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in Nova Scotia prohibited the submission of students' academic work to
Turnitin.com and any software that requires students' work to become part of an external database where other parties might have access to it. This decision was granted after the students' union alerted the university community of
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Lawyers for the company claim that student work is covered under the theory of implied license to evaluate, since it would be pointless to write the essays if they were not meant to be graded. That implied license, the lawyers argue, thus grants
Turnitin permission to copy, reproduce and preserve the
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declined, in 2004, to submit his academic work to
Turnitin. The University Senate eventually ruled that Rosenfeld's assignments were to be graded without using the service. The following year, another McGill student, Denise Brunsdon, refused to submit her assignment to Turnitin.com and won a similar
554:
iParadigms, the company that once owned
Turnitin, ran another commercial website called WriteCheck. On this website, students paid a fee to have a paper tested against the database used by Turnitin to determine whether or not that paper would be detected as plagiarism when the student submitted that
330:
The essays submitted by students are stored in a database used to check for plagiarism. This prevents one student from using another student's paper, by identifying matching text between papers. In addition to student papers, the database contains a copy of the publicly accessible
Internet, with the
317:
software due to concerns that, like all other AI detection tools, the software is not entirely accurate. Concerns arose after cases were brought with students alleging
Turnitin falsely accused them of using AI. This has happened when students use the grammar-correcting software
726:
was not recognized by
Turnitin. Asked about the situation, the then vice president of marketing at Turnitin Chris Harrick said that the company was "working on a solution", but it was "not a big concern" because in his opinion "the quality of these tools is pretty poor".
735:
Several years later, Turnitin published an article titled "Can students trick
Turnitin? Some students believe that they can 'beat' Turnitin by employing various tactics". The company denied any technical issues and said that "the authors of these 'tricks' are mostly
216:
Students may be required to submit work to
Turnitin as a requirement of taking a certain course or class. The software has been a source of controversy, with some students refusing to submit, arguing that requiring submission implies a
322:, which is recommended for student use by many schools. Turnitin says that they believe about 1% of the papers they flag as AI-written were actually written by humans, and that a much higher rate is generated by AI but not flagged.
580:
their legal and privacy concerns associated with the use of
Turnitin.com and other anti-plagiarism devices that profit from students' academic work. This was the first campus-wide ban of its kind in Canada, following decisions by
343:
If requested by teachers, students can upload their papers directly to the service, for teachers to access them there. Teachers may also submit student papers to Turnitin.com as individual files, by bulk upload, or as a
546:, which may violate scholastic disciplinary codes and applicable local laws and judicial practice. Some teachers and professors support this argument when attempting to discourage schools from using Turnitin.
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file. Teachers can further set assignment-analysis options so that students can review the system's "originality reports" before they finalize their submission. A peer-review option is also available.
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has criticized the use of Turnitin at Canadian universities because the American government may be able to access the submitted papers and personal information in the database under the
555:
paper to the Turnitin website. It was announced that the WriteCheck product was being withdrawn in 2020 with no new subscriptions being accepted after November 2019. The economist
240:
Turnitin, LLC also runs the informational website plagiarism.org and offers a similar plagiarism-detection service for newspaper editors and book and magazine publishers called
911:
634:(Eastern District, Alexandria Division) alleging copyright infringement by iParadigms, Turnitin's parent company. Nearly a year later, Judge Claude M. Hilton granted
259:
as 'Plagiarism Detection Service Turnitin UK'. The Service is operated by iParadigms, in conjunction with Northumbria Learning, the European reseller of the Service.
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in Toronto, students may decide whether to submit their work to Turnitin.com or make alternate arrangements with an instructor. Similar policies are in place at
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740:." The article then listed a few possible "tricks" and how Turnitin intended to take care of them, without mentioning scientific literature, technical
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that appeared for legitimate reasons. For example, the researchers found high percentages of flagged material in the topic terms of papers (e.g. "
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to continually add content to Turnitin's archive. It also contains commercial and/or copyrighted pages from books, newspapers, and journals.
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1858:
Rogerson, Ann; McCarthy, Grace (2017), "Using Internet based paraphrasing tools: Original work, patchwriting or facilitated plagiarism?",
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2172:
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has complained that Turnitin's systems "are warlords who are arming both sides in this plagiarism war". The website is no longer active.
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The Turnitin software checks for potentially unoriginal content by comparing submitted papers to several databases using a proprietary
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205:(SaaS) website to check submitted documents against its database and the content of other websites with the aim of identifying
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In early 2023, Turnitin released a feature that aims to detect content generated by artificial intelligence applications like
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also carry with them an implied permission to archive in a publicly accessible collection such as a university library.
