ASCII - Knowledge

1017: 1856: 268: 476: 5805:] regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations. All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used. 10881: 60: 6460:

not the keyboard, then type the rubout character. They therefore placed a key producing rubout at the location used on typewriters for backspace. When systems used these terminals and provided command-line editing, they had to use the "rubout" code to perform a backspace, and often did not interpret the backspace character (they might echo "

2242:" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The 5962:) contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar" as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar" meaning "No I've got sandwiches". 6459:

is due to early terminals designed assuming the main use of the keyboard would be to manually punch paper tape while not connected to a computer. To delete the previous character, one had to back up the paper tape punch, which for mechanical and simplicity reasons was a button on the punch itself and

1987:

that sent code 127 (DEL). The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a manually-input paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up, then type the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored. Teletypes

5930:

Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to "national use" code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646, a German, French, or Swedish, etc. programmer using their national variant of ISO/IEC 646, rather than ASCII, had to write, and

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adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide

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Many more of the control characters have been assigned meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning, an "escape sequence". This

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or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e.,

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computers as the norm, it became common to use an 8-bit byte to store each character in memory, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-bit relatives of ASCII. In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but adding additional character

5926:

ISO/IEC 646, like ASCII, is a 7-bit character set. It does not make any additional codes available, so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries. Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant applied to a piece of text, but they were rarely used, so it

1950:

standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of control-G (code 7, BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally, as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from

1941:

reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (control-S, DC3, also

6217:(UCS) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using 499:

With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code. There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control

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The PDP-6 monitor, and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-10, used control-Z (SUB) as an end-of-file indication for input from a terminal. Some operating systems such as CP/M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks, and used control-Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For these

2115:. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "carriage return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "line feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "carriage return" comes from the fact that on a manual 696:. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a 6464:" for backspace). Other terminals not designed for paper tape made the key at this location produce Backspace, and systems designed for these used that character to back up. Since the delete code often produced a backspace effect, this also forced terminal manufacturers to make any 1992:(DEC); these systems had to use what keys were available, and thus the DEL character was assigned to erase the previous character. Because of this, DEC video terminals (by default) sent the DEL character for the key marked "Backspace" while the separate key marked "Delete" sent an 487:

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now

3566:, the "space" character, denotes the space between words, as produced by the space bar of a keyboard. Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic (rather than a control character) it is listed in the table below instead of in the previous section. 2162:

had no influence in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC encoding instead of ASCII, and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of "carriage return" was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as

1893:

about data streams, such as those stored on magnetic tape. Despite their name, these code points do not represent printable characters (i.e. they are not characters at all, but signals). For debugging purposes, "placeholder" symbols (such as those given in

2143:, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or "dumb terminals") came along, the convention was so well established that 1958:

When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving control-Q (XON, transmit on) caused the tape reader to resume. This so-called

6376:

The Unicode characters from the "Control Pictures" area U+2400 to U+2421 reserved for representing control characters when it is necessary to print or display them rather than have them perform their intended function. Some browsers may not display these

1917:

as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as

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Using a "new-line" function (combined carriage-return and line-feed) is simpler for both man and machine than requiring both functions for starting a new line; the American National Standard X3.4-1968 permits the line-feed code to carry the new-line

1970:

The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ control-R (DC2) and control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and

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reserved for "national use". However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be

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characters), renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed). ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3.4-1967, then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.

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and broadcast using the DVB-TXT standard for embedding teletext into DVB transmissions. In the case that the subtitles were initially authored for teletext and converted, the derived subtitle formats are constrained to the same character sets.

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There was the change from 1961 ASCII to 1968 ASCII. Some computer languages used characters in 1961 ASCII such as up arrow and left arrow. These characters disappeared from 1968 ASCII. We worked with Fred Mocking, who by now was in Sales at

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Even for markets where it was not necessary to add many characters to support additional languages, manufacturers of early home computer systems often developed their own 8-bit extensions of ASCII to include additional characters, such as

1925:

The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character. The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a

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is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.

1999:

The early Unix tty drivers, unlike some modern implementations, allowed only one character to be set to erase the previous character in canonical input processing (where a very simple line editor is available); this could be set to BS

303:, which severely limit its scope. The set of available punctuation had significant impact on the syntax of computer languages and text markup. ASCII hugely influenced the design of character sets used by modern computers, including 7130: 6072:. Often, these additions also replaced control characters (index 0 to 31, as well as index 127) with even more platform-specific extensions. In other cases, the extra bit was used for some other purpose, such as toggling 8238:, on a type cylinder that would compromise the changing characters so that the meanings of 1961 ASCII were not totally lost. The underscore character was made rather wedge-shaped so it could also serve as a left arrow. 3573:

corresponds to the non-printable "delete" (DEL) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section's chart. Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the

2044:

the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, which can be used to address the cursor, scroll a region, set/query various terminal properties, and more. They are usually in the form of a so-called

5958:, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or 5837:", although some misuse that term to represent all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII's character-map in the 7-bit range. Furthermore, the ASCII extensions have also been mislabelled as ASCII. 2119:

the carriage holding the paper moves while the typebars that strike the ribbon remain stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the paper for the next line.

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used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. The tty driver would handle the LF to CRLF conversion on output so files can be directly printed to terminal, and NL (newline) is often used to refer to CRLF in

2272:, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using control-Z as the control character to end a file is analogous to the letter Z's position at the end of the alphabet, and serves as a very convenient 508:

TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in

5880:. Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the US and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters. 685:, as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code. 269: 635:

devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26

1967:; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems, control-S retains its meaning, but control-Q is replaced by a second control-S to resume output. 500:

characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to

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The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the

973:(EOM), end of transmission (EOT), "who are you?" (WRU), "are you?" (RU), a reserved device control (DC0), synchronous idle (SYNC), and acknowledge (ACK). These were positioned to maximize the 6168:), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing. ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the most common character encoding methods on the 5927:

was often impossible to know what variant to work with and, therefore, which character a code represented, and in general, text-processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway.

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standard (derived from the DEC-MCS) provided a standard that most systems copied (or at least were based on, when not copied exactly). A popular further extension designed by Microsoft,

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Requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and ambiguity as to how to interpret each character when encountered by itself. To simplify matters,

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and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman-based alphabets. One could class some of these variations as "

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ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007): American National Standard for Information Systems – Coded Character Sets – 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII)

1955:), a noncompliant use of code 15 (control-O, shift in) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected. 2276:. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX character convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard. 10499: 6918:

American National Standard for Information Systems — Coded Character Sets — 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII), ANSI X3.4-1986

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ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows

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with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly,

681:. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for 10933: 779:

Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on

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code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the

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The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two so-called

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strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this interpretation has been co-opted and has eventually been changed.

897:(1984) – and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The 734:; for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 7459:"INCITS 4-1986[R2017]: Information Systems - Coded Character Sets - 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII)" 7434:"INCITS 4-1986[R2012]: Information Systems - Coded Character Sets - 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII)" 9344: 8802: 7838: 224: 1963:

technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending

9181: 1983:

The Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a BS (backspace). Instead, there was a key marked

2020:, understand both). The assumption that no key sent a BS character allowed Ctrl+H to be used for other purposes, such as the "help" prefix command in 7789: 6740: 750:. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter 7765: 6087:

Most ASCII extensions are based on ASCII-1967 (the current standard), but some extensions are instead based on the earlier ASCII-1963. For example,

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definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters. ASCII itself remained a seven-bit code: the term "extended ASCII" has no official status.

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using CR-LF line endings; machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings; and machines running operating systems such as

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into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart in this article. Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits

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standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.

