508:
820:, Aung San and Kyaw Nyein formed a strike council and set the strike strategy and objectives. As the protests persisted and spread to other schools and colleges in the country, they wrested major concessions from the university administration. Raschid recalled that „the burden of negotiating and operational leadership fell to Aung San, Kyaw Nyein and myself." After the strike, he and the other strike leaders established the
1095:. The Asian Socialist Conference was founded at a first conference held in Rangoon January 6 to 15, 1953, and established the ASC as independent socialist organization. The ASC proposed the formation of a 'Third Force' in world politics and adopted a resolution that called for support of democracy, condemning
1038:, he visited London and Washington in June 1949 signaling Burma's willingness for a possible Pacific area security pact. At the same time, Prime Minister U Nu suggested in parliament that Burma should enter into economic and defense treaties with countries of economic interest. The reversal of Burma's avowed
723:
of
General Ne Win in 1962 and the dismantling of the parliamentary democratic system in Burma, he spent five years in jail. His last public political role was the participation in an advisory committee on constitutional reforms, where he and other veteran politicians of the democratic era recommended
1282:
were invited by
General Ne Win to advise the Revolutionary Council on drafting a national constitution and "ways of improving the country's stability and prosperity." He was part of a group of twenty-one politicians who proposed the return to democracy with a mixed economy. A minority of eleven from
1248:
tabled against his minority government by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein. The rift within the ruling party destabilized the government and ultimately led to a military caretaker regime by the chief of staff of the armed forces, Ne Win. After eighteen months, the caretaker government held general elections in
1042:
since independence was vigorously opposed by Kyaw Nyein. As
Secretary General of the AFFPL and majority leader, he led the response in parliament warning in his speech of the dangers of becoming associated with power blocs. In the end, Washington and London sent a small supply of arms but otherwise
1068:
Louis
Walinsky, an American economic consultant to the U Nu-government, who was highly critical of Burma's focus on import substitution industrialization and advocated greater investments in the agricultural sector, described Kyaw Nyein as one of the outstanding ministers in the administration. He
1064:
under government control. However, a moderate
Socialist and less doctrinaire than some of his colleagues in the BSP, he gradually moved away from an orthodox socialist nationalization policy in favor of a mixed economy. In March 1957, he declared to create an economic climate that was conducive to
1025:
who were ready to join the government under the condition that all socialist ministers resigned. Kyaw Nyein and the other socialist ministers stepped aside but demanded that Prime
Minister U Nu should remain the head of government. Although Ne Win's overture to the communists eventually failed, he
1207:
U Kyaw Nyein is the essence of diplomacy. Though his reputation is based upon other factors, it is to his credit that
Burmese relations with Yugoslavia have developed with the warmth and certainty of the past few years. As a cabinet member he has tackled the most difficult of all Burma's foreign
1086:
in Delhi in 1947, Kyaw Nyein and other leading members of the
Socialist Parties of Burma, India and Indonesia devised the idea of a common venue where Socialist Parties of Asia could discuss issues and exchange experience. In March 1952, Kyaw Nyein headed the 'Preparatory Committee for the first
970:
on Burma's independence in
January 1947. Upon his return from London, he was handed the portfolio of Minister for Home and Judiciary in the Governor's Executive Council. He accompanied U Nu in July 1947 to London for further negotiations with Prime Minister Attlee, and on the way back, visited
1056:
Kyaw Nyein returned to U Nu's cabinet in 1951 and set up the
Ministry of Cooperatives, which he handed over to U Tun Win in 1954 to create the Ministry of Industries. In 1956, he became Deputy Prime Minister of National Economy to oversee and coordinate the industrialization of Burma.
1026:
assumed the civilian positions of Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister in Nu's government until September 1950 while remaining the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces. During his time in the cabinet, Ne Win tried to tackle the domestic conflicts by getting assistance from the
975:
to study the country's constitution and socialist system as a member of the Special Committee of Burma's Constitutional Assembly. Certain features of the Yugoslav Constitution, particularly those relating to minorities, were eventually incorporated in Burma's 1947 constitution.
1198:
that set the pattern for later settlements with the Philippines and Indonesia whose negotiations with Japan had been in a deadlock holding up the normalization of diplomatic relations. The settlement was followed by a peace pact between Japan and Burma, which he signed in
727:
Kyaw Nyein's political life was not without controversies. Recognized as one of the founding fathers of modern Burma, a skilled diplomat, socialist theoretician and one of the most dynamic and brainy politicians in the country’s democratic era, he drew criticism for his
1136:
monitored and evaluated Burma's request for arms purchase from outside sources including the United States. Subsequent to the visit, the two countries exchanged embassies, and Burma, after securing in Yugoslavia a major arms supplier, terminated the contract with the
1069:
claimed later that "f the dynamic U Kyaw Nyein had been named Minister for Agriculture, rather than Industries, at the very outset of the program, there is no question that Burma’s recovery and development would have proceeded at a steadier and more rapid pace.”
