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32:
396:. His excitement was considerable to find an ancient Dakotan language, which was once widespread among inland tribes in Virginia, to have been preserved on a predominantly Iroquoian-speaking reserve in Ontario. Previously, the only recorded information on the language had been a short list of words and phrases collected by Lieutenant John Fontaine at
443:
James Dorsey, another Siouan linguist, collected extensive vocabulary and grammar samples around the same time as Hale, as did Hewitt a few years later. Frachtenberg and Sapir both visited the Six
Nations Ontario reserve in the first decade of the 1900s and found that only a few Cayuga of Tutelo
444:
ancestry remembered a handful of Tutelo words. Speck did much fieldwork to record and preserve their cultural traditions in the 1930s but found little of the speech remaining. Mithun managed to collect a handful of terms that were still remembered in 1980.
427:
by all the tribes in the region regardless of their first languages, and it was known to the chiefs, "conjurers," and priests of all tribes. These spiritual practitioners used it in their ceremonies, just as Roman
Catholic priests in Europe and the US used
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Most Tutelo speakers migrated north to escape warfare. They traveled through North
Carolina, Pennsylvania, and New York. In 1753, the Tutelo had joined the Iroquois Confederacy under the sponsorship of the
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recorded the language. The last active speakers, a mother and daughter, died in a house fire shortly before Mithun's visit in 1982. The last native speaker, Albert Green, died sometime after that.
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The language as preserved by these efforts is now believed to have been mutually intelligible with, if not identical to, the speech of other
Virginia Siouan groups in general, including the
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1231:, which literally conveys the progressive tense. There are also 'stative' classes of verbs that take the 'passive' (oblique) pronoun affixes (mi- or wi-, yi- etc.) as subjects.
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345:, the last fluent speaker in Tutelo country, died in 1871 at age 106. The year before, he had managed to impart about 100 words of vocabulary to the ethnologist
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Hale published a brief grammar and vocabulary in 1883 and confirmed the language as Siouan through comparisons with
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In verbal conjugations, the subject pronouns are represented by various prefixes and suffixes, usually as follows:
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1383:"The Team Building the Tutelo-Saponi Monacan Living Dictionary Receives A Grant from Native Voices Endowment"
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1254:(perfect progressive). Rules for combining the suffixes with stems in final vowels are slightly complex.
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that were originally spoken in what is now
Virginia and West Virginia in the United States.
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in
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assisted Tutelo activists in building a Living
Dictionary for Tutelo-Saponi Monacan.
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and
Nahyssan confederacies, as well as the subdivisions of Occaneechi, Saponi, etc.
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1309:. American Language Reprints. Vol. 23. Merchantville: Evolution Publishing.
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Tutelo
Language and the Saponi/Tutelo Indian Tribe (Saponey, Haliwa-Saponi)
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Oliverio proposes the following analysis of the sound system of Tutelo:
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in 1716, and a few assorted terms recorded by colonial sources, such as
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Additional tenses can be formed by the use of other suffixes including
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Robert Vest, 2006, "Letters of Chief Samuel Johns to Frank G Speck".
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Tutelo has a standard vowel inventory for a Siouan language.
432:. Hale's grammar also noted further comparisons to Latin and
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1803:
Indigenous languages of the North
American eastern woodlands
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Independent personal pronouns, as recorded by Dorsey, are:
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The last form includes the common additional tense suffix
705:*ũ and *ũː is lowered to /õ/ and /õː/, respectively.
349:, who had visited him at the Six Nations Reserve.
1410:. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas dissertation.
423:, believed to be related to Tutelo, was used as a
1387:Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
1293:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
464:Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
73:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
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1434:OLAC resources in and about the Tutelo language
415:Hale noted the testimony of colonial historian
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1429:Swadesh list for Tutelo-Saponi on Wiktionary
331:. They finally settled in Ontario after the
1134:3rd sing. - (null; no affixes, simple verb)
337:Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation
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187:after 1982, with the death of Albert Green
319:, is a member of the Virginian branch of
1174:An example as given by Hale is the verb
1439:Tutelo-Saponi Monacan Living Dictionary
1085:"all" may be added to form the plurals
440:" perfect verb tense, ending in "-wa".
1790:
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1272:The Languages of Native North America
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1358:"A grammar and dictionary of Tutelo"
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25:
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1178:"love", and the pronoun is between
13:
1798:Extinct languages of North America
1408:A Grammar and Dictionary of Tutelo
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460:A Grammar and Dictionary of Tutelo
63:for transliterated languages, and
43:of its non-English content, using
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462:as her dissertation. In 2021 the
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295:Tutelo language region prior to
81:may also be used - notably
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1338:", 1996 (PhD. thesis) pp. 6–19.
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458:In 1996, Giulia Oliverio wrote
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352:Descendants living at
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1250:(past perfect), and
1093:"ye", and "they" is
417:Robert Beverley, Jr.