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used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple later replaced these obsolete operating systems with their Unix-based

9289: 6153:; both sets contained "international" letters, typographic symbols and punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets. 842:

were placed in the second stick, positions 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent stick. The parentheses could not correspond to

505: 8766: 8438: 9364: 8878: 5778:

helped to popularize this work – according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the

5977:, in Korea). This means that, for example, the file path C:\Users\Smith is shown as C:¥Users¥Smith (in Japan) or C:₩Users₩Smith (in Korea). 356:

The use of ASCII format for Network Interchange was described in 1969. That document was formally elevated to an Internet Standard in 2015.

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From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard.

1901:

For example, character 0x0A represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "

2234:

that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and which used EBCDIC rather than ASCII encoding. The

7273: 7611: 6041:

For some countries, 8-bit extensions of ASCII were developed that included support for characters used in local languages; for example,

2004:

DEL, but not both, resulting in recurring situations of ambiguity where users had to decide depending on what terminal they were using (

6802: 8310: 7340: 217: 8537:. Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (First ed.). IBM. August 1981. Appendix C. Of Characters Keystrokes and Color. 8515: 7558: 10591: 10345: 6718: 6629: 1153: 10581: 8668: 8602: 8254: 648: 177: 8402: 8134: 10928: 10923: 10330: 9284: 8568: 8373: 7967: 7605: 7505: 7403: 7145: 7060: 6921: 6765: 6726: 6616: 738:, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes, as was done in the 493: 349: 8288: 10464: 7067:

In addition, it defines codes for 33 nonprinting, mostly obsolete control characters that affect how the text is processed.

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key while typing the second character will type the control character. Sometimes the shift key is not needed, for instance

448: 6596: !"#$ %&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ 8839: 3205: 1146: 311: 210: 8348: 8183: 862:

and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with

10858: 10369: 10172: 8916: 7637: 10414: 10030: 10025: 9528: 9359: 8906: 8871: 7458: 6422:

Entering any Single-Byte character is supported by escaping its octal value. However, because of the role of NULL in

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Caret notation is often used to represent control characters on a terminal. On most text terminals, holding down the

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Bit Sequencing of the American National Standard Code for Information Interchange in Serial-by-Bit Data Transmission

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machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.

8529: 8491:"Specific Criteria", attachment to memo from R. W. Reach, "X3-2 Meeting – September 14 and 15", September 18, 1961 8332: 878:, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, differently from traditional mechanical typewriters. 760:

to match the draft of the corresponding British standard. The digits 0–9 are prefixed with 011, but the remaining

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The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message (SOM), end of address (EOA),

643:, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the 10533: 10504: 10154: 8574: 7834: 7796: 6119: 2536: 2280: 1989: 1914: 1284: 1113: 513:

6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified

8307:"Memorandum Approving the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information Interchange" 7827: 6887:"An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration" 1305: 10596: 10484: 10444: 8864: 6146: 5868:(1967) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English 492:). The ASA later became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI) and ultimately became the 292: 6709: 6319:– a glossary of computer programmer slang which includes a list of common slang names for ASCII characters 2155:, he was inspired by some of the command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11 operating system. 1279: 10918: 10838: 10449: 10379: 10365: 10350: 10254: 10167: 10139: 10105: 8560: 8463: 7757: 6406: 6299: 6205: 6123: 2050: 952:

symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented

6405:

Character escape sequences in C programming language and many other languages influenced by it, such as

10812: 10757: 10678: 10459: 10115: 10110: 9463: 7911: 7094: 6327: 6069: 1160: 10454: 7862: 6355:

The 128 characters of the 7-bit ASCII character set are divided into eight 16-character groups called

10519: 10474: 10310: 9859: 9563: 9508: 9473: 8734: 8697: 8398: 2295: 2077: 1933:

Probably the most influential single device affecting the interpretation of these characters was the

1251: 8759: 8430: 2057:") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors. Some escape sequences do not have introducers, like the 10034: 9543: 9523: 9518: 9458: 9453: 8962: 8669:"The Babel of Codes Prior to ASCII: The 1960 Survey of Coded Character Sets: The Reasons for ASCII" 6886: 2227: 2088: 2034: 615:

The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other

17: 10409: 6830: 6526:

and many other language specifications. However, it is understood by several compilers, including

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as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics.

10913: 10884: 10868: 10795: 10790: 10752: 10723: 10688: 10120: 9854: 9553: 9438: 8503:

ISO/TC 97 – Computers and Information Processing: Acceptance of Draft ISO Recommendation No. 1052

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in Europe". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII".

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pp. 6, 66, 211, 215, 217, 220, 223, 228, 236–238, 243–245, 247–253, 423, 425–428, 435–439.

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It would share most characters in common, but assign other locally useful characters to several

65: 10479: 10469: 10325: 10315: 9849: 9558: 9003: 8990: 8926: 6882: 6423: 6245: 6100: 6061: 5981: 2299: 2287: 2243: 2144: 1930:, and sometimes accidental, for example the standard is unclear about the meaning of "delete". 1188: 1181: 678: 32: 8222:"First-Hand: Chad is Our Most Important Product: An Engineer's Memory of Teletype Corporation" 7277: 10656: 10494: 10429: 10305: 9844: 8998: 8302: 7583: 7483: 7046: 6290: 6249: 5985: 5798: 5671: 3592: 2606: 2504: 2347: 2313: 2265: 2215:(formerly named OS X) operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well. The Radio Shack 1148: 1127: 1106: 1008:

An intermediate order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values.

913:(full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the 620: 591: 364: 9874: 7230:

Brief Report: Meeting of CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet, May 13–15, 1963.

10817: 10489: 10249: 9869: 8688: 8664: 8626: 8459: 8426: 8250: 8235: 8107: 8060: 8016: 7949:"Technical and human engineering problems in connecting terminals to a time-sharing system" 7706: 7593: 7207: 7191: 7175: 7126: 7022: 6958: 6360: 5767: 4949: 3313: 2261: 1640: 1272: 765: 693: 8516:"DVB-TXT (Teletext) Specification for conveying ITU-R System B Teletext in DVB bitstreams" 7887: 6794: 917:

pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly

87:

ISO-IR-006, ANSI_X3.4-1968, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO_646.irv:1991, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, cp367

8: 10772: 10399: 9884: 9769: 9759: 9754: 8780: 8344: 8155: 7363: 7052: 5818: 5707: 4993: 4893: 4186: 3955: 3641: 1960: 1807: 1630: 1455: 1395: 1162: 871: 721: 521: 8306: 7597: 7328: 7140:. Best of Interface Age. Vol. 2. Portland, OR, US: dilithium Press. pp. 1–50. 5872:

and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's

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In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted (

307:

which has over a million code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as ASCII.

10853: 10701: 10514: 10509: 10434: 9433: 9407: 8931: 8887: 8716: 8652: 7551: 7526: 7372: 5775: 5651: 2096: 2092: 1797: 994: 616: 392: 288: 5965:

In Japan and Korea, still as of the 2020s, a variation of ASCII is used, in which the

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Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English letters (e.g.