1008:
In March 1949, at the height of the communist insurgency, Kyaw Nyein and five fellow socialist ministers resigned from the government under unclear circumstances. According to the autobiographical account of one of the ministers, the
1298:
Kyaw Nyein met his future wife Daw Nwe Nwe Yee, a Burmese honor student, while teaching English as a tutor at the Rangoon University sometime in 1936 or 1937. They married in 1943 and had seven children, four boys and three girls.
1043:
were reluctant to assist Burma's government in its domestic conflicts. Later in the year, U Nu reaffirmed Burma's neutralism declaring that he was neither interested in anti-Left nor anti-Right but only anti-aggression pacts.
954:
and umbrella-organization in Burma's struggle for independence. Thakin Mya became the chairman of the BSP while Ba Swe served as general secretary and Kyaw Nyein as joint secretary. Amidst growing tensions within the AFPFL,
809:(RUSU) together with Thein Pe Myint and Aung San, and after being elected became editor of the RUSU Bulletin. By the end of 1935, the RUSU executive council was dominated by political students and presided over by
1123:
that opened an era of mutually beneficial relationship between Burma and Yugoslavia. At that time, the two countries found themselves in a similar position. Yugoslavia, ostracized by Stalin and excluded from the
827:
In 1937 or 1938, while preparing for his law degree, Kyaw Nyein began to work at the customs department to provide for his parents and support himself and his political friends. In 1939, he founded together with
1265:
led by General Ne Win dissolved all political parties and other institutions of parliamentary democracy. Kyaw Nyein was detained in August 1963 and released in 1968 at the height of tensions between Burma and
1153:
visited India and Burma, a trip that was considered one of the most consequential and significant for Yugoslav foreign policy as it put the country on the trajectory to the helm of the Non-Alignment Movement.
1128:, was seeking new alliances. Burma was likewise trying to establish international relations outside the East and West Blocs and sought to get access to arms outside a restrictive defense treaty with the
793:
Kyaw Nyein became involved in student politics at Rangoon University in the academic year 1933/34. While hospitalized in the university infirmary in 1933, he met and befriended freshman student
959:
from the CPB resigned in June 1946 as General Secretary of the AFPFL. In August 1946, Kyaw Nyein was appointed as new General Secretary by the AFPFL Supreme Council presided over by Aung San.
776:
and other students, he fought against the closing down of Mandalay College. After passing the Intermediate exam in 1933, Kyaw Nyein and Thein Pe Myint transferred from Mandalay College to
732:
policies as home minister at the height of the insurgencies. Burma's communists hold him responsible for their failed revolution and to this day claim he pushed them "into the jungle".
806:
1065:
foreign investment and private capital, a policy shift that was confirmed by Prime Minister U Nu who announced hat the government would divest itself from many economic projects.
2073:
2040:
1087:
Conference of Asian Socialist Parties' in Rangoon with representatives of the socialist parties of India, Burma and Indonesia. The Preparatory Committee also began publishing
922:(AFPFL). Kyaw Nyein was a member of the AFO Supreme Council, the Military Council, and the executive committee and assigned as Political Commissar to Division (6), Pyinmana.
2734:
625:. In support of an armed struggle against British colonial rule, he built an underground organization while Aung San went abroad seeking help from the Japanese. During the
1283:
a total of thirty-three members of the advisory committee recommended a one-party system. Ne Win rejected the majority advice. In 1974, Ne Win established a Soviet-style
821:
1935:
1887:
1082:
Already during the independence struggle, Burma's socialists expressed the need for a cooperation of Asian Socialists against colonial rule. While attending the
1060:
Kyaw Nyein was described as "the brain of Burma's drive to socialism" envisaging socialism as being based on nationalization of industries and developing an
1337:
2354:
2323:
285:
1194:
over reparation payments for damages inflicted on Burma during the war. He signed a reparation agreement on 25 September with foreign minister
652:
Kyaw Nyein helped to shape the decolonization policies of post-independence Burma, from an active neutral foreign policy to the building of a
837:
1233:
780:, where he joined the English Honors program. Following his graduation in 1936, he entered law school and received his law degree in 1939.
637:
and later became active in the anti-Japanese resistance. A close adviser to Aung San in the final struggle for independence and during the
773:
2729:
2719:
2358:
2327:
2296:
2269:
2081:
2048:
1173:
attended the Asian Socialist Conference in Rangoon in 1953, and diplomatic relations were established between the two countries with
1035:
204:
2526:
2739:
919:
749:
599:
423:
656:, and was particularly focused on the economic development and industrialization of Burma. A moderate Socialist, he supported a
1968:
906:, and later served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs. In August 1944, he participated in negotiations between members of the
856:. In early 1941, the PRP leadership embraced Aung San's plan for an armed uprising supported by the Japanese intelligence unit
2724:
1165:
in power and was interested in the country's expertise in arms production as well as in co-operative settlements such as the
1061:
989:
212:
101:
617:. During the university strike of 1936, he became known as member of a group of anti-colonial student leaders that included
2744:
1149:
led the Yugoslav delegation and established contact with many Asian socialist attending the conference. In 1955, President
2578:
2520:. Bonn, Germany: Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung for the International Association of Labour History Institutions.
