Ugandan Bush War - Knowledge

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began to view the NRM with approval, as the party actually succeeded in improving stability and restoring order throughout many parts of Uganda. Regardless, Museveni's government quickly faced significant armed opposition. In fact, the NRA had formally won the civil war, but fighting had not stopped in the north. Various anti-NRA rebel groups and remnants of UNLA remained active, with major insurgencies affecting Acholiland and West Nile in particular. The UNLA's Acholi soldiers had never been disarmed, and many had grown accustomed to their lives as soldiers. They were no longer willing to live as peasants, and were dissatisfied with the new government as well as the traditional rule of the tribal elders. Many were extremely poor, and economic and political chaos was widespread in northern Uganda in the Bush War's wake. As time went on, groups of ex-soldiers began to band together as bandits, and violence gradually grew worse in the north. Some NRA garrisons in the region mishandled the crisis by responding with extreme brutality. Though many NRA troops actually behaved well, the army's undisciplined elements tarnished the reputation of Museveni's government. Rumours began to spread that the government was planning to kill all male Acholi. Many Acholi feared that the NRA sought revenge for the mass murders in the Luwero Triangle during the Bush War. In fact, many southerners blamed not just the violence of the Bush War on the Acholi, but even the brutal regime of Idi Amin – even though the Acholi had been marginalized by Amin. The Karamojong ex-UNLA soldiers also took large quantities of weaponry to their home territories after the collapse of Okello's regime, subsequently increasing their raids in scale and numbers. This general unrest contributed to the return of

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and National Youth Army responded by carrying out revenge killings against suspected rebel supporters. After one week, however, rumours spread among the military according to which Obote had arranged the death of his chief of staff due to developing rifts between them. Although Obote's responsibility could not be proven, the rumours damaged Obote's reputation among the military. The CIA determined that Oyite-Ojok had been crucial for keeping the Ugandan government afloat, and had been responsible for "maintaining some semblance of security and order" in the country. With him gone, the UNLA began to unravel. An increasing number of Acholi soldiers believed that Obote was using them as cannon-fodder, while filling the country's leadership with Langi. At the same time, the NRA became more successful at spreading its propaganda, and attracting dissatisfied Acholi army officers to their cause. Foreign support for Obote had also diminished. Besides the still significant North Korean aid, just 50 Tanzanian, 12 British and six U.S. advisors remained in the country.

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were active in northern Uganda, were given preferential treatment and became relatively reliable. In contrast, the Central Brigade which mostly fought the NRA mostly consisted of barely-trained militiamen. These troops were considered to be "cannon-fodder" by their own commanders. The counter-insurgency operations against the West Nile rebels were thus much more successful than those against the NRA. Overall, the UNLA already showed signs of great strain at this point, and would have probably collapsed without Tanzanian support by the end of 1981. Regardless, UNLA continued to hold the rebels at bay and even scored several major victories. On 23 February 1982, UNLA fended off a large-scale raid by UFM on Kampala, and then managed to inflict high casualties on the routed insurgents. The UFM attempted to reorganize, but retreated into NRA-held areas. It hoped to convince some of Museveni's followers to defect. Instead, a UFM commander defected with a significant stock of weaponry to the NRA, further weakening the UFM.

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Battalion in Arua. Ogole reorganized his troops, strengthened morale and discipline, and then launched another counter-insurgency campaign against the West Nile rebels. Ogole's tactics proved highly successful, and ousted most insurgents from the West Nile Region within months. Rebel leader Barnabas Kili was also captured. However, the operation also included widespread destruction and massacres at the hands of the UNLA, whereupon 260,000 people fled the area for Zaire and Sudan. This in turn destroyed the "insurgent infrastructure" of UNRF and FUNA, further weakening them. The UNRF was left mostly destroyed following Ogole's offensive, and relocated from West Nile. The group moved its bases in southern Sudan to northern Uganda, where it attempted to rally the Karamojong people to its cause. In the south, the UNLA under chief of staff Oyite-Ojok waged a counter-insurgency campaign against the NRA in the

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internal rivalries. The UNLA and its allied militias had been expanded too quickly in an attempt to defeat the insurgency: By 1984, Obote had 35,000 to 40,000 men under arms, but just 15,000 had received basic training. As a result, the soldiers were undisciplined, unreliable, and prone to harass, steal from, and murder civilians due to a lack of proper pay and supplies. Although the Ugandan government knew that it could not even feed its large army, let alone properly train or arm it, Obote was unwilling to demobilize troops out of fear that the soldiers could behave even worse if they were no longer employed. Despite its massive military and militia support, the government was also unable to fully suppress violence in the northeast, where Karamojong raiders continued to operate. Obote's forces were at least able to contain the Karamojong cattle raiding, keeping the raiders out of other regions.

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captured supply convoys coming from the south. In addition, the UNLA garrisons suffered from indiscipline and internal rivalries, sometimes clashing in their barracks. Despite these advantages, the West Nile rebellion was crippled by infighting, high corruption, and lack of actual strategy among the rebel leadership. As the UNRF and FUNA fought each other, the former gained the upper hand and mostly evicted FUNA from West Nile by July 1981. FUNA commander Elly Hassan fled to Sudan, where he was eventually arrested by local authorities. Regardless, the inter-rebel struggle only resulted in the overall weakening of the West Nile insurgents. By 1981, four different insurgent factions were active in northwestern Uganda, all of which claimed to have no direct links with Amin. One West Nile rebel group, the so-called "Nile Regiment" (NR) was set up by

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National Unity government, officially integrated their militias into the government army, and their commanders became part of the ruling military council. Despite this, the ex-insurgents maintained autonomy. Kampala was carved up among the government coalition: UNLA held the center, FEDEMU the south, and FUNA the north. The situation consequently remained volatile, as the government proved fragile, while soldiers and other militants acted with impunity in the capital. Okello also attempted to bolster the UNLA by recruiting large numbers of Karamojong, even though this meant potentially arming cattle raiders. In addition, Okello's government suffered from a lack of respect among the country's elite, as most of its members were uneducated and considered ill-prepared to actually rule Uganda.

657: 1716:. After the successful coup, General Tito Okello was installed as president; this marked the first time in Uganda's history when Acholi had achieved state power. The coup had catastrophic consequences for the UNLA. The new Acholi leadership promptly began to use their new power to disempower and exploit other ethnic groups including Langi, resulting in the collapse of discipline and order among many military units. From then on, the UNLA gradually devolved into "marauding bands" and declined in numbers to about 15,000 troops by late 1985. Some commanders such as Ogole fled into exile. On 23 August, the 196 North Korean military advisers to the UNLA were flown out of Uganda. 1645:, an extensive military expedition utilizing up to half of the UNLA forces, that alone claimed tens of thousands of lives and displaced a significant portion of the population. The operation was intended to be, as Amaza writes, a "typical encirclement and suppression campaign". The blame for the massacres was placed on the people of northern Uganda for supporting the actions of the NRA, which increased the existing regional tensions in the country. The UNLA also defeated the UFM in 1983, destroying its main camps during a coordinated counter-insurgency operation. The UFM suffered another setback when its exiled leadership was scattered during a crackdown in 1559:. So far, the PRA had mostly consisted of non-Baganda, but Lule provided the newly formed NRA with backing from the Baganda, allowing Museveni to expand his envisioned "people's war". The Luwero Triangle consequently became the NRA's main operations area, although the group's center of recruitment remained Ankole in the west. Soon after the merger, Museveni implemented a strict code of conduct for fighters, allowing the NRA to remain highly disciplined and focused despite gradually growing in numbers and absorbing other insurgent factions such as the remnants of the "Gang of Four". By December 1981, the NRA had grown to about 900 militants. Libya's leader 1680:

strategy. In a series of operations, he managed to mostly oust the NRA from the region, forcing it to retreat west into the Rwenzori Mountains and Zaire. In addition, the Ugandan government decided "to teach the Karamojong a lesson" after raiders had taken advantage of Oyite-Ojok's death to attack his farm and kill over 100 militiamen in the northeast. In cooperation with the Kenyan government, UNLA and allied militias launched a campaign which largely destroyed or seized the Karamojong's food sources in the form of cattle and fields. This left the nomads almost totally dependent on international aid agencies like the

