219:
scheme are not locators, are not required to be associated with a particular protocol or access method, and need not be resolvable. They should be assigned by a procedure which provides some assurance that they will remain unique and identify the same resource persistently over a prolonged period.
64:
so they will be available for a long period of time, even after the resource which they identify ceases to exist or becomes unavailable. URNs cannot be used to directly locate an item and need not be resolvable, as they are simply templates that another parser may use to find an item.
184:
locators to remain unique and persistent over time. But whether a URI is resolvable depends on many operational and practical details, irrespective of whether it is called a "name" or a "locator". In the contemporary view, there is no bright line between "names" and "locators".
128:
in 2005, use of the terms "Uniform
Resource Name" and "Uniform Resource Locator" has been deprecated in technical standards in favor of the term Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), which encompasses both, a view proposed in 2001 by a joint working group between the
171:
In the "contemporary view", as it is called, all URIs identify or name resources, perhaps uniquely and persistently, with some of them also being "locators" which are resolvable in conjunction with a specified protocol to a representation of the resources.
691:
175:
Other URIs are not locators and are not necessarily resolvable within the bounds of the systems where they are found. These URIs may serve as names or identifiers of resources. Since resources can move, opaque identifiers which
117:, typically by an authority responsible for the namespace, so that they are globally unique and persistent over long periods of time, even after the resource which they identify ceases to exist or becomes unavailable.
765:
Approximately sixty formal URN namespace identifiers have been registered. These are namespaces where
Internet users are expected to benefit from their publication, and are subject to several restrictions. They must:
744:
The r-component was added to enable passing of parameters to resolvers. However, the updated specification notes that it should not be used until its semantics are defined via further standardization.
827:
An exception to the registration requirement was formerly made for "experimental namespaces". However, following the deprecation of the "X-" notation for new identifier names, RFC
1206:
757:. Registered namespaces may be "formal" or "informal". An exception to the registration requirement was formerly made for "experimental namespaces", since rescinded by RFC 8141.
718:, the interpretation of which depends on the specified namespace. The NSS may contain ASCII letters and digits, and many punctuation and special characters. Disallowed ASCII and
1157:
806:
Informal namespaces are registered with IANA and assigned a number sequence (chosen by IANA on a first-come-first-served basis) as an identifier, in the format
2183:
101:, URNs were distinguished from URLs, which identify resources by specifying their locations in the context of a particular access protocol, such as
1975:
2213:
2117:
888:
230:
assign identifiers in a manner which does not require a registration authority, but most of them do. A typical URN namespace is
160:
on the internet. URIs are used in many
Internet protocols to refer to and access information resources. URI schemes include the
690:
2239:
2039:
1286:
1049:
753:
In order to ensure the global uniqueness of URN namespaces, their identifiers (NIDs) are required to be registered with the
906:
1265:
754:
141:
1170:
1144:
1032:
17:
1885:
1829:
1777:
1734:
1691:
1130:
197:
134:
82:
2132:
1236:
1075:
276:
121:
966:
819:
Informal namespaces are fully fledged URN namespaces and can be registered in global registration services.
2072:
980:
46:
1462:
1210:
1010:
263:
scheme in not being locators and not being associated with particular resolution or access protocols.
2032:
1280:
995:
130:
2208:
2001:
1062:
1045:
180:
locators and are not bound to particular locations are arguably more likely than identifiers which
78:
74:
738:) is now allowed in the NSS to represent names containing slashes from non-URN identifier systems.
2157:
2087:
1087:
883:
2228:
1224:
145:
110:
57:
2017:
1727:
S. Farrell; D. Kutscher; C. Dannewitz; B. Ohlman; A. Keranen; P. Hallam-Baker (April 2013).
2263:
2258:
2025:
1907:
1851:
1799:
1756:
1713:
1641:
1590:
1554:
1523:
1101:
31:
1292:
8:
2127:
2048:
1935:
1484:
2218:
2203:
2193:
2097:
1969:
1899:
1843:
1791:
1748:
1705:
1259:
948:
120:
URCs never progressed past the conceptual stage, and other technologies such as the
2062:
2007:
1990:
1889:
1833:
1781:
1738:
1695:
1631:
1580:
1544:
1513:
1048:
with lot/batch number. As defined by Tag Data
Standard (TDS). See more examples at
863:
90:
831:
did away with experimental URN namespaces, indicating a preference for use of the
2198:
2188:
2112:
2082:
2077:
2067:
1875:
1819:
1613:
1247:
723:
251:
200:
technical standards, though the latter term, URL, is still in wide informal use.