2492:
1320:
525:
521:
985:
813:, a senior law student and friend who described Kyaw Nyein as "an easy conversationalist with a good sense of humour.”
2514:
Socialist Internationals. A Bibliography. Publications of the Social-Democratic and Socialist Internationals 1914–2000
1943:
1895:
1244:
led by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein. Helped by votes from the faction of "legal" communists in the parliament, Nu defeated a
2214:
586:’s struggle for independence and prominent politician in the first decade after the country gained sovereignty from
1203:
on 6 November 1954. With regard to Kyaw Nyein's foreign policy achievements, an American analyst remarked that
1888:"Japan Sees Hope in Burma Parley. Some Sources in Tokyo Note Progress in the First Round of War Reparation Talks"
1284:
1021:
had forced their resignation. Ne Win had entered a cabinet meeting alleging that he had struck a deal with the
993:
105:
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895:
630:
17:
1262:
1046:
1142:
1116:
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888:
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427:
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1232:
and Kyaw Nyein in 1958 led to an acrimonious split of the AFPFL that pitted the faction of U Nu and
1031:
1022:
947:
907:
891:
arrived. The plan failed, and Kyaw Nyein and Ne Win reportedly had to walk back to Yangon by foot.
761:
729:
867:- to Japan for military training. In February 1942, he recruited over 200 Burmese soldiers of the
863:. Kyaw Nyein and other PRP members selected and sent young nationalists -later to be known as the
2336:
2305:
1288:
1245:
684:
in 1953. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, he achieved in 1954 a breakthrough in negotiations with
844:(PRP), which organized clandestine activities for a planned armed struggle against the British.
2663:
Trager, Frank N. (1956). "Burma's Foreign Policy, 1948-56. Neutralism, Third Force, and Rice".
708:
2477:
Articles in Journals, Readers, Encyclopedias, Thesis, Dictionaries & Special Publications
2258:] (in Burmese). Yangon: Unity Publishing House, first published by Thamma Meitta in 1956.
1271:
963:
943:
931:
841:
745:
673:
638:
609:
Born in Pyinmana, in Upper Burma, Kyaw Nyein received his higher education at the college in
603:
431:
411:
2527:"Arming Nonalignment. Yugoslavia's Relations with Burma and the Cold War in Asia, 1950–1955"
852:
Aung San left Burma in 1940 and established contact with Japanese army intelligence officer
2714:
2709:
872:
661:
614:
8:
911:
660:
position of post-colonial countries during the Cold War and was an architect of Burma's
2688:
2680:
2651:
2622:
2512:
2348:
2317:
2290:
2263:
951:
860:
777:
595:
2105:
1047:
Political Role and Initiatives under the Government of Prime Minister U Nu (1951-1958)
707:
in 1958 led to a split of the AFPFL that destabilized the government and ushered in a
2692:
2626:
2210:
1624:
1249:
which Nu's party defeated the Stable-AFPFL, and Kyaw Nyein lost his parliament seat.
481:
363:
649:, he was appointed as Minister of Home Affairs in the Governor's Executive Council.
2672:
2643:
2614:
1347:
765:
579:
574:
562:
553:
541:
529:
515:
484:
2135:
2074:"Gen. Ne Win Hints He Wants Change. Burmese Leader Believed Moving Towards Reform"
1146:
2204:
1150:
1039:
979:
884:
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802:
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689:
657:
2424:
1195:
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769:
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469:
383:
126:
72:
2618:
1270:
and an escalating civil war between Burma's armed forces and the China-backed
1190:
In August 1954, Kyaw Nyein began negotiations with the Japanese government in
2703:
1174:
1170:
1115:
As socialist party leader, Minister of Cooperatives, and lead-planner of the
857:
805:. In the same year, he ran in the elections for the executive council of the
653:
367:
2634:
Thomson, John Seabury (1957b). "The AFPFL. Continuity in Burmese Politics".
868:
853:
626:
590:. He held multiple minister portfolios in the government of Prime Minister
768:
to study science and became engaged in university politics. Together with
2278:
2247:
1157:
In December 1952, Kyaw Nyein led also a high-level Burmese delegation to
1104:
693:
2684:
2655:
1511:
1509:
1096:
1003:
972:
935:
914:
that led to the founding of the anti-Japanese resistance organization,
829:
665:
476:
2605:
Thomson, John Seabury (1957a). "Burma. A Neutral in China's Shadow".