1572:, a former follower of Obote. As result of its inability to reduce corruption or provide true stability, the UNRF gradually lost the support of local civilians. The Ugandan government exploited the divisions and chaos among the rebels by launching counter-attacks into Western Nile from 1981, where its regular military and "People's Militia" committed numerous atrocities. By December 1981, the UNLA had retaken much of West Nile while encountering little resistance. Thousands of civilians fled to Sudan in response to the UNLA offensive. However, the UNLA failed to permanently dislodge the West Nile insurgents. 438: 412: 375: 466: 236: 1248:. The 200-strong UNLA garrison was on parade at the time and was unarmed; the rebels massacred the soldiers. Word of the attack spread to other UNLA garrisons in West Nile, who quickly fled to the Nile River, leaving the Uganda Army's advance unopposed. They were welcomed by the local population, which had tense relations with the UNLA. As the rebels knew that they could not hold the captured territory against a full UNLA counter-offensive, they mostly retreated back into Sudan after a few days with a large amount of loot. The UNLA began its 250: 1750: 388: 1551:" (NRA). Lule was appointed overall NRM Chairman, while Museveni became vice-chairman of the National Resistance Council and Chairman of the High Command of the NRA. The merger profited both sides: The UFF was extremely weak, and Lule finally gained an actual armed following, while Museveni was provided with important legitimacy, as Lule remained much respected among Uganda's southern population. This was especially important because a strategically important region near Kampala, known as 223: 264: 5069: 1605: 424: 716: 192: 209: 1372:. The attack aimed at capturing weaponry; although the operation failed to capture the armoury, Museveni's group of fighters managed to take a few guns and several vehicles before retreating. The PRA had more success during a series of attacks on police stations during the next days. Regardless, the small rebel group also came under pressure from UNLA and TPDF counter-insurgency operations, and still lacked a proper base. Museveni was familiar with 698: 452: 179: 359: 348: 339: 330: 303: 278: 132: 680: 621: 1192: 400: 1483: 1271:, a high-ranking UNLA commander. This time, the Uganda Army also held the areas it captured in West Nile, and set up a parallel government after retaking Koboko. After about one month of combat, the insurgents had captured most of West Nile, leaving only some towns under UNLA control. However, many rebels focused more on looting the area and taking the plunder back to Zaire and Sudan than on fighting the UNLA. 1908:. After bitter fighting, the NRA overcame the UNLA's defenses, inflicting "catastrophic losses" on the Acholi troops. With effective resistance no longer possible, the UNLA disintegrated and its remnants fled into exile, along with many former government officials. The NRA captured Gulu and Kitgum in March 1986, while the defeated Acholi soldiers mostly returned to their villages. The war appeared to be over. 1837: 1789: 1773: 1821: 1805: 1757: 1724:

fall, the NRA took full control of the Luwero Triangle as well as much of Uganda's west and south. It also received fresh weapons shipments from Libya and Tanzania. Museveni's group was thus in a position of strength, and used the Nairobi peace talks to stall for time. It even ostensibly agreed to a power-sharing deal. In truth, however, the NRA prepared its force for a decisive offensive.

36: 4574: 1294:. The movement had been largely dormant since the 1960s, but managed to take control of weapon stockpiles that had been left unguarded when Amin's government collapsed in 1979. They thus resumed their insurgency, and the security situation in the mountainous border areas of the southwest quickly deteriorated in 1980. 1012:, Uganda's capital, in January 1986. It subsequently established a new government with Museveni as president, while the UNLA fully disintegrated in March 1986. Obote and Okello went into exile. Despite the nominal end of the civil war, numerous anti-NRA rebel factions and militias remained active, and would 1564:

about 800 rifles, a few machine guns and land mines being provided to the NRA in August 1981. Gaddafi demanded that the NRA merge with the UFM and UNRF to receive more substantial support, but the rebels remained rivals and refused to unite. Libya consequently cancelled its support to the NRA in 1982.

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The situation began to change with Oyite-Ojok's death under suspicious circumstances in a plane crash in December 1983. At first, people believed that the chief of staff had been killed by rebels who consequently assumed responsibility. Oyite-Ojok's loyal troops, most importantly the People's Militia

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By late 1981, the UNLA was already in a critical situation. Its rapid expansion to over 15,000 troops by December 1981 resulted in a majority of its troops being untrained, badly armed and often unpaid. Corruption became rampant, and great differences emerged between UNLA units. Some, like those that

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fighters were allowed to join the new army, and these were distributed across several units. Furthermore, FRONASA was forced to give up its own weaponry. At the same time, the UNLA was rapidly expanded; most of the new recruits came from ethnic groups that supported Obote. As result, power shifted to

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in 1985 during the closing months of the conflict. Okello formed a coalition government consisting of his followers and several armed opposition groups, which agreed to a peace deal. In contrast, the NRA refused to compromise with the government, and conquered much of western and southern Uganda in a

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However, the government initially remained relatively successful in battling the rebels. With Oyite-Ojok dead, Obote appointed Ogole new head of the anti-NRA operations in the Luwero Triangle. Ogole improved his troops' training and included other security as well as civil agencies in his anti-rebel

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Up to late 1983, Obote's government had remained relatively stable and in control of most of Uganda thanks to the efforts of chief of staff David Oyite-Ojok. Though it could not defeat the NRA, the military was able to contain it. Despite this, Obote's forces suffered from tribalism, corruption, and

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to keep his small force active. In this regard, the PRA succeeded, as it won over many locals in the area around Kampala who considered Obote's government a regime which solely served the northerners. Without extensive support by sympathetic civilians during their early insurgency, Museveni's troops

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Despite its support for Obote during the civil war, North Korea quickly developed amicable relations with Museveni's government. Cooperation was restored as soon as 1986, and the new Ugandan military consequently received weaponry as well as training by North Korea. The country's involvement in the

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In contrast to the other insurgents, the NRA refused to compromise with Okello's regime out of ideological reasons. It only agreed to peace talks in Nairobi after international pressure, but never intended to honor any ceasefire or power-sharing deal. Taking advantage of the chaos following Obote's

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In contrast to Museveni's forces and the West Nile rebels, Andrew Kayira's UFM mostly consisted of relatively well-trained ex-soldiers and was focused on high-profile urban operations. The group hoped to destabilize Obote's government through direct attacks, a strategy which "doomed it to fail from

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The first group to initiate hostilities were the Amin loyalists who launched a rebellion against the UNLF government in the autumn of 1980. Their 7,100-strong force never adopted an official name, but is generally called "Uganda Army" as it consisted for the most part of old troops of Amin's Uganda

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As time went on, Amin's regime was increasingly destabilized by factionalism and economic decline, while opposition groups as well as dissatisfied elements of the Uganda Army repeatedly attempted to organize uprisings or to overthrow his regime by other means. Several opposition factions, including

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The NRM's rise to power was initially met by a large portion of Ugandan's population with trepidation and confusion. Most knew little of the NRM, and it was feared that the new government might prove equally incapable and unstable as the previous regimes. After a few months, however, many Ugandans

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and Mbarara, greatly weakening the UNLA. In course of these operations, the NRA greatly expanded by recruiting new troops in captured territories and absorbing defected government soldiers. In a few months, it enlisted around 9,000 fighters, growing to about 10,000 troops overall by December 1985.

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While the rebellion in the south grew in intensity, most of the West Nile region remained under rebel control. A local administration began to emerge, and the remaining UNLA garrisons had great difficulties in holding out. The insurgents proved better trained and more effective fighters, and often

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on 5 April 1981, and captured important weaponry, but had to hastily retreat when a TPDF unit responded to the attack. The Tanzanian forces consequently conducted a counter-insurgency sweep, catching a PRA column under Elly Tumwine off-guard and recapturing some of the captured guns. Despite this,

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in northern Uganda, where they trained UNLA soldiers and repaired military equipment. By 1984, the number had risen to about 50 North Koreans who acted as security, intelligence, and military advisors. Museveni claimed that over 700 North Koreans were ultimately used by the UNLA; Obote maintained

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in early February. At this point, the UNLA attempted one last time to stem the rebel advance. It counter-attacked at Tororo, but was repelled. The NRA proceeded to assault the fortified crossings of the Nile, encountering particularly heavy resistance by the UNLA and allied West Nile militias at

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also opted to provide support to the NRA, although it was made up of forces which had overthrown his old ally Amin. Gaddafi believed that Libya could gain greater influence in central Africa through the NRA than it had previously with Amin. The Libyan support remained very limited, however, with

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were widespread in the NRA's ranks, and continued to be after the NRA had become the regular Ugandan army. In the early stages of the war the NRA also executed some government-aligned chiefs and directed its civilian supporters to murder UPC activists. UPC members alleged that the NRA massacred

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to gradually withdraw most of his forces from Uganda. By June 1981, just 800 to 1,000 Tanzanian advisors remained in the country. These advisors remained of crucial importance for the UNLA, but the Tanzanian withdrawal greatly weakened Obote's position. To compensate, he tried to enlist further

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Meanwhile, the UNLF government experienced its own divisions. As the UNLA was being transformed from a loose alliance of various anti-Amin insurgent groups into a regular army, the different political factions attempted to ensure that their own loyalists would be present and dominant in the new

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Regardless, Okello's government was successful in opening negotiations with several rebel groups, arguing that Obote – their common enemy – had been overthrown. The government reached an agreement with the FUNA, UNRF (I), FEDEMU, and the reactivated UFM. These rebel groups agreed to join a new

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to topple Obote. He attempted to enlist the aid of white mercenaries for this plot, but his plans fell through and were revealed when he was unable to pay for the operation. The entire plot discredited Binaisa. In December 1982, John Charles Ogole was appointed new commander of the UNLA's 11th

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Milton Obote never returned to Uganda following his second overthrow and exile, despite repeated rumors he planned to return to Ugandan politics. Obote resigned as leader of the Ugandan Peoples Congress and was succeeded by his wife, Miria Obote, shortly before his death on 10 October 2005 in

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in 1962, and his regime saw a general decline in living standards in the country, with growing corruption, factional violence, and persecution of ethnic groups. Obote's increasing unpopularity led him to believe rivals were beginning to plot against him, particularly Amin and arranged a

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In contrast, Obote opted for a more conciliatory approach with the Rwenzururu movement. Following negotiations, the Ugandan government signed a peace agreement with the rebel group's leadership in return for payments and other benefits to the latter. Furthermore, Obote granted the

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was signed by Okello's government and the NRA, but the deal broke down almost immediately as both parties violated the agreed truce. By January 1986, the UNLA was starting to collapse as the rebels gained ground from the south and southwest. Okello's regime effectively ended when

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the PRA successfully recruited more volunteers, growing to about 200 fighters by early May. In the next month, Museveni travelled to Nairobi where he met with Lule; the two agreed to unite the PRA and UFF into a unified opposition group. The umbrella organization was dubbed the "

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the beginning" according to historians Tom Cooper and Adrien Fontanellaz. The UFM was not strong enough to challenge the UNLA head-on, suffered from leadership rivalries, lacked a firm organization, and was prone to being infiltrated by pro-government spies.

