319:. Baridi rule soon proved unpopular, however, as the plunder of his undisciplined Daylamites was coupled with a sharp rise in prices and stifling taxation. Tuzun and the other Turks conspired to seize Abu'l-Husayn, but was betrayed by Nushtakin, and his attack on the Baridis' palace was repulsed by the forewarned Daylamite troops. Tuzun then abandoned Baghdad and with many of the Turks marched north to Mosul. Strengthened by these defections, the Hamdanids marched south onto Baghdad, which the Baridis abandoned. This was followed by the murder of Ibn Ra'iq by the Hamdanids (11 April 942) and the accession of Nasir al-Dawla to the post of
390:, on Basra itself. The deal was sealed with a marriage alliance between Tuzun and a daughter of Abu Abdallah al-Baridi. Back in Baghdad, however, the news of the peace between Tuzun and the Baridis was not welcomed: the vizier Abu'l-Husayn ibn Muqla distrusted both Tuzun and especially Ibn Shirzad. Fearing for his own position if he could not satisfy the financial demands of the Turks, he made contact with the Hamdanids. A Hamdanid army under Nasir al-Dawla's cousin
265:
371:
Baridis. On 20 May, Tuzun with his retainers surprised
Khajkhaj in his bed, seized him and blinded him. Leaving 300 men under Kaighalagh to safeguard Wasit, Tuzun marched on Baghdad. There Sayf al-Dawla had promised the Caliph to resist, but on the Turks' approach, the Hamdanid and his officers fled north, and on 3 June, Tuzun entered the capital and was named
424:. In response, the Ikhshid launched a campaign across Syria and in August 944 met with the Caliph at Raqqa, where he tried to persuade al-Muttaqi to move to Egypt. Al-Muttaqi refused, and instead returned to Baghdad, trusting the assurances of Tuzun. As the Caliph approached the capital, however, Tuzun met him and had him blinded and deposed in favour of
350:, Sayf al-Dawla tried to win them over for his own designs on Syria by slighting his brother. In the end, on the night of 7 May 943, the Turkish troops attacked Sayf al-Dawla's encampment and set fire to it. The Hamdanid was able to escape through the desert to Baghdad, while at Wasit the Turkish officers acclaimed Tuzun as their chief (
309:
increased the latter's strength an emboldened them to march on
Baghdad: on 7 March 942 the Baridi troops fought their way into the city, while Ibn Ra'iq and the Caliph withdrew north to seek the aid of the Hamdanids. Now master of the capital, the head of the Baridi family Abu'l-Husayn appointed Tuzun as
345:
that lasted from 16 to 19 August 942, the
Hamdanid and Turkish troops routed the Baridis, who abandoned Wasit for their original base of Basra. Sayf al-Dawla occupied Wasit, but by the spring of 943, the Turkish troops and their leaders, chiefly Tuzun and Khajkhaj, had become restless and mutinous
308:
and tried to enter the employ of Nasir al-Dawla, but he turned them away. As a result, they turned to Ibn Ra'iq, who used the opportunity to recover his old post (23 September). In
November, however, Tuzun and other Turkish leaders mutinied against Ibn Ra'iq and deserted him for the Baridis. This
370:
On learning of the
Turkish revolt, the Baridis began to move against Wasit and sent an envoy to Tuzun urging him to march on Baghdad, and requesting the rights of tax-farming in Wasit. Tuzun gave a non-committal answer, but his spies soon informed him that Khajkhaj was planning to desert to the
237:. Among Ibn Ra'iq's first actions were the disbandment of the old caliphal army, leaving his Turkish troops as one of the main power factors in the struggle for control of the Caliph and his court, a struggle that soon drew in ambitious neighbouring potentates like the
276:, with confronting them. Battle was joined at Madhar, which at first went against the Baghdad troops, but eventually Tuzun and Nushtakin prevailed and routed the Baridis. Bajkam was killed, however, by Kurdish brigands on 21 April, and turmoil ensued: Caliph
394:
appeared before the Harb Gate of
Baghdad, and both the vizier and the Caliph went over to him and were escorted north to Mosul. Hearing about these events, Tuzun quickly granted al-Baridi the tax-farming of Wasit and returned to Baghdad with his troops.
