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3648:; University of Hawaii Press; Honolulu: 2012. 0824-83634-0 According to Tranquanda, "This is an old and seemingly never-ending argument. While the pioneering methods of Kaai (1906) and Rollinson (1909) both use C tuning, a sampling of the methods that follow give a sense of the unresolved nature of the debate: Kealakai (1914), D tuning; Bailey (1914), C tuning; Kia (1914), D tuning; Kamiki (1916), D tuning; Guckert (1917), C tuning; Stumpf (1917), D tuning."
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A view of the soundhole and label of a ukulele made by Louis Viohl & Sons in
Flushing, Queens, New York sometime in the 1920s: Albert Louis Viohl emigrated to the U.S. in the 1860s and started the Empire workshop in 1883, where he made various stringed musical instruments, including guitars and
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Instruments with six or eight strings in four courses are often called taropatches, or taropatch ukuleles. They were once common in the concert size, but now the tenor size is more common for six-string taropatch ukuleles. The six-string, four-course version, has two single and two double courses,
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The following chart shows the range of notes of standard ukulele types. Note that the range varies with the tuning and size of the instruments. The examples shown in the chart reflect the range of each instrument from the lowest standard tuning to the highest fret in the highest standard tuning.
919:
and electric ukuleles. Of the standard ukuleles, the soprano, often called "standard" in Hawaii, is the second smallest and was the original size. The concert size was developed in the 1920s as an enhanced soprano, slightly larger and louder with a deeper tone. Shortly thereafter, the tenor was
2004:
tuning. Once considered standard, this tuning was commonly used during the
Hawaiian music boom of the early 20th century, and is often seen in sheet music from this period, as well as in many method books through the 1980s. D tuning is said by some to bring out a sweeter tone in some ukuleles,
2125:
As is commonly the case with string instruments, other tunings may be preferred by individual players. For example, special string sets are available to tune the baritone ukulele in linear C. Some players tune ukuleles like other four-string instruments such as the
2345:
749:
After the 1960s, the ukulele declined in popularity until the late 1990s, when interest in the instrument reawakened. During the 1990s, new manufacturers began producing ukuleles and a new generation of musicians took up the instrument.
715:
turned out about 9 million inexpensive ukuleles. The ukulele remained popular, appearing in many jazz songs throughout the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. Much of the instrument's popularity (particularly the baritone size) was cultivated by
636:. Like guitar, basic ukulele skills can be learned fairly easily, and this highly portable, relatively inexpensive instrument was popular with amateur players throughout the 1920s, as evidenced by the introduction of uke chord
1487:
2408:
3756:. Institute of Pacific Studies in Association with the Cook Islands Extension Centre, University of the South Pacific, the Cook Islands Cultural and Historic Places Trust, and the Ministry of Cultural Development.
1546:, which is often remembered by the notes in the "My dog has fleas" jingle (see sidebar). The G string is tuned an octave higher than might be expected, so this is often called "high G" tuning. This is known as a "
2387:
339:. Three immigrants in particular, Madeiran cabinet makers Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, are generally credited as the first ukulele makers. Two weeks after they disembarked from the
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For the concert and tenor ukuleles, both reentrant and linear C tunings are standard; linear tuning in particular is widely used for the tenor ukulele, more so than for the soprano and concert instruments.
2202:, tuned the same as a Hawaiian ukulele in four courses, although the middle two courses are an octave higher than its Hawaiian cousin. Inspired by the Tahitian ukulele, there is the Motu Nui variant, from
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mandolins. Both of his sons joined the family business, and in 1902, Louis, Jr., took over running it (August was the other son), and added ukuleles to the catalogue in the late 1910s to the 1920s.
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Common types of ukuleles include soprano (standard ukulele), concert, tenor, and baritone. Less common are the sopranino (also called piccolo, bambino, or "pocket uke"), bass, and
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The ukulele is generally made of wood, though variants have been composed partially or entirely of plastic or other materials. Cheaper ukuleles are generally made from
414:
in the classroom. At its peak, 50,000 schoolchildren and adults learned the ukulele through the Doane program. "Ukulele in the
Classroom", a revised program created by
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164:
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published in 1907. The catalog describes two ukuleles from Hawaii—one that is similar in size to a modern soprano ukulele, and one that is similar to a tenor (see
374:
the word ukulele roughly translates as "jumping flea", perhaps because of the movement of the player's fingers. Legend attributes it to the nickname of
Englishman
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Whether C or D tuning should be the "standard" tuning is a matter of long and ongoing debate. There are historic and popular ukulele methods that have used each.
2461:
Erich M. von
Hornbostel & Curt Sachs, "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann."
453:, authorities banned most music from the West, but fans and players kept it alive in secret, and it resumed popularity after the war. In 1959, Haida founded the
1471:
2106:
Sopranino ukulele tuning is less standardized. They are usually tuned re-entrant, but frequently at a higher pitch than C; for example, re-entrant G tuning: D
2174:. It is very common to find ukuleles mixed with other stringed instruments because of the number of strings and the easy playing ability. There is also an
3567:
Tenor ukuleles exist in a variety of styles, with 4, 5, 6, and 8 strings. What the tenor is called depends on which style it has been designed in.
