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problems on the main routes into London. As trade increased, the growing numbers of heavy carts and carriages led to serious deterioration in the state of these roads and this could not be remedied by the use of parish statute labour. A parliamentary bill was tabled in 1621/22 to relieve the parishes responsible for part of the Great North Road by imposing a scale of tolls on various sorts of traffic. The toll revenue was to be used in repairing the road, however, the bill was defeated. During the following forty years, the idea of making travellers contribute to the repair of roads was raised on several occasions.
328:
200:
106:
2923:
781:
883:
560:
29:
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535:
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the right to collect tolls from those using the road was particularly important. Local gentlemen, clergy and merchants were nominated as trustees and they appointed a clerk, a treasurer and a surveyor to actually administer and maintain the highway. These officers were paid by the trust. Trustees were not paid, though they derived indirect benefits from the better transport, which improved access to markets and led to increases in rental income and trade.
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977:
496:
146:
523:. The basic principle was that the trustees would manage resources from the several parishes through which the highway passed, augment this with tolls from users from outside the parishes and apply the whole to the maintenance of the main highway. This became the pattern for the turnpiking of a growing number of highways, sought by those who wished to improve flow of commerce through their part of a county.
531:
of 20 cows. The trustees could call on a portion of the statute duty from the parishes, either as labour or by a cash payment. The trust applied the income to pay for labour and materials to maintain the road. They were also able to mortgage future tolls to raise loans for new structures and for more substantial improvements to the existing highway.
896:
The quality of early turnpike roads was varied. Although turnpiking did result in some improvement to each highway, the technologies used to deal with geological features, drainage, and the effects of weather, were all in their infancy. Road construction improved slowly, initially through the efforts
530:
The first action of a new trust was to erect turnpike gates at which a fixed toll was charged. The Act gave a maximum toll allowable for each class of vehicle or animal – for instance one shilling and six pence for a coach pulled by four horses, a penny for an unladen horse and ten pence for a drove
2850:
councils. When a trust was ended, there were often great celebrations as the gates were thrown open. The assets of the trust, such as tollhouses, gates and sections of surplus land beside the road were auctioned off to reduce the debt, and mortgagees were paid at whatever rate in the pound the funds
824:
along the turnpike roads indicating the distance between the main towns on the road. Users of the road were obliged to follow what were to become rules of the road, such as driving on the left and not damaging the road surface. Trusts could take additional tolls during the summer to pay for watering
571:
During the first three decades of the 18th century, sections of the main radial roads into London were put under the control of individual turnpike trusts. The pace at which new turnpikes were created picked up in the 1750s as trusts were formed to maintain the cross-routes between the Great Roads
526:
The proposal to turnpike a particular section of road was normally a local initiative and a separate Act of
Parliament was required to create each trust. The Act gave the trustees responsibility for maintaining a specified part of the existing highway. It provided them with powers to achieve this;
550:
The powers of a trust were limited, normally to 21 years, after which it was assumed that the responsibility for the now-improved road would be handed back to the parishes. However, trusts routinely sought new powers before this time limit, usually citing the need to pay off the debts incurred in
174:
to maintain all its roads. This arrangement was adequate for roads that the parishioners used themselves but proved unsatisfactory for the principal highways that were used by long-distance travellers and waggoners. During the 17th century, the piecemeal approach to road maintenance caused acute
576:
were turnpiked. In South Wales, the roads of complete counties were put under single turnpike trusts in the 1760s. A further surge of trust formation occurred in the 1770s, with the turnpiking of subsidiary connecting roads, routes over new bridges, new routes in the growing industrial areas and
2833:
The debts of many trusts became significant; forced mergers of solvent and debt-laden trusts became frequent, and by the 1870s it was feasible for
Parliament to close the trusts progressively without leaving an unacceptable financial burden on local communities. From 1871, all applications for
924:
from 45 hours to just 27 hours, and the best mail coach speeds rose from 5-6 mph (8–10 km/h) to 9-10 mph (14–16 km/h). McAdam and his sons were employed as general surveyors (consultant engineers) to many of the main turnpike trusts in southern
England. They recommended the
848:
By 1838 the turnpike trusts in
England were collecting £1.5 million per year from leasing the collection of tolls but had a cumulative debt of £7 million, mainly as mortgages. Even at its greatest extent, the turnpike system only administered a fifth of the roads in Britain; the majority being
546:
that accommodated the pikeman or toll-collector beside the turnpike gate. Although trusts initially organised the collection of tolls directly, it became common for them to auction a lease to collect tolls. Specialist toll-farmers would make a fixed payment to the trust for the lease and then
947:
The introduction of toll gates had been resented by local communities which had freely used the routes for centuries. Early Acts had given magistrates powers to punish anyone damaging turnpike property, such as defacing milestones, breaking turnpike gates or avoiding tolls. Opposition was
825:
the road in order to lay the dust thrown up by fast-moving vehicles. Parliament also passed a few general
Turnpike Acts dealing with the administration of the trusts and restrictions on the width of wheels – narrow wheels were said to cause a disproportionate amount of damage to the road.
2854:
The legacy of the turnpike trust is the network of roads that still form the framework of the main road system in
Britain. In addition, many roadside features such as milestones and tollhouses have survived, despite no longer having any function in the modern road management system.
828:
The rate at which new trusts were created slowed in the early 19th century but the existing trusts were making major investments in highway improvement. The government had been directly involved in the building of military roads in
Scotland following a
2813:
By the early
Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption.
581:. About 150 trusts were established by 1750; by 1772 a further 400 were established and, in 1800, there were over 700 trusts. In 1825 about 1,000 trusts controlled 18,000 miles (29,000 km) of road in England and Wales.