2011:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1823:
1811:
1802:
1771:
1759:
1728:
1716:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1625:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1574:
1566:
1557:
1538:
1526:
1507:
1033:
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CDC8D258-8F57-41DC-B560-247E17D3DC8C
828:
237:
125:
98:
94:
2142:
2137:
2092:
1621:
1503:
1271:
683:
245:
236:, for International Standard Book Numbers. This view is continued in RFC
2162:
2102:
1995:
1572:
188:
In accord with this way of thinking, the distinction between
Uniform Resource
2252:
1903:
1847:
1795:
1752:
1709:
1242:
984:
952:
741:
The q-component was added to enable passing of parameters to named resources.
1951:
1687:
Deprecating the "X-" Prefix and
Similar Constructs in Application Protocols
1617:
157:
1726:
203:
The term "URN" continues now as one of more than a hundred URI "schemes",
1117:
149:
53:
1894:
1838:
1786:
1743:
1700:
1683:
1636:
1585:
1573:
L. Daigle; D.W. van Gulik; R. Iannella; P. Faltstrom (October 2002).
1549:
1518:
1196:
Identifier for federated identity; this example is from Claims X-Ray
1014:
114:
61:
1612:
833:
1105:
86:
1404:
707:
is the namespace identifier, and may include letters, digits, and
1207:
European
Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
719:
2147:
2122:
934:
1952:"URIs, URLs, and URNs: Clarifications and Recommendations 1.0"
1936:"Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications"
2223:
2107:
2047:
1230:
1183:
1023:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CDC8D258-8F57-41DC-B560-247E17D3DC8C
787:
1934:
1576:
Uniform
Resource Names (URN) Namespace Definition Mechanisms
2167:
1252:
1028:
920:
868:
232:
226:
153:
113:, location-independent identifiers assigned within defined
102:
1950:
W3C/IETF URI Planning
Interest Group (21 September 2001).
73:
URNs were originally conceived to be part of a three-part
27:
Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI) that uses the urn scheme
1955:
106:
1873:
1817:
1443:
1684:
P. Saint-Andre; D. Crocker; M. Nottingham (June 2012).
1431:
1416:
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1338:
1309:
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1314:
1312:
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714:
The NID is followed by the namespace-specific string
2006:
An example server-side URN resolver is described in
1773:
A Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace for Examples
1410:
1362:
1509:Functional Requirements for Uniform Resource Names
1005:urn:lex:eu:council:directive:2010-03-09;2010-19-UE
2002:URNs and bibliographic citations in web authoring
1627:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax
2250:
1769:
2033:
961:urn:uuid:6e8bc430-9c3a-11d9-9669-0800200c9a66
1938:. International DOI Foundation. October 2012
1274:is like urn: in its URIs not being resource
999:), library number (19) and document number.
1974:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2040:
2026:
877:urn:isan:0000-0000-2CEA-0000-1-0000-0000-Y
730:In 2017, the syntax for URNs was updated:
168:protocols, as well as hundreds of others.