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The West Nile rebellion was weakened by internal divisions as parts of the Uganda Army remained loyal to Idi Amin, whereas others wanted to distance themselves from the unpopular old dictator. The latter part of the insurgent army split off, forming the

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groups, Uganda Army remnants, and foreign raiders used the political instability to raid cattle and other foodstock. These events caused a famine in Karamojong Province which killed 50,000 out of the 360,000 inhabintants of the northeastern highlands.

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It has been estimated that approximately 100,000 to 500,000 people, including combatants and civilians, died across Uganda as a result of the Ugandan Bush War. Overall, Obote's regime proved to be even more brutal and killed more people than Amin's.

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unit; the Sudanese troops subsequently detained about 20 Ugandan soldiers. In contrast to other belligerents in the area, the Sudanese Army garrisons in south-eastern Sudan were generally well-disciplined and refrained from attacking civilians.

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personnel, as the latter was supporting Obote's attempts at restabilizing Uganda. The threats worked, and the U.N. stopped its training programme for the Ugandan police. The PRA also continued its hit-and-run operations with mixed successes: It

1256:, where six Tanzanians were killed. The UNLA forces, considering the local population hostile, engaged in a campaign of destruction and looting across the West Nile, as Tanzanian officers tried in vain to restrain them. They leveled the town of 1260:, killed over 1,000 civilians, and provoked the flight of over 250,000 refugees to Sudan and Zaire. The brutality of the UNLA inspired further unrest, as peasants and ex-soldiers took up arms to defend their lands from the government forces. 2068:

In fact, several supposed Amin loyalists had found themselves in opposition to the former president in the past. For example, Christopher Mawadri claimed that he rebelled and fought against Amin's forces during the Uganda–Tanzania War.

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and then fled the country, and UNLF was installed by Tanzania to replace him. The unstable UNLF government ruled the country provisionally from April 1979 until December 1980. Meanwhile, the ousted Amin loyalists who had fled into

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In August 1985, the NRA launched a series of coordinated attacks that resulted in the capture of significant amounts of territory in central and western Uganda. It besieged and captured the crucial garrison towns of

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Army (it was also known as "West Front" or "Western Nile Front"). The rebels were not truly unified but split into several bands that were loyal to numerous officers who had previously served under Amin such as

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By November 1982, the National Resistance Army, Uganda Freedom Movement, Uganda National Rescue Front, and the Nile Regiment had formed an alliance, called the "Uganda Popular Front" (UPF). Exiled politician

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However, the unrest in the UNLA eventually escalated when Acholi troops mutinied in Jinja and other locations in June 1985. Rifts subsequently erupted in the government and some political groups such as the

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under unclear circumstances, resulting in open war with the neighboring country. Tanzania halted the assault, mobilised anti-Amin opposition groups, and launched a counter-offensive. Amin's forces and his

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As the war escalated, foreign support became vital for the survival of Obote's government. The Tanzanians initially helped to defend his regime and kept some order through the presence of about 10,000

1501:. The Ugandan President visited the country in late 1981 and signed a cooperation agreement which included military support for his regime. At least 30 North Korean officers were subsequently sent to 1104:

to occur while he was outside of the country. As Amin was popular in sections of the military, his loyalists responded by acting first and overthrowing the government, forcing Obote into exile in

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Fighting in the West Nile region occasionally spilled over into Sudan as UNLA troops pursued rebels over the border. This first occurred in April 1982, when UNLA troops crossed the frontier near

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stated that in case of Obote's return to the presidency "Uganda will be assured of another war, many times as intense as the current struggle . Only, the next one will be a guerrilla conflict".

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purges in northern Uganda. Despite this, like Amin, the UNLA under Obote targeted and abused civilians. These abuses included the forced removal of 750,000 civilians from the area of the then

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in July 1983; its leader Kirya was repatriated to Uganda and imprisoned. The group never recovered. Remnants of the UFM, possibly a few hundred militants strong, subsequently formed the

1329:, effectively making him president of Uganda again. However, the results were strongly disputed by other candidates, resulting in increasing strife. Several political factions claimed 2616: 5555: 1506:

that only about 170 were present in Uganda. According to one study, the North Korean officers actively participated in and even led counter-insurgency operations for Obote. A

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Bush War had other long-lasting repercussions, however, as North Koreans became a symbol for mystical military power in northern Uganda. As result, rebel groups such as the

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of Uganda. Tito Okello fled to Sudan. Despite this massive defeat, the UNLA attempted to rally once more, and intended to defend its remaining holdings in northern Uganda.

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Meanwhile, the conflict in the south became more serious. Another rebel group emerged, the so-called "Uganda Liberation Movement" which threatened to kidnap and kill

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reorganised, and prepared to renew war in order to regain control of Uganda. Obote planned to regain power, even though he remained widely unpopular in Uganda.

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to North Korea for advanced trainings. Obote's government also organized various paramilitary groups to assist the UNLA. The "People's Militia" consisted of

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The UPC took advantage of the chaos in West Nile in October to declare that its parliamentary candidates won the local constituencies unopposed.

1979:, and others. They were moved into refugee camps controlled by the military. Many civilians outside the camps, in what came to be known as the " 1510:

report stated, however, that the North Koreans refused to actually venture to the frontlines. The Ugandan military also sent some officers and

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allies, resulting in tensions between Obote's government and Mozambique. Most attacks by Museveni's force involved small mobile units called

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civilians. Many government troops deployed in the Luwero Triangle belonged to the Acholi people who became widely hated by the southerners.

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One eyewitness stated that "Malire from Ethiopia, Terposa from Sudan, Turcanas from Kenya, Somali bandits" took part in the 1980 raiding.

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claimed that the "structure of the army that went into exile after Amin's overthrow remains intact in southern Sudan and eastern Zaire".

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to start an armed uprising against Obote's government on 6 February 1981. Obote was overthrown and replaced as president by his general

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to fight the Amin regime and had continued to campaign in rural areas hostile to Obote's government, especially central and western

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The Luweero triangle is an area geographically delineated by two roads heading north from Kampala to Gulu and to Hoima and by the

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by the NRA on 26 January 1986. Yoweri Museveni was subsequently sworn in as president on 29 January, and the NRA became the new

1140:(UNLF), a political coalition formed by exiled anti-Amin Ugandans under the leadership of Obote, whose armed wing was known as 3085: 1608:

Much of the fighting during the Ugandan Bush War took place in the countryside (pictured: farmland and adjacent wilderness at

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has estimated that by July 1985, the Obote regime had been responsible for more than 300,000 civilian deaths across Uganda.

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Wasswa, Henry (10 October 2005). "Uganda's first prime minister, and two-time president, dead at 80". Associated Press.

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Kasfir, Nelson (June 2005). "Guerrillas and civilian participation: the National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981–86".

1493:(pictured) was one of Obote's foreign allies during the Bush War, and provided military equipment as well as advisors. 5109: 5053: 4328: 4307: 4288: 4095: 3978: 3796: 3760: 2556: 1186: 1061: 811: 136: 3099: 1749: 5510: 5211: 5005: 1137: 142: 4537: 5226: 5038: 1141: 954: 629: 1432:, and the Nkrumah Unit operating in the areas of Ssingo. Many of the early members of the PRA like Rwigyema and 1959:

The ranks of the UNLA included many ethnic Acholi and Langi, who had themselves been the victims of Idi Amin's

1666: 1084: 895: 5172: 4615: 4557: 1928: 1917: 1264: 1013: 989: 106: 60:(right), leaders of the UNLF government forces and National Resistance Army respectively for most of the war. 1462:

soldiers and 1,000 policemen. Nevertheless, the unsustainable costs of these troops led Tanzanian President

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went on to claim that they were aided by North Korean spirits in their war against Museveni's government.

1852: 1544: 1381: 1307: 1276: 282: 163: 5376: 5361: 5167: 4985: 4583: 2022: 1507: 1377: 1326: 1125: 1088: 311: 157: 146: 2758: 2055:

It remains unclear to what extent the pro-Amin forces were unified during the Bush War. In August 1985,

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which accelerated the decline of Obote's regime, destroying the country's economy and political system.