410:. An agreement was concluded between Tuzun and the Hamdanids on 26 May 944, whereby Nasir al-Dawla renounced his claims on the Caliphate's core lands in central Iraq, receiving in return recognition for his control over the Jazira and his claims over
420:. In the meantime, Caliph al-Muttaqi, who resented the dominance of the various warlords and tried to recover the independence and authority of his office, had contacted the powerful and virtually independent ruler of Egypt,
330:
The
Baridis continued to challenge the Hamdanid position from their base in Wasit, however, and Tuzun was one of the commanders of the army sent against them under Nasir al-Dawla's brother Ali, better known by his
751:
The
Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muzi and
257:, who like Tuzun had once served Mardavij and had come west with him. Ibn Ra'iq recovered his position in 941, after Bajkam's death, only to be assassinated and replaced the following year by the Hamdanid emir
439:. A first Buyid attack on Baghdad in 944 was repelled, but after Tuzun's death, Muhammad ibn Shirzad was unable to enforce his authority, and on 17 January 946, Ahmad entered Baghdad as the new
391:
272:
During this period, Tuzun played an active role. He is first mentioned in early 941, when the
Baridis moved against Baghdad, and he was tasked by Bajkam, along with
382:, a defector from the Baridis, whom he appointed as his personal secretary. Tuzun pursued a peace with the Baridis, who now had to face an unexpected attack by
378:
Tuzun's first act was to march south against Wasit, which
Kaighalagh had been forced to abandon in the face of Baridi superiority. On his way south he met with
179:
ruler. He held this position until his death in August 945, a few months before Baghdad, and the Abbasid Caliphate with it, came under the control of the
431:
Until his death in August 945, Tuzun remained in control in Baghdad, but his position was increasingly threatened by the ambitions of a new power, the
912:
273:
301:
246:
897:
836:
902:
356:), bringing him myrtle and herbs in accordance with ancient Persian custom, and Khajkhaj was made commander-in-chief (
812:
772:
231:'s invitation to take over the effective administration of what remained of the Caliphate, under the title of
421:
242:
215:. After the assassination of Mardavij in 935, many of his soldiers left to enter service under the powerful
907:
745:
828:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
741:
285:
874:
804:
The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future
765:
Islamic History through Coins: An Analysis and Catalogue of Tenth-Century Ikhshidid Coinage
379:
8:
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Tuzun followed the Hamdanids north, heavily defeated Sayf al-Dawla in two battles near
212:
155:
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864:
832:
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789:
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760:
159:
46:
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in the post, who held it until an army mutiny resulted in the appointment of the
826:
822:
802:
406:, from where the Caliph and his entourage, accompanied by Sayf al-Dawla, went to
383:
311:
208:
151:
139:
402:, and captured Mosul. The Hamdanid brothers and the Caliph to abandon Mosul for
851:
436:
258:
192:
166:
147:
84:
886:
859:
411:
347:
342:
338:
233:
171:
41:
224:
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425:
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162:. Rising to a position of leadership in the Abbasid army, he evicted the
97:
72:
414:. The Hamdanid was also obliged to pay an annual tribute of 3.6 million
647:
358:
300:(1 July). In the meantime, following Bajkam's death, Tuzun, Nushtakin,
277:
67:
289:
264:
238:
227:. With their support, in 936 Ibn Ra'iq managed to secure the Caliph
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and several other Turkish military leaders at first went north to
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403:
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of his own, but was soon compelled to install the Baridi leader
253:. In this complicated struggle, Ibn Ra'iq was deposed in 938 by
719:
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254:
203:
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a few days later. Tuzun in turn was rewarded with the post of
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220:
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352:
707:
479:
491:
635:
785:
The Life and Times of ΚΏAlΓ Ibn ΚΏΓsΓ , βThe Good Vizierβ
671:
457:
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581:
569:
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767:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
884:
346:due to delays in their pay, while, according to
365:
315:of the eastern half of the city, across the
327:of the capital on both sides of the river.
788:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
759:
713:
169:from Baghdad and assumed the position of
18:Amir al-umara of Abbasid caliph (943β945)
263:
175:on 31 May 943, becoming the Caliphate's
821:
800:
725:
701:
677:
497:
485:
473:
461:
207:), who initially served the autonomous
913:Amir al-umara of the Abbasid Caliphate
885:
781:
641:
268:Map of Iraq in the 9thβ10th centuries
831:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
341:. In a hotly contested battle near
143:
13:
14:
924:
59:31 May 943 β August 945
898:10th-century military personnel
734:
443:and overlord of the Caliphate.
186:
690:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
666:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
654:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
630:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
618:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
606:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
594:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
582:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
570:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
558:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
546:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
534:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
522:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
510:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
1:
446:
422:Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid
150:soldier who served first the
807:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
7:
10:
929:
755:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
366:Amir al-umara of Caliphate
903:10th-century Asian people
871:
856:
848:
801:Donohue, John J. (2003).