1249: 1016: 403:; most of these are now obsolete, although a few are still commonly used, such as the 10843: 10782: 10762: 10424: 10404: 10384: 10012: 9488: 9468: 8980: 8564: 8369: 7601: 7399: 7336: 7151: 7141: 7085: 7056: 6732: 6722: 6565: 6130: 5786: 4970: 4270: 3829: 3575: 2571: 2167:

by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M, and

2013: 2005: 1934: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1855: 1475: 1120: 875: 788: 735: 725: 689: 682: 628: 338: 8720: 8672: 8598: 8390: 8340: 8258: 10800: 10374: 10340: 10050: 9879: 8785: 8743: 8706: 8656: 8642: 8366: 8336: 8192: 8130: 8097: 8050: 8006: 7696: 7332: 7294: 7012: 6948: 6578: 6540: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 5802: 5771: 5758:'s TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit 5727: 3808: 3661: 3556: 3523: 3456: 3351: 3240: 3170: 3100: 3063: 3031: 2994: 2962: 2434: 2337: 2112: 2081: 2073: 2046: 1906: 1886: 1859:

Early symbols assigned to the 32 control characters, space and delete characters. (

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of data is sometimes done in this order rather than "standard" alphabetical order (

974: 636: 514: 480: 360: 243: 103: 95: 7948: 6646: 5754:

ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for

2095:

systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to

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alphabetization) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters.

10848: 10767: 9498: 9493: 9483: 9428: 9113: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 8778:

Robinson, G. S.; Cargill, C. (1996). "History and impact of computer standards".

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can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for "zero".

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range, as part of extending the 7-bit ASCII encoding to become an 8-bit system.

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systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other hand, the original

1910: 1228: 412: 291:

standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers,

10903: 10300: 10295: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10234: 10229: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10045: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9568: 9153: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 8901: 8824: 8110: 8087: 8063: 8040: 8019: 7996: 6973: 6527: 6363:. Depending on the horizontal or vertical representation of the character map, 6305: 6218: 6169: 5998: 5984:, which are variants of ASCII, are used for broadcast TV subtitles, defined by 5877: 5873: 5864:

Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as

5810: 4228: 3682: 3559:, and a few miscellaneous symbols. There are 95 printable characters in total. 3491: 3386: 2720: 2644: 2399: 2342: 2291: 1913:

refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or

1465: 1307: 1286: 1214: 1207: 1134: 1111: 1085: 970: 701: 666:, the 5-bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874. 334: 165: 99: 43: 9548: 8760:"American National Standard Code for Information Interchange | ANSI X3.4-1977" 7248:

Report on Task Group X3.2.4, June 11, 1963, Pentagon Building, Washington, DC.

6961: 6942: 905:

pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift

10897: 10620: 10040: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9779: 9774: 9764: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9503: 9478: 9443: 9402: 9148: 8835: 7944: 6478: 6199: 6107: 6073: 4291: 3275: 2469: 1265: 1242: 1200: 1099: 882: 443:

Despite being an American standard, ASCII does not have a code point for the

425: 195: 153: 1996:; many other competing terminals sent a BS character for the backspace key. 1090: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10360: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 9538: 9533: 9513: 9397: 9389: 9022: 7907: 7633: 6179: 6161: 6157: 6138: 6065: 6004: 5733: 5684: 3913: 3745: 2793: 2200: 2148: 1938: 1802: 1174: 632: 599: 525: 483:

of equivalent controls are shown where they exist, or a grey dot otherwise.

460: 396: 191: 159: 142: 39: 8748: 8729: 8711: 8692: 8647: 8630: 6413:(though not all implementations necessarily support all escape sequences). 1263: 1001:

All uppercase come before lowercase letters; for example, "Z" precedes "a"

692:) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with 475: 8955: 8938: 7940: 7663: 7376: 6388: 6316: 6183: 5846: 4249: 3724: 3703: 3607: 3536: 3531:

Other representations might be used by specialist equipment, for example

2328: 2257: 2084: 1927: 1335: 1097: 962: 798:(1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 756: 730: 663: 520:

The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters (the

452: 429: 395:. In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing 345: 125: 107: 7735: 6118:, and mapping additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. 764:

correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with

456: 10805: 10713: 10566: 10244: 9339: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9259: 9143: 9138: 9128: 9123: 8921: 8911: 8083: 7392:

Unicode Explained – Internationalize Documents, Programs, and Web Sites

6263: 6165: 6150: 6142: 6134: 5951: 5915: 5000: 4165: 4144: 4123: 4102: 4081: 4060: 4039: 4018: 3997: 3976: 3787: 2175: 2116: 1952: 1943: 1874: 1647: 1270: 1125: 1104: 743: 739: 697: 670: 296: 10746: 8856: 8255:"Bemer meets Europe (Computer Standards) – Computer History Vignettes" 7159: 6988:"Correct classification of RFC 20 (ASCII format) to Internet Standard" 6620: 464: 10693: 10671: 10576: 10389: 9418: 9349: 9329: 9324: 9249: 9244: 8789: 8102: 8055: 8011: 7701: 7589: 7017: 6953: 6938: 6456: 6436: 6284: 6269: 5966: 4928: 4914: 4207: 3934: 3871: 3766: 2895: 2828: 2755: 2682: 2269: 2204: 2192: 2021: 2009: 1902: 1635: 1460: 1390: 1183: 1169: 1167: 1155: 1141: 990: 747: 408: 59: 7257:

Report of Meeting No. 8, Task Group X3.2.4, December 17 and 18, 1963

2076:

character used to terminate an operation or special mode, as in the

1816: 1139: 854:

was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing

619:, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and 10863: 10718: 10683: 10661: 10571: 10394: 9334: 9319: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9254: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 8985: 8975: 8971: 8945: 8549: 8158: 7828:"PDP-10 Reference Handbook, Book 3, Communicating with the Monitor" 6831:"American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASA X3.4-1963" 6115: 5974: 5970: 5869: 5850: 5677: 3850: 3532: 2927: 1895: 1890: 1860: 1277: 1256: 1190: 1118: 652: 624: 550: 546: 542: 517:

character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.

181: 6056:

computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet.

2283:), also known as control-D, to indicate the end of a data stream. 2247:

Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.

928:

Some then-common typewriter characters were not included, notably

10733: 10529: 10439: 10320: 9894: 9264: 9239: 9229: 8967: 6278: 6210: 6195: 6088: 6077: 5865: 5023: 4326: 4312: 3602: 2323: 2279:

The Unix terminal driver uses the end-of-transmission character (

2264:

for control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text character (

2223: 2179: 2168: 2140: 2108: 2017: 1877:(numbers 0–31 decimal) and the last one (number 127 decimal) for 1132: 894: 838:

pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII

595: 541:

ASA X3.4-1965 (approved, but not published, nevertheless used by

437: 304: 199: 137: 115: 7758:"Re: editor and word processor history (was: Re: RTF for emacs)" 7155: 6736: 6114:, replacing the control characters with graphic symbols such as 3555:, known as the printable characters, represent letters, digits, 2226:

included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and

1083: 10738: 10728: 10706: 10586: 10561: 10556: 10239: 10130: 10020: 9379: 9369: 9354: 9171: 6234: 6230: 6111: 6050: 6046: 5959: 5955: 5908: 2235: 2231: 2216: 2208: 2164: 2136: 2132: 940:

for mathematical use, together with the simple line characters

890: 761: 677:), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a 656: 489: 5829:

As computer technology spread throughout the world, different

2033:

is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings,

688:

The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (

645:

Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique

258: 10833: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10158: 9864: 9374: 9314: 9176: 7963: 7296:

USA Standard Code for Information Interchange, USAS X3.4-1968

6865:

USA Standard Code for Information Interchange, USAS X3.4-1967

6523: 6241: 6226: 6225:) and encoding (to 8-, 16-, or 32-bit binary formats, called 6173: 6127: 6081: 6042: 6008: 5856: 5814: 5763: 5740: 4921: 3892: 3597: 2318: 2212: 2196: 2128: 2058: 644: 148: 6766:"Milestone-Proposal:ASCII MIlestone - IEEE NJ Coast Section" 6182:

introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80–9F

1330: 10144: 9234: 6410: 6053: 5759: 3067: 2188: 2184: 2152: 2124: 1355: 1350: 674: 598:

standard for magnetic tape and attempted to deal with some

322: 8799:"On the Early Development of ASCII – The History of ASCII" 7239:

Report of ISO/TC/97/SC 2 – Meeting of October 29–31, 1963.