754:
set out to promote the instrument in the early 1990s and created over two dozen ukulele music books featuring modern music and classic ukulele pieces.
560:. The Hawaiian Pavilion featured a guitar and ukulele ensemble, George E. K. Awai and his Royal Hawaiian Quartet, along with ukulele maker and player
3114:
849:. They are also often seen in nonstandard shapes, such as cutaway and oval, usually called a "pineapple" ukulele (see image below), invented by the
3784:
2705:
2336:
864:, giving the instrument a total of six or eight strings (primarily for greater strumming volume.) The strings themselves were originally made of
378:, one of King Kalākaua's officers, because of his small size, fidgety manner, and playing expertise. One of the earliest appearances of the word
2026:, is sometimes called "Canadian tuning" after its use in the Canadian school system, mostly on concert or tenor ukuleles, and extensive use by
895:, though this name also applies to the eight-string version. Eight-string baritone taropatches exist, and 5-string tenors have also been made.
3411:
3201:
287:
and volume of the instrument vary with size and construction. Ukuleles commonly come in four sizes: soprano, concert, tenor, and baritone.
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553:
483:
resonator body. Demand surged in the new century because of its relative simplicity and portability. Another
British ukulele player was
683:, Da Costa Woltz's Southern Broadcasters, Walter Smith and Friends, The Blankenship Family, The Hillbillies, and The Hilltop Singers.
523:
all played the ukulele. Harrison, who was a Formby fan, was a great lover of the instrument and often gave them to friends, including
3960:
3360:
1944:
More rarely used with the soprano ukulele is C linear tuning, or "low G" tuning, which has the G in sequence an octave lower: G
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Eight-string "taropatch" baritone ukuleles have been made; however, they are very rare. See, for example, the Kamaka HF-48
3950:
502:
466:
352:
reported that "Madeira
Islanders recently arrived here, have been delighting the people with nightly street concerts."
3522:, as it is tuned a 5th higher than the next string (and a major 2nd below the "top" string). This is called
3552:
3070:
2610:
248:
219:
64:
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The "scale" is the length of the playable part of the strings, from the nut at the top to the bridge at the bottom.
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672:
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2027:
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924:) was created in the 1940s, and the contrabass and bass are recent innovations (2010 and 2014, respectively).
853:
company, or a boat-paddle shape, and occasionally a square shape, often made out of an old wooden cigar box.
3514:
On the soprano, concert, and tenor instruments, the most common tuning results in a "bottom" string that is
1967:
Another common tuning for the soprano ukulele is the higher string-tension D tuning (or simply D tuning), A
1553:
The table below shows a pitch's name found over the four strings of a ukulele in standard tuning, from the
801:
301:
3122:
2680:
2442:
1469:
2699:
2665:
2206:, which has just four strings made from fishing line and the hole in the back is designed to produce a
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1468:
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2664:. Vol. III. Instruments of Savage Tribes and Semi-Civilized Peoples, Part 2. Oceania. New York:
2507:
729:
587:. On April 15, 1923, at the Rivoli Theater in New York City, Smeck appeared, playing the ukulele, in
454:
434:
returned to the country upon his father's death and introduced the instrument. Haida and his brother
284:
142:
3390:
2414:
the A major scale performed on a bass ukulele with a felt plectrum (first) and fingers - 293 kB
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2315:
758:
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31:
902:
Soprano pineapple ukulele (left), baritone ukulele (center) and taropatch baritone ukulele (right)
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formed the Moana Glee Club, enjoying rapid success in an environment of growing enthusiasm for
3227:
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or wound strings composed of a (typically) nylon core wound with metal or polymers, including
836:. The traditionally preferred wood for ukuleles is a type of acacia endemic to Hawaii, called
644:
for popular songs of the time (a role that was supplanted by the guitar in the early years of
564:. The popularity of the ensemble with visitors launched a fad for Hawaiian-themed songs among
3940:
3749:
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3001:
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2190:, another variant, is usually carved from a single piece of wood, and does not have a hollow
1961:
506:
375:
2937:
2915:
76:, nylon-stringed instrument usually played with the bare thumb and/or fingertips, or a felt
621:
493:
85:
3915:
3229:
Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world: VolumeII: Performance and production
2770:
2566:
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8:
3086:
2242:
725:
457:. Today, Japan is considered a second home for Hawaiian musicians and ukulele virtuosos.
69:
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created, having more volume and a deeper bass tone. The baritone (resembling a smaller
782:
676:
472:
129:
777:", used in films, television programs, and commercials. The song reached number 12 on
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2815:"How The Beatles' George Harrison Turned His Love of Ukulele into a Personal Crusade"
2793:
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2179:
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2031:
792:
helped revive the popularity of the ukulele. One of the first videos to go viral was
540:
403:
371:
340:
324:
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232:
109:
57:
3885:
An exhibition that details the ukulele's history and waves of mainstream popularity.