2906:
956:. There were sporadic outbursts of vandalism and violent confrontation by gangs of 50 to 100 or more local men, and gatekeepers were told that if they resisted they would be killed. In 1844, the ringleaders were caught and
459:. c. 1). The toll-gate erected at Wadesmill was the prototype in England. Parliament then gave similar powers to the justices in other counties in England and Wales. An example is the first Turnpike Act for Surrey, the
2834:
renewal were sent to the
Turnpike Trust Commission. This arranged for existing acts to continue, but with the objective of discharging the debt, and returning the roads to local administration, which was by then by
2825:
opened, the
Warrington and Lower Irlam Trust had receipts of £1,680 but, by 1834, this had fallen to £332. The Bolton and Blackburn Trust had an income of £3,998 in 1846, but in 1847 following the completion of a
2922:
925:
building of new sections of road to avoid obstructions, eased steep slopes and directed the relaying of existing road-beds with carefully graded stones to create a dry, fast-running surface (known as
714:
An Act to explain, amend, and reduce into One Act of Parliament, the General Laws now in being for regulating the Turnpike Roads in that Part of Great Britain called England; and for other Purposes.
1170:
An Act to continue for One Year from the passing of this Act, and thenceforth until the End of the then next Session of Parliament, the several Acts for regulating the Turnpike Roads in Ireland.
621:
An Act to explain, amend, and reduce into one Act of Parliament, the General Laws now in Being, for regulating the Turnpike Roads of this Kingdom; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.
2977:– describes the trusts which operated within Greater Manchester, from the 0.5 miles (800 m) long Little Lever Trust to the 22 miles (35 km) Manchester to Saltersbrook Trust.
160:
grants, originally made for paving the marketplace or streets of towns, began also to be used for maintaining some roads between towns in the 14th century. These grants were made by
137:
or bars, each sharpened at one end, and attached to horizontal members which were secured at one end to an upright pole or axle, which could be rotated to open or close the gate.
2821:
spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts. Although some trusts in districts not served by railways managed to increase revenue, most did not. In 1829, the year before the
487:, and appoint toll collectors; also to appoint surveyors, who were authorized by order of the justices to borrow money at five per cent interest, on security of the tolls.
2866:
1245:
An Act to continue to the First Day of October One thousand eight hundred and forty-six, and to the End of the then next Session of Parliament, certain Turnpike Acts.
1554:
765:
67:
from the 17th but especially during the 18th and 19th centuries. At the peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts administered around 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of
789:
1599:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts, and to make further provisions concerning Turnpike Roads.
1513:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts, and to make further provisions concerning Turnpike Roads.
1418:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts, and to make further Provisions concerning Turnpike Roads.
865:
over the Thames), most bridges remained a county responsibility. A few bridges were built with private funds and tolls taken at these (e.g., the present
123:
The term "turnpike" originates from the similarity of the gate used to control access to the road, to the barriers once used to defend against attack by
788:
The acts of Parliament for these new trusts and the renewal acts for the earlier trusts incorporated a growing list of powers and responsibilities. The
3265:
861:
in Wiltshire would pass through the jurisdiction of seven trusts, paying a toll at the gates of each. Although a few trusts built new bridges (e.g. at
2894:
4054:
1940:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
1845:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
1765:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
849:
maintained by the parishes. A trust would typically be responsible for about 20 miles (32 km) of highway, although exceptions such as the
572:
radiating from London. Roads leading into some provincial towns, particularly in Western England, were put under single trusts and key roads in
419:
petitioned their local sessions for help to maintain their section of the Great North Road. Probably as a result judges on the Hertfordshire,
4049:
1670:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts, and for other purposes connected therewith.
2042:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for purposes connected therewith.
3486:
3378:
2878:
960:
to Australia as convicts. However, the result was that toll gates were dismantled and the trusts abolished in the six counties of
56:
2246:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes con nected therewith.
2755:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2684:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2589:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2518:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2419:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2324:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2144:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2760:
2689:
2594:
2523:
2424:
2329:
2251:
2149:
2047:
1945:
1850:
1770:
1675:
1604:
1518:
1423:
1345:
1250:
1175:
1045:
719:
626:
350:
222:
3757:
3738:
3683:
3620:
3601:
2974:
1057:
1051:
1022:
1016:
3077:
1039:
1033:
984:
153:
near Highgate on the approach to London before turnpiking. The highway was deeply rutted and spread onto adjoining land.
784:
Roadside sign marking boundary between parish and turnpike trust responsibility, Christchurch Road East, Frome, Somerset
4026:
4011:
3996:
3981:
3966:
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3816:
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3475:
3447:
19:
This article is about road tolls in the United Kingdom between the 17th to 19th centuries. For other toll roads, see
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organise the day-to-day collection of the money, leaving themselves with a profit on their operations over a year.
150:
74:
During the early 19th century the concept of the turnpike trust was adopted and adapted to manage roads within the
3790:
3386:
The Online Historical Atlas of Transport, Urbanization and Economic Development in England and Wales c. 1680-1911
345:
An Act for repairing the High-way betweene Ryegate in the County of Surrey & Crawley in the County of Sussex.
164:, almost invariably for a limited term, presumably the time likely to be required to pay for the required works.
3952:"View of London No. 1. Entrance of Piccadilly or Hyde Park Corner Turnpike, with a View of St George's Hospital"
2990:
1888:
388:
2968:
2798:
2632:
2462:
2367:
2187:
2085:
1983:
1793:
1713:
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898:
886:
286:
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2980:
2957:
2913:
1028:
4027:"Views of London No. 6. Entrance from Hackney or Cambridge Heath Turnpike with a distant view of St Pauls"
3527:
2984:
2951:
701:
608:
507:
The first scheme that had trustees who were not justices was established through a Turnpike Act in 1706 (
455:
for 11 years, the revenues so raised to be used for the maintenance of the road in their jurisdictions (
3127:
845:, and the construction of large sections of new road to avoid hindrances, particularly in North Wales.