2021:
1484:
1482:
1346:, p. 22; author mentions 1275 as year of birth according to the
1100:
817:
697:
311:
237:
140:
2676:
2647:
2226:
Die Kommunistische Partei Birmas. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart
1506:
1208:
treaty negotiations—the peace and reparations settlement with Japan.
1110:
724:
to reinstate parliamentary democracy, an advice that went unheeded.
1279:
1120:
1014:
956:
875:
where they were supposed to foment a local rebellion together with
794:
748:
as third child to Daw Thon and Po Toke, a lawyer and leader of the
741:
618:
610:
359:
2579:"Burma's Socialist Democracy. Some Problems of Practical Politics"
1689:
1687:
1685:
1479:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
2600:. Socialist International & Asian Socialist Conference. 1955.
1819:
1467:
1166:
1125:
583:
2230:
The Communist Party of Burma. From Its Beginnings to the Present
1723:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1274:. In the same year, he and other veteran politicians among them
2469:
The Role of U Kyaw Nyein in the Politics of Myanmar (1948-1958)
1969:"On this Day. The Day Japan Signed War Reparations for Myanmar"
1682:
1365:
1303:
1252:
1200:
1158:
1018:
939:
903:
876:
833:
677:
669:
646:
634:
387:
155:
94:
2341:
From Sangha to Laity. Nationalist Movements of Burma 1920-1940
2180:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program.
1936:"Japan Signs Reparations Accord with Burma. Peace Pact is Due"
1545:
1521:
1494:
1389:
1387:
980:
Government under Prime Minister U Nu and Civil War (1948-1949)
1581:
1399:
1267:
1191:
1162:
1119:, Kyaw Nyein led in July 1952 a civil-military delegation to
1051:
685:
401:
391:
2395:
Modern China-Myanmar Relations Dilemmas of Mutual Dependence
2239:
Burma's Foreign Relations. Neutralism in Theory and Practice
1855:
1699:
1648:
1646:
1593:
1569:
1557:
1353:
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and in September 1948 assumed additionally the positions of
2534:
Cold War International History Project, Working Paper No.61
1831:
1735:
1445:
1443:
1384:
1275:
1229:
997:
847:
810:
712:
711:. In the 1960 General Elections, his party was defeated by
704:
622:
591:
263:
233:
182:
2093:
2060:
1955:
1917:
1915:
1907:
2187:
Breakthrough in Burma. Memoirs of a Revolution, 1939-1946
1747:
1643:
1631:
1416:
1997:
1605:
1440:
1072:
700:
that were in a deadlock with Japan over the same issue.
557:; 19 January 1913 – 29 June 1986), called honorifically
1912:
1843:
1807:
1795:
1759:
1658:
1132:
that infringed on her sovereignty as the Rangoon-based
1771:
1711:
2169:
Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia
2123:
2009:
1670:
2232:] (in German). Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde.
1985:
1867:
1455:
1004:
Forced Resignation and Defense of Burma's Neutralism
783:
2567:
2392:
2027:
1825:
1783:
1533:
1077:
2491:
2417:First Hand Experience of the Independence Struggle
2406:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
2141:
1218:
816:During the university student strike of 1936, Nu,
1428:
1111:Establishing Relations with Yugoslavia and Israel
1034:. Together with the Minister for Foreign Affairs
984:Kyaw Nyein served as the first post-independence
2735:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League politicians
2701:
1161:. He considered Israel a kindred country with a
602:(AFPFL), and was joint General Secretary of the
2487:. Lanham, Md.& London: The Scarecrow Press.
2276:
2245:
1587:
1551:
1527:
1515:
1500:
1473:
1378:
1359:
1306:after a long illness on 29 June 1986, aged 73.
1180:
2423:
2236:
1693:
1599:
1563:
1410:
1343:
946:(BSP) to counter the growing influence of the
664:policy. He established special relations with
2334:
2303:
1488:
1393:
1177:appointed first Israeli ambassador to Burma.
39:
2547:
2393:Steinberg, David I. and Hongwei Fan (2012).
1966:
1253:Political Life after the Coup d'état of 1962
1091:, which would later become the organ of the
925:
594:, served as General Secretary of the ruling
2466:
2353:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2322:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2223:
2047:. New York. 3 December 1968. Archived from
1705:
1575:
735:
2576:
2419:] (in Burmese). Yangon: Seiku Cho Cho.
2410:
2383:
2370:. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
2189:. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
1861:
1837:
1652:
1611:
1145:to be held in Rangoon the following year,
1052:Economic Initiatives and Industrialization
898:, Kyaw Nyein was Cabinet Secretary in the
2435:
1422:
1169:. Following his visit, Foreign Minister
1126:economic organization of the Eastern Bloc
950:(CPB) within the AFPFL, by now the major
760:, who would later become chairman of the
740:Kyaw Nyein was born January 19, 1913, in
292:Deputy Prime Minister of National Economy
118:14 September 1948 – 2 April 1949
2633:
2604:
2568:Lamb, Peter; Docherty, James C. (2016).