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for U-Bass style instruments (sometimes called contrabass), or an octave higher, E
410:, using the ukulele as an inexpensive and practical teaching instrument to foster
367:. A patron of the arts, he incorporated it into performances at royal gatherings.
364:
3751:
2735:
2207:
877:
846:
797:
653:
512:
439:
435:
411:
3602:
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1960:, which is equivalent to playing the top four strings (DGBE) of a guitar with a
728:
became closely associated with the instrument after playing it on his 1968 hit "
2265:
2261:
861:
857:
850:
766:
717:
668:
626:
605:
process. On August 6, 1926, Smeck appeared playing the ukulele in a short film
516:
431:
356:
3709:
3682:
3287:
2662:
Catalogue of the Crosby Brown
Collection of Musical Instruments of All Nations
2186:) instead of the wooden soundboard, giving it a distinct and louder tone. The
845:
Typically, ukuleles have a figure-eight body shape similar to that of a small
535:
388:
Catalogue of the Crosby Brown
Collection of Musical Instruments of All Nations
3924:
3876:
2159:
916:
645:
613:
602:
596:
584:
565:
561:
557:
476:
442:
117:
3889:
3432:
1464:
Additionally, the contrabass below aligns with the bass in the above table.
648:). A number of mainland-based stringed-instrument manufacturers, among them
2215:
2199:
2163:
921:
881:
873:
735:
696:
617:
575:
and the ukulele into U.S. mainland popular music, where it was taken up by
450:
2614:
1479:
2139:
2068:
2064:
1527:
805:
641:
520:
498:
93:
77:
2892:
Echo and Reverb: Fabricating Space in
Popular Music Recording, 1900–1960
3623:
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2223:
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912:
751:
592:
576:
568:
484:
336:
307:
146:
3750:
University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies (2003).
3313:
Jeppson, Mim (2021). "Things about strings". In Jackson, Blair (ed.).
3115:""Just a few penny dreadfuls": the Ukulele and Old-Time Country Music"
2841:"The Beatles' George Harrison believed everyone should have a ukulele"
2060:, the same as the highest four strings of a standard 6-string guitar.
1526:
One of the most common tunings for the standard or soprano ukulele is
3057:
American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years
2290:
shell. In Indonesia, a similar Portuguese-inspired instrument is the
2287:
2221:
Close cousins of the ukulele include the Portuguese forerunners, the
2191:
2155:
2143:
637:
610:
599:
580:
524:
73:
491:, who appeared in numerous movies and stage shows, and was twice on
479:, a hybrid instrument consisting of an extended ukulele neck with a
3911:
The differences between the word "ukulele" in Hawaiian and English.
2629:"David Kalakaua (1836–1891), Inaugural Hall of Fame Inductee, 1997"
2291:
2282:
2246:
2127:
1499:
833:
825:
821:
633:
269:
3835:(Revised & Expanded ed.). San Francisco: Backbeat Books.
319:
3791:
Modern Noise, Fluid Genres: Popular Music in Indonesia, 1997–2001
2269:
1518:
817:
789:
355:
One of the most important factors in establishing the ukulele in
328:
46:
808:, and as of September 2020, had received over 17 million views.
761:
helped repopularize the instrument, in particular with his 1993
691:
552:
The ukulele was popularized for a stateside audience during the
3412:"Kala -KA-ATP-CTG Solid Cedar Top Tenor Slothead -Gloss Finish"
2256:
2203:
2171:
2135:
1455:
884:
865:
829:
762:
407:
332:
313:
296:
295:
Developed in the 1880s, the ukulele is based on several small,
273:
105:
2214:
invented an automatic chording device for the ukulele, called
1467:
832:. More expensive ukuleles are made of solid hardwoods such as
703:
509:, established in 1961, continues to hold regular conventions.
3710:"Ukulele Dotara Style Tuning - ইউকালেলি দোতারা স্টাইল টিউনিং"
3030:
Uke Ballads: A Treasury of Twenty-five Love Songs Old and New
2278:
2250:
2237:
869:
711:
From the late 1940s to the late 1960s, plastics manufacturer
661:
480:
427:
418:
and Doane in 2008, is a staple of music education in Canada.
277:
2005:
generally smaller ones. D tuning with a low fourth string, A
190:
3898:
Information about over 600 ukulele makers past and present.
3232:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 450–.
664:
lines to their production to take advantage of the demand.
446:
382:
in print (in the sense of a stringed instrument) is in the
265:
211:
205:
196:
3505:
Exact range depends on the tuning and the number of frets.