3967:"Views of London No.2 Entrance of St Georges Road or the Obelisk Turnpike with a View of Royal Circus"
2839:
168:
86:
3881:
2279:
2201:
2099:
1997:
64:
300:
917:
842:
830:
1373:
3982:"Views of London No. 3. Entrance of Tottenham Court Road Turnpike Road with a view of St James"
3913:
3515:
Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Session 1952-1953
3401:
Harvey, Edward (2010). "Pavage grants and urban street paving in medieval England, 1249-1462".
3139:
564:
472:
440:
416:
3997:"Views of London No. 4. Entrance of Oxford Street or Tyburn Turnpike with a view of Park Lane"
415:
for their failure to keep the Old North Road in a good state of repair. In 1656 the parish of
3926:
2750:
2679:
2584:
2513:
2414:
2319:
2241:
2139:
2037:
1935:
1840:
1760:
1665:
1594:
1508:
1413:
1335:
1240:
1165:
709:
616:
340:
332:
212:
204:
105:
78:(Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa) and in the United States.
3901:
551:
repairing damage caused by a rising volume of traffic, or in building new sections of road.
217:
An Act for repairing the Highwayes within the Countyes of Hertford Cambridge and Huntington.
3287:
957:
929:). Coach design improved to take advantage of these better roads and in 1843 the London-to-
866:
853:
Turnpike Trust controlled 147 miles (237 km) of roads radiating from the city. On the
500:
432:
3184:
8:
3938:
113:
988:
3860:
3552:
3426:
2827:
1048:(Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Norfolk, Suffolk)
910:
117:
1036:(Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland)
3812:
3753:
3734:
3679:
3635:
3616:
3597:
3578:
3559:
3471:
3443:
3430:
3418:
1461:
1054:(Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex, Oxfordshire, Surrey, Sussex)
428:
250:
33:
3889:
3410:
2933:
2765:
2694:
2599:
2528:
2429:
2334:
2256:
2154:
2052:
1950:
1855:
1775:
1680:
1609:
1523:
1428:
1350:
833:
in 1745, but the first national initiative was a scheme to aid communications with
512:
468:
355:
4031:
4016:
4001:
3986:
3971:
3956:
520:
452:
424:
412:
129:
3491:. Accounts and Papers: Turnpike Roads: Volume XLIV. London: HM Stationery Office
2847:
2843:
2818:
1255:
1180:
906:
838:
444:
420:
403:
Many parishes continued to struggle to find funds to repair major roads and in
161:
94:
90:
75:
28:
2900:
A surviving milestone at Beedon on the Chilton Pond to Newtown River Turnpike.
948:
particularly intense in mountainous regions where good routes were scarce. In
882:
4043:
3422:
2835:
953:
942:
858:
559:
404:
134:
82:
71:
in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates and side-bars.
841:
undertook a major reorganization of the existing trusts along the London to
3488:
Turnpike Trusts: County Reports of the Secretary of State: Number 2. Surrey
2778:
2707:
2612:
2541:
2442:
2347:
2269:
2167:
2065:
1963:
1868:
1693:
1622:
1536:
1441:
1363:
1268:
1193:
890:
862:
737:
644:
368:
240:
3676:
The Turnpike Roads of Devon in 1840: Detailed Lists of the Roads With Maps
2971:– an 18th century orbital route that linked other turnpikes around London.
2916:
at Gargrave: Settle 10 3/4, Kendal 40, Skipton 4 ¾ and Keighley 14 miles.
961:
187:
Road Repair (Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire) Act 1663
3414:
1042:(Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire)
534:
4012:"Views of London No. 5. Entrance from Mile End or Whitechapel Turnpike"
3459:
Transport and Economy: the turnpike roads of eighteenth century England
2830:
between the two towns, this had fallen to £3,077 and, in 1849, £1,185.
921:
543:
484:
408:
41:
3377:
Bogart, Dan (2017). Shaw-Taylor, L.; Bogart, D.; Satchell, M. (eds.).
780:
949:
933:
mail coach could complete the 170-mile (270-km) journey in 17 hours.
902:
854:
821:
817:
793:
724:
516:
456:
436:
227:
60:
45:
44:
Turnpike Trust. This was the first toll point encountered along the
20:
3529:
English local Government: Statutory Authorities for Special Purpose
964:, their powers being transferred to a roads board for each county.
905:
in the 1760s. 19th-century engineers made great advances, notably
805:
631:
578:
495:
2954:– for a wider perspective on preceding and succeeding arrangements
567:
to Rollright Turnpike Trust on the Great Road to Worcester in 1751
3110:
3108:
2937:
2885:
926:
834:
480:
476:
448:
124:
16:
Bodies established to run toll roads and improve transport routes
427:
circuit represented the matter to Parliament, it then passed an
145:
3914:"Map showing Toll Posts and milestones around Cirencester Park"
2929:
2793:
2627:
2457:
2362:
2182:
2080:
1978:
1883:
1788:
1708:
1456:
1283:
1060:(Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire)
930:
850:
760:
659:
508:
383:
281:
171:
157:
37:
3869:
3720:
Jenkinson, T. (August 2011). "Turnpikes and Toll-collectors".
3660:. Nottingham: Nottinghamshire County Council Leisure Services.
3338:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3105:
952:
in 1839, new tolls on old roads sparked protests known as the
3198:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
573:
435:
powers to erect toll-gates on a section of the road, between
3513:
Tupling, G. H. (1952). "The Turnpike Trusts of Lancashire".