2510:
2457:
2388:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2202:
2175:
1921:
1801:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1449:
848:Second World War and Japanese Occupation
824:(ABSU) to organize students nationwide.
2536:. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center
2524:
2462:. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
2460:Economic Development in Burma 1951-1960
2312:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2310:Burmese Nationalist Movements 1940-1948
2193:
1934:Parrott, Lindesay (26 September 1954).
1933:
1885:
1849:
1461:
750:General Council of Burmese Associations
672:and together with his co-leader of the
526:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
457: 1942; died 1992)
14:
2702:
2662:
2596:
2448:
2401:
2295:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
2268:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
2198:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2184:
2129:
2071:
2015:
2003:
1813:
1789:
1676:
1637:
703:A rift between him and Prime Minister
158:(Deputy Prime Minister, Home Minister)
64:4 January 1948 – 2 April 1949
2482:
2404:General Ne Win: A Political Biography
2357:) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
2326:) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
2166:
1991:
1873:
1223:
1073:Building Burma's Non-alignment Policy
1062:import substitution industrialization
962:He was an advisor to Aung San in the
633:, he served in the government of Dr.
573:
552:
2444:] (in Burmese). Yangon: Tagaung.
2374:
2365:
1886:Parrott, Lindesay (23 August 1954).
1777:
1664:
1539:
1434:
942:and other AFPFL members founded the
930:After the war and the return of the
920:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
871:and took them in pilfered trucks to
600:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
2386:Yugoslavia and the Nonaligned World
2106:"Former Deputy Prime Minister Dies"
788:
24:
2570:Historical Dictionary of Socialism
2431:(in Burmese). Yangon: Sar Oke Zey.
2379:. London: Oxford University Press.
2343:. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
25:
2756:
2730:Burma Socialist Party politicians
2720:Deputy prime ministers of Myanmar
1309:
1185:
996:in the cabinet of Prime Minister
784:Independence Movement (1933-1947)
2485:Historical Dictionary of Myanmar
2112:. Associated Press. 30 June 1986
2072:Durdin, Tillman (30 July 1969).
1967:Wei Yan Aung (5 November 2019).
1293:
1078:Asian Socialist Conference (ASC)
807:Rangoon University Student Union
756:in Pyinmana where he befriended
506:
2499:. Washington D.C. February 1958
2451:Burma. From Kingdom to Republic
2206:Soldiers and Diplomacy in Burma
2171:. London: Frank Cass Publisher.
2155:
2098:
2065:
2033:
1960:
1927:
1879:
1617:
1219:Opposition Politics (1958-1968)
1141:. Invited by Kyaw Nyein to the
932:British colonial administration
454:
153:Dr. E Maung (Foreign Minister)
2740:Burmese people of World War II
2548:U Kyaw Nyein (February 1958).
2285:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
918:(AFO), which later became the
900:Civil Executive Administration
13:
1:
2493:"Burma. A Special Supplement"
2471:. Yangon: History Department.
2384:Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1970).
1325:
1315:Burma: A Special Supplement.
2725:Foreign ministers of Myanmar
2665:The Journal of Asian Studies
2577:U Law Yone (February 1958).
1181:Diplomacy and Foreign Policy
896:Japanese occupation of Burma
842:People's Revolutionary Party
797:and later introduced him to
692:, which set a model for the
631:Japanese occupation of Burma
578:), was a Burmese lawyer and
432:People's Revolutionary Party
138:U Tin Tut (Foreign Minister)
7:
2745:University of Yangon alumni
2572:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2458:Walinsky, Louis J. (1962).
2413:Ko Dwe Lut Lat Yeh Taik Pwe
2224:Fleischmann, Klaus (1989).
1330:
990:Minister of Foreign Affairs
764:(CPB). In 1930, he entered
754:King Edward Memorial School
582:revolutionary, a leader in
213:Minister of Foreign Affairs
102:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
2761:
2453:. London: Pall Mall Press.
2377:Socialism in Southern Asia
2080:. New York. Archived from
1942:. New York. Archived from
1894:. New York. Archived from
1625:"နိုင်ငံခြားရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန"
1285:one-party socialist system
1213:John Seabury Thomson, 1957
1143:Asian Socialist Conference
1117:Asian Socialist Conference
1093:Asian Socialist Conference
1084:Asian Relations Conference
682:Asian Socialist Conference
428:Asian Socialist Conference
53:1st Home Minister of Burma
2619:10.1017/S003467050001202X
2449:Trager, Frank N. (1966).
2203:Egreteau, Renaud (2013).
2194:Butwell, Richard (1963).
926:Struggle for Independence
916:Anti-Fascist Organisation
902:under Prime Minister Dr.
709:military caretaker regime
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218:
210:
198:
188:
178:
167:
162:
147:
132:
122:
111:
100:
88:
78:
68:
57:
52:
48:
40:
32:
2550:"Burma. An Introduction"
2237:Liang, Chi-shad (1990).