5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 1988:

were commonly used with the less-expensive computers from

10611: 8271: 7520:"Telegraph Regulations and Final Protocol (Madrid, 1932)" 7048:

Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications

6798: 2998: 2159: 885:(1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become 720:(32 positions) were reserved for control characters. The 342: 249: 111: 7822: 7820: 594:

first) and recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a

7784: 7782: 7412: 6308: – Nickname for 8-bit ASCII-derived character sets 6295:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

6274:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

5030: 4319: 1657: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1480: 1470: 1375: 1345: 936:

were included as diacritics for international use, and

8797:

Mullendore, Ralph Elvin (1964) . Ptak, John F. (ed.).

8547: 6468:

key produce something other than the Delete character.

6272: – Method for entering characters into a computer 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 889:

standard on computers – following the

7817: 5628: 5605: 5582: 5559: 5536: 5513: 5490: 5467: 5444: 5421: 5398: 5375: 5352: 5329: 5306: 5283: 5260: 5237: 5214: 5191: 5168: 5145: 5122: 5099: 5076: 5053: 4872: 4851: 4830: 4809: 4788: 4767: 4746: 4725: 4704: 4683: 4662: 4641: 4620: 4599: 4578: 4557: 4536: 4515: 4494: 4473: 4452: 4431: 4410: 4389: 4368: 4347: 1937:

ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available

1806: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1639: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1004:

Digits and many punctuation marks come before letters

420: 276: 255: 252: 7779: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 5809:

ASCII was the most common character encoding on the

1796: 1629: 1340: 659:(1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII. 7730:McConnell, Robert; Haynes, James; Warren, Richard. 7451: 7426: 6451: 6449: 1922:, address page and document layout and formatting. 1812: 1490: 1385: 1380: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1325: 246: 8361:Folts, Harold C.; Karp, Harry, eds. (1982-02-01). 8330: 7582:Sawyer, Stanley A.; Krantz, Steven George (1995). 3582:) and the left arrow instead of the underscore (5F 1644: 1474: 1364: 285:American Standard Code for Information Interchange 8550:"Chapter 13: Special Areas and Format Characters" 7729: 7108: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6367:can correspond with either table rows or columns. 1837: Changed in both 1963 version and 1965 draft 1359: 1324: 1317: 787:typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the 768:straightforward (for example, 5 in encoded to 011 10895: 10813:Unicode control, format and separator characters 8825:"C0 Controls and Basic Latin – Range: 0000–007F" 8801:. JF Ptak Science Books (published March 2012). 8541: 8224:. Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW) 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6446: 6266:– an asteroid named after the character encoding 6099:systems, is based on ASCII-1963. Likewise, many 2260:, was used colloquially and conventionally as a 1951:ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of 1634: 10934:American National Standards Institute standards 8777: 8728:Smith, H. J.; Williams, F. A. (December 1960). 6928: 6717:. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). 6287: – Computer art form using text characters 1801: 1464: 1329: 7994: 7939: 7755: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7267: 7265: 7263: 6933: 6931: 6788: 6786: 6498:character can also be entered by pressing the 6439:character can also be entered by pressing the 6396:may be typable with just Ctrl+2 or Ctrl+Space. 1489: 1479: 850:, however, because the place corresponding to 506:International Organization for Standardization 424:would be represented in the ASCII encoding by 8872: 8784:. Vol. 29, no. 10. pp. 79–85. 8727: 8631:"A Proposal for Character Code Compatibility" 8494: 8421: 8419: 7289: 7287: 7072: 6711:Coded Character Sets, History and Development 6664: 6293: – Campaign for plain text (only) emails 5789:mandated that all computers purchased by the 1656: 1384: 1344: 806: – early typewriters omitted 218: 8363:Compilation of Data Communications Standards 8295: 7906: 7682: 7581: 7383: 7301:United States of America Standards Institute 6998: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6875: 6869:United States of America Standards Institute 6859: 6857: 6855: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 5797:I have also approved recommendations of the 1898:and its predecessors) are assigned to them. 1469: 1444: 1439: 1419: 1339: 1334: 746:letters were therefore not interleaved with 98:(made for; does not support all loanwords), 8382: 8213: 8076: 8032: 7988: 7575: 7307: 7260: 6985: 6783: 6641: 6639: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 5824: 2147:necessitated continuing to follow it. When 1449: 1429: 1424: 1404: 1354: 997:). The main deviations in ASCII order are: 870:. This discrepancy from typewriters led to 669:The committee debated the possibility of a 8879: 8865: 8796: 8765:. National Institute for Standards. 1977. 8693:"Survey of coded character representation" 8452: 8416: 8354: 7494: 7329:"7-bit character sets: Revisions of ASCII" 7284: 7224: 7038: 6651:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 2158:Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, 1459: 1434: 1414: 1409: 1389: 1374: 1349: 225: 211: 8747: 8710: 8646: 8360: 8101: 8054: 8010: 7956:Proceedings of the November 17–19, 1970, 7723: 7700: 7545: 7543: 7016: 6952: 6903: 6852: 6816: 6707: 6581:can sometimes be entered by pressing the 1646: 1369: 300: 8500: 7233: 7210:(July 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part III". 7078: 6881: 6636: 6615: 6340: 6281: – ASCII code 08, "BS" or Backspace 2219:also used a lone CR to terminate lines. 1854: 1394: 1015: 711: 605: 474: 295:, and other devices. ASCII has just 128 8886: 8301: 7688: 7389: 7274:"US and International standards: ASCII" 7194:(June 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part II". 7004: 6792: 6719:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. 5954:were created to solve this problem for 5762:, which was also used by the competing 3542: 1881:. These are codes intended to control 1811: 14: 10909:Computer-related introductions in 1963 10896: 8559:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: 8388: 8219: 8082: 8038: 7790:"PDP-6 Multiprogramming System Manual" 7625: 7540: 7354: 7326: 7271: 2072:the terminal is most often used as an 1978: 1831: Changed or added in 1963 version 1454: 1379: 901:pair also dates to the No. 2, and the 649:International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 337:. Its first commercial use was in the 8860: 8687: 8663: 8625: 8548:The Unicode Consortium (2006-10-27). 8458: 8425: 8277: 8154: 7689:Resnick, Peter W., ed. (April 2001). 7549: 7506:American National Standards Institute 7206: 7190: 7178:(May 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part I". 7174: 7125: 7044: 7008:Internet Security Glossary, Version 2 6922:American National Standards Institute 6622:ISO-IR-6: ASCII Graphic character set 6080:, an extension of ASCII developed by 2305: 2250: 1850: 494:American National Standards Institute 350:American National Standards Institute 341:and the Teletype Model 35 as a seven- 8131:"EOL translation plan for Mercurial" 6944:ASCII format for Network Interchange 6937: 6543:can also be entered by pressing the 6481:can also be entered by pressing the 724:had to come before graphics to make 449:English terms with diacritical marks 27:American character encoding standard 8599:"utf-8(7) – Linux manual page" 8309:. The American Presidency Project. 8257:. Trailing-edge.com. Archived from 1845: 312:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 24: 10223:Norwegian and Danish (alternative) 8619: 7631: 5756:American Telephone & Telegraph 2178:data streams, including files, on 2171:in turn inherited it from MS-DOS. 980: 881:Electric typewriters, notably the 25: 10945: 8817: 8774:(facsimile, not machine readable) 8557:The Unicode standard, Version 5.0 8331:Richard S. Shuford (1996-12-20). 8285:"Robert William Bemer: Biography" 8249: 7390:Korpela, Jukka K. (2014-03-14) . 7081:"Binary Computer Codes and ASCII" 6972:(NB. Almost identical wording to 6746:from the original on May 26, 2016 6594:Printed out, the characters are: 6126:(DEC-MCS) for use in the popular 2008:that allow line editing, such as 359:Originally based on the (modern) 333:ASCII was developed in part from 10880: 10879: 8772:from the original on 2022-10-09. 8464:"Unicode nearing 50% of the web" 8291:from the original on 2016-06-16. 6312:HTML decimal character rendering 5817:encoding surpassed it; UTF-8 is 5791:United States Federal Government 5785:On March 11, 1968, US President 5770:introduced features such as the 1011: 985:ASCII-code order is also called 956:in the French variation, so the 728:easier, so it became position 20 242: 58: 10667:Digital encoding of APL symbols 10602:Comparison of Unicode encodings 9120:Proposed but not approved 8845:from the original on 2016-05-26 8805:from the original on 2016-05-26 8605:from the original on 2014-04-22 8591: 8580:from the original on 2022-10-09 8522: 8508: 8485: 8474:from the original on 2016-06-16 8441:from the original on 2016-06-16 8405:from the original on 2016-06-16 8324: 8313:from the original on 2007-09-14 8243: 8202:from the original on 2019-05-29 8176: 8165:from the original on 2011-10-29 8148: 8137:from the original on 2016-06-16 8123: 8094:Internet Engineering Task Force 8047:Internet Engineering Task Force 8039:Neigus, Nancy J. (1973-08-12). 8003:Internet Engineering Task Force 7973:from the original on 2012-08-19 7933: 7922:from the original on 2018-04-20 7900: 7880: 7869:from the original on 2018-07-11 7855: 7844:from the original on 2011-11-15 7806:from the original on 2014-07-14 7768:from the original on 2014-07-14 7749: 7671:from the original on 2013-03-09 7651: 7640:from the original on 2014-09-24 7614:from the original on 2016-12-22 7564:from the original on 2008-08-20 7512: 7476: 7465:from the original on 2020-02-28 7440:from the original on 2020-02-28 7394:(2nd release of 1st ed.). 7343:from the original on 2016-06-13 7327:Salste, Tuomas (January 2016). 7251: 7242: 6979: 6805:from the original on 2013-06-17 6588: 6571: 6550: 6533: 6509: 6488: 6471: 6429: 6426:, this case see particular use. 6416: 6399: 6380: 6370: 6359:0–7, associated with the three 6323:List of computer character sets 2290:, and in Unix conventions, the 463:with diacritical marks such as 8730:"Survey of punched card codes" 7958:Fall Joint Computer Conference 7552:"Teletype Communication Codes" 6839:American Standards Association 6758: 6708:Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). 6609: 6302:– ASCII as a subset of Unicode 5992: 5840: 2102: 447:(¢). It also does not support 363:, ASCII encodes 128 specified 13: 1: 8333:"Re: Early history of ASCII?" 7995:O'Sullivan, T. (1971-05-19). 7835:Digital Equipment Corporation 7797:Digital Equipment Corporation 7756:Barry Margolin (2014-05-29). 6603: 6120:Digital Equipment Corporation 6025:) computers began to replace 5969:(5C hex) is rendered as ¥ (a 5931:thus read, something such as 2040:In modern usage, an ESC sent 1990:Digital Equipment Corporation 966:, right before the letter A. 318:for this character encoding. 10929:Presentation layer protocols 10924:Latin-script representations 8555:. In Allen, Julie D. (ed.). 