30:"URN" redirects here. For other uses, see
2049:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes
1893:
1837:
1785:
1742:
1699:
1635:
1584:
1548:
1517:
1233: – urn.arpa is for dynamic discovery
1041:urn:epc:class:lgtin:4012345.012345.998877
889:International Standard Audiovisual Number
1991:Official IANA Registry of URN Namespaces
1949:
1536:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1398:
1386:
1371:
1356:
1344:
1332:
124:later took their place. Since RFC
109:. In contrast, URNs were conceived as
83:Uniform Resource Characteristics (URCs)
68:
14:
2251:
797:(see "Experimental namespaces", below)
2021:
1463:"EPC Tag Data Standard, version 1.13"
786:, where XY is any combination of two
243:There are other URI schemes, such as
1996:Uniform Resource Names working group
983:for a document, indicating country (
907:International Standard Serial Number
473:; general URI syntax rules (RFC3986)
1266:Persistent Uniform Resource Locator
1058:urn:epc:id:sgtin:0614141.112345.400
24:
1165:urn:mrn:iala:wwy:us:atl:chba:potri
1071:urn:epc:id:sscc:0614141.1234567890
869:International Standard Book Number
25:
2275:
1984:
1126:urn:epc:id:gdti:0614141.12345.400
1083:urn:epc:id:sgln:0614141.12345.400
1065:with an individual serial number
275:scheme URI is represented in the
933:The default namespace rules for
770:Not be an already-registered NID
689:
196:is now no longer used in formal
79:Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
1886:Internet Engineering Task Force
1830:Internet Engineering Task Force
1778:Internet Engineering Task Force
1735:Internet Engineering Task Force
1692:Internet Engineering Task Force
1477:
1455:
1201:
1191:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1138:
1131:Global Document Type Identifier
1125:
1112:
1095:
1082:
1070:
1057:
1040:
1022:
1011:directive of the European Union
1004:
990:
985:
974:
960:
942:
928:
914:
903:Science of Computer Programming
896:
876:
856:
822:
794:
783:
774:
715:
704:
698:
677:; obsolete, usage is deprecated
198:Internet Engineering Task Force
135:Internet Engineering Task Force
50:
1237:Extensible resource identifier
1076:Serial Shipping Container Code
722:characters may be included if
255:(now largely deprecated), and
122:Resource Description Framework
13:
1:
1881:Uniform Resource Names (URNs)
1825:Uniform Resource Names (URNs)
1298:
1293:Maritime Resource Names (MRN)
1209:(ENTSO-E), identified by its
1192:urn:microsoft:adfs:claimsxray
837:namespace where appropriate.
779:Be more than two letters long
748:
215:, and so forth. URIs of the
77:for the Internet, along with
1303:
981:National Bibliography Number
89:framework. As described in
7:
1918:sec. 2. Obsoletes RFC
1770:P. Saint-Andre (May 2013).
1218:
1139:urn:mrn:iala:aton:us:1234.5
840:
801:
56:. URNs are globally unique
47:Uniform Resource Identifier
10:
2280:
1494:
1411:RFC 8141, section 2 (2017)
1211:Energy Identification Code
1152:urn:mrn:iala:vts:ca:ecareg
1096:urn:epc:id:bic:CSQU3054383
929:urn:mpeg:mpeg7:schema:2001
277:augmented Backus–Naur form
220:Some namespaces under the
29:
2237:
2176:
2055:
1730:Naming Things with Hashes
1630:. Network Working Group.
1579:. Network Working Group.
1543:. Network Working Group.
1512:. Network Working Group.
1485:"Claims X-Ray AD FS Help"
1281:Digital Object Identifier
1145:Marine Aids to Navigation
996:Bibliotheksverbund Bayern
760:
266:
259:which are similar to the
131:World Wide Web Consortium
1253:Life Science Identifiers
1202:urn:eic:10X1001A1001A450
1113:urn:epc:id:imovn:9176187
1063:Global Trade Item Number
1046:Global Trade Item Number
1031:that may be resolved to
1029:Life Science Identifiers
975:urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-146642
281:
97:, and later in RFC
75:information architecture
60:assigned within defined
1287:EPC Identification Keys
1158:Vessel Traffic Services
1133:of a document instance
1050:EPC Identification Keys
901:The scientific journal
701:) is case-insensitive.
1808:Best Current Practice.
1722:Best Current Practice.
1664:. Updated by RFC
1601:Obsoleted by RFC
1599:Best Current Practice.