2209:. Singapore: NUS Press.
2178:The Voice of Young Burma
2028:Steinberg & Fan 2012
1826:Lamb & Docherty 2016
1732:, pp. 338, 344–345.
1139:British Services Mission
986:Minister of Home Affairs
948:Communist Party of Burma
908:Communist Party of Burma
762:Communist Party of Burma
736:Early life and education
430:, Anti-Colonial Bureau,
163:Minister of Cooperatives
2511:Callesen, Gerd (2001).
2402:Taylor, Robert (2015).
1246:motion of no confidence
1163:social democratic party
1134:British Service Mission
822:All Burma Student Union
143:(Deputy Prime Minister)
2607:The Review of Politics
2438:Hpasapala U Kyaw Nyein
1216:
514:This article contains
2167:Abadi, Jacob (2004).
2110:Associated Press News
1518:, pp. 56, 63–64.
1491:, pp. 27–28, 32.
1272:Burma Communist Party
1263:Revolutionary Council
1205:
994:Deputy Prime Minister
944:Burma Socialist Party
674:Burma Socialist Party
615:University of Rangoon
604:Burma Socialist Party
575:[ʔút͡ɕɔ̀ɲeɪɴ]
482:University of Rangoon
412:Burma Socialist Party
106:Deputy Prime Minister
2467:Win Win Aye (2000).
2368:U Nu. Saturday's Son
2283:Burma's Constitution
2241:. New York: Praeger.
1588:Dr. Maung Maung 1961
1552:Dr. Maung Maung 2011
1528:Dr. Maung Maung 2011
1516:Dr. Maung Maung 1961
1501:Dr. Maung Maung 2011
1474:Dr. Maung Maung 1961
1379:Dr. Maung Maung 2011
1360:Dr. Maung Maung 2011
966:with Prime Minister
244:Minister of Industry
2483:Bečka, Jan (1995).
2411:Thakin Tin (2014).
2375:Rose, Saul (1959).
2252:Thet Shi Yar Za Win
2041:"Burma Names Panel"
1744:, pp. 308–309.
1694:Chi-shad Liang 1990
1667:, pp. 181–183.
1640:, pp. 112–113.
1600:Thein Pe Myint 1999
1564:Thein Pe Myint 1999
1411:Thein Pe Myint 1999
1344:Thein Pe Myint 1999
1261:in March 1962, the
912:Burma National Army
554:[t͡ɕɔ̀ɲeɪɴ]
2636:The Antioch Review
2442:AFPFL U Kyaw Nyein
2436:U Thu Wai (2012).
2078:The New York Times
2045:The New York Times
2030:, pp. 119ff..
2006:, pp. 175ff..
1940:The New York Times
1892:The New York Times
1864:, pp. 25, 61.
1780:, pp. 4–5, 7.
1489:U Maung Maung 1990
1476:, pp. 38, 48.
1394:U Maung Maung 1980
1224:AFPFL Split (1958)
952:political alliance
910:, the PRP and the
778:Rangoon University
752:. He attended the
596:political alliance
494:Politician, lawyer
27:Burmese politician
2642:(Fall): 297–313.
2176:Aye Kyaw (1993).
1840:, pp. 26–27.
1816:, pp. 93–95.
1708:, pp. 35–38.
1696:, pp. 60–61.
1578:, pp. 68–70.
1452:, pp. 69–71.
1425:, pp. 37–38.
1381:, pp. 52–69.
1319:, February 1958.
719:party. After the
522:rendering support
502:
501:
364:Mandalay District
333:Office eliminated
16:(Redirected from
2752:
2696:
2659:
2630:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:. Washington D.C
2573:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:. Washington D.C
2544:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2525:Čavoški, Jovan.
2521:
2519:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2488:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2432:
2420:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2352:
2344:
2331:
2321:
2313:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2242:
2233:
2220:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2149:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1852:, pp. 24ff.
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1756:, p. 451n2.
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1706:Win Win Aye 2000
1703:
1697:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1576:Fleischmann 1989
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1413:, pp. 5–25.
1408:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1348:Burmese calendar
1341:
1214:
789:Student activism
766:Mandalay College
680:, initiated the
627:Second World War
577:
572:
568:
556:
551:
547:
528: instead of
510:
509:
485:Mandalay College
458:
456:
380:
356:
354:
342:Personal details
330:
320:
301:
282:
272:
253:
223:
201:
191:
172:
150:
135:
116:
91:
81:
62:
43:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2700:
2699:
2677:10.2307/2941548
2648:10.2307/4609966
2588:
2586:
2559:
2557:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2517:
2502:
2500:
2346:
2345:
2315:
2314:
2288:
2287:
2261:
2260:
2217:
2185:Ba Maw (1968).
