved 6067:the original 6053: 6021: 5999:. Retrieved 5979: 5953: 5944: 5924: 5873: 5869: 5813:. Retrieved 5809:the original 5799: 5772: 5747: 5744:Paul Magocsi 5724:. Retrieved 5720:the original 5710: 5698: 5686: 5676: 5675:Kipiani, V. 5671: 5659:. Retrieved 5655:the original 5645: 5635: 5602: 5595: 5579: 5555: 5548: 5528: 5518: 5498: 5451:. Retrieved 5447: 5423:21 September 5421:. Retrieved 5412: 5357: 5260: 5090:Peter Yarrow 4990:Mickey Cohen 4985:Noam Chomsky 4975:Gary Baseman 4876:Mike Mazurki 4841:Meir Blinken 4792:Leon Trotsky 4659:Bruno Schulz 4604: 4590:of Kyiv and 4564:South Africa 4560:in the world 4557: 4545: 4511: 4485: 4458: 4440:emissary of 4427: 4425: 4399: 4377: 4374: 4347: 4339: 4332: 4317: 4306: 4295: 4257: 4046: 4029: 4021: 4002:Lviv pogroms 3984:World War II 3967: 3956: 3948: 3926: 3913:World War II 3898: 3887: 3878: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3843: 3824: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3770: 3767: 3745: 3703: 3651:Leon Trotsky 3635: 3619: 3606: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3559: 3547:Moisei Rafes 3544: 3540: 3516: 3364:Perpetrators 3316: 3302: 3287: 3272: 3253: 3223: 3204: 3174: 3162:Simon Dubnow 3159: 3142: 3136: 3125: 3107: 3080: 3058:October 2018 3055: 3051:adding to it 3046: 2994:Christianity 2987: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2942: 2935: 2889: 2887:in 1648–49. 2856: 2833: 2798:Polish kings 2791: 2768:Thessaloniki 2742: 2692: 2685: 2663:and ensuing 2658: 2636: 2616: 2612:World War II 2592: 2563: 2561: 2502:Post-Zionism 2373:Judeo-Berber 2368:Judeo-Arabic 2328:Judeo-Gascon 2075:Pidyon haben 1994:Conservative 1757: 1540:Saudi Arabia 1358:South Africa 1347:Sierra Leone 1169:Israeli Jews 1083:Mosaic Arabs 1036:Kaifeng Jews 897:Arab–Israeli 870:Emancipation 749:Great Revolt 558:Anti-Judaism 553:Antisemitism 548:Name "Judea" 343:Baal teshuva 188:Russian Jews 163:Christianity 84: 80: 76: 29:Ethnic group 26: 10598:Isle of Man 10533:recognition 10485:Switzerland 10420:Netherlands 10137:Rus' people 10000:Kievan Rus' 9391:Kievan Rus' 9376:Early Slavs 9257:under 5,000 9117:Belarusians 9078:Over 50,000 6913:Pinkus 1988 6868:Pinkus 1988 6844:Pinkus 1988 6808:Pinkus 1988 6513:Pinkus 1988 6442:Pinkus 1988 6412:Sawyer 2019 6286:Pinkus 1988 6203:10 February 5833:Pinkus 1988 5343:Yerusalimka 5333:Three hares 5298:Lwów Ghetto 5080:Jon Stewart 5050:Amy Schumer 5030:Frank Luntz 5000:Jim Drucker 4911:Isaac Stern 4906:Boris Sidis 4871:Max Levchin 4787:Ihor Surkis 4747:German Khan 4697:Isaak Babel 4619:Korostyshiv 4272:Lia Shemtov 3815:Yevsektsiya 3726:Khmelnitsky 3683: [ 3620:During the 3507:karbovanets 3462:Polish army 3294:blood libel 3290:antisemitic 3233:Nicholas II 3073:Map of the 2998:Catholicism 2990:Jacob Frank 2973:, known as 2913:Jacob Frank 2871:, known as 2739:Kievan Rus' 2733:Kievan Rus' 2659:During the 2595:persecution 2576:Kievan Rus' 2497:Revisionist 2487:Neo-Zionism 2094:Zeved