1565:Obsoleted by RFC
1178:urn:mrn:iala:pub:g1143
1088:Global Location Number
813:⟨number⟩
58:persistent identifiers
1650:Internet Standard 66.
1605:. Obsoletes RFC
1537:R. Moats (May 1997).
1225:Archival Resource Key
1013:, using the proposed
989:), regional network (
734:The slash character (
682:or, in the form of a
192:and Uniform Resource
39:Uniform Resource Name
1102:Intermodal container
905:, identified by its
887:, identified by its
867:, identified by its
697:The leading scheme (
69:URIs, URNs, and URLs
49:(URI) that uses the
32:URN (disambiguation)
1862:Obsoletes RFC
1676:. Updates RFC
1652:Obsoletes RFC
857:urn:isbn:0451450523
1916:Proposed Standard.
1860:Proposed Standard.
1765:Proposed Standard.
1563:Proposed Standard.
1120:of marine vessels
897:urn:ISSN:0167-6423
2246:
2245:
2209:irc / irc6 / ircs
1810:Updates RFC
1506:(December 1994).
1262:, which uses URNs
1260:Magnet URI scheme
1216:
1215:
1118:IMO Vessel Number
1015:Lex URN namespace
915:urn:ietf:rfc:2648
617:"'"
611:"&"
16:(Redirected from
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2019:
2018:
1979:
1973:
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1946:
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1943:
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1897:
1895:10.17487/RFC8141
1874:P. Saint-Andre;
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1841:
1839:10.17487/RFC8141
1818:P. Saint-Andre;
1806:
1789:
1787:10.17487/RFC6963
1763:
1746:
1744:10.17487/RFC6920
1720:
1703:
1701:10.17487/RFC6648
1648:
1639:
1637:10.17487/RFC3986
1624:(January 2005).
1597:
1588:
1586:10.17487/RFC3406
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1550:10.17487/RFC2141
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1519:10.17487/RFC1737
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943:urn:oid:2.16.840
937:video metadata.
930:
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864:The Last Unicorn
858:
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18:URN (identifier)
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1928:§ 2. URN Syntax
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1466:
1465:. GS1. Nov 2019
1461:
1460:
1456:
1450:RFC 6963 (2013)
1448:
1444:
1438:RFC 6648 (2012)
1436:
1432:
1426:RFC 3406 (2002)
1424:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1399:RFC 6920 (2013)
1397:
1393:
1387:RFC 3986 (2005)
1385:
1378:
1372:W3C/IETF (2001)
1370:
1363:
1357:RFC 2141 (1997)
1355:
1351:
1345:RFC 1737 (1994)
1343:
1339:
1333:RFC 8141 (2017)
1331:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1248:Info URI scheme
1221:
1182:Identifier for
1169:Identifier for
1156:Identifier for
1143:Identifier for
1090:with extension
851:corresponds to
843:
832:
825:
812:
810:
804:
793:Not start with
782:Not start with
773:Not start with
763:
751:
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724:percent-encoded
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1985:External links
1983:
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1878:(April 2017).
1822:(April 2017).
1815:
1767:
1724:
1681:
1640:. STD 66.
1614:T. Berners-Lee
1610:
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1532:Informational.
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1618:R. Fielding
1504:L. Masinter
834:urn:example
716:<NSS>
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539:pct-encoded
518:pct-encoded
464:f-component
431:q-component
398:r-component
140:A URI is a
2253:Categories
2177:Unofficial
2138:sip / sips
1961:2012-12-07
1942:2012-12-06
1876:J. Klensin
1820:J. Klensin
1540:URN Syntax
1299:References
884:Spider-Man
749:Namespaces
593:sub-delims
554:unreserved
524:sub-delims
512:unreserved
284:namestring
146:characters
133:(W3C) and
115:namespaces
111:persistent
62:namespaces
1904:2070-1721
1848:2070-1721
1796:2070-1721
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1304:Citations
1171:Waterways
227:urn:uuid:
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1970:cite web
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194:Locators
158:resource
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142:string
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