2158:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2087:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2054:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1862:Rubinstein 1970
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1838:Rubinstein 1970
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1653:Thakin Tin 2014
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1612:Rubinstein 1970
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1312:
1296:
1287:based on a new
1255:
1228:A rift between
1226:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1188:
1183:
1113:
1080:
1075:
1054:
1049:
1006:
982:
928:
889:Japanese troops
885:Thirty Comrades
865:Thirty Comrades
850:
791:
786:
738:
690:war reparations
570:
549:
535:
534:
533:
520:Without proper
511:
507:
460:
452:
448:
445:
419:
418:Other political
408:Political party
382:
378:
358:
357:19 January 1913
352:
350:
328:
318:
302:
297:
280:
270:
254:
249:
236:
224:
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199:
189:
173:
168:
154:
148:
139:
133:
117:
112:
89:
79:
63:
58:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2698:
2697:
2660:
2631:
2613:(3): 330–550.
2602:
2594:
2574:
2565:
2545:
2522:
2508:
2489:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2433:
2425:Thein Pe Myint
2421:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2332:
2301:
2274:
2256:Living History
2243:
2234:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2134:
2132:, p. 500.
2122:
2097:
2064:
2032:
2020:
2018:, p. 187.
2008:
1996:
1994:, p. 119.
1984:
1959:
1926:
1924:, p. 344.
1911:
1878:
1876:, p. 118.
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1804:, p. 123.
1794:
1782:
1770:
1768:, p. 497.
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1681:
1679:, p. 143.
1669:
1657:
1655:, p. 384.
1642:
1630:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1554:, p. 140.
1544:
1542:, p. 106.
1532:
1530:, p. 136.
1520:
1505:
1503:, p. 133.
1493:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1439:
1427:
1423:U Thu Wai 2012
1415:
1398:
1396:, p. 128.
1383:
1364:
1362:, pp. 54.
1352:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1311:
1310:External links
1308:
1295:
1292:
1254:
1251:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1196:Katsuo Okazaki
1187:
1186:War Reparation
1184:
1182:
1179:
1130:United Kingdom
1112:
1109:
1089:Socialist Asia
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1028:United Kingdom
1011:Chief of Staff
1005:
1002:
981:
978:
968:Clement Attlee
934:, Kyaw Nyein,
927:
924:
849:
846:
799:Thein Pe Myint
790:
787:
785:
782:
770:Thein Pe Myint
737:
734:
645:government in
530:Burmese script
524:, you may see
516:Burmese script
512:
505:
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470:Tun Kyaw Nyein
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384:Bahan Township
381:(aged 73)
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84:Office created
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73:Sao Shwe Thaik
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2671:(1): 89–102.
2670:
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2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:. NIAS Press.
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2366:U Nu (1975).
2364:
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2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2216:9789971696733
2212:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:U Nu of Burma
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2084:on 2020-10-19
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2051:on 2020-10-19
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1974:
1973:The Irrawaddy
1970:
1963:
1957:
1946:on 2020-10-19
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1922:Thomson 1957a
1918:
1916:
1909:
1898:on 2020-10-19
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1828:, p. 37.
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1802:Callesen 2001
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1766:Walinsky 1962
1762:
1755:
1754:Walinsky 1962
1750:
1743:
1742:Thomson 1957b
1738:
1731:
1730:Thomson 1957a
1726:
1720:, p. 90.
1719:
1718:Egreteau 2013
1714:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1614:, p. 25.
1613:
1608:
1602:, p. 92.
1601:
1596:
1590:, p. 79.
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1566:, p. 84.
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1464:, p. 25.
1463:
1458:
1451:
1450:Aye Kyaw 1993
1446:
1444:
1437:, p. 71.
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
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1403:
1395:
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1294:Personal life
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1286:
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1264:
1260:
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1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:known as the
1235:
1231:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1178:
1176:
1175:David Hacohen
1172:
1171:Moshe Sharett
1168:
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1155:
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1147:Milovan Đilas
1144:
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1032:United States
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779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:British Burma
743:
733:
731:
730:law and order
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:non-alignment
659:
655:
654:welfare state
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:anti-colonial
576:
567:ဦးကျော်ငြိမ်း
564:
560:
555:
543:
539:
531:
527:
523:
519:
517:
497:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
478:
474:
471:
468:7, including
467:
463:
441:
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429:
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422:
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368:British Burma
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61:
56:
51:
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41:ဦးကျော်ငြိမ်း
36:
31:
19:
2668:
2664:
2639:
2635:
2610:
2606:
2598:May Day 1955
2597:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:The Atlantic
2582:
2569:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:The Atlantic
2553:
2538:. Retrieved
2533:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:The Atlantic
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2159:
2156:Bibliography
2144:The Atlantic
2143:
2137:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2109:
2100:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:the original
2077:
2067:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2044:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1962:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1939:
1929:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1891:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1850:Čavoški 2010
1845:
1833:
1821:
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1797:
1792:, p. 1.