6793:Brandel, Mary (1999-07-06). 6147:PostScript Standard Encoding 6076:; this approach was used by 1873:ASCII reserves the first 32 977:between their bit patterns. 610: 532: 293:telecommunications equipment 7: 10839:Character encodings in HTML 10173:National Replacement (NRCS) 10140:Japanese language in EBCDIC 8561:Addison-Wesley Professional 8501:Maréchal, R. (1967-12-22), 8389:Dubost, Karl (2008-05-06). 8270:(NB. Bemer was employed at 7912:"Is DOS a Rip-Off of CP/M?" 7732:"Understanding ASCII Codes" 7585:A TeX Primer for Scientists 7005:Shirley, R. (August 2007). 6300:Basic Latin (Unicode block) 6256: 6206:Basic Latin (Unicode block) 6124:Multinational Character Set 2238:protocol defined an ASCII " 2051:Control Sequence Introducer 1022: 328: 38:Not to be confused with MS 10: 10950: 8220:Haynes, Jim (2015-01-13). 7093:(1): 28–29. Archived from 7079:Bukstein, Ed (July 1964). 7045:Maini, Anil Kumar (2007). 6986:Barry Leiba (2015-01-12). 6891:Sensitive Research (SR-IX) 6795:"1963: The Debut of ASCII" 6328:List of Unicode characters 6203: 6193: 6189: 6002: 5996: 5899:), currency symbols (e.g. 5854: 5844: 5813:until December 2007, when 2294:is used to terminate text 2222:Computers attached to the 2049:" (often starting with a " 1866: 1825: 662:ITA2 was in turn based on 577:ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007) 574:ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002) 470: 29: 10877: 10826: 10781: 10649: 10610: 10528: 10263: 10153: 10129: 10011: 9893: 9577: 9416: 9388: 9222: 9164: 9021: 8894: 8735:Communications of the ACM 8698:Communications of the ACM 8635:Communications of the ACM 8399:World Wide Web Consortium 8391:"UTF-8 Growth on the Web" 7966:Press. pp. 355–362. 7888:"XTerm Control Sequences" 7863:"Help - GNU Emacs Manual" 7799:(DEC). 1965. p. 43. 7659:"ASCIIbetical definition" 7131:"Chapter 1: Inside ASCII" 6947:. Network Working Group. 6564:(pressing the "Ctrl" and 6103:are based on ASCII-1963. 6091:, which was developed by 5705: 5649: 5626: 5603: 5580: 5557: 5534: 5511: 5488: 5465: 5442: 5419: 5396: 5373: 5350: 5327: 5304: 5281: 5258: 5235: 5212: 5189: 5166: 5143: 5120: 5097: 5074: 5051: 4998: 4975: 4947: 4891: 4870: 4849: 4828: 4807: 4786: 4765: 4744: 4723: 4702: 4681: 4660: 4639: 4618: 4597: 4576: 4555: 4534: 4513: 4492: 4471: 4450: 4429: 4408: 4387: 4366: 4345: 4289: 4268: 4247: 4226: 4205: 4184: 4163: 4142: 4121: 4100: 4079: 4058: 4037: 4016: 3995: 3974: 3953: 3932: 3911: 3890: 3869: 3848: 3827: 3806: 3785: 3764: 3743: 3722: 3701: 3680: 3659: 3639: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3509: 3477: 3442: 3407: 3372: 3334: 3261: 3226: 3206:End of Transmission Block 3191: 3156: 3121: 3086: 3049: 3017: 2980: 2948: 2913: 2881: 2846: 2811: 2776: 2738: 2703: 2665: 2627: 2592: 2557: 2522: 2490: 2455: 2420: 2382: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2068:In contrast, an ESC read 2027: 1942:known as XOFF), and 127 ( 960:was placed in position 40 754:was placed in position 41 651:(ITA2) standard of 1932, 206: 187: 173: 131: 121: 91: 83: 73: 57: 10869:Variable-length encoding 10650:Miscellaneous code pages 9408:Extended Unix Code / EUC 9099:-15 (New Western Europe) 8895:Early telecommunications 8832:The Unicode Standard 8.0 8601:. Man7.org. 2014-02-26. 8365:(2nd revised ed.). 8185:CP/M 1.4 Interface Guide 7947:(November 17–19, 1970). 7508:(ANSI), 1966, X3.15-1966 7272:Winter, Dik T. (2010) . 7138:General Purpose Software 6334: 5825:Variants and derivations 5793:support ASCII, stating: 5774:. His British colleague 5749: 3136:Negative Acknowledgement 2240:Network Virtual Terminal 2099:(terminate) altogether. 2089:graphical user interface 1863:, MIL-STD-188-100, 1972) 314:(IANA) prefers the name 10796:C0 and C1 control codes 8431:"Moving to Unicode 5.1" 7692:Internet Message Format 7484:"INCITS 4-1986 (R2022)" 6883:Jennings, Thomas Daniel 6215:Universal Character Set 6101:Sharp MZ character sets 6093:Commodore International 5982:teletext character sets 2300:null-terminated strings 2123:DEC operating systems ( 944:(in addition to common 436:is the ninth letter) = 418:For example, lowercase 299:, of which only 95 are 9044:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto) 8995:World System Teletext 8341:alt.folklore.computers 8303:Johnson, Lyndon Baines 8089:File Transfer Protocol 8042:File Transfer Protocol 8005:(IETF). pp. 4–5. 6976:except for the intro.) 6213:and the ISO/IEC 10646 6141:for the Macintosh and 6062:box-drawing characters 5807: 2288:C programming language 2244:File Transfer Protocol 2145:backward compatibility 1864: 1020: 736:64-character alphabets 571:ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1997) 568:ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1992) 484: 399:which originated with 33:ASCII (disambiguation) 10818:Whitespace characters 10495:Ventura International 8749:10.1145/367487.367491 8712:10.1145/367487.367493 8689:Bemer, Robert William 8665:Bemer, Robert William 8648:10.1145/366959.366961 8627:Bemer, Robert William 8251:Bemer, Robert William 7837:(DEC). 1969. p. 5-5. 7371:(3). September 1966. 7337:nbn:fi-fe201201011004 7208:Bemer, Robert William 7192:Bemer, Robert William 7176:Bemer, Robert William 7127:Bemer, Robert William 6361:most-significant bits 6291:ASCII Ribbon Campaign 6250:forward compatibility 6164:(often mislabeled as 5986:World System Teletext 5799:Secretary of Commerce 5795: 1858: 1019: 712:Internal organization 606:Design considerations 592:least significant bit 586:INCITS 4-1986 (R2022) 583:INCITS 4-1986 (R2017) 580:INCITS 4-1986 (R2012) 549:Display Stations and 478: 10213:Norwegian and Danish 8468:Official Google Blog 8435:Official Google Blog 8195:. 1978. p. 10. 8156:Bernstein, Daniel J. 7634:"Computer Keyboards" 7396:O'Reilly Media, Inc. 7299:(Technical report). 6920:(Technical report). 6867:(Technical report). 6770:IEEE Milestones Wiki 6585:key on some systems. 6547:key on some systems. 6506:key on most systems. 6485:key on most systems. 6443:key on some systems. 5973:, in Japan) or ₩ (a 5766:teleprinter system. 3543:Printable characters 2262:three-letter acronym 2061:full reset command " 872:bit-paired keyboards 766:binary-coded decimal 694:binary-coded decimal 383:, uppercase letters 375:, lowercase letters 321:ASCII is one of the 301:printable characters 31:For other uses, see 10773:Unified Hangul Code 10445:PostScript Standard 10168:Multinational (MCS) 9039:-2 (Central Europe) 9034:-1 (Western Europe) 8888:Character encodings 8531:Technical Reference 7632:Savard, John J. G. 7598:1995tps..book.....S 7550:Smith, Gil (2001). 7367:(special edition). 7364:Scientific American 7053:John Wiley and Sons 6924:(ANSI). 1986-03-26. 6246:backward compatible 6013:Eventually, as 8-, 5819:backward compatible 2537:End of Transmission 2111:problem on various 1979:Delete vs backspace 1025: 893:(1981), especially 617:character encodings 393:punctuation symbols 54: 10919:Character encoding 10854:Hardware code page 10614:typesetting system 10450:PostScript Latin 1 10106:Cyrillic + Finnish 10013:Windows code pages 9895:IBM AIX code pages 9223:National standards 9154:Ukrainian Cyrillic 8159:"Bare LFs in SMTP" 6835:Sensitive Research 6070:video game sprites 5776:Hugh McGregor Ross 2306:Control code chart 2251:End of file/stream 1883:peripheral devices 1879:control characters 1865: 1851:Control characters 1024:ASCII (1977/1986) 1023: 1021: 995:collating sequence 858:(underscore) from 826:(lowercase letter 673:function (like in 655:(1956), and early 629:control characters 485: 289:character encoding 283:), an acronym for 126:ISO/IEC 646 series 52: 42:or other types of 10891: 10890: 10844:Charset detection 10783:Control character 10465:Sharp calculators 10336:Casio calculators 10264:Platform specific 10116:Cyrillic + German 10111:Cyrillic + French 9529:Maltese/Esperanto 9165:Bibliographic use 9049:-4 (North Europe) 8981:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937 8939:Baudot and Murray 8691:(December 1960). 8570:978-0-321-48091-0 8375:978-0-07-021457-6 7607:978-0-8493-7159-2 7488:webstore.ansi.org 7405:978-0-596-10121-3 7147:978-0-918398-37-6 7086:Electronics World 7062:978-0-470-03214-5 6728:978-0-201-14460-4 6455:The ambiguity of 6237:, respectively). 6172:until 2008, when 5907:), etc. See also 5787:Lyndon B. Johnson 5747: 5746: 3557:punctuation marks 3529: 3528: 2348:C escape sequence 2268:), also known as 2256:reasons, EOF, or 2113:operating systems 1935:Teletype Model 33 1889:), or to provide 1869:Control character 1843: 1842: 876:Teletype Model 33 783:typewriters, not 722:"space" character 683:data transmission 339:Teletype Model 33 235: 234: 64:ASCII chart from 16:(Redirected from 10941: 10883: 10882: 10375:DG International 10250:Special Graphics 10051:Extended Latin-8 9449:Central European 9439:Barents Cyrillic 9144:Barents Cyrillic 9114:-12 (Devanagari) 9110:Abandoned parts 8881: 8874: 8867: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8844: 8829: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8793: 8790:10.1109/2.539725 8773: 8771: 8764: 8753: 8751: 8724: 8714: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8671:. Archived from 8660: 8650: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8610: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8579: 8554: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8498: 8492: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8423: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8367:McGraw-Hill Inc. 8358: 8352: 8351: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8230: 8229: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8201: 8193:Digital Research 8190: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8105: 8103:10.17487/RFC0765 8080: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8058: 8056:10.17487/RFC0542 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8014: 8012:10.17487/RFC0158 7992: 7986: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7972: 7953: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7843: 7832: 7824: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7805: 7794: 7786: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7764:(Mailing list). 