667:
The ukulele also made inroads into early country music or
363:
was the ardent support and promotion of the instrument by
2154:
Ukulele varieties include hybrid instruments such as the
898:
838:
3202:"Arthur Godfrey (1903–1983), 2001 Hall of Fame Inductee"
2997:
Ukulele Heaven: Songs from the Golden Age of the Ukulele
671:
parallel to the then-popular mandolin. It was played by
2916:"Jonah Kumalae (1875–1940), 2002 Hall of Fame Inductee"
2867:
San Francisco's Panama-Pacific International Exposition
3545:
Uke can do it! Developing your school ukulele program
3145:"Maccaferri History: The Guitars of Mario Maccaferri"
2372:
G♯ minor chord being played on a ukulele – 47 kB
249:
220:
193:
187:
2940:
Music Cultures in the United States: An Introduction
2044:
The baritone ukulele usually uses linear G tuning: D
208:
202:
3204:. Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum. 2007. Archived from
2182:
produces sound by one or more spun aluminum cones (
928:Size and popular tunings of standard ukulele types
699:
and holding a Maccaferri "Islander" plastic ukulele
199:
3788:
3178:. Peterborough Music. 3 March 2002. Archived from
3054:
2533:
2500:
406:dramatically changed school music programs across
3538:
3536:
3534:
3454:"The story behind the wildly popular Kala U-Bass"
3317:. String Letter Publishing, Inc. pp. 28–31.
3285:
2832:
2499:
3922:
3854:. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
2806:
3023:
3021:
2351:A piece being played on a ukulele – 327 kB
1550:"; it enables uniquely close-harmony chording.
475:was a ukulele player, though he often played a
3783:
3531:
3276:, for the survey week ending January 18, 2004.
2468:
679:, as well as by early string bands, including
3903:"How to Pronounce ʻUkulele: "Yook" or "Ook"?"
3225:
1503:Tuning with the "my dog has fleas" mnemonic.
3219:
3018:
2704:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
824:woods, in some cases with a soundboard of a
299:-like instruments of Portuguese origin, the
3777:
3743:
3592:are trade names of the Kala ukulele company
2792:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 152.
2611:"Prolegomena to a History of the 'Ukuleley"
2679:Karr, Gary, and McMillan, Barclay (1992).
915:ukuleles. Other types of ukuleles include
543:satirizing the contemporary ukulele craze.
3680:
3542:
3108:
3106:
2787:
2613:. Ukulele Guild of Hawaii. Archived from
2063:Bass ukuleles are tuned similarly to the
530:
3027:
2993:
2973:. Centerstream Publications. p. 6.
2768:
2393:The C major scale performed on a ukulele
1517:
1498:
1478:
1454:
897:
868:. Modern ukuleles use strings made from
757:All-time best-selling Hawaiian musician
734:
702:
690:
571:. The ensemble also introduced both the
556:, held from spring to autumn of 1915 in
534:
323:, introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by
145:stringed instruments, in particular the
3660:"How to Play a Ukulele Like a Mandolin"
3657:
3312:
2935:
2838:
2812:
2654:
2589:
1522:Chart of common soprano ukulele chords.
632:The ukulele soon became an icon of the
554:Panama–Pacific International Exposition
27:Musical instrument of the guitar family
14:
3923:
3830:
3286:Catholic Laitinen (6 September 2020).
3103:
3052:
2864:
2756:
2718:
2648:
2198:generally has eight strings made from
2149:
2103:, for Ohana type metal-string basses.
239:
3658:Russell, Robert (15 September 2017).
2889:
2558:
3795:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp.
3708:Ovi, Rahatul Islam (24 April 2017).
2968:
2678:
2608:
2521:participating institution membership
856:These instruments usually have four
785:chart the week of January 31, 2004.
744:
686:
391:
3850:Tranquada, Jim; King, John (2012).
3707:
3476:"Uke Baritone Bass w/Preamp Tattoo"
3288:"Ukulele weeps by Jake Shimabukuro"
3061:. Oxford University Press. p.
3032:. Mel Bay Publications. p. 4.
2918:. Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum. 2007
2631:. Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum. 2008
547:
24:
3734:
3226:John Shepherd (27 February 2003).
3142:
2869:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 36.
2422:Problems playing these files? See
2304:
906:
503:Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain
467:Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain
25:
3982:
3869:
3264:, Interview with Jim Beloff, 2010
2813:Jackson, Blair (August 5, 2021).
2194:, although the back is open. The
1459:Several ukuleles in a music store
974:piccolo, sopranino, sopranissimo
460:
3391:"Kamaka Baritone 8 String HF-48"
3365:The Stringed Instrument Database
3000:. Mel Bay Publications. p.
2839:Whatley, Jack (April 20, 2020).
2404:
2383:
2362:
2341:
2320:
2297:
2138:. Ukuleles may also be tuned to
860:; some strings may be paired in
681:Cowan Powers and his Family Band
660:, added ukulele, banjolele, and
183:
161:
45:
3824:
3728:
3716:from the original on 2021-12-11
3701:
3689:from the original on 2021-12-11
3674:
3651:
3638:
3616:
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3570:
3561:
3508:
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3468:
3446:
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3383:
3353:
3331:
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3294:from the original on 2021-12-11
3279:
3267:
3253:
3194:
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3112:
3079:
3046:
2987:
2962:
2929:
2908:
2883:
2858:
2781:
2762:
2750:
2724:
2712:
2685:Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
2672:
811:
724:on television. Singer-musician
86:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
3961:Portuguese musical instruments
2642:
2621:
2602:
2583:
2552:
2527:
2493:
2455:
2241:. Other relatives include the
2176:electrically amplified variant
1557:(zero) to the fifteenth fret.