5334: 5300: 4552: 3705: 3205: 3021: 5565: 5545: 5479: 5199: 5043: 4589: 1693: 1065: 1032:

has also been used, though this title as also been employed for other military conflicts such as the

1895:

training. Meanwhile, the NRA continued its offensive, capturing Jinja by late January, followed by

1404:

The PRA also enjoyed very limited foreign support. Some believed that Museveni was aided by his old

5570: 5351: 5182: 5114: 4608: 1548: 1511: 1468: 958: 5099: 5048: 5021: 1868: 1737: 1472: 1437: 1424:, and "C" Coy by Pecos Kuteesa. There were three small zonal forces: the Lutta Unit operating in 1409: 1342: 1334: 1071: 981: 662: 294: 289: 214: 4469:"The Uganda–Tanzania War, the fall of Idi Amin, and the failure of African diplomacy, 1978–1979" 3789:

International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995

5391: 5356: 5315: 5267: 5194: 5152: 5094: 5068: 4978: 4359:

Mambo, Andrew; Schofield, Julian (2007). "Military Diversion in the 1978 Uganda–Tanzania War".

3040: 2027: 2013:. It was written and directed by Natasha Museveni Karugire, Yoweri Museveni's eldest daughter. 1133: 380: 2860: 1167:

Meanwhile, Uganda's northeast was destabilized by large-scale banditry and communal violence.

5252: 5206: 2578: 2546: 1891:. Everyone who could hold a rifle, including women and girls, was armed and provided with an 1597: 1113: 977: 4212: 3749: 992:

saw Obote return to power in a UNLA-ruled government. Several opposition groups claimed the

5157: 4513:

Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum

4448: 4227:

Hansen, Holger Bernt (2013). "Uganda in the 1970s: a decade of paradoxes and ambiguities".

1948: 1701: 1696:

attempted to exploit the chaos by gaining control over the military. The news also reached

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accompanied by Tanzanian forces. The only significant resistance they encountered was in

1077: 816: 470: 101: 5396: 5386: 5346: 5282: 5133: 5119: 4408: 4244: 1128: 592: 5503: 5431: 5310: 5287: 5277: 5257: 5240: 5187: 5013: 4516: 4497: 4476: 4433: 4412: 4387: 4368: 4345: 4324: 4303: 4284: 4248: 4199: 4189:"Collapse, War and Reconstruction in Uganda. An analytical narrative on state-making" 4173: 4150: 4129: 4110: 4091: 3984: 3974: 3792: 3756: 3744: 2654: 2552: 1873: 1741: 1670: 1373: 1365: 1320: 1221: 1168: 1158: 1009: 917: 880: 875: 826: 475: 1883:

These holdouts were led by Bazilio Olara-Okello, who ordered a mass mobilization in

969: 5439: 5371: 5292: 5272: 4265: 4236: 1980: 1964: 1539: 1527: 1453: 1369: 841: 533: 500: 496: 4341:

The Raging Storm: A Reporter's Inside Account of the Northern Uganda War 1986–2005

5519: 5484: 5474: 5469: 5444: 5421: 5416: 4600: 4491: 4468: 4427: 4402: 4381: 4339: 4318: 4278: 4240: 4144: 4072: 3365: 3047: 1863: 1733: 1631: 1618: 1560: 1552: 1397: 1330: 1299: 1200: 1145: 1037: 997: 993: 902: 600: 521: 97: 57: 1240:. On 6 October, one week before the offensive was to commence, about 500 rebels 5262: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4864: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4804: 4694: 4536:(Report). Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2012 . Archived from 2009: 1995: 1888: 1660: 1534: 1463: 1346: 1121: 1096: 596: 228: 4300:

Africa Contemporary Record : Annual Survey and Documents : 1985–1986

4269: 2650:"Violence and the State in Karamoja: Causes of Conflict, Initiative for Peace" 5539: 5524: 4578: 4372: 4203: 3988: 1519: 1476: 1413: 1303: 1253: 549: 269: 4493:

Managing ethnic conflict in Africa: pressures and incentives for cooperation

1939:. Tito Okello remained in exile in Kenya until 1993, when he was granted an 1306:

group the core of the UNLA. In contrast, just 4,000 out of Museveni's 9,000

2056: 1936: 1877: 1705: 1515: 1421: 1287: 1217: 1080: 984:, but his loyalists started the Bush War by launching an insurgency in the 965: 574: 543: 488: 429: 393: 53: 4595: 4013: 1727: 1436:

were actually Rwandan refugees living in Uganda. They later organized the

4548: 4473:

Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States

4302:. Vol. 18. New York City & London: Africana Publishing Company. 3107: 2091:, where it cuts across the routes. It is located entirely within Buganda. 1604: 1569: 1523: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1433: 1417: 1314: 1291: 1268: 1161: 1001: 570: 525: 492: 197: 1095:

in power. Obote had been president since Uganda's independence from the

2548:

A Dirty War in West Africa: The RUF and the Destruction of Sierra Leone

2088: 1972: 1577: 1338: 553: 529: 1943:

by Museveni and returned to Uganda, where he died in Kampala in 1996.

1482: 3649: 3647: 3005: 3003: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 1991: 1960: 1350: 1325:

The elections of December 1980 were officially won by Milton Obote's

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of Uganda's northwest. The epicenter of the war later shifted to the

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Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016

4383:

Child to Soldier: Stories from Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army

4169: 4126:

Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda, 1985–97

3841: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 1976: 1191: 1105: 1092: 973: 765: 457: 184: 4970: 4128:. Translated by Mitch Cohen. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3664: 3662: 3644: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3485: 3253: 3229: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3000: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2834: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 1447: 4577:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Furthermore, southwestern Uganda experienced a resurgence of the

1204: 2791: 2698: 35: 5449: 5058: 5001: 4632: 3674: 3659: 3632: 3497: 3473: 3265: 3114: 3057: 2924: 2895: 2386:"Uganda: Conflict between Government and Rebel Group Escalates" 2346: 2298: 1968: 1901: 1896: 1827: 1811: 1763: 1713: 1685: 1622: 1609: 1593: 1429: 1389: 1245: 957:(UNLA), against a number of rebel groups, most importantly the 950: 358: 347: 338: 329: 302: 277: 255: 131: 81: 44: 4043:"27 Guns trailer out: dawn of a new age-Museveni's revolution" 3078:"WHO FOUGHT: Kagame helped Museveni crush internal NRA revolt" 2978:"How UNLF-AD came to fight alongside Museveni in NRA Bush War" 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2132: 1120:

Obote's loyalists, were supported by Tanzania under President

5459: 2740: 2502: 2490: 1983:", were continuously abused as "guerrilla sympathizers". The 1709: 1646: 1626: 1154: 1150: 1101: 417: 3858: 3856: 3277: 2781: 2779: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2574:"WHO FOUGHT? Chihandae supplied 16 of the first 27 NRA guns" 1661:

Fall of Obote and formation of the National Unity government

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The Uganda Army launched its next offensive just before the

4023: 2947:"NRA attack on Kabamba causes tension between rebel groups" 2815: 2803: 2478: 2466: 2218: 1884: 1697: 1634:

which resulted in the "genocidal killings" of thousands of

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military. Obote outmaneuvered his rivals, most importantly

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by the official Ugandan government and its armed wing, the

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On 6 February 1981, hostilities began in the south with a

4213:"Ugandan Refugees in the Sudan. Part I: The long journey" 3952: 3950: 3880: 3868: 3853: 3217: 3155: 3153: 2776: 2717: 2404: 1856:

Map of Uganda showing important locations of the late war

1028:

is also known by a variety of other names. For instance,

3904: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3526: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3170: 3168: 2368: 2366: 4471:. In Anderson, David M.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (eds.). 4196:

Makerere University Crisis States Working Papers Series

3925:"The Ugandan insurgents guided by North Korean spirits" 3393: 2871: 2571: 2416: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 1728:

Collapse of the Ugandan government, victory for the NRA

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tribesmen, and was mostly loyal to UNLA chief of staff

3947: 3829: 3817: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3150: 2861:"Peace and conflict in northern Uganda 2002–06 (2010)" 1315:

1980 elections and outbreak of the southern rebellions

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Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa

4553:"Dateline: Uganda. SOF Staffer on the spot in Uganda" 3617: 3588: 3538: 3461: 3444: 3289: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3165: 2912: 2363: 1108:. Despite initial popularity, Amin quickly turned to 3328:"UNLA commander John Ogole's account of Luweero war" 2883: 2593: 2329: 2242: 2240: 2197: 2161: 1621:

was appointed head of the UPF. While being based in

1359:

Uganda National Liberation Front – Anti-Dictatorship

4323:(2nd ed.). Kampala: Rowman & Littlefield. 4071: 3892: 3703:"Deposed head of state Gen. Tito Okello said he..." 3432: 3410: 3408: 3376: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3022:"A Country Study: The Second Obote Regime: 1981–85" 2797: 2711: 2428: 2007:The Ugandan Bush War was depicted in the 2018 film 1311:pro-Obote elements in the government and the army. 1005:number of offensives from August to December 1985. 4630: 3805: 3748: 3241: 3180: 2941: 2939: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 4163: 4084:Museveni's long march from guerrilla to statesman 3847: 3786: 3689: 3668: 3653: 3638: 3520: 3491: 3479: 3271: 3259: 3235: 3127: 3063: 3009: 2906: 2847: 2357: 2323: 2237: 2155: 1420:, with "A" Coy led by Steven Kashaka, "B" Coy by 1349:armed his Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM), and the 1136:allies were defeated by Tanzanian troops and the 5537: 4146:Target Markets: North Korea's Military Customers 3420: 3405: 3133: 2281:"Ugandans Learn to Live With Chronic Tribal War" 996:, and united as the NRA under the leadership of 5551:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 4280:Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985 2936: 2617:"Diary of Anguished Trip To Land of the Damned" 2180: 2105: 1641:On 16 June 1983, the Obote government launched 1625:, Binaisa decided to organize an invasion from 1448:Early rebel successes, and emergence of the NRA 4358: 4186: 3973:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. p. 55. 3751:World Military and Social Expenditures 1987–88 3372:. Vol. 24. 2 November 1983. pp. 3–5. 2520: 2231: 4986: 4616: 4149:. Abingdon: Royal United Services Institute. 2757:United Press International (12 August 1985). 1380:in Mozambique. He also had commanded his own 781: 4210: 4109:. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House. 4104: 3787:Bercovitch, Jacob; Jackson, Richard (1997). 3307: 3283: 2930: 2828: 2809: 2785: 2744: 2508: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2410: 2263: 1396:. As a result, he employed the tactics of a 980:. Amin was overthrown in 1979 following the 434: 4496:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 90. 4361:Journal of Political and Military Sociology 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 1999:civilians, though NRA leaders denied this. 1547:" (NRM) and its armed wing was termed the " 1366:PRA attack on the Kabamba Military Barracks 1265:Ugandan national elections in December 1980 4993: 4979: 4623: 4609: 4456:Institute of Current World Affairs Letters 4187:Golooba-Mutebi, Frederick (January 2008). 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3076:Nganda, Ssemujju Ibrahim (6 August 2009). 2674: 2672: 2648:Muhereza, Frank Emmanuel (December 1998). 1479:to send small teams of security advisors. 788: 774: 4489: 4432:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4166:Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994 4164:Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2015). 3352: 2877: 2259: 2257: 2255: 1497:One of Obote's most important allies was 4386:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3968: 3742: 3206:"A Country Study: The Ten-Point Program" 2647: 2634: 2572:Ssemujju Ibrahim Nganda (30 July 2009). 1985:International Committee of the Red Cross 1603: 1588:Government counter-offensives of 1982–83 1481: 1401:would have been easily crushed in 1981. 1357:" organized an armed group known as the 1286:which wanted self-determination for the 1190: 4475:. London: Routledge. pp. 154–171. 4466: 4337: 4123: 3971:Uganda : tarnished pearl of Africa 3923:Young, Benjamin R. (22 February 2017). 3862: 3791:. Washington: Congressional Quarterly. 3780: 3626: 3611: 3599: 3553: 3532: 3455: 3313: 2678: 2669: 2610: 2608: 2532: 1144:(UNLA). Amin was overthrown during the 1046:National Resistance Movement revolution 1014:continue to fight Museveni's government 601: 371: 5538: 4565:(9). Soldier of Fortune: 28–29, 80–81. 4547: 4510: 4400: 4316: 4276: 4255: 4226: 4142: 4077:. Miramoor Publications Limited. 1981. 4029: 4007: 4001: 3956: 3910: 3775: 3564: 3562: 3295: 3223: 3174: 3075: 2975: 2918: 2889: 2759:"Amin's Generals Seek Amnesty for Him" 2681:"Tribe of Cattle Rustlers Beleaguered" 2599: 2544: 2422: 2372: 2340: 2278: 2252: 2212: 2174: 1990:The NRA also committed atrocities, as 1954: 1180: 4974: 4604: 4379: 4297: 4258:The Journal of Modern African Studies 4107:War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin 4105:Avirgan, Tony; Honey, Martha (1983). 4081: 4018:Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor 3922: 3886: 3874: 3399: 3387: 3159: 2957:from the original on 7 September 2021 2446: 2002: 1651:Federal Democratic Movement of Uganda 1195:The first rebellion broke out in the 769: 4446: 4425: 3898: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3695: 3467: 3247: 3199: 3193: 3015: 2988:from the original on 22 January 2021 2614: 2605: 2434: 2246: 795: 5000: 4529: 3755:(12th ed.). World Priorities. 3559: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3144: 2679:Frankel, Glenn (19 February 1979). 2268:. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. 2191: 2126: 1428:, the Kabalega Unit operating near 13: 4229:Journal of Eastern African Studies 3358: 2279:Harden, Blaine (20 January 1986). 14: 5582: 4531:Uganda: Obote's Dimming Prospects 3570:"Rebels attack government troops" 1994:were used against civilians, and 1187:West Nile campaign (October 1980) 1034:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 16:Guerrilla war in Uganda 1980–1986 5067: 4572: 4515:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. 4344:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. 4172:: Helion & Company Limited. 4035: 3962: 3916: 2081: 1835: 1819: 1803: 1787: 1771: 1755: 1748: 1540:overran a UNLA outpost at Kakiri 1467:foreign aid: He hired a British 1138:Uganda National Liberation Front 1129:launched an invasion of Tanzania 714: 696: 678: 655: 619: 464: 450: 436: 422: 410: 398: 386: 373: 357: 346: 337: 328: 301: 276: 262: 248: 234: 221: 207: 190: 177: 130: 43: 34: 4447:Rice, Andrew (20 August 2003). 4320:Historical Dictionary of Uganda 4014:Uganda, Landmine Monitor Report 3769: 3736: 3720: 3092: 3069: 3033: 2969: 2853: 2750: 2565: 2551:. London: Hurst & Company. 2538: 2447:Honey, Martha (12 April 1979). 2440: 2378: 2072: 2062: 2049: 2040: 1836: 1788: 1772: 1460:Tanzania People's Defence Force 1242:crossed the border and attacked 1142:Uganda National Liberation Army 955:Uganda National Liberation Army 630:Uganda National Liberation Army 5561:Civil wars of the 20th century 5039:Early independence (1962–1971) 4211:Harrell-Bond, Barbara (1982). 4064: 2272: 1820: 1804: 1756: 1580:region some limited autonomy. 1388:and in the western regions of 1: 4490:Rothchild, Donald S. (1997). 3848:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3690:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3669:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3654:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3639:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3521:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3492:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3480:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3272:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3260:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3236:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3128:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3064:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 3010:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 2976:Lubega, Henry (4 June 2016). 2907:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 2848:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 2358:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 2324:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 2156:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015 2098: 1062:History of Uganda (1962–1971) 1055: 747: 735: 724: 708: 690: 4241:10.1080/17531055.2012.755315 3969:Ofcansky, Thomas P. (1999). 3041:We fought for what was right 1911: 1545:National Resistance Movement 1382:Front for National Salvation 1302:, and made his 5,000-strong 1277:Uganda National Rescue Front 283:National Resistance Movement 7: 5412:Water supply and sanitation 4511:Seftel, Adam, ed. (2010) . 3366:"Uganda: Northern Quagmire" 2264:Idriss Lahai, John (2016). 2023:List of massacres in Uganda 2016: 1929:open war to northern Uganda 1700:, where Lieutenant General 1508:Central Intelligence Agency 1378:Mozambican Liberation Front 1250:counterattack on 12 October 1175: 1085:overthrown in a coup d'état 72:6 October 1980 – March 1986 10: 5587: 4429:A History of Modern Uganda 4338:Lamwaka, Caroline (2016). 4298:Legum, Colin, ed. (1987). 3743:Eckhardt, William (1987). 