7753: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7734:. Archived from 7727: 7721: 7720:(NB. NO-WS-CTL.) 7719: 7717: 7716: 7704: 7702:10.17487/RFC2822 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7563: 7556: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7525:. Archived from 7524: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7324: 7305: 7304: 7291: 7282: 7281: 7276:. Archived from 7269: 7258: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7222: 7219: 7203: 7187: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7158:. Archived from 7135: 7123: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7020: 7018:10.17487/RFC4949 7002: 6996: 6995: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6956: 6954:10.17487/RFC0020 6935: 6926: 6925: 6914: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6861: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6827: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6716: 6705: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6647:"Character Sets" 6643: 6634: 6633: 6627: 6613: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6579:Delete character 6575: 6569: 6554: 6548: 6541:Escape character 6537: 6531: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6492: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6453: 6444: 6433: 6427: 6420: 6414: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6384: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6353: 6296: 6275: 5947: 5937: 5936:ä aÄiÜ = 'Ön'; ü 5835:ASCII extensions 5831:standards bodies 5803:Luther H. Hodges 5743: 5736: 5710: 5687: 5680: 5654: 5631: 5608: 5585: 5562: 5539: 5516: 5493: 5470: 5447: 5424: 5401: 5378: 5355: 5332: 5309: 5286: 5263: 5240: 5217: 5194: 5171: 5148: 5125: 5102: 5079: 5056: 5033: 5026: 5003: 4996: 4973: 4952: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4896: 4875: 4854: 4833: 4812: 4791: 4770: 4749: 4728: 4707: 4686: 4665: 4644: 4623: 4602: 4581: 4560: 4539: 4518: 4497: 4476: 4455: 4434: 4413: 4392: 4371: 4350: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4294: 4273: 4252: 4231: 4210: 4189: 4168: 4147: 4126: 4105: 4084: 4063: 4042: 4021: 4000: 3979: 3958: 3937: 3916: 3895: 3874: 3853: 3832: 3811: 3790: 3769: 3748: 3727: 3706: 3685: 3664: 3589: 3588: 3518: 3486: 3457:Record Separator 3451: 3416: 3381: 3348: 3343: 3308: 3270: 3235: 3200: 3171:Synchronous Idle 3165: 3130: 3101:Device Control 4 3095: 3064:Device Control 3 3058: 3032:Device Control 2 3026: 2995:Device Control 1 2989: 2963:Data Link Escape 2957: 2922: 2890: 2860: 2855: 2825: 2820: 2790: 2785: 2752: 2747: 2717: 2712: 2679: 2674: 2641: 2636: 2601: 2566: 2531: 2499: 2464: 2435:Start of Heading 2429: 2396: 2391: 2338:Control Pictures 2310: 2309: 2064: 2056: 2047:ANSI escape code 1920:markup languages 1891:meta-information 1846:Character groups 1836: 1830: 1821: 1322: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1240: 1233: 1226: 1219: 1212: 1205: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1088: 1026: 975:Hamming distance 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 857: 841: 837: 833: 818:(capital letter 805: 801: 641:numerical digits 553:Display Control) 515:case-insensitive 481:Control Pictures 361:English alphabet 279: 274: 273: 272: 271: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 227: 220: 213: 79: 62: 55: 51: 47: 36: 21: 10949: 10948: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10894: 10893: 10892: 10887: 10873: 10849:Han unification 10822: 10777: 10645: 10606: 10524: 10346:Compucolor 8001 10259: 10255:Technical (TCS) 10178:French Canadian 10149: 10125: 10121:Polytonic Greek 10007: 9889: 9573: 9559:Turkic Cyrillic 9474:Font X (Kermit) 9469:Farsi (Persian) 9421: 9412: 9384: 9218: 9160: 9030:Approved parts 9017: 8890: 8885: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8808: 8806: 8769: 8762: 8758: 8705:(12): 639–641. 8678: 8676: 8622: 8620:Further reading 8617: 8608: 8606: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8563:. p. 314. 8552: 8546: 8542: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8499: 8495: 8490: 8486: 8477: 8475: 8457: 8453: 8444: 8442: 8424: 8417: 8408: 8406: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8359: 8355: 8329: 8325: 8316: 8314: 8300: 8296: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8264: 8262: 8248: 8244: 8227: 8225: 8218: 8214: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8168: 8166: 8153: 8149: 8140: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8115: 8113: 8081: 8077: 8068: 8066: 8037: 8033: 8024: 8022: 7998:TELNET Protocol 7993: 7989: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7951: 7938: 7934: 7925: 7923: 7905: 7901: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7872: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7780: 7771: 7769: 7754: 7750: 7741: 7739: 7728: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7687: 7683: 7674: 7672: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7643: 7641: 7630: 7626: 7617: 7615: 7608: 7580: 7576: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7548: 7541: 7532: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7468: 7466: 7461:. 2017-11-02 . 7457: 7456: 7452: 7443: 7441: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7388: 7384: 7361:"Information". 7360: 7359: 7355: 7346: 7344: 7325: 7308: 7293: 7292: 7285: 7270: 7261: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7165: 7163: 7148: 7133: 7124: 7109: 7100: 7098: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7043: 7039: 7030: 7028: 7003: 6999: 6984: 6980: 6966: 6964: 6936: 6929: 6916: 6915: 6904: 6895: 6893: 6885:(2016-04-20) . 6880: 6876: 6863: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6842: 6829: 6828: 6817: 6808: 6806: 6791: 6784: 6775: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6729: 6714: 6706: 6665: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6625: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6522:is not part of 6520:escape sequence 6516: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6496:Carriage Return 6493: 6489: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6421: 6417: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6354: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6294: 6273: 6259: 6219:natural numbers 6208: 6202: 6194:Main articles: 6192: 6176:overtook them. 6011: 6001: 5995: 5945: 5935: 5876:(£); e.g. with 5859: 5853: 5845:Main articles: 5843: 5827: 5780:Bemer–Ross Code 5772:escape sequence 5752: 5739: 5732: 5706: 5683: 5676: 5650: 5627: 5604: 5581: 5558: 5535: 5512: 5489: 5466: 5443: 5420: 5397: 5374: 5351: 5328: 5305: 5282: 5259: 5236: 5213: 5190: 5167: 5144: 5121: 5098: 5075: 5052: 5029: 5022: 4999: 4992: 4969: 4948: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4892: 4871: 4850: 4829: 4808: 4787: 4766: 4745: 4724: 4703: 4682: 4661: 4640: 4619: 4598: 4577: 4556: 4535: 4514: 4493: 4472: 4451: 4430: 4409: 4388: 4367: 4346: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4290: 4269: 4248: 4227: 4206: 4185: 4164: 4143: 4122: 4101: 4080: 4059: 4038: 4017: 3996: 3975: 3954: 3933: 3912: 3891: 3870: 3849: 3828: 3807: 3786: 3765: 3744: 3723: 3702: 3681: 3660: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3565: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3516: 3484: 3449: 3422:Group Separator 3414: 3379: 3346: 3341: 3306: 3268: 3233: 3198: 3163: 3128: 3093: 3056: 3024: 2987: 2955: 2920: 2888: 2864:Carriage Return 2858: 2853: 2823: 2818: 2788: 2783: 2750: 2745: 2715: 2710: 2677: 2672: 2639: 2634: 2607:Acknowledgement 2599: 2564: 2529: 2497: 2462: 2427: 2394: 2389: 2308: 2253: 2105: 2062: 2054: 2030: 1994:escape sequence 1986: 1981: 1965:buffer overflow 1871: 1853: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1318: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1257: 1250: 1243: 1236: 1229: 1222: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1189: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1084: 1014: 983: 981:Character order 965: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 855: 839: 835: 831: 830:) instead, but 803: 799: 796:Remington No. 2 759: 733: 714: 639:characters, 10 631:). This allows 613: 608: 535: 473: 405:carriage return 401:Teletype models 331: 277: 267: 266: 245: 241: 231: 77: 69: 66:MIL-STD-188-100 48: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10947: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10914:Character sets 10911: 10906: 10889: 10888: 10885:Character sets 10878: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10830: 10828: 10827:Related topics 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10793: 10791:Morse prosigns 10787: 10785: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10664: 10659: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10617: 10615: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10485:TI calculators 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10193:United Kingdom 10190: 10185: 10180: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10136: 10134: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10028: 10023: 10017: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9899: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9581: 9579: 9578:DOS code pages 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9524:Latin (Kermit) 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9124:KOI-8 Cyrillic 9118: 9117: 9116: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9104:-16 (Romanian) 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9027: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9001: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8965: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8909: 8902:Telegraph code 8898: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8884: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8819: 8818:External links 8816: 8815: 8814: 8794: 8775: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8725: 8667:(2003-05-23). 