13:
1:
3890:"Ukulele Brand name database"
3833:The Ukulele: A Visual History
3737:How to Play Slack Key Ukulule
3681:Middleton, Ken (2 May 2018).
2769:Fladmark, Judy (2010-02-19).
2687:. University of Toronto Press
2448:
527:, whom he taught to play it.
3946:American musical instruments
3936:Hawaiian musical instruments
3683:"Cuatro Tuning On a Ukulele"
3547:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1988:, one step higher than the G
802:While My Guitar Gently Weeps
471:British singer and comedian
445:, particularly Hawaiian and
430:in 1929 after Hawaiian-born
276:. It generally employs four
170:Soprano ukulele being played
7:
2538:. Hawaii University Press.
2534:Tranquada and King (2012).
2443:Stringed instrument tunings
2431:
585:Cliff "Ukulele Ike" Edwards
10:
3987:
3849:
3712:. Rahatul & Dukulele.
3603:"Ukulele in the Classroom"
3543:Tamberino, Philip (2014).
3315:The ukulele owner's manual
2732:"Ukulele in the Classroom"
2666:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2463:The Galpin Society Journal
2235:) and the slightly larger
2158:(also called guitarlele),
2142:, similar to the Hawaiian
1320:bari, bari uke, taropatch
891:and is sometimes called a
804:". The video quickly went
464:
384:Metropolitan Museum of Art
290:
272:origin and popularized in
29:
3951:Guitar family instruments
2894:. Wesleyan. p. 120.
2508:Oxford English Dictionary
2286:traditionally made of an
2162:(also called banjolele),
1474:
730:Tiptoe Through the Tulips
455:Nihon Ukulele Association
397:
346:in late August 1879, the
268:family of instruments of
159:
154:
135:
128:
123:
116:
100:
84:
63:
56:
44:
3053:Sanjek, Russell (1988).
2865:Lipsky, William (2005).
2771:"Ukulele sends UK crazy"
2596:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
2227:(also commonly known as
1395:21 in (53 cm)
1392:32 in (81 cm)
1326:19 in (48 cm)
1323:29 in (74 cm)
1197:17 in (43 cm)
1194:26 in (66 cm)
1129:15 in (38 cm)
1126:23 in (58 cm)
1046:13 in (33 cm)
1043:21 in (53 cm)
980:11 in (28 cm)
977:16 in (41 cm)
796:'s ukulele rendition of
616:process, shown with the
505:tours globally, and the
421:
32:Ukulele (disambiguation)
3966:Lute family instruments
3877:"The Ukulele & You"
2936:Koskoff, Ellen (2005).
2788:Tranquada, Jim (2012).
2590:Roberts, Helen (1926).
2562:World Music: The Basics
2559:Nidel, Richard (2004).
2513:Oxford University Press
2438:List of ukulele players
722:The Arthur Godfrey Show
426:The ukulele arrived in
402:In the 1960s, educator
236:
3881:Museum of Making Music
3852:The Ukulele: A History
3646:The Ukulele: A History
3341:. C.F. Martin & Co
3087:"Famous Ukulele songs"
3028:Whitcomb, Ian (2001).
2994:Whitcomb, Ian (2000).
2790:The Ukulele: a History
2592:Ancient Hawaiian Music
2536:The Ukulele, A History
2309:
1523:
1515:
1496:
1460:
903:
775:What a Wonderful World
741:
708:
700:
695:Boy in Hawaii wearing
544:
531:United States mainland
497:, including the night
392:§ Types and sizes
3831:Beloff, Jim (2003) .
3119:www.oldtimeherald.org
2944:. Routledge. p.
2890:Doyle, Peter (2005).
2565:. Routledge. p.
2337:Henry Kailimai's hene
2308:
1521:
1502:
1482:
1458:
901:
759:Israel Kamakawiwo'ole
738:
706:
694:
538:
507:George Formby Society
501:debuted in 1964. The
376:Edward William Purvis
264:, is a member of the
3753:Cook Islands culture
3724:– via YouTube.
3697:– via YouTube.
3302:– via YouTube.
2330:Playing on a ukulele
2178:of the ukulele. The
872:, synthetic gut, or
707:A modern red ukulele
494:The Ed Sullivan Show
241:[ˈʔukuˈlɛlɛ]
30:For other uses, see
3787:(22 October 2008).
2969:Volk, Andy (2003).
2681:"J. Chalmers Doane"
2668:. 1907. p. 51.
2609:King, John (2003).
2511:(Online ed.).
2150:Related instruments
1964:on the fifth fret.
929:
640:into the published
579:performers such as
130:Related instruments
108:(introduced by the
70:Stringed instrument
41:
3626:. James Hill Music
3182:on 3 November 2011
2310:
1524:
1516:
1497:
1461:
1191:taro patch, Liliu
1040:standard, ukulele
927:
904:
783:Hot Digital Tracks
742:
709:
701:
677:Ernest V. Stoneman
545:
39:
3861:978-0-8248-3634-4
3842:978-0-87930-758-5
3806:978-0-299-22904-7
3763:978-982-02-0348-8
3525:re-entrant tuning
3433:"Lamorinda Music"
3339:"Ukulele Strings"
3324:978-1-936604-42-5
3239:978-0-8264-6322-7
3143:Wright, Michael.