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professor Dan Burk countered that the company's use of the papers may not meet the fair-use test for several reasons:
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laws, and exploits students' works for commercial purposes by permanently storing them in Turnitin's privately held
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In 2021, Turnitin acquired competing software company, Ouriginal, itself the result of a merger between Urkund and
2613:
2063:
600:
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can be configured to support Turnitin, so that student assignments can be automatically submitted for analysis.
3136:
1936:"Can students trick Turnitin? Some students believe that they can "beat" Turnitin by employing various tactics"
1327:
798:
reported that many of the instances of "non-originality" that Turnitin finds are not plagiarism but the use of
576:
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Students' work is often original, interpretive and creative rather than just a compilation of established facts
486:
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814:") or "topic phrases", which they defined as the paper topic with a few words added (e.g. "the prevalence of
2011:
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became the first Canadian university to ban Turnitin's service partly because of implications of the Act.
294:. It scans its own databases and also has licensing agreements with large academic proprietary databases.
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1690:. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division. Archived from
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1552:
1075:"What happened after this college student's paper was falsely flagged for AI use after using Grammarly"
722:, can produce natural and expressive text, which is virtually impossible for Turnitin to detect. Also,
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In one well-publicized dispute over mandatory Turnitin submissions, Jesse Rosenfeld, a student at
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Another study showed that Turnitin failed to detect text produced by popular free Internet-based
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1988:[Lights and (many) shadows of anti plagiarism software] (in Italian). September 17, 2015
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In 2019, Turnitin began analyzing admissions application materials through a partner software,
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912:"Advance Publications to Buy Plagiarism-Scanning Company Turnitin for Nearly $ 1.75 Billion"
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on the students' complaint in favor of iParadigms/Turnitin, because they had accepted the
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On March 27, 2007, with the help of an intellectual property attorney, two students from
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Founded in 1998, it sells its licenses to universities and high schools who then use the
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622:(with assistance from the Committee For Students' Rights) and two students attending
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2523:
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2255:
2139:
2132:
2015:
1912:
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1802:
1784:"Turnitoff: identifying and fixing a hole in current plagiarism detection software"
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209:. Results can identify similarities with existing sources and can also be used in
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1652:"A.V., et. al. v. iParadigms, LLC: Amended Complaint for Copyright Infringement"
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2419:
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1519:
946:"We tested a new ChatGPT-detector for teachers. It flagged an innocent student"
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Some students argue that requiring them to submit papers to Turnitin creates a
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on the Turnitin website. The students appealed the ruling, and in 2009, the
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2482:
2468:
2454:
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1514:
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930:"CEO's statement on Ouriginal's acquisition by Turnitin, November 30, 2021"
711:
372:
171:
1198:
1148:"Georgia college student used Grammarly, now she is on academic probation"
1049:"She Was Falsely Accused of Cheating With AI -- And She Won't Be the Last"
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838:
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1229:"Turnitin Partnership Adds Plagiarism Checking to College Admissions"].
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When a group of students filed suit against Turnitin on that basis, in
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in the Turnitin plagiarism detection software have been documented in
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to help students learn to avoid plagiarism and improve their writing.
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527:
384:
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affirmed Judge Hilton's judgment in favor of iParadigms/Turnitin.
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works. The company's lawyers further claim that dissertations and
2853:
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2843:
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2743:
779:, noted that, ironically, it is impossible to tell if Turnitin's
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226:
1428:"Supporting Originality From the Start: An Update on WriteCheck"
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2426:
2266:
807:
799:
499:
360:
1731:"Students appeal ruling favoring plagiarism detection service"
1174:"Professors Cautious of Tools to Detect AI-Generated Writing"
687:
970:"Can Using a Grammar Checker Set Off AI-Detection Software?"
297:
2833:
2828:
783:
has been plagiarized from other sources, because it is not
589:
256:
2041:
997:"Some universities reject Turnitin's AI-writing detector"
864:"A Guide for Resisting Edtech: the Case against Turnitin"
1960:
1454:"Plagiarism software WriteCheck troubles some educators"
572:
ruling from the Senate Committee on Student Grievances.
2382:
1199:"Welcome to help.turnitin.com, the new home for guides"
1096:"Student fights academic probation for using Grammarly"
1022:"University removes AI detection feature from Turnitin"
512:
The company copies the entire paper, not just a portion
313:
Later that year, some schools have disabled Turnitin's
1605:. Ryerson University. December 5, 2006. Archived from
1479:"McGill student wins fight over anti-cheating website"
115:
644:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
532:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
190:
service run by the American company Turnitin, LLC, a
526:, the district court found the practice fell within
255:
In the UK, the service is supported and promoted by
1397:"Turnitin.com, a Pedagogic Placebo for Plagiarism"
944:
3128:
1857:
1728:
1363:Plagiarism-Detection Tool Creates Legal Quandary
671:. In particular, Turnitin has been proven to be
1860:International Journal for Educational Integrity
1791:Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education
655:Ad hoc encodings, fonts and text representation
492:
1986:"Luci e ombre (tante) dei software antiplagio"
1276:"Schools' reliance on turnitin.com questioned"
252:) and PeerMark (student peer-review service).