3713:
The Old Roads of South Herefordshire - Trackway to Turnpike
3146:
2993:– the turnpike across the Pennines to the port of Lancaster
3165:
3086:
1340:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain.
857:
for instance, a traveller from London to the head of the
3784:
3701:
3043:
3839:. The Discover Dorset series. Wimborne: Dovecote Press.
3021:
3019:
3222:
3082:. Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies. 1540–1886.
3055:
820:. c. 84) made statutory provision for the erection of
503:
Turnpike Trust on the Great Road to Gloucester in 1738
3658:
Coaching Days – The Turnpike Roads of Nottinghamshire
3318:
3884:. University of Portsmouth, Department of Geography.
3306:
3210:
3016:
1082:
Abergavenny to Llanvihangel Crucorney Turnpike Trust
920:
in the 1820s reduced the journey time of the London
554:
3846:
Road Transport in Cumbria in the nineteenth century
3031:
3667:The Turnpike Roads of Leicestershire & Rutland
3551:
3484:
3114:
2842:gave responsibility for maintaining main roads to
411:on behalf of the vestries stood frequent trial at
89:gave responsibility for maintaining main roads to
3785:Quatermaine, J.; Trinder, B.; Turner, R. (2003).
3288:"Rhayader and the Elan Valley: The Rebecca riots"
167:Tudor statutes had placed responsibility on each
4041:
1007:These are incomplete lists of trusts by county.
140:
3747:
3728:
3591:
1025:(Cheshire, Cumberland, Lancashire, Westmorland)
872:
3594:Turnpike Roads for Local and Family Historians
2936:Turnpike Road. The dust is thrown up from the
2872:Poster advertising the letting of tolls, 1826.
3809:The Sheffield and Chesterfield to Derby Roads
3554:The Turnpike Road System in England 1663–1840
3367:
3204:
2884:The surviving Copper Castle Tollhouse on the
563:The schedule of maximum tolls allowed on the
538:Map of the Turnpike Tollgates in London 1801.
490:
3769:The Great North Road - A Journey in History
483:in Sussex. The act made provision to erect
3072:
3070:
542:The trusts applied some funds to erecting
3719:
3379:"The Turnpike Roads of England and Wales"
2725:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1885
2654:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1884
2559:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1883
2486:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1882
2389:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1881
2294:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1880
2216:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1879
2114:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1878
2012:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1877
1910:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1876
1815:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1875
1735:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1874
1640:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1873
1569:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1872
1483:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1871
1388:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1870
1310:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1851
3924:
3843:
3797:
3775:
3695:Turnpikes & Tollhouses in Lancashire
3572:
3525:
3508:(Limited ed.). Hutchinson & Co.
3159:
3099:
1128:
881:
779:
558:
533:
499:The front page of the Act to create the
494:
144:
104:
27:
3870:"Turnpike Roads in England & Wales"
3692:
3664:
3655:
3543:
3512:
3339:"Turnpike Roads in England & Wales"
3324:
3067:
3037:
916:The engineering work of Telford on the
133:). The turnpike consisted of a row of
63:for maintaining the principal roads in
4055:Transport policy in the United Kingdom
4042:
3825:
3766:
3710:
3629:
3549:
3503:
3456:
3400:
3376:
3228:
3171:
3061:
3049:
3025:
1046:Turnpike trusts in the East of England
3939:"Table of turnpike trusts in Ireland"
3882:"Timeline of British Turnpike Trusts"
3834:
3806:
3673:
3649:
3577:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
3526:Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1922).
3465:
3440:The Sutton Companion to Local History
3437:
3312:
3216:
2975:Turnpike trusts in Greater Manchester
2960:– the London–Aylesbury turnpike road.
2280:Text of statute as originally enacted
2202:Text of statute as originally enacted
2100:Text of statute as originally enacted
1998:Text of statute as originally enacted
1374:Text of statute as originally enacted
1058:Turnpike trusts in South West England
1052:Turnpike trusts in South East England
1023:Turnpike trusts in North West England
1017:Turnpike trusts in North East England
301:Text of statute as originally enacted
4050:Turnpike roads in the United Kingdom
3867:
3610:
3336:
3120:
1040:Turnpike trusts in the West Midlands
1034:Turnpike trusts in the East Midlands
971:
3848:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
3368:Bateman, J.; Welsby, W. N. (1854).
3330:
463:Surrey and Sussex Highways Act 1696
315:Surrey and Sussex Highways Act 1696
13:
4024:
4009:
3994:
3979:
3964:
3949:
3811:. Sheffield: privately published.
3729:Jenkinson, T.; Taylor, P. (2010).
3575:Roads and their Traffic, 1750–1850
3538:
1213:Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1845
1140:Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1840
967:
837:. Between 1815 and 1826
511:c. 4) for a section of the London-
14:
4066:
3943:University of Southampton Library
3925:Rosevear, Alan (September 2010).
3853:
3748:Jenkinson, T; Taylor, P. (2009).
3702:Gloucester Record Office (1976).
3532:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
555:The growth of the turnpike system
55:were bodies set up by individual
3918:britishlibrary.georeferencer.com
3800:Roads in the Upper Thames Valley
3468:Record Sources for Local History
3403:The Journal of Transport History
2964:Sheffield to Hathersage Turnpike
2921:
2905:
2893:
2877:
2865:
2823:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
2743:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2736:
2672:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2665:
2577:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2570:
2506:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2499:
2407:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2400:
2312:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2305:
2234:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2227:
2132:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2125:
2030:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2023:
1928:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1921:
1833:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1826:
1753:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1746:
1658:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1651:
1587:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1580:
1501:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1494:
1406:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1399:
1328:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1321:
1233:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1226:
1158:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1151:
1069:
975:
936:
897:of individual surveyors such as
695:
602:
326:
198:
3791:Council for British Archaeology
3360:
3280:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3177:
1019:(County Durham, Northumberland)
3828:The Military Roads in Scotland
3787:Thomas Telford's Holyhead Road
3750:The Toll-houses of South Devon
3731:The Toll-houses of North Devon
3558:. Cambridge University Press.