3039:978-0-7866-1360-1
3011:978-0-7866-4951-8
2980:978-1-57424-134-1
2955:978-0-415-96588-0
2901:978-0-8195-6794-9
2876:978-0-7385-3009-3
2799:978-0-8248-3544-6
2700:cite encyclopedia
2576:978-0-415-96800-3
2545:978-0-8248-3634-4
2519:(Subscription or
2409:
2388:
2367:
2346:
2325:
2243:Venezuelan cuatro
2180:resonator ukulele
2168:lap steel ukulele
2032:J. Chalmers Doane
1942:
1941:
1483:Ukulele C tuning
1453:
1452:
1448:
1343:
1259:
1237:
1214:
1146:
1062:
996:
745:Post-1990 revival
687:Post–World War II
656:, and especially
541:Louis M. Glackens
404:J. Chalmers Doane
372:Hawaiian language
260:), also called a
247:
175:
174:
166:
124:C4–A5 (C6 tuning)
58:String instrument
51:Martin 3K Ukulele
16:(Redirected from
3978:
3956:Necked box lutes
3916:Electric Ukulele
3910:
3909:. 19 April 2019.
3897:
3884:
3865:
3846:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3794:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3735:Kimura, Heeday.
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3655:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3593:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3540:
3529:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3456:. 7 January 2015
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3367:. Archived from
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3153:. Archived from
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3121:. Archived from
3110:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3091:Ukulele-Tabs.com
3083:
3077:
3076:
3060:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3016:
3015:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2971:Lap Steel Guitar
2966:
2960:
2959:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2845:Far Out Magazine
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2819:Ukulele Magazine
2810:
2804:
2803:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2734:. Archived from
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2598:. pp. 9–10.
2587:
2581:
2580:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2389:
2369:
2368:
2348:
2347:
2327:
2326:
2307:
2275:requinto jarocho
2212:Mario Maccaferri
2196:Tahitian ukulele
2188:Tahitian ukulele
2018:
2017:
1980:
1979:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1560:
1559:
1548:reentrant tuning
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1446:
1389:U-Bass, Rumbler
1363:(Guitar tuning)
1341:
1257:
1235:
1212:
1144:
1060:
994:
930:
926:
794:Jake Shimabukuro
788:The creation of
771:Over the Rainbow
713:Mario Maccaferri
589:Stringed Harmony
573:lap steel guitar
548:Pre–World War II
539:1916 cartoon by
412:musical literacy
349:Hawaiian Gazette
327:immigrants from
256:
252:
245:
243:
227:
223:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
168:
167:
104:19th century in
49:
42:
38:
21:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3921:
3920:
3901:
3888:
3883:. Carlsbad, CA.
3875:
3872:
3862:
3843:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3656:
3652:
3644:Tranquada, J.;
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3541:
3532:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3026:
3019:
3012:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2934:
2930:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2738:on 23 July 2018
2730:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2480:Merriam-Webster
2474:
2473:
2469:
2465:14, 1961: 3–29.
2460:
2456:
2451:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2316:Ukulele playing
2311:
2305:
2300:
2152:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1762:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1339:
1335:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1142:
1138:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
965:
960:
948:
942:
937:
909:
907:Types and sizes
847:acoustic guitar
814:
798:George Harrison
747:
689:
550:
533:
513:George Harrison
469:
463:
424:
400:
293:
254:
250:
225:
221:
186:
182:
171:
169:
162:
91:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3984:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3919:
3918:
3914:Unveiling the
3912:
3899:
3886:
3871:
3870:External links
3868:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3847:
3841:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3805:
3785:Jeremy Wallach
3776:
3762:
3742:
3727:
3700:
3673:
3662:. Our Pastimes
3650:
3637:
3615:
3594:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3553:
3530:
3518:the lowest in
3507:
3498:
3489:
3478:. Luna Guitars
3467:
3445:
3424:
3403:
3382:
3352:
3330:
3323:
3305:
3278:
3266:
3252:
3238:
3218:
3193:
3167:
3150:Vintage Guitar
3135:
3102:
3078:
3071:
3045:
3038:
3017:
3010:
2986:
2979:
2961:
2954:
2928:
2907:
2900:
2882:
2875:
2857:
2831:
2805:
2798:
2780:
2761:
2749:
2723:
2711:
2671:
2653:
2641:
2620:
2617:on 2004-08-03.