3706:United Press International 2521:Mambo & Schofield 2007 2449:"Ugandan Capital Captured" 1915: 1731: 1664: 1555:, was mostly inhabited by 1451: 1416:, and Museveni's brother, 1318: 1184: 1069: 1059: 961:(NRA), from 1980 to 1986. 5497: 5430: 5342: 5333: 5248: 5239: 5141: 5132: 5085: 5076: 5065: 5012: 4640: 4590:Federal Research Division 4426:Reid, Richard J. (2017). 4270:10.1017/S0022278X05000832 2615:Ross, Jay (7 June 1980). 1918:War in Uganda (1986–1994) 1376:, having fought with the 1066:Second Republic of Uganda 864:West Nile (December 1982) 822:West Nile (December 1980) 807: 759: 754: 684:UNLA and allied militias: 671: 611: 482: 122: 64: 28: 23: 5146:Administrative divisions 5034:British rule (1894–1962) 4467:Roberts, George (2017). 4317:Kasule, Joseph (2022) . 4283:. McGill-Queen's Press. 4124:Behrend, Heike (2016) . 2931:Avirgan & Honey 1983 2829:Avirgan & Honey 1983 2810:Avirgan & Honey 1983 2798:Africa Confidential 1981 2712:Africa Confidential 1981 2545:Gberie, Lansana (2005). 2509:Avirgan & Honey 1983 2497:Avirgan & Honey 1983 2485:Avirgan & Honey 1983 2473:Avirgan & Honey 1983 2411:Avirgan & Honey 1983 2033: 1967:, including present-day 1667:1985 Ugandan coup d'état 1549:National Resistance Army 1512:non-commissioned officer 1469:private military company 1327:Uganda People's Congress 1124:. In 1978, parts of the 1019: 964:The unpopular President 959:National Resistance Army 812:West Nile (October 1980) 651:UPC youth paramilitaries 638:Pro-government militias 634:Conciliated rebel groups 517:National Resistance Army 4401:Otunnu, Ogenga (2017). 4143:Berger, Andrea (2015). 3104:www.africandictator.org 1738:Nairobi Agreement, 1985 1473:Commonwealth of Nations 1438:Rwandan Patriotic Front 1343:Uganda Freedom Fighters 1335:Popular Resistance Army 667:Numerous rebel militias 432:(West Nile Rebels only) 215:Commonwealth of Nations 4082:Amaza, Ondoga (1998). 4074:Africa Confidential 22 2028:Human rights in Uganda 1613: 1494: 1208: 760:100,000–500,000 killed 483:Commanders and leaders 4380:Oloya, Opiyo (2013). 3100:"Africandictator.org" 1732:Further information: 1665:Further information: 1607: 1596:and opened fire on a 1485: 1412:under the command of 1319:Further information: 1194: 1185:Further information: 1114:military dictatorship 1070:Further information: 1016:in the next decades. 994:elections were rigged 978:military dictatorship 755:Casualties and losses 706:800–1,000 (from 1981) 5044:Idi Amin (1971–1979) 4543:on January 23, 2017. 4032:, pp. 280, 293. 3088:on 24 February 2012. 1949:Holy Spirit Movement 1874:Kampala was captured 1853:class=notpageimage| 1702:Bazilio Olara-Okello 1682:World Food Programme 1471:, and convinced the 1238:West Nile sub-region 990:Subsequent elections 976:, who established a 968:was overthrown in a 688:35,000–40,000 (1984) 663:Korean People's Army 511:Bazilio Olara-Okello 5049:Uganda–Tanzania War 4277:Kasozi, A. (1994). 4088:Fountain Publishers 4004:, pp. 265–267. 3935:on 25 February 2017 3889:, pp. 4–5, 57. 3877:, pp. 40, 178. 3370:Africa Confidential 3334:. 22 September 2018 3226:, pp. 164–165. 3211:Library of Congress 3039:Dr Kizza besigye, " 3027:Library of Congress 2953:. 6 February 2016. 2933:, pp. 225–226. 2685:The Washington Post 2621:The Washington Post 2535:, pp. 160–161. 2523:, pp. 312–313. 2453:The Washington Post 2285:The Washington Post 2232:Golooba-Mutebi 2008 1955:Human rights abuses 1284:Rwenzururu movement 1230:Christopher Mawadri 1181:West Nile rebellion 1078:President of Uganda 1072:Uganda–Tanzania War 982:Uganda-Tanzania War 972:in 1971 by General 704:11,000 (until 1980) 645:National Youth Army 471:Rwenzururu movement 102:President of Uganda 5306:Telecommunications 4558:Soldier of Fortune 4551:(September 1979). 4409:Palgrave Macmillan 3732:. Microsoft. 1995. 3708:. 13 February 1986 3402:, pp. 78, 79. 3046:2007-06-13 at the 2003:In popular culture 1614: 1612:, central Uganda). 1495: 1209: 1112:and established a 750:10,000 (late 1985) 745:4,000 (early 1983) 693:15,000 (late 1985) 317:UNRF (I) (1980–85) 307:West Nile rebels: 137:Ugandan government 5533: 5532: 5493: 5492: 5377:Human trafficking 5362:Domestic violence 5329: 5328: 5235: 5234: 5222:Political parties 5168:Foreign relations 5128: 5127: 5059:Uganda since 1986 4968: 4967: 4522:978-9970-02-036-2 4503:978-0-8157-7593-5 4482:978-1-317-53952-0 4439:978-1-107-06720-2 4418:978-3-319-33155-3 4393:978-1-4426-1417-8 4351:978-9970-25-221-3 4179:978-1-910294-55-0 4156:978-1-138-65493-8 4135:978-0-8214-4570-9 4116:978-9976-1-0056-3 3913:, pp. 80–81. 3865:, pp. 25–26. 3850:, pp. 51–60. 3838:, pp. 54–56. 3826:, pp. 53–54. 3656:, pp. 49–50. 3614:, pp. 43–44. 3576:. 5 December 1985 3535:, pp. 24–25. 3494:, pp. 48–49. 3470:, pp. 77–78. 3355:, pp. 90–91. 3308:Harrell-Bond 1982 3284:Harrell-Bond 1982 3262:, pp. 43–44. 3238:, pp. 42–43. 2850:, pp. 39–40. 2786:Harrell-Bond 1982 2763:Los Angeles Times 2745:Harrell-Bond 1982 2655:Cultural Survival 2511:, pp. 33–34. 2499:, pp. 28–33. 2425:, pp. 85–86. 2392:. 29 October 2002 2266:African Frontiers 1869:a peace agreement 1742:Battle of Kampala 1671:Battle of Birembo 1643:Operation Bonanza 1374:guerrilla warfare 1321:Battle of Kabamba 1222:Isaac Maliyamungu 1159:War correspondent 1030:Ugandan Civil War 936: 935: 764: 763: 625:Ugandan military 118: 117: 5578: 5566:Luweero District 5546:Ugandan Bush War 5513: 5506: 5465: 5455: 5340: 5339: 5296: 5246: 5245: 5139: 5138: 5090:Cities and towns 5083: 5082: 5071: 5022:Early (pre-1894) 4995: 4988: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4576: 4575: 4566: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4526: 4507: 4486: 4463: 4453: 4443: 4422: 4397: 4376: 4355: 4334: 4313: 4294: 4273: 4252: 4223: 4217: 4207: 4193: 4183: 4160: 4139: 4120: 4101: 4078: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3931:. Archived from 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3754: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3672: 3666: 3657: 3651: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3442: 3441:, pp. 1, 3. 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3374: 3373: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3324: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3286:, pp. 2, 9. 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3178: 3172: 3163: 3162:, p. B-467. 3157: 3148: 3142: 3131: 3125: 3112: 3111: 3106:. Archived from 3096: 3090: 3089: 3084:. Archived from 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3037: 3031: 3019: 3013: 3012:, p. 40–41. 3007: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2832: 2826: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2715: 2709: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2645: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2612: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2344: 2338: 2327: 2321: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2216: 2210: 2195: 2189: 2178: 2172: 2159: 2153: 2130: 2124: 2092: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2053: 2047: 2044: 1981:Luweero triangle 1965:Luweero District 1839: 1838: 1823: 1822: 1807: 1806: 1791: 1790: 1775: 1774: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1694:Democratic Party 1528:David Oyite-Ojok 1454:Battle of Kakiri 1370:Mubende District 1197:West Nile region 1087:by parts of the 1040:: These include 1026:Ugandan Bush War 1010:captured Kampala 986:West Nile region 943:Ugandan Bush War 847:West Nile (1981) 802: 800: 799:Ugandan Bush War 790: 783: 776: 767: 766: 749: 737: 726: 719: 718: 717: 710: 701: 700: 699: 692: 683: 682: 681: 661: 659: 658: 642:People's Militia 624: 623: 622: 603: 560:West Nile rebels 538: 505: 497:David Oyite-Ojok 469: 468: 467: 456: 454: 453: 446: 442: 440: 439: 428: 426: 425: 416: 414: 413: 404: 402: 401: 392: 390: 389: 383: 379: 377: 376: 362: 361: 351: 350: 343:FEDEMU (1983–85) 342: 341: 333: 332: 306: 305: 281: 280: 268: 266: 265: 254: 252: 251: 240: 238: 237: 227: 225: 224: 213: 211: 210: 196: 194: 193: 183: 181: 180: 135: 134: 66: 65: 47: 38: 24:Ugandan Bush War 21: 20: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5571:1980s in Uganda 5536: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5489: 5480:Public holidays 5463: 5453: 5426: 5325: 5294: 5231: 5217:Law enforcement 5124: 5110:Protected areas 5072: 5063: 5008: 4999: 4969: 4964: 4636: 4629: 4585:Country Studies 4582: 4573: 4569: 4540: 4533: 4523: 4504: 4483: 4451: 4440: 4419: 4394: 4352: 4331: 4310: 4291: 4215: 4191: 4180: 4157: 4136: 4117: 4098: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3981: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3745:Sivard, Ruth L. 3741: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3675: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3377: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3213:Country Studies 3204: 3200: 3192: 3181: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3134: 3126: 3115: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3082:www.observer.ug 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3048:Wayback Machine 3038: 3034: 3029:Country Studies 3020: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2835: 2827: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2718: 2710: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2677: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2646: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2487:, pp. 3–5. 