2064:
2009:
440:that contextualizes different points of view.
426:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
221:. Some critics have alleged that use of this
16:Internet-based plagiarism-prevention service
1905:
2071:
2057:
1980:
1978:
1311:
1309:
1307:
791:, if any, Turnitin uses to assess papers.
787:. For the same reason, it is unknown what
390:
298:Artificial Intelligence Content Detection
27:
1875:
1649:
1507:
1425:
844:Artificial intelligence content detection
705:
456:Learn how and when to remove this message
387:integrate in some way with the software.
325:
244:. Other tools included with the Turnitin
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2005:
2003:
1933:
1540:
1426:Schreiner, Valerie (November 20, 2019).
1145:
821:Turnitin was also criticized for paying
338:
170:
3152:Internet properties established in 1997
1975:
1934:Campbell, Audrey (September 25, 2019).
1781:
1761:A.V. ex rel.Vanderhye v. iParadigms LLC
1603:"Turnitin.com Information for Students"
1452:Murphy, Elizabeth (September 9, 2011).
1394:
1304:
1122:"The Trouble With AI Writing Detection"
1093:
537:
3147:Companies based in Oakland, California
3129:
1682:
1451:
1209:from the original on December 29, 2022
942:
730:
2052:
2000:
1543:"Mount St. Vincent bans Turnitin.com"
1072:
943:Fowler, Geoffrey A. (April 3, 2023).
794:In 2009, a group of researchers from
175:Location of Turnitin's Oakland office
1906:Straumsheim, Carl (April 28, 2017).
1851:
1508:Churchill, Liam (December 2, 2005).
1046:
964:
962:
909:
751:
406:
1729:Barakat, Matthew (April 28, 2008).
1631:. Brock University. October 3, 2013
1575:"University opts not to 'Turnitin'"
1146:Leoffler, Kim (February 20, 2024).
1073:Young, Jeffrey R. (April 4, 2024).
714:tools. Besides, more sophisticated
518:Turnitin is a commercial enterprise
13:
1485:. January 16, 2004. Archived from
1288:. December 1, 2010. Archived from
1171:
1119:
524:Vanderhye et al. v. iParadigms LLC
506:University of Minnesota Law School
262:
248:are GradeMark (online grading and
14:
3173:
2033:
1629:"Brock Academic Integrity Policy"
1541:Amarnath, Ravi (March 15, 2006).
1368:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1361:Foster, Andrea L.; May 17, 2002;
1094:Menezes, Damita (March 4, 2024).
994:
959:
2010:Scott Jaschik (March 13, 2009).
1650:Vanderhye, R. (April 16, 2007).
411:
285:
2012:"False Positives on Plagiarism"
1953:
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1899:
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1722:
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1236:
1221:
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1165:
1139:
1113:
1087:
1066:
910:Korn, Melissa (March 6, 2019).
601:Toronto Metropolitan University
71:2101 Webster Street Suite 1800
1385:, 562 F.3d 630 (4th Cir. 2009)
1382:A.V. et al. v. iParadigms, LLC
1371:; retrieved September 29, 2006
1328:Mount Saint Vincent University
1040:
1014:
988:
936:
922:
903:
882:
856:
577:Mount Saint Vincent University
487:Mount Saint Vincent University
1:
3162:2019 mergers and acquisitions
2660:Philadelphia Business Journal
2653:Jacksonville Business Journal
849:
562:
549:
353:virtual learning environments
2674:Puget Sound Business Journal
1807:10.1080/02602938.2010.486471
1047:Klee, Miles (June 6, 2023).
493:Copyright violation concerns
402:
7:
2887:Bright House Sports Network
2639:Cincinnati Business Courier
2625:Birmingham Business Journal
1233:, Rhea Kelly. June 26, 2019
832:
632:United States Circuit Court
310:remains a topic of debate.
271:acquired Turnitin, LLC for
10:
3178:
1510:"Students: 2, Turnitin: 0"
829:on education and writing.