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39:This article should
1307:The Tutelo Language
366:Leo J. Frachtenberg
354:Grand River Reserve
1697:Mississippi Siouan
1532:Mississippi Valley
1334:Giulia Oliverio, "
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408:, Hugh Jones, and
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1390:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1343:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1271:
1266:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1223:, they love.
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1197:Yandoyasteka
1196:
1191:Yandowasteka
1190:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:2nd plur. -
1142:
1138:
1137:1st plur. -
1128:
1124:
1123:2nd sing. -
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:1st sing. -
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:The pronoun
1080:
1074:
1073:3rd sing. -
1067:
1066:2nd sing. -
1060:
1059:1st sing. -
1054:
1023:
996:
969:
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
886:Nasal vowels
858:
825:
792:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
703:Proto-Siouan
700:
671:
649:
624:
593:
561:
525:
515:
473:
459:
457:
446:
442:
414:
406:Abraham Wood
402:John Lederer
387:
370:Edward Sapir
351:
347:Horatio Hale
341:
325:
310:
306:
305:
273:
220:
142:Pennsylvania
93:
75:ISO 639 code
71:}}
65:{{
61:}}
55:{{
51:}}
45:{{
40:
1660:Ohio Valley
1644:Mitchigamea
1622:Omaha–Ponca
1546:Assiniboine
709:Oral vowels
672:Approximant
374:Frank Speck
85:for Tutelo.
1823:Occaneechi
1792:Categories
1316:1889758213
1258:References
1242:(future),
1203:Yandosteka
1199:, you love
1176:Yandosteka
478:Consonants
421:Occaneechi
168:Occaneechi
1777:indicate
1367:1 October
1217:, ye love
1211:, we love
1089:"we" and
594:Fricative
562:aspirated
518:Affricate
470:Phonology
275:Glottolog
243:ISO 639-3
156:Ethnicity
1742:Catawban
1601:Dhegihan
1591:Ho-Chunk
1392:11 March
1362:WorldCat
1238:(past),
1193:, I love
516:Plosive/
453:Manahoac
282:tute1247
172:Manahoac
146:New York
140:; later
134:Virginia
1775:Italics
1752:Catawba
1732:Eastern
1679:Moneton
1585:Chiwere
1539:Dakotan
1503:Hidatsa
1483:Western
1095:Imahese
1091:Yimahuk
1087:Mimahuk
1051:Grammar
901:Central
724:Central
650:Lateral
508:Glottal
498:Palatal
449:Monacan
394:Hidatsa
343:Nikonha
183:Extinct
176:Monacan
150:Ontario
88:See why
1828:Saponi
1813:Tutelo
1759:Woccon
1706:Biloxi
1627:Quapaw
1568:Stoney
1561:Lakota
1556:Dakota
1522:Mandan
1513:Mandan
1313:
1184:-steka
1180:yando-
1143:Wa'en-
697:Vowels
493:Dental
488:Labial
438:aorist
390:Dakota
376:, and
329:Cayuga
316:Saponi
312:Tutelo
307:Tutelo
221:Tutelo
203:Siouan
164:Saponi
160:Tutelo
130:Region
110:Tutelo
1616:Osage
1610:Kansa
1551:Sioux
1248:-kewa
1156:) + -
1139:Mank-
1070:(you)
951:short
933:short
915:short
896:Front
774:short
756:short
738:short
719:Front
625:Nasal
526:plain
503:Velar
430:Latin
1498:Crow
1394:2024
1369:2023
1311:ISBN
1182:and
1168:-hne
1164:-hle
1154:-ya-
1129:-ya-
1118:-wa-
1114:-ma-
1112:(or
1068:Yima
1061:Mima
970:High
960:long
942:long
924:long
906:Back
793:High
783:long
765:long
747:long
729:Back
451:and
392:and
339:.
48:lang
1713:Ofo
1252:-ma
1244:-wa
1240:-ta
1236:-ka
1229:-se
1158:pui
1150:Ya-
1141:or
1125:Ya-
1110:Wa-
1108:or
1106:Ma-
1083:Huk
1075:Ima
1063:(I)
1024:Low
997:Mid
859:Low
826:Mid
579:tʃʰ
412:.
266:tta
250:tta
83:tta
68:IPA
1794::
1385:.
1360:.
1325:^
1291:,
1278:^
1186::
1166:,
1116:,
1097:.
1039:ãː
1016:õː
981:ĩː
874:aː
851:oː
837:eː
818:uː
804:iː
584:kʰ
574:tʰ
569:pʰ
543:tʃ
404:,
372:,
368:,
364:,
360:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
148:,
144:,
136:,
53:,
1613:–
1467:e
1460:t
1453:v
1396:.
1371:.
1319:.
1170:.
1152:(
1131:)
1127:(
1120:)
1034:ã
1011:õ
976:ĩ
869:a
846:o
832:e
813:u
799:i
685:j
678:w
658:l
636:n
631:m
617:h
612:x
607:ʃ
602:s
553:ʔ
548:k
538:t
533:p
314:–
299:.
98:)
94:(
90:.
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