3370:The General Turnpike Road Acts
3004:
2991:Richmond to Lancaster Turnpike
1889:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1981
471:. c. 15), during the reign of
389:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2013
59:, with powers to collect road
1:
3372:. London: Hedges & Smith.
3292:Powys Digital History Project
2997:
2969:Hatfield and Reading Turnpike
2799:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
2633:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
2463:Statute Law Revision Act 1894
2368:Statute Law Revision Act 1894
2188:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
2086:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
1984:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
1794:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
1714:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
1289:Statute Law Revision Act 1875
475:for enhanced repairs between
287:Statute Law Revision Act 1948
141:Precursors to turnpike trusts
3927:"Table of English Turnpikes"
3890:"Key dates in Road Building"
3592:Holroyd-Doveton, E. (2016).
3409:(2). London: Sage: 151–163.
2981:Keighley and Kendal Turnpike
2958:Sparrows Herne Turnpike Road
2914:Keighley and Kendal Turnpike
1029:Turnpike trusts in Yorkshire
873:Operation of turnpike trusts
515:road between Fornhill (near
100:
81:Turnpikes declined with the
7:
3706:. Gloucester Record Office.
3485:Secretary of State (1852).
3205:Bateman & Welsby (1854)
2952:Toll roads in Great Britain
2945:
1111:
702:Parliament of Great Britain
609:Parliament of Great Britain
10:
4071:
3837:Roads Tracks and Turnpikes
3830:. Argyll: House of Lochar.
3669:. Leicester: Kairos Press.
3634:. Shire Publications Ltd.
3079:Records of Turnpike Trusts
2858:
2718:United Kingdom legislation
2647:United Kingdom legislation
2552:United Kingdom legislation
2477:United Kingdom legislation
2382:United Kingdom legislation
2287:United Kingdom legislation
2209:United Kingdom legislation
2107:United Kingdom legislation
2005:United Kingdom legislation
1903:United Kingdom legislation
1808:United Kingdom legislation
1728:United Kingdom legislation
1633:United Kingdom legislation
1562:United Kingdom legislation
1476:United Kingdom legislation
1381:United Kingdom legislation
1303:United Kingdom legislation
1204:United Kingdom legislation
1133:United Kingdom legislation
1123:Dublin to Dunleer Turnpike
1116:
1097:New Passage Turnpike Trust
1079:Abergavenny Turnpike Trust
1010:
940:
918:Holyhead Road (now the A5)
877:
677:United Kingdom legislation
584:United Kingdom legislation
308:United Kingdom legislation
180:United Kingdom legislation
18:
3704:Gloucester Turnpike Roads
3115:Secretary of State (1852)
2928:A stagecoach approaching
2840:Local Government Act 1888
2804:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2759:
2749:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2706:
2701:
2688:
2678:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2638:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2593:
2583:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2540:
2535:
2522:
2512:
2498:
2493:
2482:
2468:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2423:
2413:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2373:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2328:
2318:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2250:
2240:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2200:
2193:
2181:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2148:
2138:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2098:
2091:
2079:
2074:
2064:
2059:
2046:
2036:
2022:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1989:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1944:
1934:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1894:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1862:
1849:
1839:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1799:
1787:
1782:
1769:
1759:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1719:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1674:
1664:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1621:
1616:
1603:
1593:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1550:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1517:
1507:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1467:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1422:
1412:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1334:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1249:
1239:
1225:
1220:
1209:
1192:
1187:
1174:
1164:
1150:
1145:
1138:
771:
759:
751:
746:
736:
731:
718:
708:
694:
689:
682:
668:
658:
653:
643:
638:
625:
615:
601:
596:
589:
491:The first turnpike trusts
394:
382:
377:
367:
362:
349:
339:
325:
320:
313:
299:
292:
280:
275:
267:
259:
249:
239:
234:
221:
211:
197:
192:
185:
87:Local Government Act 1888
3844:Williams, L. A. (1975).
3611:Ward, M & A (2011).
3185:"Old Hampshire remapped"
3128:"House of Lords Journal"
1103:Pontypool Turnpike Trust
1064:
3678:. privately published.
3506:Turnpikes and Toll Bars
3438:Friar, Stephen (2001).
3294:. Powys County Archives
2983:– the turnpike through
1555:Wilts Highways Act 1707
1094:Monmouth Turnpike Trust
1091:Chepstow Turnpike Trust
1085:Bigsweir Turnpike Trust
1076:Abercarn Turnpike Trust
812:Turnpike Roads Act 1773
800:Turnpike Roads Act 1766
766:Turnpike Roads Act 1822
755:Turnpike Roads Act 1766
684:Turnpike Roads Act 1773
664:Turnpike Roads Act 1773
591:Turnpike Roads Act 1766
3802:. privately published.
3778:The Great Road to Bath
3697:. privately published.
3630:Wright, G. N. (1992).
3470:. B. T. Batsford Ltd.
3466:Riden, Philip (1987).
3388:. Cambridge University
3255:, 1840, Vol 256 xxvii.
3160:Webb & Webb (1922)
3140:British History Online
3100:Webb & Webb (1922)
3013:, 1840, Vol 280 xxvii.
1100:Newport Turnpike Trust
1088:Carleon Turnpike Trust
893:
785:
568:
539:
504:
417:Radwell, Hertfordshire
154:
120:
83:coming of the railways
49:
48:, upon leaving London.
