342:
provisions for attaching a propellant base for firing by grenade projector. These changes prevented accidental usage in the latter roles while simplifying production. When the Type 97 with its shortened delay came into production and was being delivered to front line combat units, the
Japanese Army continued to use the older Type 91 grenades as hand-thrown weapons, in addition to rifle and grenade projector use. Many of the Type 91 grenades were modified by shortening the fuse to a four to five second delay, drilling out the base, and welding small extensions on the body, so that it could not fit into the
81:
91:
293:-activated delay type, initiated by pulling out a safety pin and striking the top of the cap. The grenade incorporated a 7–8 second delay before detonation. This feature was incorporated as part of the Type 91's other uses as a rifle grenade or as a shell fired from the Type 89 grenade discharger, as the long delay enabled longer time-in-flight to distant targets. When used as a rifle grenade the fuse activated automatically, as the plunger was pushed in against a weak creep spring by the force of the launch. Additionally, the Type 91 could be used as a
317:
31:
313:
thrown back upon launching, igniting a time fuse with a 7-8 second delay. Using this system, the Type 91 grenades could be launched through jungle cover or through small openings without the danger of premature detonation in the event the grenade struck an object on its way to the target. Although the Type 89 could be fired by a single person, it was typically operated with a crew of three, enabling it to reach a rate of fire of about 25 rounds per minute.
301:
launching cartridges stored in their tail-fin assemblies. The cartridges are fired from the rifle and the wooden bullets are trapped by the tail-fin assemblies launching and arming the grenade. These launchers are not numbered, and production figures are not available and examples of spigot grenade launchers are rarely encountered.
305:
259:
The
Japanese Army, noting that grenades were short-ranged weapons, began efforts to optimize these weapons for close-in infantry fighting. The first hand-thrown fragmentation grenade was the Type 10. Soon after introduction of the Type 10 grenade to front line combat troops, a number of issues arose.
312:
The Type 89 discharger was introduced in 1939, the Type 91 fragmentation grenade was fitted with a propellant base and time fuse. It did not explode upon contact, but was designed to ignite its fuse while in flight. A weak creep spring inside the grenade firing mechanism allowed the firing pin to be
288:
The design of the Type 91 grenade was almost identical to the earlier Type 10. The main difference was the Type 91's domed top as opposed to the Type 10's serrated top. As with the Type 10, a threaded socket in the bottom of the body allowed for the attachment of an auxiliary propellant canister for
267:
The
Japanese Army continued to experiment with rifle and hand-thrown grenades between the wars and would adopt a family of fragmentation grenades with almost universal adaptability. Introduced in 1931, the Type 91 fragmentation grenade could be thrown by hand, fired from a cup-type grenade launcher
300:
The
Japanese military used spigot-type grenade launchers. These grenade launchers were used by Japanese Naval Landing Forces to launch an anti-tank (hollow-charge) finned grenade. They were also used to propel Type 91 hand grenades fitted with tail-fin assemblies. These grenades had wood-bulleted
328:
was introduced in 1939 as a grenade discharger on
Arisaka rifles for Type 91 and Type 99 hand grenades. The launcher is somewhat unusual in that rather than using the more common cup designs it is a gas trap system, meaning that it incorporates a barrel extension which taps off excess propellent
332:
However, the Type 91, as well as other
Japanese hand grenades suffered from faults in manufacturing and production of the fuse, grenade body, and explosive compound, resulting in inconsistent detonation, variable fuse burning times, and incomplete or variable fragmentation of the grenade body.
341:
As a hand-thrown grenade, the 7-8 second delay of the Type 91 proved too long in actual combat, enabling the enemy to pick up and throw the grenade back. To resolve this, the Type 97 fragmentation grenade was adopted for hand-thrown use. In addition to a four-second delay, the Type 97 had no
329:
gases to launch the grenade from a cup offset from the barrel. This has the advantage that standard rifle cartridges could be used along with the standard hand-grenades which simplified logistics, at the expense of increased weight and decreased efficiency.
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1064:
264:
mechanism made the Type 10 almost as much of a menace to the thrower as to the recipient. Furthermore, the weapon was regarded as undersized, and lacked desired lethality.
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or Type 89 grenade discharger, and painting the bottom white. The resulting modified Type 91 was visually almost identical to the Type 97 except for its white base.
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Japanese Type 100 rifle grenade launcher used to launch standard Type 91 hand-grenades
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The Type 91 (modified) was issued as a standard hand grenade to
Japanese
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Japanese soldier demonstrating the correct use of the Type 89 discharger
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by removing the safety pin and setting under a floorboard or chair.
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During the war, these manufacturing issues remained unresolved.
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272:), discharged by a lightweight mortar-like projector (the
374:
Handbook on
Japanese Military Forces, TM-E 30-480 (1945)
376:(reprint ed.). Louisiana State University Press.
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and throughout the various campaigns of World War II.
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232:. Although superseded as a hand-thrown weapon by the
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use in a Type 89 grenade discharger. The fuse was a
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When hand-thrown, instability and inaccuracy of the
410:Departments of the Army and the Air Force (1953).