2483: 2479: 2475:, pp. 4–8. 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2445: 2441: 2437:, pp. 6–7. 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2347: 2339: 2330: 2322: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2277: 2273: 2262: 2253: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2219: 2211: 2198: 2190: 2181: 2173: 2162: 2154: 2133: 2125: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2019: 2005: 1957: 1920: 1914: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1744: 1734:Siege of Masaka 1730: 1673: 1663: 1632:Luwero Triangle 1619:Godfrey Binaisa 1590: 1561:Muammar Gaddafi 1553:Luwero Triangle 1475:as well as the 1456: 1450: 1368:in the central 1331:electoral fraud 1323: 1317: 1300:Yoweri Museveni 1201:Luwero Triangle 1189: 1183: 1178: 1146:fall of Kampala 1074: 1068: 1060:Main articles: 1058: 1038:Luwero Triangle 1022: 998:Yoweri Museveni 939: 938: 937: 932: 803: 798: 796: 794: 746: 744: 743:900 (Dec. 1981) 742: 740: 734: 728: 723: 721: 715: 713: 712: 707: 705: 703: 697: 695: 694: 689: 687: 685: 679: 677: 656: 654: 648:Tribal militias 620: 618: 606: 595: 591: 582: 577: 573: 569: 567: 563: 557: 552: 548: 546: 542: 540: 534: 528: 524: 522:Yoweri Museveni 520: 509: 508:Smith Opon Acak 507: 501: 495: 491: 474: 465: 463: 462: 451: 449: 448: 437: 435: 433: 423: 421: 420: 411: 409: 408: 399: 397: 396: 387: 385: 384: 374: 372: 370: 366: 356: 355: 345: 344: 336: 335: 327: 300: 275: 263: 261: 249: 247: 235: 233: 222: 220: 208: 206: 205: 201: 191: 189: 188: 178: 176: 129: 98:Yoweri Museveni 84: 58:Yoweri Museveni 52: 51: 50: 49: 48: 40: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5584: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5352:Climate change 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5301:Stock exchange 5298: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5183:Prime Minister 5180: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5054:Third Republic 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5018: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4998: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635:(1962–present) 4628: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4568: 4567: 4545: 4527: 4521: 4508: 4502: 4487: 4481: 4464: 4444: 4438: 4423: 4417: 4398: 4392: 4377: 4367:(2): 299–321. 4356: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4314: 4308: 4295: 4289: 4274: 4264:(2): 271–296. 4253: 4224: 4208: 4184: 4178: 4161: 4155: 4140: 4134: 4121: 4115: 4102: 4096: 4079: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4034: 4022: 4006: 3994: 3979: 3961: 3959:, p. 293. 3946: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3797: 3779: 3768: 3761: 3735: 3719: 3694: 3673: 3658: 3643: 3631: 3616: 3604: 3587: 3558: 3537: 3525: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3404: 3392: 3375: 3357: 3353:Rothchild 1997 3345: 3312: 3300: 3298:, p. 263. 3288: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3198: 3179: 3177:, p. 276. 3164: 3149: 3132: 3113: 3110:on 2015-02-05. 3091: 3068: 3056: 3032: 3014: 2999: 2968: 2935: 2923: 2921:, p. 133. 2911: 2894: 2882: 2878:Rothchild 1997 2870: 2852: 2833: 2831:, p. 225. 2814: 2812:, p. 224. 2802: 2790: 2775: 2749: 2716: 2697: 2668: 2633: 2604: 2592: 2564: 2557: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2377: 2375:, p. 280. 2362: 2345: 2328: 2297: 2271: 2251: 2236: 2217: 2215:, p. 262. 2196: 2179: 2177:, p. 268. 2160: 2131: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2080: 2071: 2061: 2048: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2015: 2004: 2001: 1996:child soldiers 1956: 1953: 1916:Main article: 1913: 1910: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1729: 1726: 1688:for survival. 1662: 1659: 1589: 1586: 1535:United Nations 1464:Julius Nyerere 1449: 1446: 1347:Andrew Kayiira 1316: 1313: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1122:Julius Nyerere 1097:United Kingdom 1057: 1054: 1050:Resistance War 1021: 1018: 934: 933: 931: 930: 925: 920: 918:Kampala (1986) 915: 910: 908:Katonga Bridge 905: 900: 899: 898: 888: 883: 878: 873: 866: 861: 854: 852:Kampala (1982) 849: 844: 839: 837:Kampala (1981) 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 808: 805: 804: 793: 792: 785: 778: 770: 762: 761: 757: 756: 752: 751: 730: 729:170–700 (1985) 686:15,000+ (1981) 674: 673: 669: 668: 665: 653: 652: 649: 646: 643: 636: 635: 632: 614: 613: 612:Units involved 609: 608: 597:Andrew Kayiira 541:Steven Kashaka 513: 485: 484: 480: 479: 325: 324: 321: 320:FUNA (1980–85) 318: 315: 298: 297: 292: 272: 260: 259: 245: 231: 229:United Kingdom 174: 173: 167: 161: 155: 149: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 114: 113: 104: 90: 86: 85: 80: 78: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 42: 41: 33: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5583: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5027:Egyptian rule 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4580: 4579:public domain 4571: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4549:Venter, Al J. 4546: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4449:"The General" 4445: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4330:9781538141748 4326: 4322: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4309:9780841905566 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4290:9780773564879 4286: 4282: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4235:(1): 83–103. 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4097:9789970021352 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3980:9781435601451 3976: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3901:, p. 54. 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3814:, p. 75. 3813: 3808: 3800: 3798:1-56802-195-X 3794: 3790: 3783: 3772: 3764: 3762:0-918281-05-9 3758: 3753: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3692:, p. 51. 3691: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3671:, p. 50. 3670: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3641:, p. 63. 3640: 3635: 3629:, p. 44. 3628: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3602:, p. 43. 3601: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3556:, p. 25. 3555: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3523:, p. 49. 3522: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3488: 3482:, p. 48. 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3458:, p. 24. 3457: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3401: 3396: 3390:, p. 40. 3389: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3333: 3332:Daily Monitor 3329: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3310:, p. 10. 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3274:, p. 46. 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3250:, p. 74. 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3196:, p. 77. 3195: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3130:, p. 42. 3129: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3066:, p. 43. 3065: 3060: 3054:, 1 July 2004 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2987: 2983: 2982:Daily Monitor 2979: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2951:Daily Monitor 2948: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2909:, p. 41. 2908: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2892:, p. 46. 2891: 2886: 2880:, p. 90. 2879: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2609: 2602:, p. 81. 2601: 2596: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2558:1-85065-742-4 2554: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2360:, p. 45. 2359: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2343:, p. 80. 2342: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2326:, p. 40. 2325: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2249:, p. 76. 2248: 2243: 2241: 2234:, p. 14. 2233: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2158:, p. 39. 