125:
113:
108:
104:
91:
87:(18 Feb 942 β 11 May 943)
78:
63:
52:
39:
35:
30:
23:
869:31 May 943 β August 945
728:, p. 196, 214β215.
782:Bowen, Harold (1928).
392:Abu Abdallah al-Husayn
286:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
269:
100:(Aug 945 β 21 Dec 945)
746:Margoliouth, David S.
656:, pp. 49, 51β52.
267:
158:and subsequently the
875:Muhammad ibn Shirzad
704:, pp. 196, 312.
488:, pp. 195, 204.
380:Muhammad ibn Shirzad
134:, commonly known as
644:, pp. 382β383.
500:, pp. 195β196.
435:, and particularly
761:Bacharach, Jere L.
270:
213:Mardavij ibn Ziyar
156:Mardavij ibn Ziyar
881:
880:
872:Succeeded by
865:Abbasid Caliphate
838:978-0-582-40525-7
742:Amedroz, Henry F.
716:, pp. 55β56.
692:, pp. 54β55.
668:, pp. 52β54.
632:, pp. 49β50.
620:, pp. 47β49.
608:, pp. 46β47.
596:, pp. 43β46.
584:, pp. 31β32.
572:, pp. 28β30.
560:, pp. 27β28.
548:, pp. 25β26.
536:, pp. 20β24.
160:Abbasid Caliphate
129:
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47:Abbasid Caliphate
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849:Preceded by
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459:
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132:Abu'l-Wafa Tuzun
109:Personal details
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25:Abu'l-Wafa Tuzun
21:
20:
928:
927:
923:
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908:Abbasid ghilman
883:
882:
877:
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748:, eds. (1921).
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386:, the ruler of
384:Yusuf ibn Wajih
375:by the Caliph.
368:
325:sahib al-shurta
312:sahib al-shurta
195:slave-soldier (
189:
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92:
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53:
26:
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11:
5:
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852:Nasir al-Dawla
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757:
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714:Bacharach 2006
706:
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682:
680:, p. 270.
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562:
550:
538:
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514:
502:
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478:
476:, p. 195.
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437:Ahmad ibn Buya
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259:Nasir al-Dawla
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167:Nasir al-Dawla
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860:amir al-umara
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814:90-04-12860-3
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373:amir al-umara
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348:Ibn Miskawayh
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340:
339:Sayf al-Dawla
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321:amir al-umara
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735:Bibliography
726:Kennedy 2004
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512:, p. 9.
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498:Kennedy 2004
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486:Kennedy 2004
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474:Kennedy 2004
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464:, p. 9.
462:Donohue 2003
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280:appointed a
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219:governor of
202:
196:
191:Tuzun was a
190:
187:Early career
176:
170:
135:
131:
130:
93:Succeeded by
54:
40:
15:
426:al-Mustakfi
98:Ibn Shirzad
80:Preceded by
73:al-Mustakfi
893:945 deaths
887:Categories
642:Bowen 1928
447:References
359:ispahsalar
343:al-Mada'in
278:al-Muttaqi
117:August 945
68:al-Muttaqi
290:Daylamite
274:Nushtakin
239:Hamdanids
225:Ibn Ra'iq
146:), was a
55:In office
825:(2004).
763:(2006).
302:Khajkhaj
294:Kurankij
245:and the
177:de facto
164:Hamdanid
64:Monarchs
863:of the
417:dirhams
404:Nisibis
292:leader
247:Baridis
241:of the
229:al-Radi
217:Abbasid
209:Iranian
193:Turkish
152:Iranian
148:Turkish
120:Baghdad
45:of the
835:
811:
794:386849
792:
771:
433:Buyids
400:Tikrit
317:Tigris
282:vizier
255:Bajkam
243:Jazira
211:ruler
204:mamluk
198:ghulam
181:Buyids
154:ruler
144:ΨͺΩΨ²ΩΩβ
140:Arabic
31:ΨͺΩΨ²ΩΩβ
412:Syria
408:Raqqa
334:laqab
306:Mosul
251:Basra
221:Wasit
136:Tuzun
833:ISBN
809:ISBN
790:OCLC
769:ISBN
752:Ta'i
388:Oman
353:amir
114:Died
362:).
337:of
296:as
249:of
201:or
889::
744:;
454:^
428:.
261:.
223:,
183:.
142::
70:,
841:.
817:.
796:.
777:.
138:(
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