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An important aspect of persistent identifiers is that "persistence is purely a matter of service". That means that persistent identifiers are only persistent to the degree that someone commits to resolving them for users. No identifier can be inherently persistent, however many persistent identifiers
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of paper-based documents so that readers could reliably and efficiently find a source that a writer mentioned in a footnote or bibliography. After the
Internet started to become an important source of information in the 1990s, the issue of citation standards became important in the online world as
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The term "persistent identifier" is usually used in the context of digital objects that are accessible over the
Internet. Typically, such an identifier is not only persistent but actionable: you can plug it into a web browser and be taken to the identified source.
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well. Studies have shown that within a few years of being cited, a significant percentage of web addresses go "dead", a process often called
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Sanderson, Robert; Phillips, Mark; Herbert Van de Sompel (2011). "Analyzing the
Persistence of Referenced Web Resources with Memento".
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Of course, the issue of persistent identification predates the
Internet. Over centuries, writers and scholars developed standards for
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81:(i.e. web addresses), maintained by the website owner, are intended to be long-lasting; these are often called
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John A. Kunze, "Towards
Electronic Persistence Using ARK Identifiers," section 3, California Digital Library
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Vanishing Act: The
Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age
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Posted to
Technology Watch Report (TWR): Standards in Metadata and Interoperability, 13 Oct 2010.
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Combined persistent identifier and archiving functionality is provided by services such as the
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are created within institutionally administered systems with the aim to maximise longevity.
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Implementing persistent identifiers: overview of concepts, guidelines and recommendations.
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303:"On constructing persistent identifiers with persistent resolution targets"
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such that anyone can archive a web page to prevent link rot of a URL.
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and
European Commission on Preservation and Access, 2006.
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