3902:"Tollgates of London"
3798:Rosevear, A. (1995).
3776:Phillips, D. (1983).
3573:Copeland, J. (1968).
3442:. Sutton Publishing.
2940:surface. Early 1800s.
1129:The end of the system
885:
783:
562:
537:
498:
433:justices of the peace
333:Parliament of England
205:Parliament of England
148:
108:
31:
3861:"British Tollhouses"
3780:. Countryside Books.
3771:. London: Macmillan.
3722:Family Tree Magazine
3693:Freethy, R. (1986).
3665:Cossons, A. (2003).
3656:Cossons, A. (1994).
3544:General publications
3266:"The Turnpike Trust"
3253:Parliamentary Papers
3241:Parliamentary Papers
3174:, pp. 341, 260.
3011:Parliamentary Papers
989:adding missing items
889:(Old Toll House) at
867:Swinford Toll Bridge
431:that gave the local
3826:Taylor, W. (1996).
3767:Morley, F. (1961).
3711:Hurley, H. (1992).
3550:Albert, W. (1972).
3504:Searle, M. (1930).
3457:Pawson, E. (1977).
3415:10.7227/TJTH.31.2.3
3162:, pp. 159–165.
3102:, pp. 157–159.
790:Kent Roads Act 1743
118:American Civil War
114:Siege of Petersburg
3835:Viner, D. (2007).
3807:Smith, H. (2003).
3752:. Polystar Press.
3733:. Polystar Press.
3715:. The Pound House.
3674:Ebdon, M. (2014).
3650:Local publications
3130:. pp. 270–273
3052:, p. 151-163.
1106:Usk Turnpike Trust
987:; you can help by
911:John Loudon McAdam
894:
869:over the Thames).
786:
569:
540:
505:
155:
121:
57:acts of Parliament
50:
3759:978-1-907154-01-0
3740:978-1-907154-03-4
3685:978-0-9930072-0-0
3622:978-1-907110-18-4
3603:978-1-684191-25-3
2811:
2810:
2788:Other legislation
2766:48 & 49 Vict.
2731:Act of Parliament
2716:
2715:
2695:47 & 48 Vict.
2660:Act of Parliament
2645:
2644:
2622:Other legislation
2600:46 & 47 Vict.
2565:Act of Parliament
2550:
2549:
2529:45 & 46 Vict.
2494:Act of Parliament
2475:
2474:
2452:Other legislation
2430:44 & 45 Vict.
2395:Act of Parliament
2380:
2379:
2357:Other legislation
2335:43 & 44 Vict.
2300:Act of Parliament
2285:
2284:
2257:42 & 43 Vict.
2222:Act of Parliament
2207:
2206:
2177:Other legislation
2155:41 & 42 Vict.
2120:Act of Parliament
2105:
2104:
2075:Other legislation
2053:40 & 41 Vict.
2018:Act of Parliament
2003:
2002:
1973:Other legislation
1951:39 & 40 Vict.
1916:Act of Parliament
1901:
1900:
1878:Other legislation
1856:38 & 39 Vict.
1821:Act of Parliament
1806:
1805:
1783:Other legislation
1776:37 & 38 Vict.
1741:Act of Parliament
1726:
1725:
1703:Other legislation
1681:36 & 37 Vict.
1646:Act of Parliament
1631:
1630:
1610:35 & 36 Vict.
1575:Act of Parliament
1560:
1559:
1546:Other legislation
1524:34 & 35 Vict.
1489:Act of Parliament
1474:
1473:
1462:Highways Act 1959
1451:Other legislation
1429:33 & 34 Vict.
1394:Act of Parliament
1379:
1378:
1351:14 & 15 Vict.
1316:Act of Parliament
1301:
1300:
1278:Other legislation
1221:Act of Parliament
1202:
1201:
1146:Act of Parliament
1005:
1004:
808:. c. 40) and the
778:
777:
747:Other legislation
690:Act of Parliament
675:
674:
654:Other legislation
597:Act of Parliament
469:8 & 9 Will. 3
439:, Hertfordshire;
401:
400:
378:Other legislation
356:8 & 9 Will. 3
321:Act of Parliament
306:
305:
276:Other legislation
193:Act of Parliament
40:, erected by the
4062:
4036:
4021:
4006:
3991:
3976:
3961:
3946:
3934:
3931:turnpikes.org.uk
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3877:
3874:turnpikes.org.uk
3868:Rosevear, Alan.
3864:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3803:
3794:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3744:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3670:
3661:
3645:
3626:
3615:. Medlar Press.
3607:
3596:. Digger Press.
3588:
3569:
3557:
3533:
3522:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3481:
3462:
3453:
3434:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3343:turnpikes.org.uk
3337:Rosevear, Alan.
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3272:. Archived from
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3231:, pp. 1–32.
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3207:, pp. 3, 8.
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3064:, p. 70–71.
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3014:
3008:
2925:
2912:Milepost on the
2909:
2897:
2881:
2869:
2806:Status: Repealed
2740:
2739:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2669:
2668:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2640:Status: Repealed
2574:
2573:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2503:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2470:Status: Repealed
2404:
2403:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2375:Status: Repealed
2309:
2308:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2231:
2230:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2195:Status: Repealed
2129:
2128:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2093:Status: Repealed
2027:
2026:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1991:Status: Repealed
1925:
1924:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1896:Status: Repealed
1830:
1829:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1801:Status: Repealed
1750:
1749:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1721:Status: Repealed
1655:
1654:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1498:
1497:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1469:Status: Repealed
1403:
1402:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1296:Status: Repealed
1230:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1155:
1154:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1000:
997:
979:
978:
972:
814:
813:
802:
801:
773:Status: Repealed
699:
698:
685:
680:
679:
670:Status: Repealed
606:
605:
592:
587:
586:
465:
464:
413:quarter sessions
396:Status: Repealed
330:
329:
316:
311:
310:
294:Status: Repealed
263:17 February 1674
255:18 February 1663
202:
201:
188:
183:
182:
151:Great North Road
110:Chevaux de frise
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4040:
4039:
4032:British Library
4025:Wright, Colin.