468:
306:, however the accuracy of
3035:
2954:
2910:
2862:
2821:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2716:
2690:
2667:Pittsburgh Business Times
2612:
2540:
2339:
2326:
2317:
2276:Hunterdon County Democrat
2265:
2182:
2099:
2086:
1877:10.1007/s40979-016-0013-y
229:as well as international
159:
140:
132:
124:
110:
98:
90:
82:
67:
59:
45:
35:
26:
3012:St. Louis Globe-Democrat
2331:Condé Nast Entertainment
789:scientific methodologies
777:similarity between texts
649:
624:Desert Vista High School
3019:Syracuse Herald-Journal
2991:Long Island Daily Press
2977:Gloucester County Times
2792:Fairchild Fashion Media
2632:Boston Business Journal
2235:Jackson Citizen Patriot
1782:Heather, James (2010),
1683:Hilton, Claude (2008).
1205:. Turnitin, LLC. 2022.
890:"Turnitin UK 2021-2022"
701:representing its shape.
575:In 2006, the Senate at
391:Admissions applications
377:Pearson Learning Studio
186:) is an Internet-based
2998:News of Cumberland Co.
2734:Warner Bros. Discovery
2729:Charter Communications
1908:"Someone else's words"
1710:Cite journal requires
1580:The Daily Princetonian
1395:Carbone, Nick (2001).
720:automated paraphrasing
706:Automated paraphrasing
326:Student-paper database
176:
3137:Software for teachers
2161:Staten Island Advance
1609:on September 30, 2012
1348:Foley & Lardner,
1249:The Dalhousie Gazette
897:University of Bristol
818:continues to rise").
796:Texas Tech University
773:copyright attribution
669:scientific literature
596:not to use Turnitin.
434:by rewriting it in a
339:Classroom integration
231:intellectual-property
225:violates educational
203:software as a service
174:
152:(15,000 institutions)
3157:Advance Publications
3142:Plagiarism detectors
2376:Condé Nast Traveller
2355:Architectural Digest
2080:Advance Publications
1961:"Michele Cortelazzo"
1799:Taylor & Francis
1766:562 F.3d 630
1685:"Memorandum Opinion"
1401:Bedford/St. Martin's
1317:"Minutes of Meeting"
1292:on December 11, 2010
1254:Dalhousie University
932:. November 30, 2021.
756:The Italian scholar
718:techniques, such as
640:click-wrap agreement
544:presumption of guilt
538:Presumption of guilt
479:Dalhousie University
308:AI content detection
269:Advance Publications
223:proprietary software
219:presumption of guilt
211:formative assessment
196:Advance Publications
188:similarity detection
105:Advance Publications
75:, California 94612,
2970:Forest Grove Leader
2892:Sporting News Media
2703:Stage Entertainment
2646:Hemmings Motor News
2369:Condé Nast Traveler
1741:on December 6, 2008
1120:Steere, Elizabeth.
1001:www.theregister.com
952:The Washington Post
916:Wall Street Journal
731:Turnitin's response
697:text replaced with
250:corrective feedback
23:
3093:Portfolio Magazine
2928:Street & Smith
2572:La Cucina Italiana
2531:World of Interiors
2406:House & Garden
2290:South Jersey Times
2249:Muskegon Chronicle
2214:Grand Rapids Press
1407:on January 2, 2006
1256:. November 4, 2011
1026:The Hawk Newspaper
868:hybridpedagogy.org
758:Michele Cortelazzo
616:McLean High School
177:
21:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
2906:
2905:
2698:The Ironman Group
2616:Business Journals
2608:
2607:
2313:
2312:
2242:Kalamazoo Gazette
2184:MLive Media Group
1664:on March 20, 2009
1231:Campus Technology
1028:. October 4, 2023
995:Quach, Katyanna.
816:childhood obesity
771:who also studies
752:Further criticism
569:McGill University
530:; on appeal, the
466:
465:
458:
420:This section may
169:
168:
3169:
2952:
2951:
2946:WWOR EMI Service
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2691:Other properties
2324:
2323:
2119:Huntsville Times
2097:
2096:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:Official website
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2016:Inside Higher Ed
2007:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1957:
1951:
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1948:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1913:Inside Higher Ed
1903:
1897:
1896:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1737:. Archived from
1726:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:on July 5, 2010.
1696:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1657:. Archived from
1656:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1555:on July 30, 2012
1551:. Archived from
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:. Archived from
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1489:on March 6, 2005
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1403:. Archived from
1392:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1321:
1313:
1302:
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1263:
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1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1178:Inside Higher Ed
1172:Coffey, Lauren.
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1126:Inside Higher Ed
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
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1038:
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2019:. Retrieved
1992:November 18,
1990:. Retrieved
1967:November 18,
1965:. Retrieved
1963:(in Italian)
1955:
1945:November 17,
1943:. Retrieved
1940:turnitin.com
1939:
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1917:. Retrieved
1911:
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1844:November 14,
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1659:the original
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1623:
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1559:November 28,
1557:. Retrieved
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