2601:
2582:
2575:
2551:
2544:
2526:
2492:
2467:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2419:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2358:Ukulele chords
2356:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2273:, the Mexican
2262:Canary Islands
2151:
2148:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1920:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1895:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1653:
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1647:
1639:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1614:
1610:
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1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
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1585:
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1579:
1576:
1573:
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1567:
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1543:
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1531:
1476:
1473:
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1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
991:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
962:
957:
954:
951:
944:
939:
934:
917:banjo ukuleles
908:
905:
870:nylon polymers
851:Kamaka Ukulele
813:
810:
746:
743:
718:Arthur Godfrey
688:
685:
673:Jimmie Rodgers
669:old-time music
627:John Barrymore
609:, made in the
549:
546:
532:
529:
517:Paul McCartney
462:
461:United Kingdom
459:
432:Yukihiko Haida
423:
420:
399:
396:
357:Hawaiian music
292:
289:
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65:Classification
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60:
54:
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50:
26:
9:
6:
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2:
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3908:
3907:Live ʻUkulele
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
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3554:9781475804164
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3371:on 2013-06-21
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3208:on 2015-05-08
3207:
3203:
3197:
3181:
3177:
3176:"The Ukulele"
3171:
3157:on 2009-06-25
3156:
3152:
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3139:
3125:on 2012-06-15
3124:
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566:Tin Pan Alley
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562:Jonah Kumalae
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489:Tessie O'Shea
486:
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473:George Formby
468:
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118:Playing range
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3941:Surf culture
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3825:Bibliography
3812:15 September
3810:. Retrieved
3790:
3779:
3769:15 September
3767:. Retrieved
3752:
3745:
3736:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
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3480:. Retrieved
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:the original
3364:
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3333:
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3296:. Retrieved
3281:
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3259:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3228:
3221:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:the original
3196:
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3180:the original
3170:
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3155:the original
3148:
3138:
3127:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3118:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:
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2844:
2834:
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2818:
2808:
2789:
2783:
2774:
2764:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2736:the original
2726:
2714:
2689:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:
2661:
2656:
2651:, p. 13
2644:
2633:. Retrieved
2623:
2615:the original
2604:
2591:
2585:
2561:
2554:
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2506:
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2483:. Retrieved
2479:
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2255:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:Chord Master
2200:fishing line
2164:harp ukulele
2153:
2140:open tunings
2124:
2105:
2062:
2043:
2039:
2036:
1966:
1943:
1552:
1525:
1462:
1258:"Low G"
922:tenor guitar
910:
892:
889:
874:fluorocarbon
855:
844:
837:
815:
812:Construction
787:
778:
756:
748:
721:
710:
666:
631:
620:
618:feature film
607:His Pastimes
606:
595:made in the
588:
551:
511:
492:
470:
451:World War II
425:
401:
387:
379:
369:
354:
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318:
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261:
178:
176:
155:Sound sample
36:
3693:19 November
3666:19 November
3630:30 November
3608:30 November
3482:30 November
3460:30 November
3438:30 November
3417:30 November
3396:30 November
3375:30 November
3345:30 November
3191:The Ukulele
3113:Rev, Lil'.
2757:Beloff 2003
2719:Beloff 2003
2649:Beloff 2003
2069:double bass
2065:bass guitar
642:sheet music
569:songwriters
521:John Lennon
499:The Beatles
94:chordophone
92:(Composite
3925:Categories
3261:Mighty Uke
3212:2008-06-02
3186:2011-09-15
3161:2008-06-02
3129:2018-06-27
3096:2023-04-13
2922:2008-06-02
2691:2008-06-09
2635:2008-06-11
2523:required.)
2485:22 January
2449:References
2424:media help
2277:, and the
2224:cavaquinho
2184:resonators
2170:, and the
2028:James Hill
913:contrabass
779:Billboard'
765:-rhythmed
752:Jim Beloff
593:short film
577:vaudeville
485:Tony Award
465:See also:
416:James Hill
343:Ravenscrag
337:Cape Verde
325:Portuguese
308:cavaquinho
270:Portuguese
147:cavaquinho
110:Portuguese
3894:Tiki King
3361:"Ukulele"
3274:Billboard
2850:April 20,
2824:April 20,
2502:"ukulele"
2476:"Ukulele"
2288:armadillo
2247:Colombian
2233:braguinha
2156:guitalele
2144:slack-key
1530:tuning: G
1317:Baritone
964:Alternate
936:Alternate
878:aluminium
822:laminated
638:tablature
625:starring
611:Vitaphone
600:Phonofilm
581:Roy Smeck
525:Tom Petty
477:banjolele
449:. During
436:Katsuhiko
280:strings.
101:Developed
3931:Ukuleles
3720:24 April
3714:Archived
3687:Archived
3292:Archived
3245:16 April
2775:BBC News
2432:See also
2292:kroncong
2283:charango
2210:effect.
2192:soundbox
2128:mandolin
2016:♯
1978:♯
1936:♭
1925:♭
1914:♯
1900:♭
1889:♯
1875:♭
1864:♭
1851:♭
1840:♯
1826:♭
1815:♭
1804:♯
1790:♭
1779:♯
1763:♯
1749:♭
1738:♯
1724:♭
1713:♭
1702:♯
1680:♭
1669:♭
1658:♯
1644:♭
1633:♯
1619:♭
1120:Concert
1037:Soprano
966:tunings
834:mahogany
828:such as
826:tonewood
726:Tiny Tim
634:Jazz Age
622:Don Juan
597:DeForest
487:-winner
237:ʻukulele
233:Hawaiian
3971:Guitars
3590:Rumbler
3298:3 April
2270:vihuela
2266:Spanish
2260:of the
2229:machete
2208:wah-wah
2146:style.