8661: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8590: 8569: 8540: 8521: 8507: 8493: 8484: 8462:(2010-01-28). 8451: 8429:(2008-05-05). 8415: 8381: 8374: 8353: 8323: 8305:(1968-03-11). 8294: 8287:. 2013-03-09. 8276: 8274:at that time.) 8242: 8212: 8175: 8147: 8122: 8075: 8031: 7987: 7945:Saltzer, J. H. 7941:Ossanna, J. F. 7932: 7910:(2007-08-08). 7899: 7879: 7854: 7816: 7778: 7762:help-gnu-emacs 7748: 7722: 7681: 7650: 7624: 7606: 7592:. p. 13. 7574: 7557:. Baudot.net. 7539: 7511: 7493: 7475: 7450: 7436:. 2012-06-15. 7425: 7411: 7404: 7382: 7353: 7331:. Aivosto Oy. 7306: 7283: 7280:on 2010-01-16. 7259: 7250: 7241: 7232: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7204: 7188: 7146: 7107: 7071: 7061: 7055:. p. 28. 7037: 6997: 6978: 6974:USAS X3.4-1968 6941:(1969-10-16). 6927: 6902: 6874: 6851: 6815: 6782: 6757: 6727: 6663: 6635: 6619:(1975-12-01). 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6582: 6570: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6544: 6532: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6487: 6482: 6470: 6465: 6445: 6440: 6428: 6415: 6398: 6387: 6379: 6369: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6309: 6306:Extended ASCII 6303: 6297: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6267: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6191: 6188: 6170:World Wide Web 6122:developed the 6045:for India and 5999:Extended ASCII 5997:Main article: 5994: 5991: 5949: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5911:(Yugoslavia). 5878:code page 1104 5874:pound sterling 5842: 5839: 5826: 5823: 5811:World Wide Web 5751: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5646: 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3922: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3563: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3492:Unit Separator 3489: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3387:File Separator 3384: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2721:Horizontal Tab 2718: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2343:Caret notation 2340: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2307: 2304: 2292:null character 2252: 2249: 2104: 2101: 2029: 2026: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1975:respectively. 1867:Main article: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1320: SP 1316: 1312: 1311: 1308: US 1304: 1301: RS 1297: 1294: GS 1290: 1287: FS 1283: 1276: 1269: 1266: EM 1262: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1191: SI 1187: 1184: SO 1180: 1177: CR 1173: 1170: FF 1166: 1163: VT 1159: 1156: LF 1152: 1149: HT 1145: 1142: BS 1138: 1131: 1124: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 982: 979: 971:end of message 961: 874:, notably the 804:"#$ %_&'() 755: 729: 713: 710: 702:error checking 623:symbols (i.e. 612: 609: 607: 604: 588: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 565:ANSI X3.4-1986 563: 562:ANSI X3.4-1977 560: 559:USAS X3.4-1968 557: 556:USAS X3.4-1967 554: 539: 534: 531: 479:ASCII (1963). 472: 469: 335:telegraph code 330: 327: 233: 232: 230: 229: 222: 215: 207: 204: 203: 189: 185: 184: 175: 171: 170: 169: 168: 163: 157: 151: 146: 140: 133: 129: 128: 123: 122:Classification 119: 118: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 63: 44:extended ASCII 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10946: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10886: 10876: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10648: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10534:ISO/IEC 10646 10531: 10527: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10351:Compucolor II 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10306:Acorn RISC OS 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10235:8-bit Turkish 10233: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10128: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9415: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9403:ISO/IEC 10367 9401: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9054:-5 (Cyrillic) 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8882: 8877: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8841: 8837: 8836:Unicode, Inc. 8833: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8782: 8776: 8768: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8675:on 2013-10-17 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8533: 8532: 8525: 8517: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8488: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8420: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8327: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8273: 8261:on 2013-10-17 8260: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8239: 8237: 8223: 8216: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8186: 8179: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8151: 8136: 8133:. Mercurial. 8132: 8126: 8112: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8086:(June 1980). 8085: 8079: 8065: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8035: 8021: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7991: 7984: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7959: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7921: 7917: 7916:DosMan Drivel 7913: 7909: 7903: 7889: 7883: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7823: 7821: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7738:on 2014-02-27 7737: 7733: 7726: 7711: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7685: 7670: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7560: 7553: 7546: 7544: 7529:on 2023-08-21 7528: 7521: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7401: 7398:p. 118. 7397: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7357: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7303:. 1968-10-10. 7302: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7254: 7245: 7236: 7227: 7217: 7213: 7212:Interface Age 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7196:Interface Age 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7180:Interface Age 7177: 7173: 7172: 7162:on 2016-08-27 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7097:on 2016-03-03 7096: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7041: 7027: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6963: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6871:. 1967-07-07. 6870: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6712: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6631: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6591: 6580: 6574: 6567: 6553: 6542: 6536: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6512: 6497: 6491: 6480: 6479:Tab character 6474: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6438: 6432: 6425: 6419: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6390: 6383: 6373: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6200:ISO/IEC 10646 6197: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6108:code page 437 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6074:inverse video 6071: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6049:for Vietnam. 6048: 6044: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5946:{ a = '\n'; } 5944: 5943: 5942: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3577: 3567: 3560: 3558: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3276:End of Medium 3274: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2470:Start of Text 2468: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195:systems, and 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1976: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1857: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1253: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1129: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1018: 1012:Character set 1009: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 996: 992: 988: 978: 976: 972: 967: 964: 959: 955: 951: 926: 923::* ;+ -= 896: 892: 888: 884: 883:IBM Selectric 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 853: 849: 845: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 797: 793: 791: 786: 782: 777: 775: 772:, where 5 is 771: 767: 763: 758: 753: 749: 745: 742:code (1963). 741: 737: 732: 727: 723: 719: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 603: 601: 597: 593: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 538:ASA X3.4-1963 537: 536: 530: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 507: 504:6 and 7, and 503: 497: 495: 491: 482: 477: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:control codes 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 354: 351: 347: 344: 340: 336: 326: 324: 319: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281: 270: 263: 239: 228: 223: 221: 216: 214: 209: 208: 205: 201: 197: 196:ISO/IEC 10646 193: 190: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 150: 147: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 90: 86: 82: 76: 72: 67: 61: 56: 50: 45: 41: 34: 19: 10801:ISO/IEC 6429 10758:Stanford/ITS 10745: 10679:ARIB STD-B24 10460:Sega SC-3000 10361:DEC RADIX 50 9398:ISO/IEC 8859 9390:ISO/IEC 2022 9135:Adaptations 9094:-14 (Celtic) 9089:-13 (Baltic) 9079:-10 (Nordic) 9074:-9 (Turkish) 9023:ISO/IEC 8859 8950: 8847:. 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