habat 1887:Puerto Rico 1713:Netherlands 1545:South Korea 1530:Philippines 1410:Afghanistan 1277:Ivory Coast 1051:Crypto-Jews 1016:Bnei Anusim 995:Bene Israel 960:Beta Israel 917:Communities 824:Middle Ages 563:Persecution 338:Bereavement 208:Polish Jews 10623:Categories 10455:San Marino 10415:Montenegro 10395:Luxembourg 10375:Kazakhstan 10278:Azerbaijan 10142:Ruthenians 10094:Literature 10067:Vyshyvanka 9962:Minorities 9879:Corruption 9812:(currency) 9733:Government 9728:Parliament 9667:Waterfalls 9532:Euromaidan 9381:East Slavs 9366:Sarmatians 9354:Chronology 9218:Mennonites 9208:Bessarabia 9127:Hungarians 9122:Bulgarians 9069:Ukrainians 8909:1 February 8845:1022825225 8631:1 December 8605:1 December 8565:1 December 8560:Chabad.org 7520:archive.is 7423:Author bio 6997:Baron 1976 6856:Levin 1988 6820:Levin 1988 6742:Levin 1988 6718:Levin 1988 6621:1 February 6597:1357256139 6559:1135962272 6496:Levin 1988 6265:Baron 1976 6137:31 January 6001:17 October 5848:Baron 1976 5750:, p. 350. 5377:References 5363:Euromaidan 5045:Carl Sagan 4980:Mel Brooks 4901:Al Sherman 4881:Lev Parnas 4866:Mila Kunis 4762:Golda Meir 4675:See also: 4647:S.Y. Agnon 4611:Golda Meir 4540:See also: 4380:Euromaidan 4378:Since the 4313:legitimacy 3915:) and the 3882:Yevsektsia 3874:Chernivtsi 3740:See also: 3664:Red Terror 3655:White Army 3615:Yevsektsia 3505:1917. 100 3388:White army 3275:Revolution 3270:in Odesa. 2857:Ukrainian 2808:, part of 2482:Maximalism 2434:Secularism 2414:Autonomism 2231:Literature 2024:Humanistic 1628:Azerbaijan 1590:Uzbekistan 1565:Tajikistan 1485:Kyrgyzstan 1470:Kazakhstan 1317:Mozambique 1292:Madagascar 1212:Cape Verde 1164:New Yishuv 1159:Old Yishuv 1110:Population 1088:Subbotniks 1046:Samaritans 985:Romanyotim 928:Ashkenazim 875:Old Yishuv 855:Sabbateans 842:Modern era 834:Golden Age 761:Bar Kokhba 481:Beit Yosef 348:Philosophy 75:2010 est. 10588:Gibraltar 10390:Lithuania 9990:Animation 9957:Languages 9906:(2009-10) 9874:Education 9848:Transport 9760:Judiciary 9753:Elections 9723:President 9662:Mountains 9611:Geography 9502:Holodomor 9438:Hetmanate 9361:Scythians 9279:Krymchaks 9269:Albanians 9227:(Olęders) 9225:Holenders 9203:Black Sea 9190:Georgians 9154:Armenians 9137:Moldovans 9132:Romanians 8904:211404686 8326:0362-4331 8075:USA TODAY 7866:Kyiv Post 7862:"Svoboda" 7471:Kyiv Post 6754:Carr 1971 5444:"Ukraine" 5015:Stan Getz 5005:Bob Dylan 4651:Drohobych 4627:Berdychiv 4586:. Rabbis 4562:, behind 4406:Banderite 4239:Krymchaks 4122:2,700,000 4111:2,720,000 4100:2,680,000 4032:Holocaust 3945:Krymchaks 3755:Proskurov 3722:Vashilkov 3680:Khodorkiv 3014:Cantonist 2949:rabbinism 2945:mysticism 2930:Haidamaka 2838:in 1569, 2727:to Israel 2665:Civil War 2646:Patriarch 2601:. In the 2492:Religious 2348:Zarphatic 2338:Bukharian 2308:Judeo-Tat 2293:Yeshivish 2267:Languages 2222:Sephardic 2212:Israelite 2202:Ethiopian 2192:Ashkenazi 2131:Religious 1921:Australia 1903:Venezuela 1809:Argentina 