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1462:Butwell 1963
1457:
1430:
1418:
1355:
1339:
1317:The Atlantic
1316:
1301:
1297:
1289:constitution
1256:
1242:Stable AFPFL
1241:
1240:against the
1237:
1227:
1206:
1189:
1156:
1138:
1133:
1114:
1088:
1081:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1015:Armed Forces
1007:
983:
964:London Talks
961:
929:
899:
893:
869:Burma Rifles
858:Minami Kikan
854:Suzuki Keiji
851:
832:, Aung San,
826:
815:
792:
753:
739:
726:
716:
702:
651:
639:negotiations
608:
559:U Kyaw Nyein
558:
537:
536:
513:
420:affiliations
379:(1986-06-29)
377:29 June 1986
329:Succeeded by
298:
281:Succeeded by
250:
220:
200:Succeeded by
169:
149:Succeeded by
113:
90:Succeeded by
59:
35:U Kyaw Nyein
34:
18:U Kyaw Nyein
2715:1986 deaths
2710:1913 births
2337:Maung Maung
2306:Maung Maung
2279:Maung Maung
2248:Maung Maung
2130:Taylor 2015
2016:Trager 1966
2004:Trager 1966
1814:Trager 1956
1677:Taylor 2015
1638:Trager 1966
1302:He died in
1259:coup d'état
1238:Clean AFPFL
1105:imperialism
894:During the
887:before the
881:Bo Yan Aung
873:Tharrawaddy
838:Thakin Chit
721:coup d’etat
694:Philippines
658:Third Force
546:ကျော်ငြိမ်း
444:Nwe Nwe Yee
398:Nationality
319:Preceded by
271:Preceded by
190:Preceded by
134:Preceded by
80:Preceded by
2704:Categories
2589:2020-10-19
2560:2020-10-19
2540:2020-10-27
2503:2020-10-19
2429:Kyaw Nyein
2116:2020-10-19
2088:2020-10-19
2055:2020-10-19
1992:Bečka 1995
1978:2020-10-19
1950:2020-10-19
1902:2020-10-19
1874:Abadi 2004
1790:May Day 55
1326:References
1257:After the
1234:Thakin Tin
1097:capitalism
1040:neutralism
1023:communists
1017:, General
973:Yugoslavia
936:Thakin Mya
830:Thakin Mya
717:Pyidaungsu
666:Yugoslavia
571:pronounced
550:pronounced
538:Kyaw Nyein
491:Occupation
477:Alma mater
434:until 1944
353:1913-01-19
2693:159515583
2627:145457603
2349:cite book
2318:cite book
2291:cite book
2264:cite book
1778:Rose 1959
1665:U Nu 1975
1540:Rose 1959
1435:U Nu 1975
1101:communism
774:U Tun Ohn
698:Indonesia
641:with the
312:Win Maung
308:President
303:1956–1958
299:In office
260:President
255:1954–1956
251:In office
238:Win Maung
230:President
225:1954–1958
221:In office
179:President
174:1951–1954
170:In office
141:Bo Let Ya
123:President
114:In office
69:President
60:In office
2427:(1999).
2339:(1980).
2308:(1990).
2281:(1961).
2250:(2011).
1331:Endnotes
1280:U Ba Swe
1211:—
1121:Belgrade
957:Than Tun
803:Than Tun
795:Aung San
758:Than Tun
742:Pyinmana
629:and the
619:Aung San
613:and the
611:Mandalay
465:Children
360:Pyinmana
2685:2941548
2656:4609966
2094:Alt URL
2061:Alt URL
1956:Alt URL
1908:Alt URL
1304:Rangoon
1201:Rangoon
1167:Kibbutz
1036:E Maung
1013:of the
883:of the
818:Raschid
606:(BSP).
588:Britain
563:Burmese
542:Burmese
459:
451:
447:
402:Burmese
211:Acting
205:Tun Win
2691:
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2654:
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2142:Burma-
1159:Israel
1019:Ne Win
940:Ba Swe
904:Ba Maw
877:Ne Win
834:Ba Swe
678:Ba Swe
670:Israel
647:London
643:Attlee
635:Ba Maw
439:Spouse
388:Yangon
156:Ne Win
95:Ne Win
2689:S2CID
2681:JSTOR
2652:JSTOR
2623:S2CID
2530:(PDF)
2518:(PDF)
2440:[
2415:[
2254:[
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2161:Books
1268:China
1192:Tokyo
686:Japan
584:Burma
453:(
449:
424:AFPFL
392:Burma
2359:link
2355:link
2328:link
2324:link
2297:link
2277:Dr.
2270:link
2246:Dr.
2211:ISBN
2146:1958
1278:and
1276:U Nu
1151:Tito
1103:and
1030:and
998:U Nu
992:and
879:and
861:(ja)
840:the
836:and
801:and
713:U Nu
696:and
668:and
621:and
592:U Nu
374:Died
347:Born
264:Ba U
234:Ba U
183:Ba U
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