4017:British Library
4010:Wright, Colin.
4002:British Library
3995:Wright, Colin.
3987:British Library
3980:Wright, Colin.
3972:British Library
3965:Wright, Colin.
3957:British Library
3950:Wright, Colin.
3937:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3880:
3859:
3856:
3819:
3760:
3741:
3686:
3652:
3642:
3623:
3604:
3585:
3566:
3546:
3541:
3539:Further reading
3536:
3494:
3492:
3478:
3450:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3276:on 25 May 2014.
3270:Schools History
3264:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3243:, 1840, Vol 289
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3147:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3087:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2948:
2941:
2926:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2898:
2889:
2882:
2873:
2870:
2861:
2844:county councils
2807:
2745:
2737:
2724:
2719:
2674:
2666:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2579:
2571:
2558:
2553:
2508:
2500:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2409:
2401:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2314:
2306:
2293:
2288:
2236:
2228:
2215:
2210:
2196:
2134:
2126:
2113:
2108:
2094:
2032:
2024:
2011:
2006:
1992:
1930:
1922:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1835:
1827:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1755:
1747:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1660:
1652:
1639:
1634:
1589:
1581:
1568:
1563:
1551:Repeals/revokes
1503:
1495:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1408:
1400:
1387:
1382:
1330:
1322:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1256:8 & 9 Vict.
1235:
1227:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1181:3 & 4 Vict.
1160:
1152:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1072:
1067:
1013:
1001:
995:
992:
976:
970:
968:Turnpike trusts
945:
939:
887:The Round House
880:
875:
811:
810:
799:
798:
774:
752:Repeals/revokes
704:
696:
683:
678:
671:
611:
603:
590:
585:
557:
521:Stony Stratford
493:
462:
461:
453:Huntingdonshire
425:Huntingdonshire
397:
335:
327:
314:
309:
295:
207:
199:
186:
181:
143:
130:cheval de frise
103:
91:county councils
53:Turnpike trusts
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4038:
4037:
4022:
4007:
3992:
3977:
3962:
3947:
3935:
3922:
3910:
3906:Georgian Index
3898:
3886:
3878:
3865:
3855:
3854:External links
3852:
3851:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3817:
3804:
3795:
3789:. Report 135.
3782:
3773:
3764:
3758:
3745:
3739:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3684:
3671:
3662:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3632:Turnpike Roads
3627:
3621:
3613:The Toll House
3608:
3602:
3589:
3583:
3570:
3564:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3523:
3510:
3501:
3482:
3476:
3463:
3454:
3448:
3435:
3398:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3329:
3325:Tupling (1952)
3317:
3315:, p. 139.
3305:
3279:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3219:, p. 276.
3209:
3197:
3176:
3164:
3145:
3119:
3104:
3085:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3038:Tupling (1952)
3030:
3028:, p. 798.
3015:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2848:county borough
2836:highway boards
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:18 August 1882
2544:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2447:11 August 1881
2445:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2397:
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2297:
2296:
2286:
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2276:
2275:
2274:11 August 1879
2272:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2248:
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2238:
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2232:
2224:
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2208:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2194:
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2190:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:16 August 1878
2170:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
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2136:
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2130:
2122:
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2102:
2096:
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2072:
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2070:14 August 1877
2068:
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2057:
2056:
2050:
2044:
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2034:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:11 August 1876
1966:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1875:
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1873:11 August 1875
1871:
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1668:
1662:
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1629:
1628:
1627:10 August 1872
1625:
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1607:
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1597:
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1543:
1542:
1541:21 August 1871
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1468:
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1199:
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1168:
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1127:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
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1101:
1098:
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1063:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
982:
980:
969:
966:
941:Main article:
938:
935:
907:Thomas Telford
879:
876:
874:
871:
839:Thomas Telford
776:
775:
772:
769:
768:
763:
757:
756:
753:
749:
748:
744:
743:
740:
734:
733:
729:
728:
722:
716:
715:
712:
706:
705:
700:
692:
691:
687:
686:
676:
673:
672:
669:
666:
665:
662:
656:
655:
651:
650:
647:
641:
640:
636:
635:
629:
623:
622:
619:
613:
612:
607:
599:
598:
594:
593:
583:
556:
553:
492:
489:
479:in Surrey and
445:Cambridgeshire
421:Cambridgeshire
399:
398:
395:
392:
391:
386:
380:
379:
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
360:
359:
353:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
331:
323:
322:
318:
317:
307:
304:
303:
297:
296:
293:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:
247:
246:
243:
237:
236:
232:
231:
225:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
203:
195:
194:
190:
189:
179:
162:letters patent
142:
139:
102:
99:
95:county borough
76:British Empire
34:Hyde Park Gate
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4067:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:The Potteries
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3818:0-9521541-5-3
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3641:0-7478-0155-X
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3584:0-7153-4219-3
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3565:0-521-03391-8
3561:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3477:0-7134-4726-5
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3449:0-7509-2723-2
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3327:, p. 18.
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3229:Bogart (2017)
3225:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3172:Pawson (1977)
3168:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3063:
3062:Pawson (1977)
3058:
3051:
3050:Harvey (2010)
3046:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3026:Searle (1930)
3022:
3020:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2851:would allow.