1791:Greenland 1703:Lithuania 1555:Sri Lanka 1550:Singapore 1475:Kurdistan 1440:Indonesia 1430:Hong Kong 1383:Abayudaya 1307:Mauritius 1041:Igbo Jews 1031:Krymchaks 950:Sephardim 818:relations 712:Sadducees 708:Pharisees 698:Sanhedrin 613:Jerusalem 373:Synagogue 241:Etymology 141:(13.4%), 139:Ukrainian 137:(83.0%), 129:Languages 10608:Svalbard 10593:Guernsey 10540:Abkhazia 10515:Scotland 10470:Slovenia 10465:Slovakia 10440:Portugal 10298:Bulgaria 10197:Category 10164:Censuses 10152:Refugees 10147:Diaspora 10084:Holidays 10079:Folklore 9972:Religion 9929:problems 9899:HIV/AIDS 9894:Abortion 9743:Military 9696:Politics 9682:Wildlife 9597:Military 9592:Economic 9580:By topic 9274:Karaites 9199:Germans 9090:Russians 8826:31729141 8425:aish.com 8356:aish.com 8336:25 April 8330:Archived 8017:BBC News 7918:KyivPost 7804:KyivPost 7723:KyivPost 7668:BBC News 7584:KyivPost 7553:BBC News 7524:Archived 7487:Archived 7426:Archived 7379:16 April 7264:14 April 7207:14 April 7181:16 April 7056:16 April 6647:16 April 6348:Archived 6314:(2010). 6221:Archived 6131:Refworld 6111:16 April 6076:17 March 5922:(2007). 5781:ABC-Clio 5726:16 April 5105:See also 4856:Jan Koum 4615:Zhytomyr 4486:In 2014 4417:Orthodox 4394:and the 4384:southern 4370:neo-Nazi 4207:Source: 4049:Cold War 4014:Babi Yar 3808:kehillot 3803:kehillot 3779:. In it 3771:pinqasim 3730:Sudilkov 3706:Volhynia 3434:Red Army 3256:Kishinev 3143:May Laws 3022:May Laws 2975:Hasidism 2970:Kabbalah 2928:and the 2917:Haskalah 2806:Bukovina 2802:magnates 2764:assembly 2719:Cold War 2715:Red Army 2688:Volhynia 2623:Cossacks 2580:Hasidism 2519:Category 2477:Kahanism 2424:Feminism 2396:Politics 2280:Biblical 2250:American 2197:Bukharan 2187:American 2087:Shidduch 2063:Clothing 2019:Haymanot 1965:Orthodox 1893:Suriname 1876:Paraguay 1829:Colombia 1728:Portugal 1638:Bulgaria 1575:Thailand 1525:Pakistan 1505:Mongolia 1500:Malaysia 1420:Cambodia 1394:Zimbabwe 1369:Tanzania 1247:Eswatini 1237:Ethiopia 1227:Djibouti 1207:Cameroon 1202:Botswana 1131:Diaspora 1093:Noahides 1066:Marranos 990:Cochinim 975:Bukharim 965:Gruzinim 955:Teimanim 945:Mizrahim 933:Galician 899:conflict 860:Hasidism 850:Haskalah 755:Diaspora 626:timeline 538:Timeline 451:Rabbinic 358:Kabbalah 333:Marriage 309:Tzedakah 299:Holidays 257:Religion 220:a series 218:Part of 153:Religion 145:(3.1%), 10505:England 10495:Ukraine 10445:Romania 10405:Moldova 10363:Ireland 10358:Iceland 10353:Hungary 10343:Germany 10338:Georgia 10328:Finland 10323:Estonia 10318:Denmark 10303:Croatia 10288:Belgium 10283:Belarus 10273:Austria 10268:Armenia 10263:Andorra 10258:Albania 10188:Outline 10062:Rushnyk 10057:Pysanka 10042:Borscht 10037:Bandura 10022:Cuisine 10005:Baroque 9982:Culture 9927:suicide 9862:Society 9843:Tourism 9818:Banking 9809:Hryvnia 9796:Economy 9549:Outline 9455:Galicia 9346:History 9337:Ukraine 9296:Ukraine 9243:Koreans 9105:Hutsuls 8276:28 July 5890:2499851 5815:3 April 5754:, 1996. 