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564:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
547:. Archived from the original on December 9, 2004
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1224:Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
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412:Japanese Explosive Ordnance, TM 9-1985-4
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600:Rottman, Japanese Infantryman 1937-1945
1199:World War II infantry weapons of Japan
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244:and by reserve forces, as well as the
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545:"Japanese Ordnance Material of WW II"
189:Pyrotechnic delay of 7 to 8 seconds
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456:Taki’s Imperial Japanese Army page
431:Taki’s Imperial Japanese Army page
240:it was still used by units in the
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590:Details of internal construction
508:Details of internal construction
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111:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
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214:was an improved version of the
1204:World War II grenades of Japan
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579:Japanese World War II Ordnance
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519:George, John B. (LTC) (1981).
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480:
459:
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426:Japanese World War II Ordnance
393:Japanese Infantryman 1937-1945
1:
705:Hamada Type 1, Type 2 pistols
637:Japanese infantry weapons of
372:US Department of War (1994).
365:
436:US Technical Manual E 30-480
249:Special Naval Landing Forces
7:
391:Rottman, Gordon L. (2005).
336:
326:Type 100 grenade discharger
208:
10:
1240:
1122:6.5Ă—50mmSR Type 30/Type 38
523:. NRA Press. p. 350.
274:Type 89 grenade discharger
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16:Hand grenade/rifle grenade
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55:Place of origin
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1137:7.7Ă—58mm Type 97/Type 99
792:Type 97 automatic cannon
441:
360:Second Sino-Japanese War
242:Second Sino-Japanese War
107:Second Sino-Japanese War
486:George, John B. (LTC),
465:George, John B. (LTC),
177:65 g (2.3 oz)
154:530 g (19 oz)
1219:Hand grenades of Japan
1214:Fragmentation grenades
807:Type 4 automatic rifle
321:
309:
230:Imperial Japanese Army
209:Kyūichi-shiki Teryūdan
97:Imperial Japanese Navy
85:Imperial Japanese Army
395:. Osprey Publishing.
319:
307:
23:Type 91 hand grenade
843:Experimental Model 2
838:Experimental Model 1
767:Type 99 sniper rifle
758:Type 97 sniper rifle
521:Shots Fired In Anger
490:, NRA Press (1981),
488:Shots Fired In Anger
469:, NRA Press (1981),
467:Shots Fired In Anger
197:Type 91 hand grenade
1065:Experimental Type 5
1060:Experimental Type 4
690:North China Type 19
174:Filling weight
123:First Indochina War
1156:Handgun cartridges
1132:7.7Ă—58mmSR Type 92
1127:7.7Ă—58mmSR Type 89
932:Heavy machine guns
879:Light machine guns
414:. ASIN B000H7NCDS.
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133:Production history
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1173:9Ă—19mm Parabellum
1142:7.7Ă—56mmR British
1018:Grenade launchers
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127:Chinese Civil War
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1147:7.92Ă—57mm Mauser
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830:Submachine guns
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753:Type 44 carbine
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733:Type 30 carbine
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685:Type 14 (Nambu)
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68:In service
63:Service history
58:Empire of Japan
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1163:7Ă—20mm Nambu
982:
862:
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812:Type I rifle
695:Sugiura Type
639:World War II
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549:. Retrieved
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238:World War II
222:hand grenade
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115:World War II
76:Used by
45:Hand grenade
356:infantrymen
278:knee mortar
1193:Categories
1114:cartridges
551:2014-03-25
366:References
295:booby trap
291:percussion
183:Detonation
119:Korean War
185:mechanism
71:1931–1945
1103:Type 100
1088:Number 2
1083:Number 1
1037:Type 100
848:Type 100
672:Handguns
656:Bayonets
650:Swords:
560:cite web
498:, p. 350
477:, p. 343
337:Variants
270:Type 100
138:Designed
1098:Type 95
1093:Type 93
1032:Type 89
1027:Type 10
998:Type 99
993:Type 98
988:Type 97
983:Type 91
978:Type 10
955:Type 97
950:Type 93
945:Type 92
917:Type 99
912:Type 98
907:Type 97
902:Type 96
897:Type 92
892:Type 89
887:Type 11
785:(other)
763:Type 99
743:Type 38
738:Type 35
728:Type 30
719:Arisaka
660:Type 30
358:in the
344:Type 10
255:History
234:Type 97
228:of the
216:Type 10
164:Filling
1112:Rifle
1042:Type 2
1008:Type 4
1003:Type 3
960:Type 1
940:Type 3
922:Type 1
783:Rifles
715:Rifles
664:Type 2
527:
494:
473:
399:
380:
284:Design
203:九一式手榴弾
94:
861:Type
853:Type
817:Type
652:GuntĹŤ
442:Notes
276:, or
268:(the
773:TERA
566:link
525:ISBN
492:ISBN
471:ISBN
397:ISBN
378:ISBN
324:The
262:fuse
195:The
151:Mass
141:1931
103:Wars
41:Type
168:TNT
1195::
863:Su
855:Be
819:Mo
662:,
658::
654:,
562:}}
558:{{
251:.
206:,
769:)
765:(
721:)
717:(
630:e
623:t
616:v
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554:.
533:.
405:.
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200:(
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