1441: G
1437: D
1433: A
1423: G
1419: D
1415: A
1378: E
1374: B
1370: G
1359: E
1355: B
1351: G
1309: E
1305: B
1301: G
1292: B
1288: F
1284: D
1275: E
1271: B
1267: G
1252: A
1248: E
1244: C
1230: A
1226: E
1222: C
1180: A
1176: E
1172: C
1162: A
1158: E
1154: C
1112: A
1108: E
1104: C
1095: B
1091: F
1087: D
1077: A
1073: E
1069: C
1029: D
1025: A
1021: F
1011: E
1007: B
1003: G
971:Pocket
961:tuning
943:length
941:Typical
862:courses
858:strings
818:plywood
790:YouTube
773:" and "
654:Harmony
440:Western
380:ukulele
370:In the
361:culture
329:Madeira
302:machete
291:History
231:; from
179:ukulele
143:plucked
90:321.322
74:plucked
40:Ukulele
18:Ukelele
3858:
3839:
3803:
3760:
3586:U-Bass
3551:
3321:
3236:
3069:
3036:
3008:
2977:
2952:
2898:
2873:
2796:
2742:31 May
2573:
2542:
2400:U-Bass
2279:Andean
2264:, the
2257:timple
2254:, the
2245:, the
2204:France
2172:ukelin
2136:dotara
2132:cuatro
1475:Tuning
1329:18–21
1200:17–19
1188:Tenor
1132:15–18
1049:12–15
983:10–12
959:Common
956:Range
953:Frets
949:length
938:names
893:lili'u
885:copper
866:catgut
830:spruce
767:medley
763:reggae
658:Martin
519:, and
408:Canada
398:Canada
333:Azores
331:, the
317:, and
314:timple
297:guitar
274:Hawaii
106:Hawaii
3624:"FAQ"
3520:pitch
2517:
2379:Scale
2251:tiple
2238:rajão
2134:, or
1386:Bass
1123:alto
947:Scale
933:Type
806:viral
662:tiple
650:Regal
481:banjo
428:Japan
422:Japan
320:rajão
278:nylon
253:-koo-
139:Bowed
3856:ISBN
3837:ISBN
3814:2012
3801:ISBN
3771:2012
3758:ISBN
3722:2017
3695:2019
3668:2019
3632:2016
3610:2016
3588:and
3549:ISBN
3484:2016
3462:2016
3440:2016
3419:2016
3398:2016
3377:2016
3347:2016
3319:ISBN
3300:2019
3247:2011
3234:ISBN
3067:ISBN
3034:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2852:2023
2826:2023
2794:ISBN
2744:2013
2706:link
2571:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2487:2016
2067:and
2030:and
1962:capo
1509:Play
1489:Play
880:and
800:'s "
769:of "
675:and
591:, a
583:and
447:jazz
359:and
335:and
285:tone
283:The
266:lute
257:-leh
228:-lee
224:-kə-
177:The
141:and
78:pick
3799:–.
3797:268
3516:not
2946:129
2567:312
2231:or
2071:: E
1608:15
1555:nut
1398:16
1061:(C)
995:(E)
839:koa
820:or
732:".
720:on
697:lei
394:).
386:'s
341:SS
262:uke
255:LEH
226:LAY
222:YOO
191:juː
3927::
3905:.
3892:.
3879:.
3685:.
3533:^
3363:.
3290:.
3147:.
3117:.
3105:^
3089:.
3065:.
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3020:^
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2702:}}
2698:{{
2683:.
2594:.
2569:.
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2478:.
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2218:.
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2122:.
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2114:–B
2110:–G
2099:–G
2095:–D
2091:–A
2083:–G
2079:–D
2075:–A
2056:–E
2052:–B
2048:–G
2034:.
2022:–B
2013:–F
2009:–D
2000:–A
1996:–E
1992:–C
1984:–B
1975:–F
1971:–D
1956:–A
1952:–E
1948:–C
1858:G
1773:C
1768:G
1693:E
1688:C
1613:A
1605:14
1602:13
1599:12
1596:11
1593:10
1542:–A
1538:–E
1534:–C
1449:)
1405:–B
1344:)
1336:–A
1260:)
1215:)
1207:–D
1147:)
1139:–C
1056:–A
990:–D
887:.
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781:s
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311:,
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251:OO
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2081:2
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2058:4
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2050:3
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2024:4
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2002:4
1998:4
1994:4
1990:4
1986:4
1982:4
1973:4
1969:4
1958:4
1954:4
1950:4
1946:3
1933:B
1930:A
1922:A
1919:G
1911:F
1908:F
1905:E
1897:E
1894:D
1886:C
1883:C
1880:B
1872:B
1869:A
1861:A
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1677:B
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