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2712:7 August 1884
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:2 August 1883
2616:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2481:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:2 August 1880
2351:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2009:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:5 August 1873
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:9 August 1870
1445:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1208:
1198:4 August 1840
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:Monmouthshire
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
999:
990:
986:
983:This list is
981:
974:
973:
965:
963:
959:
955:
954:Rebecca Riots
951:
944:
943:Rebecca Riots
937:Social impact
934:
932:
928:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
888:
884:
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:Thames Valley
856:
852:
846:
844:
843:Holyhead Road
840:
836:
832:
826:
823:
819:
815:
807:
803:
796:. c. 4), the
795:
791:
782:
770:
767:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
723:
721:
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
693:
688:
681:
667:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
646:
642:
637:
633:
630:
628:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
600:
595:
588:
582:
580:
575:
566:
561:
552:
548:
545:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
497:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Hertfordshire
393:
390:
387:
385:
381:
376:
372:
370:
366:
361:
357:
354:
352:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
324:
319:
312:
302:
298:
291:
288:
285:
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
242:
238:
233:
229:
226:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
206:
196:
191:
184:
178:
176:
173:
170:
165:
163:
159:
152:
147:
138:
136:
132:
131:
126:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
96:
92:
88:
85:and then the
84:
79:
77:
72:
70:
69:turnpike road
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4030:
4015:
4000:
3985:
3970:
3955:
3942:
3930:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3873:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3808:
3799:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3749:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3675:
3666:
3657:
3631:
3612:
3593:
3574:
3553:
3528:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3487:
3467:
3458:
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3390:. Retrieved
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3361:Bibliography
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
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3313:Riden (1987)
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3291:
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3274:the original
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3217:Friar (2001)
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3117:, p. 4.
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2783:31 July 1885
2779:Royal assent
2708:Royal assent
2613:Royal assent
2542:Royal assent
2443:Royal assent
2348:Royal assent
2270:Royal assent
2168:Royal assent
2066:Royal assent
1964:Royal assent
1869:Royal assent
1694:Royal assent
1623:Royal assent
1537:Royal assent
1442:Royal assent
1368:24 July 1851
1364:Royal assent
1273:31 July 1845
1269:Royal assent
1194:Royal assent
1006:
993:
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927:Macadamising
915:
899:John Metcalf
895:
891:Stanton Drew
863:Shillingford
847:
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738:Royal assent
649:29 June 1767
645:Royal assent
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373:1 April 1697
369:Royal assent
271:30 July 1948
251:Commencement
241:Royal assent
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3348:22 December
3298:19 February
2938:Macadamised
2819:railway era
2794:Repealed by
2628:Repealed by
2458:Repealed by
2363:Repealed by
2183:Repealed by
2081:Repealed by
1979:Repealed by
1884:Repealed by
1789:Repealed by
1709:Repealed by
1457:Repealed by
1284:Repealed by
962:South Wales
958:transported
761:Repealed by
742:1 July 1773
660:Repealed by
473:William III
409:way wardens
384:Repealed by
282:Repealed by
245:3 June 1663
4044:Categories
3392:4 February
2998:References
2932:along the
2751:Long title
2680:Long title
2585:Long title
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985:incomplete
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822:milestones
710:Long title
617:Long title
544:tollhouses
341:Long title
213:Long title
97:councils.
42:Kensington
3431:167347539
3423:0022-5266
2888:Turnpike.
950:Mid Wales
903:Yorkshire
855:Bath Road
831:rebellion
818:13 Geo. 3
794:17 Geo. 2
725:13 Geo. 3
577:roads in
565:Woodstock
517:Hockliffe
485:turnpikes
457:15 Cha. 2
437:Wadesmill
228:15 Cha. 2
101:Etymology
46:Bath Road
21:Toll road
2946:See also
2761:Citation
2690:Citation
2595:Citation
2524:Citation
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1858:c. cxciv
1851:Citation
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1251:Citation
1176:Citation
1112:Scotland
996:May 2023
806:7 Geo. 3
720:Citation
632:7 Geo. 3
627:Citation
579:Scotland
351:Citation
268:Repealed
223:Citation
3495:14 July
3190:4 April
2886:Honiton
2859:Gallery
2828:railway
1117:Ireland
1011:England
878:Quality
835:Ireland
727:. c. 84
634:. c. 40
513:Chester
501:Fyfield
481:Crawley
477:Reigate
449:Stilton
358:. c. 15
260:Expired
125:cavalry
65:Britain
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2985:Craven
2934:Henley
2930:Oxford
2838:. The
1526:c. 115
931:Exeter
851:Exeter
519:) and
509:6 Ann.
447:; and
441:Caxton
230:. c. 1
172:vestry
169:parish
158:Pavage
38:London
3427:S2CID
3382:(PDF)
2773:Dates
2768:c. 37
2702:Dates
2697:c. 52
2607:Dates
2602:c. 21
2536:Dates
2531:c. 52
2437:Dates
2432:c. 31
2342:Dates
2337:c. 12
2264:Dates
2259:c. 46
2162:Dates
2157:c. 62
2060:Dates
2055:c. 64
1958:Dates
1953:c. 39
1863:Dates
1778:c. 95
1688:Dates
1683:c. 90
1617:Dates
1612:c. 85
1531:Dates
1436:Dates
1431:c. 73
1358:Dates
1353:c. 37
1263:Dates
1258:c. 53
1188:Dates
1183:c. 45
1065:Wales
732:Dates
639:Dates
574:Wales
363:Dates
235:Dates
135:pikes
127:(see
61:tolls
3813:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3735:ISBN
3680:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3617:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3579:ISBN
3560:ISBN
3497:2011
3472:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3419:ISSN
3394:2023
3350:2012
3300:2023
3192:2023
3136:2023
2846:and
2817:The
909:and
423:and
149:The
93:and
32:The
3411:doi
991:.
901:in
429:act
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