2157: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2090: 2084: 2075: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1854: 1845: 1829: 1813: 1797: 1781: 1765: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1598:Sudanese Army 1595: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1477:United States 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Fred Rwigyema 1411: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304:Kikosi Maalum 1301: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1076:In 1971, the 1073: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 897: 894: 893: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 871: 867: 865: 862: 860: 859: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 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unions 5268:Conservation 5263:Central bank 5227:Rebel groups 5195:Human rights 5153:Constitution 5095:Conservation 4584: 4562: 4556: 4538:the original 4512: 4492: 4472: 4459: 4455: 4428: 4403: 4382: 4364: 4360: 4340: 4319: 4299: 4279: 4261: 4257: 4232: 4228: 4220:UFSI Reports 4219: 4195: 4165: 4145: 4125: 4106: 4083: 4073: 4050:. Retrieved 4046: 4037: 4025: 4017: 4009: 3997: 3970: 3964: 3937:. Retrieved 3933:the original 3928: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3863:Behrend 2016 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3788: 3782: 3771: 3750: 3738: 3728: 3722: 3710:. Retrieved 3697: 3634: 3627:Lamwaka 2016 3612:Lamwaka 2016 3607: 3600:Lamwaka 2016 3578:. Retrieved 3573: 3554:Behrend 2016 3533:Behrend 2016 3528: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3456:Behrend 2016 3434: 3429:, p. 3. 3422: 3417:, p. 1. 3395: 3369: 3360: 3348: 3336:. Retrieved 3331: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3209: 3201: 3147:, p. 5. 3108:the original 3103: 3094: 3086:the original 3081: 3071: 3059: 3051: 3035: 3025: 3017: 2990:. Retrieved 2981: 2971: 2959:. Retrieved 2950: 2926: 2914: 2885: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2805: 2800:, p. 9. 2793: 2788:, p. 6. 2766:. Retrieved 2762: 2752: 2747:, p. 9. 2714:, p. 8. 2688:. Retrieved 2684: 2659:. Retrieved 2653: 2624:. Retrieved 2620: 2595: 2583:. 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Retrieved 2284: 2274: 2265: 2194:, p. 6. 2129:, p. 4. 2083: 2074: 2064: 2057:Isaac Lumago 2051: 2042: 2008: 2006: 1989: 1958: 1945: 1937:South Africa 1933: 1925: 1921: 1892: 1882: 1878:regular army 1867:That month, 1860: 1722: 1718: 1712:and finally 1690: 1678: 1674: 1655: 1642: 1640: 1615: 1591: 1582: 1574: 1566: 1532: 1496: 1457: 1442: 1422:Joram Mugume 1403: 1398:people's war 1363: 1355:Gang of Four 1324: 1296: 1292:Amba peoples 1281: 1273: 1262: 1244:the town of 1218:Isaac Lumago 1214:Emilio Mondo 1210: 1166: 1118: 1081:Milton Obote 1075: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1007: 966:Milton Obote 963: 942: 940: 869: 857: 797: 733:Uganda Army: 732: 637: 617: 607:David Lwanga 593:Balaki Kirya 587: 583: 575:Isaac Lumago 559: 558: 544:Joram Mugume 535: 516: 515: 502: 489:Milton Obote 473:(until 1982) 460:(from 1985) 430:Saudi Arabia 394:Soviet Union 367: 326: 299: 274: 258:(until 1984) 244:(until 1984) 202: 187:(until 1985) 175: 128: 123:Belligerents 108: 93:NRM victory 92: 54:Milton Obote 5253:Agriculture 5207:LGBT rights 4407:. Chicago: 4065:Works cited 4052:14 November 4030:Kasfir 2005 4002:Seftel 2010 3957:Kasfir 2005 3911:Berger 2015 3580:30 December 3296:Seftel 2010 3224:Kasozi 1994 3175:Seftel 2010 3052:The Monitor 2992:9 September 2961:8 September 2919:Kasozi 1994 2890:Otunnu 2017 2600:Venter 1979 2423:Hansen 2013 2373:Kasule 2022 2341:Berger 2015 2290:16 December 2213:Seftel 2010 2175:Seftel 2010 1570:Felix Onama 1499:North Korea 1491:Kim Il Sung 1487:North Korea 1434:Paul Kagame 1418:Salim Saleh 1361:(UNLF-AD). 1341:formed the 1269:Tito Okello 1226:Elly Hassan 1162:Al J Venter 1126:Uganda Army 1089:Uganda Army 1002:Tito Okello 970:coup d'état 891:1985 mutiny 579:Elly Hassan 571:Felix Onama 526:Salim Saleh 493:Tito Okello 312:Uganda Army 200:(1981–1985) 198:North Korea 172:(from 1985) 166:(from 1985) 160:(from 1985) 154:(from 1985) 56:(left) and 5540:Categories 5295:(currency) 5173:Government 5158:Corruption 4020:, May 2004 3887:Oloya 2013 3875:Oloya 2013 3400:Amaza 1998 3388:Oloya 2013 3160:Legum 1987 2690:26 October 2661:11 October 2458:7 November 2099:References 2089:River Kafu 1992:land mines 1973:Kyankwanzi 1653:(FEDEMU). 1578:Rwenzururu 1452:See also: 1406:Mozambican 1339:Yusuf Lule 1169:Karamojong 1091:which put 1056:Background 1042:Luwero War 949:fought in 817:Rwenzururu 722:30+ (1981) 554:Yusuf Lule 530:Sam Magara 476:Karamojong 444:Mozambique 107:Civil war 5407:Terrorism 5402:Squatting 5382:Languages 5367:Education 5321:Transport 5293:Shilling 5278:Fisheries 5178:President 5163:Elections 5105:Mountains 5078:Geography 4631:Years in 4373:0047-2697 4249:144443665 4204:1749-1800 3989:174221322 3899:Reid 2017 3836:Reid 2017 3824:Reid 2017 3812:Reid 2017 3468:Reid 2017 3248:Reid 2017 3194:Reid 2017 2768:7 January 2435:Rice 2003 2247:Reid 2017 1961:genocidal 1912:Aftermath 1351:Communist 1234:Moses Ali 1203:north of 1110:despotism 988:in 1980. 947:civil war 896:1985 coup 870:Safari 50 727:50 (1984) 711:50 (1984) 568:Amin Onzi 565:Moses Ali 447:(alleged) 242:Australia 111:continues 5520:Category 5397:Religion 5387:Polygamy 5347:Abortion 5283:Forestry 5212:Military 5200:Intersex 5134:Politics 5120:Wildlife 5006:articles 4645:Pre-1962 4170:Solihull 3439:CIA 2012 3427:CIA 2012 3415:CIA 2012 3145:CIA 2012 3044:Archived 2986:Archived 2955:Archived 2192:CIA 2012 2127:CIA 2012 2017:See also 1977:Nakaseke 1176:Bush War 1106:Tanzania 1093:Idi Amin 1008:The NRA 974:Idi Amin 672:Strength 458:Tanzania 185:Tanzania 164:UNRF (I) 109:de facto 100:becomes 77:Location 5504:Outline 5454:(dress) 5445:Cuisine 5432:Culture 5335:Society 5311:Tourism 5288:Poverty 5258:Banking 5241:Economy 5188:Cabinet 5014:History 3939:10 July 3929:NK News 3747:(ed.). 3729:Encarta 2865:c-r.org 2626:1 March 2396:23 July 2010:27 Guns 1941:amnesty 1906:Kamdini 1844:Kamdini 1796:Kampala 1780:Mbarara 1636:Baganda 1557:Baganda 1426:Kapeeka 1394:Bunyoro 1386:Buganda 1345:(UFF), 1337:(PRA), 1308:FRONASA 1205:Kampala 913:Mbarara 881:Kembogo 876:Birembo 858:Bonanza 827:Kabamba 599: ( 536:† 503:† 364:UNLF-AD 5525:Portal 5464:(robe) 5451:Gomesi 5440:Cinema 5372:Health 5273:Energy 5115:Rivers 5004: 5002:Uganda 4633:Uganda 4596:Uganda 4581:. 4519: 4500: 4479: 4436: 4415: 4390: 4371: 4348: 4327: 4306: 4287: 4247: 4202: 4176: 4153: 4132: 4113: 4094: 3987: 3977: 3795: 3759: 3712:4 July 2585:31 May 2555: 1969:Kiboga 1902:Karuma 1897:Tororo 1893:ad hoc 1889:Kitgum 1864:Masaka 1828:Karuma 1812:Tororo 1764:Masaka 1740:; and 1714:Zambia 1686:UNICEF 1623:London 1610:Mbazzi 1594:Nimule 1520:Acholi 1489:under 1430:Kiwoko 1410:"coys" 1390:Ankole 1246:Koboko 1232:, and 1134:Libyan 951:Uganda 945:was a 923:Tororo 903:Masaka 886:Rubona 842:Kakiri 832:Kiboga 660: 588:FEDEMU 532: 499: 478:groups 455: 441: 427: 415: 403: 391: 378: 314:(1980) 285:(NRM) 267: 256:Canada 253: 239: 226: 212: 195: 182: 152:FEDEMU 89:Result 82:Uganda 5511:Index 5485:Sport 5475:Music 5470:Media 5461:Kanzu 5422:Youth 5417:Women 5100:Lakes 4541:(PDF) 4534:(PDF) 4462:(12). 4452:(PDF) 4245:S2CID 4222:(48). 4216:(PDF) 4198:(2). 4192:(PDF) 3338:3 May 2034:Notes 1710:Kenya 1647:Kenya 1627:Zaire 1516:Langi 1288:Konjo 1254:Bondo 1155:Sudan 1151:Zaire 1102:purge 1048:, or 1020:Names 418:China 381:Libya 4960:2024 4955:2023 4950:2022 4945:2021 4940:2020 4935:2019 4930:2018 4925:2017 4920:2016 4915:2015 4910:2014 4905:2013 4900:2012 4895:2011 4890:2010 4885:2009 4880:2008 4875:2007 4870:2006 4865:2005 4860:2004 4855:2003 4850:2002 4845:2001 4840:2000 4835:1999 4830:1998 4825:1997 4820:1996 4815:1995 4810:1994 4805:1993 4800:1992 4795:1991 4790:1990 4785:1989 4780:1988 4775:1987 4770:1986 4765:1985 4760:1984 4755:1983 4750:1982 4745:1981 4740:1980 4735:1979 4730:1978 4725:1977 4720:1976 4715:1975 4710:1974 4705:1973 4700:1972 4695:1971 4690:1970 4685:1969 4680:1968 4675:1967 4670:1966 4665:1965 4660:1964 4655:1963 4650:1962 4517:ISBN 4498:ISBN 4477:ISBN 4434:ISBN 4413:ISBN 4388:ISBN 4369:ISSN 4346:ISBN 4325:ISBN 4304:ISBN 4285:ISBN 4200:ISSN 4174:ISBN 4151:ISBN 4130:ISBN 4111:ISBN 4092:ISBN 4054:2018 4047:Edge 3985:OCLC 3975:ISBN 3941:2019 3793:ISBN 3757:ISBN 3714:2019 3582:2019 3340:2021 2994:2021 2963:2021 2770:2020 2692:2021 2663:2021 2628:2021 2587:2016 2553:ISBN 2460:2018 2398:2023 2292:2019 1904:and 1887:and 1885:Gulu 1706:Lira 1698:Gulu 1684:and 1669:and 1524:Teso 1522:and 1503:Gulu 1392:and 1290:and 1258:Arua 1153:and 1083:was 1064:and 1024:The 941:The 928:Nile 741:NRA: 586:and 406:Cuba 158:FUNA 143:UNLF 69:Date 4266:doi 4237:doi 3574:UPI 3050:", 2390:HRW 602:POW 584:UFM 353:ULM 295:UFF 290:PRA 170:UFM 147:UPC 5542:: 4594:– 4588:. 4561:. 4555:. 4460:AR 4458:. 4454:. 4411:. 4365:35 4363:. 4262:43 4260:. 4243:. 4231:. 4218:. 4194:. 4168:. 4090:. 4086:. 4045:. 4016:, 3983:. 3949:^ 3927:. 3855:^ 3676:^ 3661:^ 3646:^ 3619:^ 3590:^ 3572:. 3561:^ 3540:^ 3499:^ 3446:^ 3407:^ 3378:^ 3368:. 3330:. 3315:^ 3208:, 3182:^ 3167:^ 3152:^ 3135:^ 3116:^ 3102:. 3080:. 3024:, 3002:^ 2984:. 2980:. 2949:. 2938:^ 2897:^ 2863:. 2836:^ 2817:^ 2778:^ 2761:. 2719:^ 2700:^ 2683:. 2671:^ 2652:. 2636:^ 2619:. 2607:^ 2576:. 2451:. 2388:. 2365:^ 2348:^ 2331:^ 2300:^ 2283:. 2254:^ 2239:^ 2220:^ 2199:^ 2182:^ 2163:^ 2134:^ 2107:^ 1975:, 1971:, 1736:; 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