5637:Haaretz 5477:Ukraine 4643:Buchach 4639:Amos Oz 4580:Kharkiv 4481:Luhansk 4402:Donetsk 4362:accused 4348:In the 4287:Ketubah 4177:106,600 4166:487,555 4155:634,420 4144:777,406 4133:840,446 4103:+793.3% 4092:+650.0% 4089:300,000 4037:Ukraine 3905:Romania 3894:shtetls 3820:Kharkiv 3759:Shabbat 3610:Zionist 3523:Yiddish 3511:Yiddish 3215:atheism 2965:Judaism 2897:Tulczyn 2893:Nemirov 2859:Cossack 2794:Galicia 2761:Karaite 2699:Belarus 2607:Yiddish 2584:Zionism 2572:Ukraine 2462:General 2453:Zionism 2429:Leftism 2419:Bundism 2343:Knaanic 2303:Yevanic 2288:Yiddish 2245:Yiddish 2240:Israeli 2217:Mizrahi 2207:Israeli 2178:Cuisine 2154:Ancient 2136:Secular 2082:Kashrut 2058:Wedding 2045:Customs 2037:Culture 2014:Science 2009:Renewal 1999:Karaite 1980:Hasidic 1912:Oceania 1898:Uruguay 1866:Jamaica 1846:Ecuador 1814:Bolivia 1758:Ukraine 1733:Romania 1708:Moldova 1688:Hungary 1678:Germany 1673:Georgia 1663:Finland 1658:Estonia 1653:Denmark 1648:Czechia 1633:Belarus 1623:Austria 1618:Armenia 1595:Vietnam 1510:Myanmar 1495:Lebanon 1415:Bahrain 1374:Tunisia 1352:Somalia 1327:Nigeria 1322:Namibia 1312:Morocco 1242:Eritrea 1187:Algeria 1071:Neofiti 980:Italkim 970:Juhurim 880:Zionism 829:Khazars 724:Sicarii 720:Zealots 716:Essenes 703:Schisms 568:Leaders 530:General 522:History 465:Tosefta 460:Midrash 437:Mishnah 419:Ketuvim 414:Nevi'im 363:Customs 294:Shabbat 289:Halakha 281: ( 279:Mitzvot 266: ( 232:Judaism 167:atheism 159:Judaism 143:Yiddish 135:Russian 113:Kharkiv 100:110,000 81:200,000 79:core – 59:Ukraine 39:‎ 10603:Jersey 10545:Kosovo 10490:Turkey 10480:Sweden 10460:Serbia 10450:Russia 10435:Poland 10430:Norway 10410:Monaco 10380:Latvia 10348:Greece 10333:France 10308:Cyprus 10202:Portal 10052:Kobzar 10017:Cinema 9923:Murder 9889:Health 9828:Energy 9657:Rivers 9650:Cities 9386:Kuyaba 9238:Gagauz 9213:Crimea 9195:Czechs 9164:Tatars 9159:Greeks 9110:Lemkos 9100:Boykos 9095:Rusyns 8949: 8902: 8892: 8843: 8824: 8803: 8775:240873 8773: 8763: 8720: 8699: 8540:10 May 8483:10 May 8457:10 May 8431:10 May 8405:10 May 8383:10 May 8362:10 May 8324: 8244:10 May 8219:10 May 8197:10 May 8121:12 May 8080:10 May 8054:10 May 8023:10 May 7976:10 May 7950:10 May 7924:10 May 7898:10 May 7835:10 May 7810:10 May 7754:10 May 7729:10 May 7703:10 May 7674:10 May 7645:10 May 7619:10 May 7590:10 May 7559:10 May 7530:24 May 7410: 7357:24 May 7332:24 May 7304: 7243:10 May 7172: 7106: 7081:24 May 6703:10 May 6681:10 May 6672: 6595: 6585: 6557: 6547: 6374: 6328: 6175: 6029: 5992: 5932: 5888: 5787: 5661:10 May 5610: 5567: 5536: 5506: 5453:10 May 4576:Dnipro 4568:Mexico 4471:, the 4450:Dnipro 4444:Rabbi 4438:Chabad 4434:Israel 4429:aliyah 4199:67,000 4191:−32.9% 4188:71,500 4180:−78.1% 4169:−23.1% 4158:−18.4% 4136:−68.9% 4078:40,000 4016:, and 3943:, and 3911:after 3901:Poland 3859:raions 3855:raions 3847:KOMZET 3748:Otaman 3718:Tetiev 3714:Ovruch 3449:Others 3199:; 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